ES2123241T3 - Solucion acuosa que contiene un silicato o un aluminato inorganico disuelto, un silano organofuncional y un silano no funcional y procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un metal con dicha solucion. - Google Patents

Solucion acuosa que contiene un silicato o un aluminato inorganico disuelto, un silano organofuncional y un silano no funcional y procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un metal con dicha solucion.

Info

Publication number
ES2123241T3
ES2123241T3 ES95913521T ES95913521T ES2123241T3 ES 2123241 T3 ES2123241 T3 ES 2123241T3 ES 95913521 T ES95913521 T ES 95913521T ES 95913521 T ES95913521 T ES 95913521T ES 2123241 T3 ES2123241 T3 ES 2123241T3
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
functional silane
aluminate
metal
solution containing
pretreatment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES95913521T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Wim J Van Ooij
Ashok Sabata
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Cincinnati
Original Assignee
University of Cincinnati
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Cincinnati filed Critical University of Cincinnati
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2123241T3 publication Critical patent/ES2123241T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
    • B05D7/16—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies using synthetic lacquers or varnishes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/82—After-treatment
    • C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/50—Multilayers
    • B05D7/52—Two layers
    • B05D7/54—No clear coat specified
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2222/00—Aspects relating to chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive medium
    • C23C2222/20—Use of solutions containing silanes

Abstract

UNA LAMINA METALICA PINTADA PRETRATADA CON UN CAPA COMPUESTA, INSOLUBLE QUE CONTIENE SILOXANO. LA CAPA COMPUESTA ES FORMADA PARA ENJUAGAR LA LAMINA CON UNA DISOLUCION ALCALINA QUE CONTIENE AL MENOS 0.005M DE UN SILICATO DISUELTO O UN ALUMINATO DISUELTO, AL MENOS 0.1 VOL% EN VOLUMEN DE UN SILANO ORGANOFUNCIONAL Y AL MENOS 0.02 VOL% EN VOLUMEN DE UN AGENTE DE UNION INTERMOLECULAR QUE TIENE DOS O MAS GRUPOS TRIALCOXISILILOS. DESPUES DE QUE LA LAMINA ESTE SECA, LA CAPA DE COMPUESTO TIENE UN ESPESOR DE AL MENOS 10 ANGSTROM. DESPUES DE SER PINTADA, LOS SILOXANOS FORMAN UN ENLACE COVALENTE TENAZ ENTRE LA PINTURA Y EL SUBSTRATO DE METAL.
ES95913521T 1994-03-07 1995-03-03 Solucion acuosa que contiene un silicato o un aluminato inorganico disuelto, un silano organofuncional y un silano no funcional y procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un metal con dicha solucion. Expired - Lifetime ES2123241T3 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/207,565 US5433976A (en) 1994-03-07 1994-03-07 Metal pretreated with an aqueous solution containing a dissolved inorganic silicate or aluminate, an organofuctional silane and a non-functional silane for enhanced corrosion resistance

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2123241T3 true ES2123241T3 (es) 1999-01-01

Family

ID=22771103

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES95913521T Expired - Lifetime ES2123241T3 (es) 1994-03-07 1995-03-03 Solucion acuosa que contiene un silicato o un aluminato inorganico disuelto, un silano organofuncional y un silano no funcional y procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un metal con dicha solucion.

Country Status (22)

Country Link
US (1) US5433976A (es)
EP (1) EP0749501B1 (es)
JP (1) JPH09510259A (es)
CN (1) CN1146217A (es)
AT (1) ATE170932T1 (es)
AU (1) AU677121B2 (es)
BR (1) BR9507044A (es)
CA (1) CA2185163A1 (es)
DE (1) DE69504641T2 (es)
DK (1) DK0749501T3 (es)
ES (1) ES2123241T3 (es)
HU (1) HUT75966A (es)
IL (1) IL112919A (es)
NZ (1) NZ282955A (es)
PE (1) PE43195A1 (es)
PH (1) PH31635A (es)
PL (1) PL316253A1 (es)
RO (1) RO117194B1 (es)
RU (1) RU2110610C1 (es)
TW (1) TW357196B (es)
WO (1) WO1995024517A1 (es)
ZA (1) ZA951876B (es)

Families Citing this family (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5700523A (en) * 1996-06-03 1997-12-23 Bulk Chemicals, Inc. Method for treating metal surfaces using a silicate solution and a silane solution
US6605365B1 (en) * 1996-11-04 2003-08-12 The Boeing Company Pigmented alkoxyzirconium sol
US6506499B1 (en) 1996-11-04 2003-01-14 The Boeing Company Silicon-yttrium sol coating of metals
US5789085A (en) * 1996-11-04 1998-08-04 Blohowiak; Kay Y. Paint adhesion
US5759629A (en) * 1996-11-05 1998-06-02 University Of Cincinnati Method of preventing corrosion of metal sheet using vinyl silanes
US5750197A (en) * 1997-01-09 1998-05-12 The University Of Cincinnati Method of preventing corrosion of metals using silanes
WO1998033960A1 (en) * 1997-01-31 1998-08-06 Elisha Technologies Co. L.L.C. An electrolytic process for forming a mineral containing coating
US6322687B1 (en) 1997-01-31 2001-11-27 Elisha Technologies Co Llc Electrolytic process for forming a mineral
US6153080A (en) * 1997-01-31 2000-11-28 Elisha Technologies Co Llc Electrolytic process for forming a mineral
US6592738B2 (en) 1997-01-31 2003-07-15 Elisha Holding Llc Electrolytic process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
US6599643B2 (en) 1997-01-31 2003-07-29 Elisha Holding Llc Energy enhanced process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
EP1032616A4 (en) 1997-10-23 2001-04-11 Aar Cornelis P J V D RUBBER TO METAL LIABILITY THROUGH SILANE COUPLING REAGENTS
DE19814605A1 (de) * 1998-04-01 1999-10-07 Kunz Gmbh Mittel zur Versiegelung von metallischen, insbesondere aus Zink oder Zinklegierungen bestehenden Untergründen
US6162547A (en) * 1998-06-24 2000-12-19 The University Of Cinncinnati Corrosion prevention of metals using bis-functional polysulfur silanes
JP4165943B2 (ja) * 1998-11-18 2008-10-15 日本ペイント株式会社 亜鉛被覆鋼および無被覆鋼の防錆コーティング剤
US6416869B1 (en) 1999-07-19 2002-07-09 University Of Cincinnati Silane coatings for bonding rubber to metals
US6106901A (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-08-22 Brent International Plc Method of treating metals using ureido silanes and multi-silyl-functional silanes in admixture
US6071566A (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-06-06 Brent International Plc Method of treating metals using vinyl silanes and multi-silyl-functional silanes in admixture
US6132808A (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-10-17 Brent International Plc Method of treating metals using amino silanes and multi-silyl-functional silanes in admixture
US6827981B2 (en) 1999-07-19 2004-12-07 The University Of Cincinnati Silane coatings for metal
IL159222A0 (en) * 2001-06-28 2004-06-01 Algat Sherutey Gimur Teufati Method of anodizing of magnesium and magnesium alloys and producing conductive layers on an anodized surface
JP3486404B2 (ja) * 2001-07-16 2004-01-13 日本リークレス工業株式会社 メタルガスケット素材板およびその製造方法
EP1492904A2 (en) * 2001-08-03 2005-01-05 Elisha Holding LLC An electroless process for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby
US6866896B2 (en) * 2002-02-05 2005-03-15 Elisha Holding Llc Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby
US20040188262A1 (en) * 2002-02-05 2004-09-30 Heimann Robert L. Method for treating metallic surfaces and products formed thereby
AU2003277303A1 (en) * 2002-10-07 2004-05-04 Coatings For Industry, Inc. Formation of corrosion-resistant coating
FR2847913B1 (fr) * 2002-11-28 2005-02-18 Electro Rech Procede de traitement surfacique de pieces metalliques avant moulage d'un revetement de caoutchouc ainsi que bain de finition chimique et piece metallique ainsi obtenue
US6887308B2 (en) * 2003-01-21 2005-05-03 Johnsondiversey, Inc. Metal coating coupling composition
US7524535B2 (en) * 2004-02-25 2009-04-28 Posco Method of protecting metals from corrosion using thiol compounds
US10041176B2 (en) * 2005-04-07 2018-08-07 Momentive Performance Materials Inc. No-rinse pretreatment methods and compositions
US7704563B2 (en) * 2005-09-09 2010-04-27 The University Of Cincinnati Method of applying silane coating to metal composition
US7994249B2 (en) * 2005-09-09 2011-08-09 The University Of Cincinnati Silane coating compositions and methods of use thereof
US7527872B2 (en) * 2005-10-25 2009-05-05 Goodrich Corporation Treated aluminum article and method for making same
DE202006020021U1 (de) * 2006-07-06 2007-11-29 Gerhard Heiche Gmbh Korrosionsbeständiges Substrat
US20080026151A1 (en) * 2006-07-31 2008-01-31 Danqing Zhu Addition of silanes to coating compositions
EP1978024A1 (en) 2007-04-04 2008-10-08 Atotech Deutschland Gmbh Silane compositions comprising novel crosslinking agents
US7972659B2 (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-07-05 Ecosil Technologies Llc Method of applying silanes to metal in an oil bath containing a controlled amount of water
EP2718027A1 (en) * 2011-06-07 2014-04-16 Tata Steel IJmuiden BV Hot formable strip, sheet or blank, process for the production thereof, method for hot forming a product and hot formed product
US9656297B1 (en) 2012-06-22 2017-05-23 Nei Corporation Steel pretreatment solution and method for enhanced corrosion and cathodic disbondment resistance
ES2672698T3 (es) * 2012-08-27 2018-06-15 Tata Steel Ijmuiden Bv Lámina o lámina de acero revestida que tiene propiedades ventajosas
EP3019563B1 (de) * 2013-07-10 2022-12-07 Chemetall GmbH Verfahren zum beschichten von metallischen oberflächen von substraten und nach diesem verfahren beschichtete gegenstände
CN105723014B (zh) * 2013-07-18 2019-02-15 凯密特尔有限责任公司 涂覆基材的金属表面的方法以及根据该方法涂覆的物件
ES2732264T3 (es) * 2014-02-13 2019-11-21 Doerken Ewald Ag Procedimiento para la preparación de un sustrato provisto de una pasivación libre de cobalto y libre de cromo-VI
JP6644631B2 (ja) 2016-05-10 2020-02-12 株式会社神戸製鋼所 金属表面処理用水溶液及び金属表面の処理方法
CN111318434A (zh) * 2018-12-13 2020-06-23 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 一种无取向电工钢材料的处理方法

Family Cites Families (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5815541B2 (ja) * 1975-10-22 1983-03-26 新日本製鐵株式会社 コウザイノ ヒヨウメンシヨリホウ
JPS52141436A (en) * 1976-05-21 1977-11-25 Nippon Steel Corp Method of manufacturing precoated steel plated for use in d*i cans
JPS602186B2 (ja) * 1980-12-24 1985-01-19 日本鋼管株式会社 塗装下地用表面処理鋼板
JPS6033192B2 (ja) * 1980-12-24 1985-08-01 日本鋼管株式会社 耐食性、塗料密着性、塗装耐食性のすぐれた複合被覆鋼板
CA1211406A (en) * 1980-12-24 1986-09-16 Tomihiro Hara Plated steel sheet with chromate and composite silicate resin films
JPS5850179A (ja) * 1981-09-21 1983-03-24 Toshiba Corp ガスシ−ルドメタルア−ク溶接装置
US4659394A (en) * 1983-08-31 1987-04-21 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Process for preparation of highly anticorrosive surface-treated steel plate
JPS60162560A (ja) * 1984-01-31 1985-08-24 Nippon Steel Corp 鋼の連続鋳造方法
JPS617877A (ja) * 1984-06-22 1986-01-14 三菱電機株式会社 Ｃｒｔ用キヤラクタパタ−ン拡張装置
JP2520871B2 (ja) * 1985-09-06 1996-07-31 日本電信電話株式会社 アンテナ指向方向検出装置
JPS6357674A (ja) * 1986-08-28 1988-03-12 Nippon Paint Co Ltd 親水性皮膜形成用処理剤及び処理方法
JPS63130796A (ja) * 1986-11-21 1988-06-02 Kawasaki Steel Corp 耐食性と塗料密着性に優れた複合化成処理鋼板およびその製造方法
US4889775A (en) * 1987-03-03 1989-12-26 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Highly corrosion-resistant surface-treated steel plate
JPH0238582A (ja) * 1988-07-28 1990-02-07 Kobe Steel Ltd 絶縁皮膜の形成された電磁鋼板
US5108793A (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-04-28 Armco Steel Company, L.P. Steel sheet with enhanced corrosion resistance having a silane treated silicate coating
US5221371A (en) * 1991-09-03 1993-06-22 Lockheed Corporation Non-toxic corrosion resistant conversion coating for aluminum and aluminum alloys and the process for making the same
DE4138218C2 (de) * 1991-11-21 1994-08-04 Doerken Ewald Ag Verwendung von Nachtauchmitteln für die Nachbehandlung von chromatierten oder passivierten Verzinkungsschichten
US5292549A (en) * 1992-10-23 1994-03-08 Armco Inc. Metallic coated steel having a siloxane film providing temporary corrosion protection and method therefor
US5326594A (en) * 1992-12-02 1994-07-05 Armco Inc. Metal pretreated with an inorganic/organic composite coating with enhanced paint adhesion
US5322713A (en) * 1993-03-24 1994-06-21 Armco Inc. Metal sheet with enhanced corrosion resistance having a silane treated aluminate coating

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5433976A (en) 1995-07-18
PE43195A1 (es) 1995-12-30
ATE170932T1 (de) 1998-09-15
WO1995024517A1 (en) 1995-09-14
IL112919A0 (en) 1995-06-29
DE69504641D1 (de) 1998-10-15
CA2185163A1 (en) 1995-09-14
MX9603914A (es) 1997-09-30
RU2110610C1 (ru) 1998-05-10
RO117194B1 (ro) 2001-11-30
BR9507044A (pt) 1997-09-09
PH31635A (en) 1999-01-12
EP0749501A1 (en) 1996-12-27
DE69504641T2 (de) 1999-02-18
AU677121B2 (en) 1997-04-10
AU2092795A (en) 1995-09-25
CN1146217A (zh) 1997-03-26
TW357196B (en) 1999-05-01
NZ282955A (en) 1998-05-27
IL112919A (en) 1998-12-06
JPH09510259A (ja) 1997-10-14
DK0749501T3 (da) 1999-06-07
ZA951876B (en) 1996-03-07
PL316253A1 (en) 1997-01-06
HUT75966A (en) 1997-05-28
EP0749501B1 (en) 1998-09-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
ES2123241T3 (es) Solucion acuosa que contiene un silicato o un aluminato inorganico disuelto, un silano organofuncional y un silano no funcional y procedimiento para el pretratamiento de un metal con dicha solucion.
AU4183596A (en) Copper coating
DE69941908D1 (de) Verglasung mit mesoporöser funktioneller, insbesondere wasserabweisender beschichtung
AR247903A1 (es) Metodo de recubrimiento de substratos con recubrimientos altamente reflectantes, adherentes y decorativos y articulo asi recubierto.
DE69906808D1 (de) Schmutzabweisende beschichtung für glasoberflächen
TR200000687T2 (tr) Metal alt-tabakaların aşınmasının engellenmesi için yöntem ve bileşimler.
AU5658498A (en) Method for coating substrates, preferably with metal
ATE195749T1 (de) Modifizierte polyesterharz/organische superoxid systeme für überzugmittel in einer pulverform, welche für temperaturempfindliche substrate und metallsubstrate geeignet sind
MX169416B (es) Substrato de aceros con revestimientos de metal para el refuerzo de elastomeros vulcanizables
BR9405431A (pt) Processos para reforçar um substrato de óxido quebradiço e um recipiente de vidro, para restaurar a resistência a um substrato de óxido quebradiço e para cicatrizar parcialmente ou complemente falhas em uma superfìcie, recipiente de óxido quebradiço revestido com silano e composição útil para revestir substratos de óxido quebradiço
ES2223145T5 (es) Metodo para adherir un adhesivo de uretano a una superficie pintada con una composicion de pre-impregnacion.
BR9003710A (pt) Substrato de metal e processos de pre-recobrir um substrato de metal e de produzir um substrato de metal conformado pre-recoberto
BR0209781A (pt) Processos de deposição, incluindo para componentes de motor a jato
BR9405125A (pt) Composição e processo para melhorar a adesão de um revestimento a substratos gredosos
KR970015511A (ko) 부식성 매질에 대해 내성이 있는 보강 유리 스트랜드 및 복합품
ATE500301T1 (de) Überzugsmittel-zusammensetzung für metallsubstrate frei von bisphenol a diglycidyl- ethern
MX9201779A (es) Substrato que tiene un revestimiento resistente al ataque del medio ambiente, composicion de revestimiento para el mismo, proceso para fabricar la composicion de revestimiento y proceso para revestir el substrato con la composicion.
MX173689B (es) Procedimiento para la fabricacion de multicapas de polimida gruesas
DE69203455D1 (de) Verfahren zur beschichtigung von silicakugeln.
BR9907806A (pt) Processo para revestir pelo menos uma superfìcie de um substrato feito de vidro orgânico, e, solução de tratamento aquosa
BR0102822A (pt) Revestimento anti-corrosão aplicado durante processo de jato percussão
AU2001265978A1 (en) Coated substrate with metallic surface impression, method for adhesively coatingsubstrates with corrosive optical layers and use of said coated substrate and p roducts obtained from a method for adhesively coating with corrosive optical layers
MX9701672A (es) Nuevo revestimiento para superficies metalicas y procedimiento de realizacion.
KR880008880A (ko) 유리면 덕트 시공용 집속체의 제조방법
BR9307897A (pt) Processo aperfeiçoado para produzir um revestimento de conversão de fosfato sobre um substrato metálico

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG2A Definitive protection

Ref document number: 749501

Country of ref document: ES