FI126694B - Kemimekaaninen massa ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi - Google Patents
Kemimekaaninen massa ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FI126694B FI126694B FI20051251A FI20051251A FI126694B FI 126694 B FI126694 B FI 126694B FI 20051251 A FI20051251 A FI 20051251A FI 20051251 A FI20051251 A FI 20051251A FI 126694 B FI126694 B FI 126694B
- Authority
- FI
- Finland
- Prior art keywords
- impregnation
- chips
- pulp
- temperature
- wood
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 29
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 sodium hydroxide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical class O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 13
- 241000183024 Populus tremula Species 0.000 description 10
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 102100031260 Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase THEM4 Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 101000638510 Homo sapiens Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase THEM4 Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 235000018185 Betula X alpestris Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 235000018212 Betula X uliginosa Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000219000 Populus Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000219429 Betula Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000218657 Picea Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000218978 Populus deltoides Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000003932 Betula Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000202951 Populus grandidentata Species 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PDBXHPORMXSXKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-benzyl-7-[2-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,3-dimethylpurine-2,6-dione;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.N=1C=2N(C)C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C=2N(CCN(CCO)CC)C=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 PDBXHPORMXSXKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000283070 Abies balsamea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001520764 Betula pubescens Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002992 Betula pubescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218631 Coniferophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000193463 Picea excelsa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008124 Picea excelsa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000005205 Pinus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000218602 Pinus <genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000161288 Populus candicans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000768229 Populus heterophylla Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001278099 Populus maximowiczii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000217825 Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000004923 Populus tremuloides Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218976 Populus trichocarpa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000218977 Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides Species 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000062949 Tremula Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001284 acidic polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004805 acidic polysaccharides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004243 sweat Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/02—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/02—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means
- D21B1/021—Pretreatment of the raw materials by chemical or physical means by chemical means
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21B—FIBROUS RAW MATERIALS OR THEIR MECHANICAL TREATMENT
- D21B1/00—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment
- D21B1/04—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres
- D21B1/12—Fibrous raw materials or their mechanical treatment by dividing raw materials into small particles, e.g. fibres by wet methods, by the use of steam
- D21B1/14—Disintegrating in mills
- D21B1/16—Disintegrating in mills in the presence of chemical agents
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C1/00—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
- D21C1/06—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting with alkaline reacting compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C1/00—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
- D21C1/10—Physical methods for facilitating impregnation
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C1/00—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting
- D21C1/02—Pretreatment of the finely-divided materials before digesting with water or steam
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Priority Applications (13)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI20051251A FI126694B (fi) | 2005-12-02 | 2005-12-02 | Kemimekaaninen massa ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
| UY29982A UY29982A1 (es) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-11-30 | Procedimiento para producir pulpa quimiomecanica |
| AU2006319052A AU2006319052B2 (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Process for producing chemi-mechanical pulp |
| PCT/FI2006/000399 WO2007063171A1 (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Process for producing chemi-mechanical pulp |
| JP2008542785A JP4823317B2 (ja) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | 化学機械パルプの製造方法 |
| CNA2006800451546A CN101341288A (zh) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | 生产化学机械浆的方法 |
| BRPI0619143-6A BRPI0619143B1 (pt) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Process for production of chemical-mechanical pulp |
| RU2008125038/12A RU2401350C2 (ru) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Способ получения химико-механической древесной массы |
| CA2631767A CA2631767C (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Process for producing chemi-mechanical pulp |
| SE0801296A SE534004C2 (sv) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Förfarande för framställning av kemimekanisk massa |
| CN201510047854.XA CN104674583A (zh) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | 生产化学机械浆的方法 |
| ARP060105313A AR058265A1 (es) | 2005-12-02 | 2006-12-01 | Procedimiento para producir pulpa quimiomecanica |
| ZA200804758A ZA200804758B (en) | 2005-12-02 | 2008-06-02 | Process for producing chemi-mechanical pulp |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI20051251A FI126694B (fi) | 2005-12-02 | 2005-12-02 | Kemimekaaninen massa ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| FI20051251A0 FI20051251A0 (fi) | 2005-12-02 |
| FI20051251A FI20051251A (fi) | 2007-06-03 |
| FI126694B true FI126694B (fi) | 2017-04-13 |
Family
ID=35510621
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI20051251A FI126694B (fi) | 2005-12-02 | 2005-12-02 | Kemimekaaninen massa ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4823317B2 (xx) |
| CN (2) | CN104674583A (xx) |
| AR (1) | AR058265A1 (xx) |
| AU (1) | AU2006319052B2 (xx) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0619143B1 (xx) |
| CA (1) | CA2631767C (xx) |
| FI (1) | FI126694B (xx) |
| RU (1) | RU2401350C2 (xx) |
| SE (1) | SE534004C2 (xx) |
| UY (1) | UY29982A1 (xx) |
| WO (1) | WO2007063171A1 (xx) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200804758B (xx) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8262851B2 (en) | 2006-08-10 | 2012-09-11 | Andritz Inc. | Processes and systems for the pulping of lignocellulosic materials |
| US20090038767A1 (en) * | 2007-08-07 | 2009-02-12 | Andritz Inc. | Method and System for Semi-Chemical Pulping |
| US8282773B2 (en) * | 2007-12-14 | 2012-10-09 | Andritz Inc. | Method and system to enhance fiber development by addition of treatment agent during mechanical pulping |
| US20100263813A1 (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2010-10-21 | Andritz Inc. | Green liquor pretreatment of lignocellulosic material |
| RU2493000C2 (ru) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-09-20 | Роман Александрович Веселовский | Модификатор лигноцеллюлозных материалов и способ изготовления композитных изделий из лигноцеллюлозных материалов |
| CN102493249B (zh) * | 2011-11-18 | 2013-08-14 | 天津科技大学 | 一种提高马尾松漂白热磨机械浆松厚度并降低废液污染负荷的漂白方法 |
| CN104594089B (zh) * | 2014-12-22 | 2017-05-17 | 金东纸业（江苏）股份有限公司 | 化机浆的制备方法及装置 |
| CN104695260B (zh) * | 2015-02-15 | 2016-06-15 | 李风志 | 一种离解改性植物纤维清洁制浆工艺 |
| CN104846678B (zh) * | 2015-05-08 | 2017-10-24 | 白博 | 一种全棉秸秆化机浆的色素分解和色素提取生产工艺 |
| CN105133408A (zh) * | 2015-09-01 | 2015-12-09 | 安庆市新宜纸业有限公司 | 一种纸浆的生产工艺 |
| EP3333312B1 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2019-09-18 | Valmet AB | Method and system for treating biomass |
| EP3333313B1 (en) | 2016-12-08 | 2019-10-16 | Valmet AB | Method for treating biomass and device for treating biomass |
| EP3333311B1 (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2019-09-25 | Valmet AB | Method for impregnating biomass and device for impregnating biomass |
| CA3117671A1 (en) | 2018-10-24 | 2020-04-30 | IFG Technologies, LLC | Processes, methods, and systems for chemo-mechanical cellular explosion and solid and liquid products made by the same |
| CN111549552B (zh) * | 2020-05-25 | 2022-06-14 | 广西大学 | 一种废水碱回收循环利用的高得率化学机械浆制浆方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3795574A (en) * | 1971-07-27 | 1974-03-05 | Int Paper Canada | Impregnation of wood with a formaldehyde free alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide at a ph between 12.4 and 13 |
| SE436368B (sv) * | 1979-01-12 | 1984-12-03 | Sunds Defibrator | Sett att framstella blekta, mekaniska, kemimekaniska och halvkemiska massor av lignocellulosahaltiga fibermaterial |
| JPS56148987A (en) * | 1980-04-18 | 1981-11-18 | Modookemechitsukusu Ab | Purification of cellulose pulp |
| CA1240456A (en) * | 1983-10-20 | 1988-08-16 | Kamyr, Inc. | Mechanical pulping |
| SE8501246L (sv) * | 1985-03-13 | 1986-09-14 | Eka Ab | Sett att tillverka blekt, kemimekanisk och halvkemisk fibermassa med anvendning av enstegsimpregnering |
| NZ211684A (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1989-07-27 | Caxton Paper Ltd | Manufacture of cellulose pulp: second digestion step follows initial digestion and refining steps |
| US5002635A (en) * | 1985-09-20 | 1991-03-26 | Scott Paper Company | Method for producing pulp using pre-treatment with stabilizers and refining |
| US4743338A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1988-05-10 | Kamyr, Inc. | Method of removing air from lignocellulosic material by passing the material through conduit paths of different diameters |
| SE458690B (sv) * | 1986-11-06 | 1989-04-24 | Sunds Defibrator | Saett att framstaella mekanisk massa fraan lignocellulosahaltigt material i styckeform med en laengd i fiberriktningen av minst 200 mm |
| CA1230208A (en) * | 1987-03-24 | 1987-12-15 | Bohuslav V. Kokta | Process for preparing pulp for paper making |
| CA2069984C (fr) * | 1992-05-29 | 1999-03-09 | Roland Gilbert | Methode d'extraction de preservatifs chimiques du bois par detente a la pression atmospherique |
| EP1161592B1 (en) * | 1999-02-15 | 2004-09-22 | Kiram AB | Process for oxygen pulping of lignocellulosic material and recovery of pulping chemicals |
| CA2318027C (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2008-07-08 | Andritz-Ahlstrom Inc. | Treating pulp with yield or strength-enhancing additive |
-
2005
- 2005-12-02 FI FI20051251A patent/FI126694B/fi active IP Right Grant
-
2006
- 2006-11-30 UY UY29982A patent/UY29982A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-12-01 CN CN201510047854.XA patent/CN104674583A/zh active Pending
- 2006-12-01 SE SE0801296A patent/SE534004C2/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-12-01 JP JP2008542785A patent/JP4823317B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-12-01 CA CA2631767A patent/CA2631767C/en active Active
- 2006-12-01 AR ARP060105313A patent/AR058265A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-12-01 AU AU2006319052A patent/AU2006319052B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-12-01 WO PCT/FI2006/000399 patent/WO2007063171A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-12-01 CN CNA2006800451546A patent/CN101341288A/zh active Pending
- 2006-12-01 BR BRPI0619143-6A patent/BRPI0619143B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-12-01 RU RU2008125038/12A patent/RU2401350C2/ru active
-
2008
- 2008-06-02 ZA ZA200804758A patent/ZA200804758B/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0619143A2 (pt) | 2011-09-13 |
| RU2008125038A (ru) | 2010-01-10 |
| AU2006319052A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
| WO2007063171A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
| SE0801296L (sv) | 2008-08-22 |
| CN101341288A (zh) | 2009-01-07 |
| RU2401350C2 (ru) | 2010-10-10 |
| JP2009517560A (ja) | 2009-04-30 |
| SE534004C2 (sv) | 2011-03-29 |
| UY29982A1 (es) | 2007-06-29 |
| AU2006319052B2 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
| CN104674583A (zh) | 2015-06-03 |
| FI20051251A (fi) | 2007-06-03 |
| JP4823317B2 (ja) | 2011-11-24 |
| CA2631767C (en) | 2014-08-26 |
| AR058265A1 (es) | 2008-01-30 |
| BRPI0619143B1 (pt) | 2017-10-24 |
| FI20051251A0 (fi) | 2005-12-02 |
| ZA200804758B (en) | 2009-09-30 |
| CA2631767A1 (en) | 2007-06-07 |
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