FR2265747A1 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- FR2265747A1 FR2265747A1 FR7509484A FR7509484A FR2265747A1 FR 2265747 A1 FR2265747 A1 FR 2265747A1 FR 7509484 A FR7509484 A FR 7509484A FR 7509484 A FR7509484 A FR 7509484A FR 2265747 A1 FR2265747 A1 FR 2265747A1
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
- C07D213/81—Amides; Imides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D239/30—Halogen atoms or nitro radicals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/24—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
- C07D309/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D309/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D327/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D327/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having oxygen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms one oxygen atom and one sulfur atom
- C07D327/06—Six-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
- C07D333/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D333/38—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Furan Compounds (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
- Pyrane Compounds (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Oxygen Or Sulfur (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH457274A CH590608A5 (en) | 1974-04-02 | 1974-04-02 | N-Furoyl-N-aryl-alanine esters - prepd. e.g. by reacting N-aryl-alanine esters with 2-furoic acid or its derivs. |
CH159175A CH603041A5 (en) | 1974-04-02 | 1975-02-10 | N-Furoyl-N-aryl-alanine esters |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2265747A1 true FR2265747A1 (en) | 1975-10-24 |
FR2265747B1 FR2265747B1 (en) | 1977-04-15 |
Family
ID=25688094
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR7509485A Expired FR2265748B1 (en) | 1974-04-02 | 1975-03-26 | |
FR7509484A Expired FR2265747B1 (en) | 1974-04-02 | 1975-03-26 |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR7509485A Expired FR2265748B1 (en) | 1974-04-02 | 1975-03-26 |
Country Status (31)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (3) | JPS6042202B2 (en) |
AR (2) | AR205189A1 (en) |
AT (2) | AT343407B (en) |
AU (1) | AU465906B2 (en) |
BG (2) | BG26356A3 (en) |
CA (2) | CA1050546A (en) |
CH (1) | CH603041A5 (en) |
CS (2) | CS183789B2 (en) |
DD (3) | DD118510A5 (en) |
DE (2) | DE2513732A1 (en) |
DK (2) | DK141995B (en) |
EG (2) | EG11640A (en) |
ES (2) | ES436174A1 (en) |
FI (2) | FI750921A (en) |
FR (2) | FR2265748B1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB1498199A (en) |
HU (2) | HU172935B (en) |
IE (2) | IE41140B1 (en) |
IL (2) | IL46989A (en) |
IT (2) | IT1048806B (en) |
LU (2) | LU72175A1 (en) |
NL (2) | NL160821C (en) |
NO (2) | NO141340C (en) |
OA (2) | OA04916A (en) |
PH (2) | PH11792A (en) |
PL (2) | PL97786B1 (en) |
RO (3) | RO73181A (en) |
SE (2) | SE419218B (en) |
SU (4) | SU682096A3 (en) |
TR (2) | TR18339A (en) |
YU (2) | YU40259B (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2439768A1 (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1980-05-23 | Ciba Geigy Ag | NOVEL SUBSTITUTED ANILINES, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR APPLICATION AS MICROBICIDAL AGENTS |
FR2442226A1 (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1980-06-20 | Ciba Geigy Ag | SUBSTITUTED ANILINES, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USES |
FR2443465A1 (en) * | 1978-12-07 | 1980-07-04 | Ciba Geigy Ag | N-Alkoxycarbonyl ethyl N-phenyl amide derivs. - useful as microbicides against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria |
FR2443454A1 (en) * | 1978-12-05 | 1980-07-04 | Ciba Geigy Ag | SUBSTITUTED ANILINES AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING SAME |
Families Citing this family (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5845433B2 (en) * | 1975-02-10 | 1983-10-08 | チバ・ガイギ− アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 2↓-Production method of furancarboxylic acid anilides |
US4147792A (en) * | 1977-02-04 | 1979-04-03 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Fungicidal compositions |
CH629939A5 (en) * | 1977-03-29 | 1982-05-28 | Ciba Geigy Ag | MICROBICIDAL AGENT. |
DE2724785A1 (en) * | 1977-05-27 | 1978-12-14 | Schering Ag | FURANCARBONIC ANILIDES, FUNGICIDALS CONTAINING THESE COMPOUNDS AND THE PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION |
BG28977A3 (en) * | 1978-02-02 | 1980-08-15 | Montedison Spa | Fungicide means and method for fungus fighting |
EP0010673B1 (en) * | 1978-10-31 | 1982-01-27 | Bayer Ag | Substituted n-propargyl anilines, process for their preparation and their use as fungicides |
DE2940189A1 (en) * | 1979-10-04 | 1981-04-16 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | ISOXAZOLYLCARBONIC ACID ANILIDE, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THEIR USE AS FUNGICIDES |
MA19111A1 (en) * | 1979-10-26 | 1981-12-31 | Ciba Geigy Ag | HOMOSERIN DERIVATIVES, PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USE AS MICROBICIDES |
DE3013908A1 (en) * | 1980-04-11 | 1981-10-22 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | 2- (N-ARYL-, N-ISOXAZOLYLCARBONYL) -AMINOBUTYROLACTONE, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND FUNGICIDES CONTAINING THEM |
MA19215A1 (en) * | 1980-07-25 | 1982-04-01 | Ciba Geigy Ag | NOVEL ARYLAMINE DERIVATIVES, PROCESS FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE AND USE AS MICROBICIDES. |
DE3030736A1 (en) | 1980-08-14 | 1982-03-25 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | N-DISUBSTITUTED ANILINE DERIVATIVES, THEIR PRODUCTION, THEIR USE AS MICROBICIDES AND AGENTS THEREFOR |
EP0061836B1 (en) * | 1981-03-19 | 1986-12-30 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Amide derivatives, processes for preparing them, their use as fungicides and pesticidal compositions containing them |
DE3133418A1 (en) * | 1981-08-24 | 1983-03-10 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | THIAZOLYL AND ISOTHIAZOLYLCARBONIC ACID ANILIDES, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND THEIR USE AS FUNGICIDES |
JPH0326906U (en) * | 1989-07-26 | 1991-03-19 | ||
DE4011172A1 (en) * | 1990-04-06 | 1991-10-10 | Degussa | COMPOUNDS FOR CONTROLLING PLANT DISEASES |
DE4304172A1 (en) | 1993-02-12 | 1994-08-25 | Bayer Ag | Fungicidal active ingredient combinations |
US5723491A (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 1998-03-03 | Novartis Corporation | Fungicidal composition and method of controlling fungus infestation |
DE4429014A1 (en) | 1994-08-16 | 1996-02-22 | Basf Ag | Process for the preparation of cyclic amines |
PE32799A1 (en) | 1996-12-25 | 1999-04-09 | Agrogene Ltd | NEW DERIVATIVE OF AMINOBUTIRIC ACID FOR THE PROTECTION OF FUNGAL DISEASES |
DE10347090A1 (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2005-05-04 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Synergistic fungicidal drug combinations |
DE10349501A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 | 2005-05-25 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Synergistic fungicidal drug combinations |
DE102004049761A1 (en) | 2004-10-12 | 2006-04-13 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Fungicidal drug combinations |
CN104170838B (en) | 2005-06-09 | 2016-03-30 | 拜尔农作物科学股份公司 | Active agent combinations |
DE102005026482A1 (en) | 2005-06-09 | 2006-12-14 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Active substance combination, useful e.g. for combating unwanted phytopathogenic fungus, comprises herbicides e.g. glyphosate and active substances e.g. strobilurin, triazoles, valinamide and carboxamide |
DE102006023263A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-11-22 | Bayer Cropscience Ag | Synergistic drug combinations |
EA026766B1 (en) | 2006-09-18 | 2017-05-31 | Басф Се | Anthranilamide sulfamoyl compound and use thereof in agriculture |
BR122019020347B1 (en) | 2007-02-06 | 2020-08-11 | Basf Se | MIXTURES, PESTICIDE COMPOSITION AND METHODS TO CONTROL HARMFUL PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI, TO PROTECT PLANTS FROM ATTACK OR INFESTATION BY INSECTS, ACARIDES OR NEMATODES AND TO PROTECT SEED |
EP2000030A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 | 2008-12-10 | Bayer CropScience AG | Fungicidal active agent compounds |
EP2000028A1 (en) | 2007-06-06 | 2008-12-10 | Bayer CropScience Aktiengesellschaft | Fungicidal active agent compounds |
DE102007045920B4 (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2018-07-05 | Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh | Synergistic drug combinations |
JP5642786B2 (en) | 2009-07-16 | 2014-12-17 | バイエル・クロップサイエンス・アーゲーBayer Cropscience Ag | Synergistic active compound combinations including phenyltriazoles |
EP2910126A1 (en) | 2015-05-05 | 2015-08-26 | Bayer CropScience AG | Active compound combinations having insecticidal properties |
CN115557887A (en) * | 2022-11-10 | 2023-01-03 | 南京林业大学 | Synthesis of trifluoromethyl pyridine derivative based on Ugi reaction and biological activity research of trifluoromethyl pyridine derivative |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3959481A (en) * | 1969-02-13 | 1976-05-25 | Uniroyal | Method of protecting plants from fungal diseases using furan-3-carboxamide derivatives |
JPS5345364A (en) * | 1976-10-06 | 1978-04-24 | Daiahoiru Kk | Device for controlling extrusion molding die bolt |
-
1975
- 1975-01-01 AR AR258203A patent/AR205189A1/en active
- 1975-02-10 CH CH159175A patent/CH603041A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-26 NO NO751084A patent/NO141340C/en unknown
- 1975-03-26 DK DK135975AA patent/DK141995B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-26 NO NO751086A patent/NO142714C/en unknown
- 1975-03-26 FI FI750921A patent/FI750921A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-03-26 FR FR7509485A patent/FR2265748B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-03-26 FR FR7509484A patent/FR2265747B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-03-26 SE SE7503517A patent/SE419218B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-26 DK DK135875AA patent/DK141168B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-26 SE SE7503518A patent/SE418086B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-26 FI FI750920A patent/FI63567C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-27 CA CA223,227A patent/CA1050546A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-03-27 NL NL7503754.A patent/NL160821C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-03-27 CA CA223,222A patent/CA1050558A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-03-27 DE DE19752513732 patent/DE2513732A1/en active Granted
- 1975-03-27 DE DE2560591A patent/DE2560591C2/de not_active Expired
- 1975-03-27 AU AU79640/75A patent/AU465906B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-03-27 NL NL7503755A patent/NL7503755A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-03-28 IT IT21855/75A patent/IT1048806B/en active
- 1975-03-28 IT IT21867/75A patent/IT1049394B/en active
- 1975-03-31 OA OA55458A patent/OA04916A/en unknown
- 1975-03-31 OA OA55460A patent/OA04918A/en unknown
- 1975-03-31 PH PH16995A patent/PH11792A/en unknown
- 1975-03-31 PH PH16998A patent/PH13072A/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 AT AT244875A patent/AT343407B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-01 AT AT244675A patent/AT345614B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-01 LU LU72175A patent/LU72175A1/xx unknown
- 1975-04-01 GB GB13349/75A patent/GB1498199A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-01 DD DD185144A patent/DD118510A5/xx unknown
- 1975-04-01 ES ES436174A patent/ES436174A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-01 YU YU827/75A patent/YU40259B/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 DD DD192060A patent/DD124733A5/xx unknown
- 1975-04-01 GB GB1333275A patent/GB1448810A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-01 HU HU75CI00001563A patent/HU172935B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-04-01 BG BG7529508A patent/BG26356A3/xx unknown
- 1975-04-01 IL IL46989A patent/IL46989A/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 BG BG7500029507A patent/BG24651A3/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 ES ES436175A patent/ES436175A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-01 LU LU72174A patent/LU72174A1/xx unknown
- 1975-04-01 IL IL46988A patent/IL46988A/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 YU YU00828/75A patent/YU39026B/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 HU HU75CI1564A patent/HU173317B/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 RO RO7581867A patent/RO73181A/en unknown
- 1975-04-01 AR AR258204A patent/AR224602A1/en active
- 1975-04-01 DD DD185147A patent/DD118785A5/xx unknown
- 1975-04-02 JP JP50040227A patent/JPS6042202B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-04-02 TR TR18339A patent/TR18339A/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 SU SU752120455A patent/SU682096A3/en active
- 1975-04-02 PL PL1975179266A patent/PL97786B1/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 RO RO106426A patent/RO84021B/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 IE IE708/75A patent/IE41140B1/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 EG EG194/75A patent/EG11640A/en active
- 1975-04-02 JP JP4022675A patent/JPS5345364B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-04-02 CS CS7500002240A patent/CS183789B2/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 EG EG75195A patent/EG12263A/en active
- 1975-04-02 PL PL1975179265A patent/PL98627B1/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 RO RO7581876A patent/RO79677A/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 CS CS7500002239A patent/CS183788B2/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 IE IE709/75A patent/IE41777B1/en unknown
- 1975-04-02 SU SU752121601A patent/SU743561A3/en active
- 1975-04-02 TR TR18508A patent/TR18508A/en unknown
- 1975-11-05 SU SU752186207A patent/SU628812A3/en active
-
1976
- 1976-04-05 SU SU762342705A patent/SU626690A3/en active
-
1978
- 1978-01-12 JP JP232778A patent/JPS53135964A/en active Granted
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2439768A1 (en) * | 1978-10-27 | 1980-05-23 | Ciba Geigy Ag | NOVEL SUBSTITUTED ANILINES, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR APPLICATION AS MICROBICIDAL AGENTS |
FR2442226A1 (en) * | 1978-11-27 | 1980-06-20 | Ciba Geigy Ag | SUBSTITUTED ANILINES, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USES |
FR2443454A1 (en) * | 1978-12-05 | 1980-07-04 | Ciba Geigy Ag | SUBSTITUTED ANILINES AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTS CONTAINING SAME |
FR2443465A1 (en) * | 1978-12-07 | 1980-07-04 | Ciba Geigy Ag | N-Alkoxycarbonyl ethyl N-phenyl amide derivs. - useful as microbicides against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria |