EP4536883A1 - Gasdiffusionslage aus wasserstrahlverfestigten vliesstoffen - Google Patents
Gasdiffusionslage aus wasserstrahlverfestigten vliesstoffenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4536883A1 EP4536883A1 EP23723592.4A EP23723592A EP4536883A1 EP 4536883 A1 EP4536883 A1 EP 4536883A1 EP 23723592 A EP23723592 A EP 23723592A EP 4536883 A1 EP4536883 A1 EP 4536883A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- water
- conductivity
- fibers
- fiber
- fiber web
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
- D04H1/49—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation entanglement by fluid jet in combination with another consolidation means
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4209—Inorganic fibres
- D04H1/4242—Carbon fibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
- D04H1/4282—Addition polymers
- D04H1/43—Acrylonitrile series
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
- D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
- D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C7/00—Heating or cooling textile fabrics
- D06C7/04—Carbonising or oxidising
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/73—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof
- D06M11/74—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof with carbon or graphite; with carbides; with graphitic acids or their salts
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/84—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising combined with mechanical treatment
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
- D06M15/256—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/70—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/71—Cooling; Steaming or heating, e.g. in fluidised beds; with molten metals
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/0002—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate
- D06N3/0011—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate using non-woven fabrics
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/0002—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate
- D06N3/0015—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate using fibres of specified chemical or physical nature, e.g. natural silk
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/0056—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the compounding ingredients of the macro-molecular coating
- D06N3/0063—Inorganic compounding ingredients, e.g. metals, carbon fibres, Na2CO3, metal layers; Post-treatment with inorganic compounds
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/007—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by mechanical or physical treatments
- D06N3/0077—Embossing; Pressing of the surface; Tumbling and crumbling; Cracking; Cooling; Heating, e.g. mirror finish
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/04—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06N3/047—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds with fluoropolymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0221—Organic resins; Organic polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0239—Organic resins; Organic polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
- D06M2101/40—Fibres of carbon
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
- D06M2200/10—Repellency against liquids
- D06M2200/12—Hydrophobic properties
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
- D06N2201/08—Inorganic fibres
- D06N2201/087—Carbon fibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
- D06N2209/04—Properties of the materials having electrical or magnetic properties
- D06N2209/041—Conductive
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
- D10B2101/10—Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
- D10B2101/12—Carbon; Pitch
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2401/00—Physical properties
- D10B2401/16—Physical properties antistatic; conductive
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- Gas diffusion layer made of hydroentangled nonwovens
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a gas diffusion layer, in which nonwovens made of carbon fibers or carbon fiber precursors are subjected to solidification with water-containing fluid jets of a certain water quality, the gas diffusion layer obtainable by this method and a fuel cell which contains such a gas diffusion layer.
- Fuel cells use the chemical reaction of a fuel, particularly hydrogen, with oxygen to form water to generate electrical energy.
- hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells hydrogen or a hydrogen-containing gas mixture is fed to the anode, where electrochemical oxidation occurs with the release of electrons (H2 2H + + 2e-).
- the protons are transported from the anode space into the cathode space via a membrane that separates the reaction spaces from one another in a gas-tight manner and electrically insulates them.
- the electrons provided at the anode are fed to the cathode via an external conductor circuit.
- Oxygen or a gas mixture containing oxygen is supplied to the cathode, whereby the oxygen is reduced and the electrons are absorbed.
- the oxygen anions formed react with the above Membrane transported protons to form water (1/2 O2 + 2 H + +
- PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cells
- PEM polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
- a catalyst layer is applied to the gas-tight, electrically insulating, proton-conducting membrane on the anode and cathode side, which forms the electrodes and which generally contains platinum as the catalytically active metal. The actual redox reactions and charge separations take place in the catalyst layers.
- the membrane and catalyst layers form a unit, which is also referred to as CCM (catalyst coated membrane).
- CCM catalyst coated membrane
- GDL gas diffusion layer
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- Flow distribution plates are arranged between the membrane-electrode units, which have channels for supplying the adjacent cathode and anode with process gases and, as a rule, additional internal cooling channels.
- the gas diffusion layers located between the flow distribution plates and the catalyst layers are of essential importance for the function and performance of the fuel cell.
- the process components consumed and created in the electrode reactions must be transported through the gas diffusion layer and homogeneously distributed from the macroscopic structure of the flow distribution plates/bipolar plates to the microscopic structure of the catalyst layers.
- the ones in the Electrons formed and consumed in half-cell reactions must be conducted to the flow distribution plates with as little voltage loss as possible.
- the heat generated during the reaction must be dissipated to the coolant in the flow distribution plates, so the GDL materials must also have sufficient thermal conductivity.
- the GDL must also act as a mechanical balance between the macrostructured flow distribution plate and the catalyst layers.
- Gas diffusion layers for fuel cells typically consist of a carbon fiber substrate, which is usually hydrophobically treated with fluoropolymers (e.g. PTFE) and is then surface-coated with a microporous layer (MPL).
- MPL usually consists of a fluorine-containing polymer as a binder (e.g. PTFE) and a porous and electrically conductive carbon material (e.g. soot or graphite powder).
- a fluorine-containing polymer as a binder
- electrically conductive carbon material e.g. soot or graphite powder
- Carbon fiber papers wet-laid and chemically bonded carbon fiber nonwovens, with chemical binders that are carbonized
- carbon fiber fabrics e.g. made from yarns made from oxidized but not yet carbonized polyacrylonitrile fibers, which are carbonized or graphitized after weaving
- the GDL can also play a part in the loading of the MEA with foreign ions. There is therefore a need for gas diffusion layers that have only very low concentrations of ions, especially metal cations, and for processes for their production.
- the GDL should specifically have low concentrations of cations commonly found in water for technical applications, such as calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium ions. The remaining mechanical properties of the GDL should not be adversely changed.
- nonwovens made of carbon fibers or carbon fiber precursors can be subjected to solidification by exposure to water-containing fluid jets.
- intermingling processes spunlace processes
- intermingling with superheated steam jets are known to those skilled in the art.
- a special method for the mechanical consolidation of nonwovens is hydroentanglement, in which water is directed at an increased pressure of around 20 to over 400 bar through a large number of nozzles onto the fleece to be consolidated. The impulse force of the water jets leads to a mechanical anchoring of the fibers in the product. So-called jet strips, which can be attached in one or more rows, serve as a tool for this method.
- Each row has a large number of nozzles.
- the maximum number of nozzles can be up to 20,000 nozzles per strip, with typical nozzle diameters in the range of 0.05 to 0.3 mm.
- WO 2021/170608 A1 describes a process for producing spunbonds in which they are subjected to hydroentanglement and subsequently washing. Fresh water can be supplied to the hydroentanglement and the wastewater from the hydroentanglement can be fed to the laundry. It is generally mentioned that fully demineralised water can be used as fresh water.
- US 2003/182730 A1 describes a nonwoven fabric with a low content of ionic impurities, which is achieved by washing with water with a low ion concentration. These nonwovens are used, among other things, in cleaning cloths and protective clothing for clean rooms. An application for producing a gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell is not described.
- WO 0231841 A2 describes a conductive nonwoven fabric which is made from a fiber web made of pre-oxidized fibers for carbon fibers by solidifying the fiber web with high-pressure fluid jets at pressures of 100 to 300 bar, compacting the solidified fiber fleece and subsequent carbonization and/or graphitization under a protective gas atmosphere at temperatures from 800 °C to 2500 °C was obtained.
- DE 10 2006 060 932 A1 describes temperature-stable structures that comprise fibers and a coating, this coating being covalently bound to the surface of the fibers.
- these are conductive nonwovens that have been subjected to plasma coating with fluorinated hydrocarbons and are suitable as a gas diffusion layer for fuel cells.
- carbon fibers or carbon fiber precursors are laid into a fiber web and solidified by the action of high-pressure fluid jets and then pre-dried, calendered and carbonized.
- the US 2019/0165379 A1 describes a material for a gas diffusion layer based on a carbon fiber nonwoven which has areas with high and areas with low basis weights in the plane and at least one of the surfaces of the nonwoven has an uneven pattern with indentations and elevations, which is independent of the Weight distribution of the fibers is.
- the production of the nonwoven fabric involves a water jet process.
- the pH value of the water is a critical parameter, for example in order to remove unwanted substances accompanying the fleece during wet bonding without the aid of a detergent. At the same time, additives added before this treatment step should essentially be retained. By optimizing the pH value, it is also possible to reduce or avoid damage to the nonwoven fabric caused by water treatment.
- Another critical parameter is the ion concentration, ie the proportion of dissociated substances dissolved in a certain amount of water.
- a first subject of the invention is a method for producing a gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell, in which a) a fiber composition is provided which comprises carbon fibers and/or precursors of carbon fibers, b) the fiber composition provided in step a) is a method for producing a fiber web c) the fiber web is solidified into a nonwoven fabric by the action of water-containing fluid jets, the water used having a pH value in the range from 5.5 to 8.0, d) optionally the nonwoven fabric obtained in step c) is subjected to a thermal and/or or mechanical treatment for drying and/or further solidification, e) if the fiber composition used in step a) comprises precursors of carbon fibers, subjecting the nonwoven fabric to pyrolysis at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C.
- the water used in step c) has a conductance of at most 250 microSiemens/cm at 25 ° C.
- step c), d), e) or f) i.e. depending on which of these steps is carried out, following the last of these steps
- step g) a microporous layer
- the invention further relates to a fibrous web (hydrojet-entangled nonwoven fabric) with a very low ion concentration, which is solidified by the action of water-containing fluid jets.
- the invention therefore also relates to a nonwoven fabric, obtainable by a process in which a) a fiber composition is provided which comprises carbon fibers and/or precursors of carbon fibers, b) the fiber composition provided in step a) is subjected to a process for producing a fiber web, c) the fiber web is solidified into a nonwoven fabric by the action of water-containing fluid jets, the water used having a pH value in the range from 5.5 to 8.0.
- a further subject of the invention is a fuel cell comprising at least one gas diffusion layer, as defined above and below, or obtainable by a method as defined above and below.
- pH values given refer to a temperature of 25°C.
- the pH value can be determined using customary methods known to those skilled in the art. The determination is preferably carried out using an electrometric method which is based on measuring the chain voltage of an electrochemical cell, one of the two half cells being a measuring electrode and the second being a reference electrode. The potential of the measuring electrode is a function of the pH value of the measuring solution.
- an electrometric method which is based on measuring the chain voltage of an electrochemical cell, one of the two half cells being a measuring electrode and the second being a reference electrode.
- the potential of the measuring electrode is a function of the pH value of the measuring solution.
- commercially available pH value measuring chains based on a pH electrode and a reference electrode for example in the form of a combination electrode, can be used. Suitable methods for determining the pH value are described in DIN EN ISO 10523-05:2012-04 (Water quality - Determination of the pH value).
- Measuring devices for pH value measurement via proton activity especially using an electrometric method, such as commercially available pH value measuring chains, usually have automatic or manual temperature compensation in order to compensate for the temperature dependence of the ion product on water.
- the gas diffusion layers obtained by the process according to the invention have the following advantages:
- the carbon fiber nonwovens obtained from dry-laid carbon fibers by hydroentanglement and the GDLs based on them are characterized by a very low ion concentration.
- nonwovens obtained from dry-laid carbon fiber precursors by hydroentanglement and subsequent carbonization or graphitization and the GDLs based on them are also characterized by a very low ion concentration.
- the nonwovens obtained by hydroentanglement using the process according to the invention have a very small number of so-called nozzle stripe defects.
- the GDLs according to the invention have comparably good mechanical properties.
- Fuel cells based on the GDL according to the invention have a longer service life than fuel cells based on conventional GDL.
- the gas diffusion layer according to the invention and obtainable by the method according to the invention comprises a flat electrically conductive material Carbon fiber non-woven fabric.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the gas diffusion layer are flat structures that have a substantially two-dimensional, flat dimension and a comparatively smaller thickness.
- the gas diffusion layer has a base area which generally corresponds essentially to the base area of the adjacent membrane with the catalyst layers and the base area of the adjacent flow distributor plate of the fuel cell.
- the shape of the base area of the gas diffusion layer can, for example, be polygonal (n-angular with n > 3, e.g. triangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, etc.), circular, circular segment-shaped (e.g. semicircular), elliptical or elliptical segment-shaped.
- the base area is preferably rectangular or circular.
- a fiber composition which comprises carbon fibers and/or precursors of carbon fibers.
- Preferred carbon fibers consist of at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 92% by weight, based on their total weight, of carbon.
- carbon fibers that have been subjected to graphitization can be used. These carbon fibers have a higher carbon content and then consist in particular of at least 95% by weight of carbon.
- Suitable precursors for carbon fibers are fibers from synthetic or natural sources that can be converted into carbon fibers through one or more treatment steps (charring). These include, for example, fibers made from polyacrylonitrile homo- and copolymers (PAN fibers), phenolic resins, Polyesters, polyolefins, cellulose, aramids, polyether ketones, polyether ester ketones, polyether sulfones, polyvinyl alcohol, lignin, pitch and mixtures thereof.
- the fiber composition provided in step a) preferably comprises PAN fibers as precursor fibers or consists of PAN fibers as precursor fibers.
- the fiber composition provided in step a) comprises PAN fibers and fibers different therefrom, which are preferably selected from fibers made of phenolic resins, polyesters, polyolefins, cellulose, aramids, polyether ketones, polyether ester ketones, polyether sulfones, polyvinyl alcohol, lignin, pitch and Mixtures of these.
- PAN fibers and fibers different therefrom are preferably selected from fibers made of phenolic resins, polyesters, polyolefins, cellulose, aramids, polyether ketones, polyether ester ketones, polyether sulfones, polyvinyl alcohol, lignin, pitch and Mixtures of these.
- Such additional polymers are preferably contained in an amount of up to 50% by weight, particularly preferably up to 25% by weight, based on the carbon fiber precursor.
- the fiber composition provided in step a) consists exclusively of PAN fibers.
- Suitable PAN fibers are selected from PAN homopolymers, PAN copolymers and mixtures thereof.
- PAN copolymers contain at least one polymerized comonomer, which is preferably selected from (meth)acrylamide, alkyl acrylates, hydroxyalkyl acrylates, alkyl ether acrylates, polyether acrylates, alkyl vinyl ethers, vinyl halides, vinyl aromatics, vinyl esters, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, their mono- and diesters, and mixtures thereof.
- the mononomical is selected under acrylamide, methylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethylacrylate, n-propylacrylate, n-butylacrylate, n-octylacrylate, laurylacrylate, stearlacrylate, 2- ethylhexylhexylhexylacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylate, 2-h Ydroxypropylacrylate, 4-hydroxybutylacrylate, 2- Methoxyethyl acrylate, 4-methoxybutyl acrylate, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl acrylate, ethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, itaconic acid monomethyl ester, itaconic acid monolauryl ester, fumaric acid dimethyl ester, styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl bromide, vinyl chloride, etc.
- step a) Is used in step a) as a carbon fiber precursor If polyacrylonitrile copolymer fiber is used, the proportion of comonomers is at most 20% by weight, preferably at most 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the monomers used for polymerization. Polyacrylonitrile homopolymer fibers are preferably used as carbon fiber precursors in step a).
- PAN polymers can e.g. B. can be spun into filaments as a solution by wet spinning and coagulation and combined into ropes (fiber bundles).
- PAN copolymers often have a lower melting point than PAN homopolymers and are therefore suitable not only for use in wet spinning processes, but also in melt spinning processes.
- the PAN fibers obtained in this way are usually subjected to oxidative cyclization (also referred to as oxidation or stabilization) in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at elevated temperatures of around 180 to 300 ° C. The resulting chemical cross-linking improves the dimensional stability of the fibers.
- the fibers obtained during the oxidative cyclization can be used as precursors of carbon fibers in step a) without further processing. It is also possible to subject the fibers obtained in the oxidative cyclization to at least one processing step, preferably selected from cleaning, coating with at least one sizing agent, drying and combinations of at least two of these treatment steps. In order to clean the fibers after electrochemical oxidation, they can be subjected to a washing process. Washing is specifically designed to remove fiber fragments. Washing is usually followed by a drying step. To modify the surface properties, the fibers can be at least partially coated with at least one sizing agent.
- the sizing agent can be used, for example, in the form of a solution in a suitable solvent or in the form of a dispersion.
- the fibers can be passed through a sizing bath, for example.
- the size can be at least partially detached from the fibers during hydroentanglement in step c). If this is the case in step c). If the water used to solidify the fiber web is at least partially recycled, it can be advantageous to subject the wastewater from hydroentanglement to a processing process in which the size contained in the wastewater is partially or completely removed.
- the fibers After the fibers have been coated with at least one sizing agent, they are usually subjected to (further) drying. Drying can be carried out, for example, with hot air, hot plates, heated rollers or radiant heaters.
- the precursors of carbon fibers obtained in this way can be used and further processed as a fiber composition in step a) of the process according to the invention.
- a fiber composition containing or consisting of PAN fibers can be subjected to pyrolysis at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C, whereby the PAN precursors are converted into carbon fibers.
- pyrolysis conditions reference is made to the following statements on step e).
- the carbon fibers obtained in this way can also be used and further processed as a fiber composition in step a) of the process according to the invention.
- step b) of the method according to the invention the fiber composition provided in step a) is subjected to a process for producing a fiber web (carbon fiber fleece or carbon fiber precursor fleece).
- a process for producing a fiber web carbon fiber fleece or carbon fiber precursor fleece.
- Suitable processes for producing nonwovens are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in H. Fuchs, W. Albrecht, Vliesstoffe, 2nd edition 2012, p. 121 ff., Wiley-VCH. These include, for example, dry processes, wet processes, extrusion processes and solvent processes.
- the fiber composition provided in step a) is subjected to a dry laying process in step b) to produce a fiber web subjected.
- the production of dry-laid nonwovens can in principle be carried out using a carding process or an aerodynamic process.
- a fiber web is formed using a card or card
- nonwovens are formed from fibers with the help of air.
- the fiber webs can be placed on top of each other in several layers to form a fleece.
- the drying process in step b) can include a modification of the properties, for example by stretching the fleece. This can be used, for example, to calibrate the fleece thickness and/or pre-consolidate the fiber web.
- step c) of the method according to the invention the fiber web obtained in step b) is solidified into a nonwoven fabric by the action of water-containing fluid jets.
- Water-containing fluid jets also capture fluid flows and steam jets.
- the known mechanical strengthening processes which are also referred to as spunlace processes, are suitable for water jet bonding.
- so-called steamjet technology is also suitable, in which superheated steam jets are used to consolidate the fleece.
- Such methods are known to those skilled in the art.
- water is directed at an increased pressure of around 20 to 500 bar through a large number of nozzles onto the fleece to be consolidated.
- the nozzles are arranged in one or more rows in so-called nozzle strips. These nozzle strips have a large number of nozzles in each row.
- the maximum number of nozzles can be up to 20,000 nozzles per strip, with typical nozzle diameters in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 mm.
- the hole diameters of the nozzles generally have very small tolerances of, for example, less than 2 mm. To achieve defect-free nonwovens it is It is necessary that the hole diameters of the nozzles do not change during operation and in particular that the nozzles do not close.
- the pH value of the water used to solidify the fiber web is essential for the quality of the gas diffusion layers produced from it for use in fuel cells. It is therefore a critical feature of the method according to the invention that the water used to solidify the nonwoven in step c) has a pH value (based on 25 ° C) in the range from 5.5 to 8.0, preferably in the range from 5. 5 to 7.0, particularly preferably in the range from 6.0 to 6.9.
- the water used to solidify the nonwoven in step c) preferably has a conductivity of at most 250 microSiemens/cm (pS/cm) at 25 ° C.
- the water used in step c) has a conductivity of at most 200 microsiemens/cm at 25°C, in particular at most 150 microsiemens/cm at 25°C, especially at most 100 microsiemens/cm at 25°C.
- Electrical conductivity is a cumulative indicator of the ion concentration, ie the proportion of dissociated substances dissolved in a certain amount of water.
- the conductivity depends, among other things, on the concentration of the dissolved substances, their degree of dissociation and the valence and mobility of the cations and anions formed, as well as the temperature.
- Commercially available conductivity measuring devices can be used to measure the conductivity. The measured values are usually in S/cm (Siemens per centimeter) or for water samples with low ion load in microSiemens per centimeter.
- Process and operating water for industrial processes usually comes from the public drinking water network or is pumped from wells, rivers and lakes.
- Drinking water and process water for processes critical to water quality are usually checked for their ingredients and, if necessary, subjected to water treatment processes.
- the demands on water purity are extremely diverse depending on the respective area of application.
- Drinking water is supplied as a clear, colorless liquid, free of odors and harmful microorganisms and substances, but enriched with vital minerals and salts. This water is of food quality, but is not necessarily suitable for many technical applications.
- Drinking Water Ordinance TrinkwV 2001, new version of March 10, 2016
- drinking water in Germany must have a pH value of 6.5 to 9.0, usually in the range of 7.0 to 8.5.
- the limit value for conductivity is 2790 microsiemens/cm at 25 °C.
- the tap water supplied by the German waterworks has a conductivity of 250 to 1000 microSiemens/cm at 25°C. Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ make up the majority of the inorganic cations.
- the water used in step c) preferably has a content of nations of at most 200 ppm by weight, particularly preferably at most 25 ppm by weight.
- the water used in step c) preferably has a K + ion content of at most 200 ppm by weight, particularly preferably at most 10 ppm by weight.
- the water used in step c) preferably has a Mg 2+ ion content of at most 10 ppm by weight.
- the water used in step c) preferably has a gallon content of at most 200 ppm by weight, particularly preferably at most 40 ppm by weight.
- step c available drinking or process water can be subjected to processing to adjust the pH and/or to reduce the ion concentration.
- processing include ion exchange, electrodeionization, membrane processes such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, thermal processes such as distillation, flash evaporation, etc.
- nanofiltration, reverse osmosis or a combination of these methods are used to reduce the ion concentration.
- Both nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are based on the fact that the water to be treated is passed through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure that is higher than the osmotic pressure, whereby a permeate with a reduced ion concentration is obtained.
- Nanofiltration takes place at lower pressures than reverse osmosis and therefore has a lower cleaning performance than reverse osmosis, but is sufficient in many cases. It is also possible to pre-clean the material using nanofiltration and further reduce the ion concentration using subsequent reverse osmosis.
- an ion exchange process is used to reduce the ion concentration.
- available drinking or process water (raw water) is generally brought into contact with at least one cation exchange resin and with at least one anion exchange resin.
- the raw water is first treated with at least one strongly acidic cation exchanger, so that cations present in the water are exchanged for hydrogen ions (H + ).
- the water thus obtained is then treated with at least one strongly basic anion exchanger in order to exchange negatively charged ions for hydroxide ions (OH _ ).
- the water obtained after being brought into contact with the cation exchanger can additionally be brought into contact with at least one weakly basic anion exchanger before the strongly basic exchanger.
- the water can be subjected to carbon dioxide degassing after the cation exchanger or, if present, between the weakly basic and strongly basic anion exchangers.
- step c To adjust the properties of the water used in step c), it is also possible to mix two or more starting waters of different compositions. These differ in at least one property, such as the pH value or the content of a certain type of ion.
- a mixture of at least one water with a lower pH and at least one water with a higher pH than the target value is used.
- a mixture of at least one water obtained by nanofiltration or reverse osmosis with a lower pH value and at least one water obtained by ion exchange with a higher pH value is used .
- the CO2 content and the dissociation of the carbonic acid formed from it are important for the pH value of the water used in step c).
- What is particularly relevant for the process according to the invention is the first dissociation stage from CO2 and water to hydrogen carbonate anions (HCOs-) and oxonium ions (HsO + ), which are in the range between pH 4.3 and pH 8.2 occurs.
- HCOs- hydrogen carbonate anions
- HsO + oxonium ions
- concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in drinking or process water can range from a few milligrams per liter to over 20 mg/l.
- the concentration of hydrogen carbonate anions in drinking or process water can be several 100 g/l.
- the influence of dissolved carbon dioxide on the pH value depends on the process chosen to process the raw water.
- hydrogen carbonate anions can be effectively separated from raw water using processes such as ion exchange, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. This is not the case for dissolved CO2, which is essentially not retained by the membranes used for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, for example.
- Due to the dissociation of the dissolved carbon dioxide the permeate of a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis usually has an acidic pH value, which can easily reach values of less than pH 6.
- hydrogen carbonate is created from the dissolved CO2, thus increasing the conductivity accordingly.
- the raw water can therefore be subjected to carbon dioxide degassing before treatment in nanofiltration or reverse osmosis.
- a CO2 Riesler can be used for carbon dioxide degassing.
- the water is trickled in a column and stripping air is passed in countercurrent, which leads to the removal of CO2 from the water.
- a membrane degassing process can be used for carbon dioxide degassing.
- the water used in step c) to solidify the fiber web is partially or completely recycled.
- the method according to the invention thus makes it possible to reduce the fresh water requirement and the amount of wastewater to be disposed of for hydroentanglement. This ensures that the water used to treat the fiber web always has a conductivity in the range according to the invention and that contamination of the fiber web with components contained in the waste water from the hydroentanglement is also avoided.
- the wastewater from hydroentanglement can be partially or completely subjected to processing and/or exchanged.
- the processing and/or replacement of the hydroentanglement wastewater can take place continuously or at intervals.
- Preferred is a method in which a fibrous web is solidified into a nonwoven by the action of water-containing fluid jets, a wastewater stream is discharged from the treatment of the fibrous web, a target value is set for the conductivity of the wastewater stream, the actual value of the conductivity of the wastewater stream is determined after a limit value has been reached for the deviation of the actual value from the setpoint, the wastewater stream is at least partially subjected to processing and/or exchange with water of a lower ion concentration and the wastewater stream is at least partially returned to the treatment of the fiber web.
- the wastewater stream can be subjected to a reduction in the ion concentration, as described above.
- the wastewater stream can be subjected to further cleaning, for example to remove fibers and fiber fragments.
- step d) If necessary, the nonwoven obtained in step c) can be subjected to a thermal and/or mechanical treatment for drying and/or further solidification. Suitable drying methods are convection drying, contact drying, radiation drying and combinations thereof.
- the nonwovens obtained in step c) are preferably subjected to a treatment by calendering. Calendering allows further thermal consolidation of the nonwoven fabric and at the same time calibration of the thickness. Several layers of fleece can also be connected to one another.
- the nonwoven obtained in step c) contains thermoplastic fibers which serve as binding fibers and are generally carbonizable.
- the nonwoven material can be thermally calendered to form binding points at which fibers are plasticized and welded together (thermobonding).
- the nonwoven fabric is subjected to pyrolysis in step e) at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C.
- pyrolysis refers to a treatment at around 1000 to 1500 °C under an inert gas atmosphere, which leads to the elimination of volatile products.
- Graphitization ie heating to around 2000 to 3000 °C under inert gas, produces so-called high modulus or graphite fibers.
- the carbon content increases, for example, from approximately 67% by weight when treated at temperatures below 1000°C to approximately 99% by weight when treated at temperatures above 2000°C.
- the fibers obtained through graphitization have a high level of purity, are light, highly strong and have very good conductivity for electricity and heat.
- the nonwoven material can be equipped with at least one additive following step c), d) or e).
- the additives are preferably selected from hydrophobing agents f1), conductivity-improving additives f2), further additives f3) different from f1) and f2) and mixtures thereof.
- the nonwoven fabric is preferably coated and/or impregnated (finished) with a hydrophobicizing agent f1) which contains at least one fluorine-containing polymer.
- the fluorine-containing polymer is preferably selected from polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy polymers (PFA) and mixtures thereof.
- Perfluoroalkoxy polymers are, for example, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and perfluoroalkoxyvinyl ethers, such as perfluorovinylpropyl ether.
- a polytetrafluoroethylene is preferably used as the fluorine-containing polymer.
- the mass fraction of the fluorine-containing polymer f1) is preferably 0.5 to 40%, particularly preferably 1 to 20%, in particular 1 to 10%, based on the mass of the nonwoven.
- the fluorine-containing polymer is PTFE and the mass fraction is 0.5 to 40%, preferably 1 to 20%, in particular 1 to 10%, based on the mass of the nonwoven.
- the nonwoven material already has good electrical and thermal conductivity due to the carbon fibers used, even without additives that improve conductivity.
- the nonwoven fabric can also be equipped with at least one conductivity-improving additive f2).
- the nonwoven fabric is preferably equipped with a conductivity-improving additive f2), which is selected from metal particles, soot, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers and mixtures thereof.
- the conductivity-improving additive f2) preferably comprises carbon black or consists of carbon black.
- the nonwoven material can be equipped with at least one conductivity-improving additive f2), for example together with the polymer f1) and/or further additives f3).
- An aqueous dispersion is preferably used to finish the nonwoven fabric.
- the mass fraction of the conductivity-improving additive f2) is preferably 0.5 to 45%, preferably 1 to 25%, based on the mass of the nonwoven.
- the conductivity-improving additive f2) comprises carbon black or consists of carbon black and the mass fraction is 0.5 to 45%, preferably 1 to 25%, based on the mass of the nonwoven material.
- the nonwovens can additionally be equipped with at least one further additive f3).
- Suitable binders f3) are, for example: B. furan resins, etc.
- the nonwovens can also be equipped with at least one polymer different from f1), high-performance polymers being preferably used.
- the further polymers f3) are preferably selected from polyaryl ether ketones, polyphenylene sulfides, polysulfones, polyether sulfones, partially aromatic (co)polyamides, polyimides, polyamideimides, polyetherimides and mixtures thereof.
- the nonwoven material can be equipped with at least one additive f3), for example together with the polymer f1) and/or conductivity-improving additives f2). If necessary, the binders f3) can then be hardened. This can be done, for example, together with drying and/or sintering following the treatment with the polymers f1) or separately.
- the total mass fraction of further additives f3) is preferably 0 to
- the nonwovens also contain at least one further additive f3), the Total mass fraction of further additives f3) 0.1 to 80%, preferably 0.5 to 50%, based on the mass of the nonwoven.
- the nonwoven fabric preferably has a thickness in the range from 50 to 500 pm, particularly preferably from 100 to 400 pm. This thickness refers to the unfinished, uncompressed state of the nonwoven, i.e. H. before installing the GDL in a fuel cell.
- the nonwovens can be equipped with components f1), f2) and/or f3) using application methods known to those skilled in the art, such as, in particular, coating and/or impregnation.
- a process selected from padding, doctoring, spraying, patting and combinations thereof is preferably used.
- the nonwoven material is passed through a padding tank with the additive-containing solution or dispersion and then squeezed to the desired application amount of additive using a pressure and, if necessary, gap-adjustable pair of rollers.
- a knife-like ground steel strip with or without a supporting squeegee is used as a squeegee. It serves to wipe off the excess additive-containing solution or dispersion from the webs of the printing cylinder (squeegee).
- the squeegee is usually made of rubber or plastic with a sharp or rounded edge.
- the additive-containing solution or dispersion is applied to the nonwoven material to be finished using at least one nozzle, specifically at least one slot nozzle.
- the kiss-roll method is preferably used to coat the underside of horizontally running webs.
- the coating medium can be applied to the web in opposite directions or in the same direction. Indirect coating can be achieved with small application quantities using transfer rollers.
- the nonwoven fabric equipped with components f1), f2) and/or f3) in step f) of the method according to the invention is subjected to drying and/or thermal treatment.
- Suitable processes for drying and/or thermal treatment of nonwovens coated and/or impregnated with additive-containing solutions or dispersions are known in principle.
- the drying and/or thermal treatment preferably takes place at a temperature in the range from 20 to 250 °C, particularly preferably 40 to 200 °C.
- drying can take place at reduced pressure.
- the gas diffusion layer according to the invention consists of a two-layer composite based on a nonwoven fabric and a microporous layer (MPL) on one of the surfaces of the nonwoven fabric.
- MPL microporous layer
- the nonwoven obtained in step c), d), e) or f) can be coated with a microporous layer.
- the MPL is microporous with pore diameters that are generally well below one micrometer, preferably at most 900 nm, particularly preferably at most 500 nm, in particular at most 300 nm.
- the average pore diameter of the MPL is preferably one Range from 5 to 200 nm, particularly preferably from 10 to 100 nm.
- the average pore diameter can be determined by mercury porosimetry.
- the MPL contains conductive Carbon particles, preferably soot or graphite, in a matrix made of a polymeric binder.
- Preferred binders are the aforementioned fluorine-containing polymers, especially polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the microporous layer preferably has a thickness in the range from 10 to 100 pm (micrometers), particularly preferably from 20 to 50 pm. This thickness refers to the uncompressed state of the microporous layer B), i.e. H. before installing the GDL in a fuel cell.
- the gas diffusion layer according to the invention preferably has a thickness (total thickness of nonwoven fabric and MPL) in the range from 80 to 1000 pm, particularly preferably from 100 to 500 pm. This thickness refers to the uncompressed state of the GDL, i.e. H. before being installed in a fuel cell.
- a further subject of the invention is a fuel cell comprising at least one gas diffusion layer, as defined above, or obtainable by a method as defined above.
- the gas diffusion layer according to the invention is suitable for all common fuel cell types, especially low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Reference is made in full to the comments made previously on the construction of fuel cells.
- Figure 1 shows the metal contents (Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ and K + ) of an untreated nonwoven fabric and a nonwoven fabric solidified with water of different conductivity.
- Figure 2 shows the content of Ca 2+ - and nations of a base nonwoven material solidified with water of different conductivity, which is made from it Carbon fiber non-woven fabric obtained by carbonization and a gas diffusion layer obtained after orders of an MPL.
- Figure 3 shows, analogously to Figure 2, the sum of the content of Ca 2+ and Na + ions.
- the metal contents (Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ and K + ) of the base nonwovens made of oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers, the resulting carbonized nonwovens and GDL were determined using an ICP-AES method (Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry) .
- the pretreatment of the samples (the digestion) can be carried out according to EPA Method 3050A for the acid digestion of sediments, sludges and soils. This process includes the following steps:
- Water with a conductivity according to Table 1 below was used for hydroentanglement.
- the comparison water 1 corresponds to a process water, as is usual for use in conventional processes Fleece bonding with water jets is.
- the ion concentration was reduced by nanofiltration.
- a dried fiber web made of 100% oxidized polyacrylonitrile fibers was placed on a carding machine.
- the fiber web was fed to a solidification unit in which the fibers were swirled and intertwined with each other using high-energy water jets on both sides at pressures of approximately 100 bar in the first stage and approximately 200 bar in a second stage.
- the water qualities according to Table 1 were used.
- the nonwoven was dried and rolled up, with the basis weight after hydroentanglement and drying being 150g/m 2 .
- the nonwoven fabric was then subjected to thickness calibration, whereby the thickness of the hydroentangled nonwoven fabric was reduced to 0.25 mm.
- the nonwoven was then fed to a carbonization unit, in which the carbonization took place under a nitrogen atmosphere at around 1000 to 1400 ° C.
- an impregnation composition which contained 70% carbon black and 30% PTFE based on the solids.
- the finishing was carried out by padding impregnation with an aqueous dispersion with 15% finishing weight based on the mass of the GDL substrate (corresponding to 15 g/m 2 ). This was followed by drying at 180 °C and sintering at 400 °C.
- the substrate thus obtained was applied then an MPL paste was applied which contained 2.0% by weight of PTFE and 7.8% by weight of carbon in distilled water.
- the nonwoven was then dried at 160 °C and sintered at 400 °C.
- the resulting MPL loading was 24 g/m 2 .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022114789.4A DE102022114789A1 (de) | 2022-06-13 | 2022-06-13 | Gasdiffusionslage aus wasserstrahlverfestigten Vliesstoffen |
| PCT/EP2023/062188 WO2023241861A1 (de) | 2022-06-13 | 2023-05-09 | Gasdiffusionslage aus wasserstrahlverfestigten vliesstoffen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4536883A1 true EP4536883A1 (de) | 2025-04-16 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23723592.4A Pending EP4536883A1 (de) | 2022-06-13 | 2023-05-09 | Gasdiffusionslage aus wasserstrahlverfestigten vliesstoffen |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250361660A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4536883A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2025511552A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20240140108A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN118946692A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA3253731A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102022114789A1 (de) |
| TW (1) | TWI870896B (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023241861A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0762300B2 (ja) * | 1986-03-20 | 1995-07-05 | 日本バイリ−ン株式会社 | 水流絡合不織布およびその製法 |
| DE10050512A1 (de) * | 2000-10-11 | 2002-05-23 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | Leitfähiger Vliesstoff |
| JP2003213563A (ja) * | 2002-01-21 | 2003-07-30 | Toho Tenax Co Ltd | 親水性炭素繊維シート状物、炭素繊維電極材料およびその製造方法 |
| JP2005521803A (ja) * | 2002-03-28 | 2005-07-21 | ミリケン・アンド・カンパニー | 低イオン含量を有する不織布およびその製造方法 |
| US7201777B2 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2007-04-10 | Booker Jr Archer E D | Nonwoven fabric having low ion content and method for producing the same |
| JP4253176B2 (ja) * | 2002-11-12 | 2009-04-08 | 株式会社日本触媒 | アクリル酸製造用触媒およびアクリル酸の製造方法 |
| JP4914569B2 (ja) * | 2004-12-08 | 2012-04-11 | ダイワボウホールディングス株式会社 | 筒状フィルターおよびその製造方法 |
| DE102006060932A1 (de) | 2006-12-20 | 2008-07-03 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Temperaturstabile plasmabehandelte Gebilde und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| JP5706875B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-03 | 2015-04-22 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 帯電強化添加剤を含むエレクトレットウェブ |
| US20120183862A1 (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-07-19 | Eastman Chemical Company | Battery separator |
| JP6094038B2 (ja) * | 2012-02-24 | 2017-03-15 | 三菱レイヨン株式会社 | 多孔質電極基材用前駆体シートの製造方法と、多孔質電極基材の製造方法及び同電極基材 |
| EP3486984A4 (de) | 2016-07-14 | 2020-03-11 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Basismaterial für gasdiffusionselektrode, verfahren zur herstellung davon, gasdiffusionselektrode, membranelektrodenanordnung und festpolymerbrennstoffzelle |
| WO2021090826A1 (ja) * | 2019-11-06 | 2021-05-14 | 株式会社足柄製作所 | フィルム劣化診断方法 |
| DE102019131343A1 (de) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-05-20 | Carl Freudenberg Kg | Gasdiffusionslage für Brennstoffzellen |
| TW202136602A (zh) | 2020-02-24 | 2021-10-01 | 奧地利商蘭仁股份有限公司 | 用於製造紡絲黏合不織布之方法及裝置 |
| CN111691063A (zh) * | 2020-07-12 | 2020-09-22 | 常熟市神马纺织品有限公司 | 棉柔巾用水刺无纺布加工工艺 |
| CN114381861B (zh) * | 2020-10-22 | 2023-02-28 | 立肯诺(上海)新材料科技有限公司 | 一种珍珠氨基酸水刺无纺布及其制备方法 |
| CA3202659A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2022-06-23 | Achim Bock | Gas diffusion system with high purity |
| CN113043670A (zh) * | 2021-03-02 | 2021-06-29 | 长乐市丽智产品设计有限公司 | 一种抗菌防辐射无纺布 |
| CN113337964A (zh) * | 2021-06-03 | 2021-09-03 | 上海盈兹无纺布有限公司 | 水驻极熔喷布的加工方法 |
-
2022
- 2022-06-13 DE DE102022114789.4A patent/DE102022114789A1/de active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-05-09 WO PCT/EP2023/062188 patent/WO2023241861A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2023-05-09 JP JP2024555378A patent/JP2025511552A/ja active Pending
- 2023-05-09 KR KR1020247027833A patent/KR20240140108A/ko active Pending
- 2023-05-09 CN CN202380030246.0A patent/CN118946692A/zh active Pending
- 2023-05-09 US US18/873,746 patent/US20250361660A1/en active Pending
- 2023-05-09 CA CA3253731A patent/CA3253731A1/en active Pending
- 2023-05-09 EP EP23723592.4A patent/EP4536883A1/de active Pending
- 2023-06-13 TW TW112122048A patent/TWI870896B/zh active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW202348861A (zh) | 2023-12-16 |
| DE102022114789A1 (de) | 2023-12-14 |
| WO2023241861A1 (de) | 2023-12-21 |
| JP2025511552A (ja) | 2025-04-16 |
| KR20240140108A (ko) | 2024-09-24 |
| US20250361660A1 (en) | 2025-11-27 |
| CN118946692A (zh) | 2024-11-12 |
| TWI870896B (zh) | 2025-01-21 |
| CA3253731A1 (en) | 2025-02-04 |
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