GB1567855A - Carbon black-rubber masterbatch production - Google Patents
Carbon black-rubber masterbatch production Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB1567855A GB1567855A GB13801/77A GB1380177A GB1567855A GB 1567855 A GB1567855 A GB 1567855A GB 13801/77 A GB13801/77 A GB 13801/77A GB 1380177 A GB1380177 A GB 1380177A GB 1567855 A GB1567855 A GB 1567855A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- carbon black
- mixture
- latex
- stream
- coagulating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 30
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 28
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 claims description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical group CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006173 natural rubber latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006174 synthetic rubber latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000063 preceeding effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 zince oxide Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 244000043261 Hevea brasiliensis Species 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- ZNRLMGFXSPUZNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4-trimethyl-1h-quinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC(C)(C)NC2=C1 ZNRLMGFXSPUZNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWQFNUMHFNEWGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-1-ene;styrene Chemical group CC(C)=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AWQFNUMHFNEWGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DEQZTKGFXNUBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)cyclohexanamine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1NSC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 DEQZTKGFXNUBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/205—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase
- C08J3/21—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase
- C08J3/215—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase the polymer being premixed with a liquid phase at least one additive being also premixed with a liquid phase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2321/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/676,970 US4029633A (en) | 1976-04-14 | 1976-04-14 | Carbon black-rubber masterbatch production |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB1567855A true GB1567855A (en) | 1980-05-21 |
Family
ID=24716771
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB13801/77A Expired GB1567855A (en) | 1976-04-14 | 1977-04-01 | Carbon black-rubber masterbatch production |
Country Status (19)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4029633A (https=) |
| JP (1) | JPS52151338A (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU505709B2 (https=) |
| BE (1) | BE853516A (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR7702088A (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA1057440A (https=) |
| CS (1) | CS191339B2 (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE2714265C3 (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES457790A1 (https=) |
| FR (1) | FR2348240A1 (https=) |
| GB (1) | GB1567855A (https=) |
| HK (1) | HK92884A (https=) |
| IN (1) | IN144760B (https=) |
| IT (1) | IT1082497B (https=) |
| MY (1) | MY8400365A (https=) |
| NL (1) | NL7703608A (https=) |
| PL (1) | PL105366B1 (https=) |
| SG (1) | SG56383G (https=) |
| SU (1) | SU910124A3 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (38)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1113220A (en) * | 1979-06-01 | 1981-12-01 | Chue-Kwok J. Keung | Process for dispersing carbon black in polyethylene |
| ATE29509T1 (de) * | 1984-09-14 | 1987-09-15 | Semperit Ag | Werkstoff auf basis einer kautschukmischung fuer hartgummi und seine verwendung fuer motorbauteile. |
| US6365663B2 (en) * | 1996-04-01 | 2002-04-02 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends and methods-II |
| TW360585B (en) | 1996-04-01 | 1999-06-11 | Cabot Corp | Elastomeric compositions and methods and apparatus for producing same |
| US6075084A (en) * | 1996-04-01 | 2000-06-13 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends and methods - II |
| US6172154B1 (en) | 1996-05-03 | 2001-01-09 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomers compositions with dual phase aggregates and pre-vulcanization modifier |
| AU2825597A (en) | 1996-05-03 | 1997-11-26 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer compositions and methods |
| CN100473684C (zh) * | 1997-09-30 | 2009-04-01 | 卡伯特公司 | 弹性体复合共混料及其制备方法 |
| JP4249897B2 (ja) | 1997-10-20 | 2009-04-08 | フレクシス アメリカ エル． ピー． | ゴム添加剤としてのキノンジイミン |
| PL193664B1 (pl) | 1999-04-16 | 2007-03-30 | Cabot Corp | Sposób obróbki w zasadzie skoagulowanej przedmieszki oraz ciągły, przepływowy sposób wytwarzania kompozytu elastomerowego i urządzenie do wytwarzaniakompozytu elastomerowego |
| DE10008877A1 (de) * | 2000-02-25 | 2001-08-30 | Pku Pulverkautschuk Union Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von rußgefüllten Kautschukpulvern auf Basis wässriger Polymer-Latex-Emulsionen |
| US6646028B2 (en) | 2000-12-07 | 2003-11-11 | Cid Centro De Investigacion Y Desarrollo Tecnologico, S.A. De C.V. | Rubber and carbon black |
| DE60238358D1 (de) * | 2001-07-27 | 2010-12-30 | Bridgestone Corp | Naturkautschuk-masterbatch dessen Herstellungsverfahren, und Naturkautschukzusammensetzung |
| US7341142B2 (en) * | 2001-11-09 | 2008-03-11 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite materials in low density forms and methods |
| JP4533317B2 (ja) * | 2003-08-05 | 2010-09-01 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | ゴムマスターバッチの製造方法 |
| AU2009210723B2 (en) * | 2008-02-08 | 2012-08-16 | Cabot Corporation | An elastomer composite and method for producing it |
| BRPI1009385A2 (pt) * | 2009-03-16 | 2016-10-11 | Asahi Carbon | processo para a produção de uma mistura base de borracha úmida, composição de borracha e pneu |
| WO2010123015A1 (ja) * | 2009-04-21 | 2010-10-28 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | 樹脂伸展イソプレンゴムの製造方法、その方法で得られたゴム組成物及び空気入りタイヤ |
| JPWO2010125959A1 (ja) | 2009-04-28 | 2012-10-25 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | ゴム用薬品分散液、その製造方法、ゴム用薬品含有ゴムウェットマスターバッチ、ゴム組成物及びタイヤ |
| WO2011034587A2 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2011-03-24 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composite blends, method and apparatus for producing same |
| US20120277344A1 (en) * | 2009-09-17 | 2012-11-01 | Ting Wang | Formation of Latex Coagulum Composite for Tire Composition |
| WO2012031183A2 (en) | 2010-09-03 | 2012-03-08 | Cabot Corporation | Modified fillers and elastomeric composites comprising same |
| GB2496362B (en) | 2010-09-15 | 2018-05-02 | Cabot Corp | Elastomer composite with silica-containing filler and methods to produce same |
| WO2013066329A1 (en) | 2011-11-03 | 2013-05-10 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | NdBR WET MASTERBATCH |
| US9758646B2 (en) | 2011-11-03 | 2017-09-12 | Arlanxeo Deutschland Gmbh | NdBR wet masterbatch |
| US9175150B2 (en) | 2012-03-02 | 2015-11-03 | Cabot Corporation | Modified carbon blacks having low PAH amounts and elastomers containing the same |
| EP2819854B1 (en) | 2012-03-02 | 2020-04-15 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomeric composites containing modified fillers and functionalized elastomers |
| MY192040A (en) | 2013-05-20 | 2022-07-24 | Cabot Corp | Elastomer composites, blends and methods for preparing same |
| CN105218890A (zh) * | 2015-11-19 | 2016-01-06 | 德州玲珑轮胎有限公司 | 一种制备炭黑母胶的方法 |
| CN105690587B (zh) * | 2016-03-17 | 2018-08-17 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种先雾化再混合的橡胶湿法混炼方法 |
| CN105710983B (zh) * | 2016-03-17 | 2018-03-09 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种预混雾化再混合的橡胶湿法混炼方法 |
| RU2640522C2 (ru) * | 2016-04-28 | 2018-01-09 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий" (ФГБОУ ВО "ВГУИТ"). | Способ изготовления наполненного высокоактивным техуглеродом каучука |
| IT201600130904A1 (it) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-06-23 | Pirelli | Composizioni elastomeriche comprendenti fibre di silicati a morfologia aghiforme di dimensioni nanometriche e pneumatici per veicoli che le comprendono. |
| JP6989702B2 (ja) | 2017-11-10 | 2022-01-05 | キャボット コーポレイションCabot Corporation | １又は複数のエラストマー化合物を生成する方法 |
| US11365306B2 (en) | 2017-11-29 | 2022-06-21 | Pirelli Tyre S.P.A. | Microbeads comprising silicate fibres with needle-shaped morphology of nanometric size, preparation thereof, elastomeric compositions and tyres for vehicles comprising them |
| WO2021247153A2 (en) | 2020-04-20 | 2021-12-09 | Beyond Lotus Llc | Elastomer compositions with carbon nanostructure filler |
| US20240352225A1 (en) | 2021-07-20 | 2024-10-24 | Beyond Lotus Llc | Stored elastomer composites |
| WO2026075938A1 (en) | 2024-10-03 | 2026-04-09 | Cabot Corporation | Elastomer composites with polysaccharide filler |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB634680A (en) * | 1940-11-29 | 1950-03-22 | Goodrich Co B F | Improvements in or relating to method of coagulating dispersions |
| US2786879A (en) * | 1953-01-12 | 1957-03-26 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method for coagulating rubber black masterbatch |
| US2769795A (en) * | 1956-02-01 | 1956-11-06 | Columbian Carbon | Method of compounding carbon black and rubber |
| US3048559A (en) * | 1958-12-10 | 1962-08-07 | Columbian Carbon | Method of compounding carbon black and rubber |
| NL263648A (https=) * | 1960-04-15 |
-
1976
- 1976-04-14 US US05/676,970 patent/US4029633A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1977
- 1977-03-31 DE DE2714265A patent/DE2714265C3/de not_active Expired
- 1977-04-01 NL NL7703608A patent/NL7703608A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-04-01 BR BR7702088A patent/BR7702088A/pt unknown
- 1977-04-01 GB GB13801/77A patent/GB1567855A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-04 AU AU23912/77A patent/AU505709B2/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-05 IN IN515/CAL/77A patent/IN144760B/en unknown
- 1977-04-12 FR FR7710975A patent/FR2348240A1/fr active Granted
- 1977-04-12 BE BE176645A patent/BE853516A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-04-13 IT IT67818/77A patent/IT1082497B/it active
- 1977-04-13 CA CA276,114A patent/CA1057440A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-04-13 CS CS772431A patent/CS191339B2/cs unknown
- 1977-04-13 JP JP4158277A patent/JPS52151338A/ja active Granted
- 1977-04-14 PL PL1977197404A patent/PL105366B1/pl unknown
- 1977-04-14 SU SU772469260A patent/SU910124A3/ru active
- 1977-04-14 ES ES457790A patent/ES457790A1/es not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-09-06 SG SG563/83A patent/SG56383G/en unknown
-
1984
- 1984-11-22 HK HK928/84A patent/HK92884A/xx unknown
- 1984-12-30 MY MY365/84A patent/MY8400365A/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SG56383G (en) | 1984-07-27 |
| ES457790A1 (es) | 1978-03-01 |
| SU910124A3 (ru) | 1982-02-28 |
| NL7703608A (nl) | 1977-10-18 |
| CA1057440A (en) | 1979-06-26 |
| CS191339B2 (en) | 1979-06-29 |
| DE2714265C3 (de) | 1981-08-27 |
| US4029633A (en) | 1977-06-14 |
| AU505709B2 (en) | 1979-11-29 |
| IT1082497B (it) | 1985-05-21 |
| FR2348240B1 (https=) | 1983-11-04 |
| JPS52151338A (en) | 1977-12-15 |
| JPS5410576B2 (https=) | 1979-05-08 |
| BR7702088A (pt) | 1978-01-24 |
| IN144760B (https=) | 1978-07-01 |
| HK92884A (en) | 1984-11-30 |
| FR2348240A1 (fr) | 1977-11-10 |
| DE2714265A1 (de) | 1977-11-03 |
| BE853516A (fr) | 1977-08-01 |
| DE2714265B2 (de) | 1980-12-11 |
| PL105366B1 (pl) | 1979-10-31 |
| MY8400365A (en) | 1984-12-31 |
| AU2391277A (en) | 1978-10-12 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PS | Patent sealed [section 19, patents act 1949] | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |