EP4473148A2 - Verfahren zur herstellung einer graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode, graphit-haltige metalloxid-elektrode, verwendung der graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode und elektrolysezelle - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung einer graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode, graphit-haltige metalloxid-elektrode, verwendung der graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode und elektrolysezelleInfo
- Publication number
- EP4473148A2 EP4473148A2 EP23707258.2A EP23707258A EP4473148A2 EP 4473148 A2 EP4473148 A2 EP 4473148A2 EP 23707258 A EP23707258 A EP 23707258A EP 4473148 A2 EP4473148 A2 EP 4473148A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- graphite
- electrode
- metal oxide
- containing metal
- black mass
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/052—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
- C25B11/061—Metal or alloy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
- C25B11/065—Carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/077—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the compound being a non-noble metal oxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
- C25D13/02—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process with inorganic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
- C25D13/12—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process characterised by the article coated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D13/00—Electrophoretic coating characterised by the process
- C25D13/22—Servicing or operating apparatus or multistep processes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode, a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode, a use of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode and an electrolytic cell.
- the invention relates to an easy-to-perform method for producing a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode, the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode produced using the method, the use of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode for the electrochemical generation of hydrogen and/or oxygen, and an electrolytic cell configured to produce hydrogen and oxygen using the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode.
- a method for producing a carbon-containing metal oxide electrode is known from WO2015/082626 A1, which describes a method for producing a metal chalcogenide thin-film electrode.
- the process of manufacturing the metal chalcogenide thin film electrode includes the steps:
- step (b) applying a negative electrical potential to an electrically conductive or semiconductive substrate in contact with the solution of step (a), and
- step (c) during and/or after step (b), contacting the substrate with an elemental chalcogen to form a metal chalcogenide layer on the substrate.
- a metal which can form a metal halide compound in which the metal is present in the oxidation state +2 or higher, in particular Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn or their mixtures or alloys.
- the halogens are in particular iodine or bromine.
- the chalcogens are in particular O2, S or Se.
- an organic solvent is used, which preferably has a carbonyl group (CO) or cyanide group (CN).
- the metal chalcogenide thin-film electrode produced by the method can be used for (photo)electrochemical water splitting and is used in particular as an electrode for the evolution of oxygen for electrochemical water splitting under an applied external potential or under illumination.
- the process is complex, however, since a precursor for the deposition first has to be produced. There is therefore a need to provide an electrode which is suitable as an electrode for use in electrochemical water splitting and which is easy to manufacture.
- the invention relates to a method for producing a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode, comprising the following steps a) providing an electrolytic cell with an electrode, a further electrode and an aqueous and/or non-aqueous carbonyl- and cyano-free solvent, b) introducing black mass and a Proton source in the solvent located in the electrolysis cell, the black mass having graphite-supported noble metal-free metal oxides, and c) applying a voltage to the electrode and the further electrode, so that the noble metal-free metal oxides and graphite provided by means of the black mass are on the electrode deposit to produce a graphite-containing metal oxide coating on the electrode to form the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode.
- the protons come from a weakly Bronsted acidic proton source (molecules as solvents with OH, CH and NH groups).
- a preferred source of protons is through a reaction of the bromine and iodine with the solvent.
- a highly diluted solution of bromine or hydrogen iodide (10 -4 to 10'6 molar) in suitable solvents can be used, which can be prepared by adding bromine or hydrogen iodide to the solvent.
- the protons act as a mediator in fixing the catalyst on the electrode.
- the black mass is a recyclate.
- the recyclate is preferably a material recycled from a waste battery for electrically propelling an electric vehicle of preferred electric cars.
- the black mass is a material obtained from waste batteries by which an electric vehicle preferred electric car has been powered electrically.
- the black matter is obtained by mechanical recycling by dismantling a used electric car battery to be recycled. After dismantling the housing and the device electronics of the old battery, the mechanical recycling includes several crushing, sorting and classification steps of the remaining residue, from which, among other things, the black matter is extracted and processed.
- the black mass was provided by Duesenfeld GmbH (Wendeburg, Germany).
- the black compound preferably has layer, electrode and/or electrolyte materials from the old battery.
- the active materials of the electrodes are preferably enriched in the black mass.
- the composition of the black mass depends on the chemical composition of the recycled old battery. There are different types of electric vehicle traction batteries that have different chemical compositions.
- the black mass contains graphite, which acts as a carrier for the metal(s) and metal oxide(s).
- the black mass preferably contains a plurality of metal oxides.
- the black mass preferably comprises mixed metal oxides such as Ni, Co and Mn oxides. Alternatively, the black mass preferably comprises Ni, Co and Al oxides.
- the black compound preferably also includes iron oxides that are obtained from a used battery based on iron phosphates Fe x (PO4) y .
- the black mass metal oxides may consist of mixed Ni, Co, Mn oxides, Ni,Co,Al oxides or iron oxide(s) supported on graphite.
- the metal (oxide)s are free of precious metals.
- the one or more graphite-supported metal oxides preferably comprise a mixture of Ni, Co and/or Mn and at least one oxide thereof.
- the ratio of Ni:Mn:Co in the black mass can vary depending on the wet chemical processing method used to remove lithium and other components in the cathode and is also dependent on the particle size of the black mass after recycling.
- Particularly preferred materials are: LiFePO4, Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2, LiNio,33Mno,33Coo,33O2, LiNio,5Mno,3Coo,2O2, LiNio,6Mno,2Coo,2O2 and LiNio,8Mno,iCoo,iO2.
- a recyclate from a used battery for electrically driving an electric vehicle is used as a recycled material based on an NMC battery (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery) from Duesenfeld GmbH (Wendeburg, Germany) as the black mass that is provided .
- the recyclate has 48.04% by weight C, 16.16% by weight 0.2.91% by weight Ni, 0.52% by weight Co, 0.30% by weight Fe and 32. 07 wt% N on.
- the morphology exhibits micro and/or nano structures. The morphology and particle size are inhomogeneous.
- a recyclate from a used battery for electrically driving an electric vehicle is preferably used as the recycled material based on an LFP battery (lithium iron phosphate battery) from Duesenfeld GmbH (Wendeburg, Germany) as the black mass.
- the recyclate has 31.90% by weight C, 36.87% by weight O, 19.30% by weight Fe and 11.94% by weight P.
- the morphology exhibits micro and/or nano structures. The morphology and particle size are inhomogeneous.
- composition and morphology of the black body determining the composition and morphology of the black body; and chemically modifying the black body as a function of the determined composition and morphology, including modifying the percentages of metal (oxide) present in the black body.
- the percentages of the elements contained in the black mass are preferably predefined as the maximum size by the wet-chemical processing of the cathode materials of the lithium battery. Since the percentages of different batches and battery types can vary anyway, it is advantageous to determine the exact composition and morphology of the black mass and then to chemically modify it in order to increase the performance of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode to be produced.
- a predetermined ratio of the metal oxide components present in the black compound is preferably set by chemical modification.
- composition and morphology of the black body is known from data and/or safety data sheets provided by the manufacturer of the black body and/or can be determined using solid state analysis (e.g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and/or by wet chemical analysis (e.g. plasma ion chromatography (ICP)).
- solid state analysis e.g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- PXRD powder X-ray diffractometry
- ICP plasma ion chromatography
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can be used for chemical analysis of the black matter, with assignment of nuclear level lines to specific oxidation states using published data such as Chastain & King (Ed. ), Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Physical Electronics, Minnesota, USA (1995).
- Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) for chemical elemental analysis can be carried out both integrally, i.e. averaging over the entire sample surface of the black matter, and locally, i.e. with lateral resolution on the scanning electron microscope, whereby excitation energies are selected in such a way that the element-specific K or L Lines of elements can be detected, for example between 3 keV and 10 keV.
- the assignment of the measured X-ray lines can be carried out automatically with the help of database values using control software such as NSS 2.2, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA.
- chemically modifying the blackstock includes modifying the percentages of metal (oxide) present in the blackstock. Optimization of the percentage composition of the metal oxides appears in light of publications by Cao X. et al, ACS Catal. 8, 8273-8289 (2016) and Lu Z. et al., Nat. community 5, 4345 (2014) on the use of mixed ternary metal oxides obtained from recycled Li batteries, i.e. pure metal oxides without graphite.
- Chemical modification includes, for example, addition of metal (oxide) to obtain an optimal ratio of the metals and an optimized surface area of the blackmass particles.
- the metal (oxide) used can be the same as the metal (oxide)s already contained in the black mass, so that their proportions in the black mass are modified relative to one another.
- the metal (oxide) used can alternatively or additionally be a metal (oxide) that is different from the metal (oxide)s already present in the black mass.
- the composition of the black paste can also be changed by treating the black paste with molecular hydrogen as a reducing agent at 300-400°C, which can lead to the partial formation of metal alloys such as NiCo, which can be used to increase the efficiency of the black paste for water splitting .
- the metal (oxide) added to chemically modify the black mass can also be generated in situ.
- Ni(OAc)2 Nickel(II)- acetate
- Ni(II)- acetate Nickel(II)- acetate
- the black mass can also be modified by modifying existing metal oxide structures and/or support materials by means of anion/cation exchange under acidic or basic conditions.
- the black mass can be heated in an aqueous solution of formic acid and H2O2 to effect anion/cation exchange under acidic conditions.
- Anion/cation exchange under basic conditions can be realized by heating the black mass in an aqueous KOH solution.
- Chemically modifying the black mass may further include chemically modifying the graphite as a carrier.
- the following step is preferably carried out before step a) or b):
- the impurity atom or atoms is preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and/or boron. More preferably the impurity atom or atoms is nitrogen and/or sulphur.
- the impurity is nitrogen.
- the addition of nitrogen to the graphite can increase the performance and current density by at least 50% in the electrolytic formation of hydrogen, for example with black mass containing Ni/Co/Mn.
- the addition can be made in amounts ranging from doping to substoichiometric.
- the black mass is heated in a stream of ammonia gas as a nitrogen source for 1 hour or more hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours at 200 to 400°C, more preferably 300 to 350°C.
- nitrogen is demonstrably absorbed in the graphite carrier.
- the detection of nitrogen in the material can be done using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy emission spectra are provided.
- nitrogen can be added using N2, urea or hydrazine.
- the foreign atom is sulfur.
- the addition of sulfur leads to a drastic increase in the activity of the black mass in the production of hydrogen.
- the addition of sulfur results in the slight formation of metal sulfides such as NiS, CoS and MnS if these metals are present in the black mass, which can favor electrolytic hydrogen formation.
- the addition of sulfur can be carried out, for example, using Ss or hydrogen sulphide.
- Sulfur and nitrogen can be added at the same time by reacting the black mass with thiourea, which also serves as a source of nitrogen and sulphur.
- thiourea which also serves as a source of nitrogen and sulphur.
- 0.1-0.3% by weight of thiourea is used.
- the reaction can be carried out at 150-200° C. for several hours.
- the impurity atom is preferably phosphorus.
- Phosphorus can be added, for example, using red phosphorus.
- the solvent is selected from the group consisting of cyclic ethers and/or azeotropic alcohol-water mixtures. It has been shown that cyclic ethers which are difficult to oxidize, such as tetrahydrofurans and azeotropic alcohol-water mixtures, can also be used in the process at a cell voltage of below 10V.
- the invention further relates to a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode produced by one of the methods according to one or more of the embodiments described above.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode comprises one of the electrodes originally used in the method in the form of an electrically conductive or conductive semiconductive substrate and a layer of graphite-supported metal oxides and optionally foreign atoms and/or deposited thereon by the method metal (alloy)s.
- the graphite carrier provides a required strength and tightness of the layer deposited on the substrate. Both the charge transport from the substrate to the metal oxides is optimized and the stability of the substrate is increased.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode preferably has a layer deposited on the substrate with a thickness of up to several microns, more preferably up to 10 m. The thicker the layer, the longer it lasts in service and higher current densities can be achieved in service.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode can also be provided in a modular form that has layers of multiple electrodes. Such an electrode in module form is not comparable to a laboratory-scale electrolytic cell with a maximum size of 1 cm 2 .
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode preferably has a size of greater than 1 cm 2 , preferably greater than 16 cm 2 , more preferably in the range from 0.16 to 2.5 m 2 .
- the invention also relates to a use of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode for the production of hydrogen and/or oxygen by means of (photo)-electrochemical water splitting.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode can be used both as an anode and as a cathode in electrochemical water splitting. This means that it can be used to generate oxygen and/or hydrogen in water splitting using electrolysis.
- the above is to be understood in such a way that a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode is not used simultaneously as anode and cathode during electrochemical water splitting, but rather a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode prepared according to the above method is used as anode while another graphite-containing metal oxide electrode prepared by the above method is used as the cathode.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode is particularly suitable for the large-scale production of hydrogen.
- This hydrogen is also known as green hydrogen because it can be produced in an environmentally friendly way from renewable energy sources (electricity).
- it is advantageous to produce several graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes according to the above method and to use one of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes produced as an electrode for hydrogen production and another graphite-containing metal oxide electrode produced as an anode for the production of oxygen in the total electrochemical water splitting use.
- the invention also relates to an electrolytic cell for the production of hydrogen and oxygen by means of (photo)-electrochemical water splitting, having the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode according to one or more of the embodiments described above as cathode and/or the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode according to one or more of the embodiments described above as anode.
- the electrolysis cell has an alkaline solution as the electrolysis solution.
- the alkaline solution preferably has 0 to 6 molar KOH, with the electrolytic cell having an alkali exchange membrane (AEM) in the case of the 0 molar KOH solution.
- AEM alkali exchange membrane
- the electrolytic cell is preferably designed to carry out the electrolysis in a temperature range from room temperature to 80.degree.
- the total cell voltage for complete water splitting ranges from 1.23 to 2.5 V with current densities of 100-1000 mA per square centimeter (cm 2 ).
- the electrolytic cell is preferably designed on an industrial scale in order to produce the hydrogen on an industrial scale.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electrolytic cell according to FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows a chronopotentiometry of the graphitic metal oxide electrode shown in FIG. 6.
- 1a to 1c show a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment.
- a cross-sectional view of an electrolytic cell in which the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode according to the invention is produced is shown in each case.
- 1a shows a step in which an electrolytic cell 10 with an electrode 11, a further electrode 12 and an aqueous and/or non-aqueous carbonyl- and cyano-free solvent 14 is provided.
- 1b shows the subsequent step, in which the black mass 15 is introduced into the solvent 14 present in the electrolytic cell 10, the black mass 15 having graphite-supported, noble metal-free metal oxides.
- 1c shows a subsequent step in which a voltage is applied to the electrode 11 and the further electrode 12, so that the noble metal-free metal oxides and graphite provided by the black mass 15 are deposited on the electrode 11 to form a graphite-containing one To produce metal oxide coating 17 on the electrode 11 to form the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode.
- a step of determining 4 the composition and morphology of the black mass is carried out first and then a step of chemically modifying 5 the black mass as a function of the composition and morphology determined in step 4, in which starting from the ratio of the metal oxides present in the black mass -Shares the ratio is changed to provide higher performance and to achieve longer stability of the graphite-containing electrode to be produced when used in electrochemical water splitting.
- a step of adding one or more foreign atoms (promoter atoms) such as nitrogen, sulfur and/or phosphorus to the graphite carrier of the black mass is then optionally carried out.
- Step 5 or the optional step 6 is followed by providing 1 an electrolytic cell with an electrode, a further electrode and an aqueous and/or non-aqueous carbonyl- and cyano-free solvent.
- Step 1 is followed by step 2 introducing the black mass into the solvent in the electrolytic cell.
- step 2 is followed by step 3 applying a voltage to the electrode and the other electrode, so that the noble metal-free metal oxides and graphite provided by the black mass are deposited on the electrode to form a graphite-containing metal oxide coating on the electrode To produce formation of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode.
- FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of an electrolytic cell according to the invention.
- the electrolytic cell 20 is designed to produce hydrogen and oxygen by means of (photo)-electrochemical water splitting. It has two graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes according to the invention, which are produced, for example, by the method shown in FIGS. 1a-1c or 2.
- FIG. One of the graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes serves as the cathode 22 while the other graphite-containing metal oxide electrode serves as the anode 21 .
- the cathode 22 comprises a substrate 27 which is provided with a coating 17 of graphite-supported metal oxide(s).
- the anode 21 includes a further substrate 28 which is provided with the coating 17 .
- the electrolytic cell 20 has an alkaline solution 24 . It also has a diaphragm 25, for example in the form of an AEM, which separates an anode space and a cathode space.
- the powder diffractogram shows a composition of the black mass as
- Recyclate is described in Example 2 below.
- 5 shows a powder diffractogram of another black mass.
- the powder diffractogram shows a composition of the black mass which is described as recyclate in Example 3 below.
- FIG. 6 shows a cyclic voltammogram of a graphite-containing metal oxide electrode according to the invention with a scanning speed of 5 mV/s.
- the measurements according to a 2nd cycle and a 10th cycle were made in a three-electrode configuration.
- a Hg/HgO reference electrode was used, whose potentials were related to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).
- RHE reversible hydrogen electrode
- the black mass prepared in the following Examples 2-5 was used, which was subjected to a process corresponding to that described in Example 1 using a Ni foam.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrode thus produced was used as a working electrode for producing oxygen.
- an electrolytic cell is provided with an electrode, for example based on Ni, Fe and/or Cu foam and a further electrode made of steel in a solvent in the form of 10 ml of cyclic ether such as tetrahydrofuran. 25 mg of black mass and 2 mg of iodine are introduced into the solution. A voltage of 10 V is then applied to the electrodes at room temperature in air for a period of 30 s to 10 min. The 2 mg iodine and 25 mg black mass are sufficient to produce 10 to 15 graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes.
- the graphite-containing metal oxide electrodes thus prepared are washed with organic solvent and air-dried. example 2
- the recyclate is a recycled material based on an NMC battery (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery) provided by Duesenfeld GmbH (Wendeburg, Germany).
- the one or more graphite-supported non-noble metal oxides of the black mass comprise a mixture of Ni, Co and Mn and at least one oxide thereof.
- the recyclate has (Lio,98Nio,o2)(Lio,o5Nio,75Coo,ioMno,io)02, aluminum and Al2O3. 4 shows a powder diffractogram of this black mass.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 500 mg was placed in an autoclave with 0.05 g of Ni(OAc) 2 and 30 ml of water and heated at 180°C for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 500 mg was placed in an autoclave with 0.1 g of Ni(OAc) 2 and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 2 Chemical modification of the black mass
- the black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and heated in an aqueous solution of 2M formic acid and 6% H2O2 at 80° C. for 2 h. Then, the material was washed with water and acetone and air dried.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and heated in an aqueous solution of 1M KOH at 80°C for 2 hours. Then, the material was washed with water and acetone and air dried.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 300° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 400° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- Example 2 Addition of nitrogen as a foreign atom
- the black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 200° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 350° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- the black mass used in example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 250° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- Example 2-11 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was added to a solution of ethanol (40 ml) and urea (1.5 g) and suspended in an ultrasonic bath for 2 hours. The solvent was evaporated in a stream of N2 over a period of 2 hours. The resulting product was ground and placed in a tube furnace purged with N 2 for 1 hour. Thereafter, the black mass thus obtained was heated to 300°C (ramp 300°C/h) and the temperature was maintained for 2 hours before being allowed to cool naturally.
- Example 2-11 The black mass thus obtained was heated to 300°C (ramp 300°C/h) and the temperature was maintained for 2 hours before being allowed to cool naturally.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and placed in a tube furnace. The system was flushed with N2 for 1 hour. Thereafter, the black mass thus treated was heated to 300°C (ramp 300°C/h) and the temperature maintained for 2 hours before being allowed to cool naturally.
- Example 2 500 mg of the black compound used in Example 2 were placed in an autoclave with 1.5 g of urea and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 2 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 were placed in an autoclave with 1.5 g of thiourea and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 2-15 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 were placed in an autoclave with 50 mg of elemental sulfur (Ss) and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 h. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Ss elemental sulfur
- Example 2 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 were placed in an autoclave with 50 mg of red phosphorus and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 2 The black mass used in Example 2 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and heated in a tube furnace at 300°C (ramp 300°C/h) in an H2S atmosphere and the temperature was held for 3 hours before allowing it to natural way to cool down.
- Example 2 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 were placed in an autoclave with 700 mg of boric acid or diboron trioxide and 30 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 3 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 was placed in an autoclave with 3 ml of hydrazine and 27 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- Example 3 500 mg of the black mass used in Example 2 was placed in an autoclave with 3 ml of hydrazine and 27 ml of water and heated at 180° C. for 16 hours. The suspension was naturally oven-cooled, washed with water and acetone, and air-dried.
- the recyclate is a recycled material based on an LFP battery (lithium iron phosphate battery) provided by Duesenfeld GmbH (Wendeburg, Germany).
- the one or more graphite-supported non-noble metal oxides of the black mass comprise iron oxide(s).
- a powder diffractogram of this black mass is shown in FIG.
- Example 3 The black mass used in Example 3 in an amount of 100 mg was first flushed with NH3 in the tube furnace for 2 h and then heated to 300° C. (ramp 300° C./h). After 6 hours it was naturally cooled to room temperature.
- Example 3 The black mass used in Example 3 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and heated in an aqueous solution of 2M formic acid and 6% H2O2 at 80° C. for 2 h. The material was then washed with water and acetone and air dried.
- Example 3 The black mass used in Example 3 in an amount of 100 mg was ground and heated in an aqueous solution of 1M KOH at 80°C for 2 hours. The material was then washed with water and acetone and air dried.
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022102484.9A DE102022102484A1 (de) | 2022-02-02 | 2022-02-02 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Graphit-haltigen Metalloxid-Elektrode, Graphit-haltige Metalloxid-Elektrode, Verwendung der Graphit-haltigen Metalloxid-Elektrode und Elektrolysezelle |
| DE102022130157 | 2022-11-15 | ||
| PCT/DE2023/100081 WO2023147820A2 (de) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-01 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode, graphit-haltige metalloxid-elektrode, verwendung der graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode und elektrolysezelle |
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| EP4473148A2 true EP4473148A2 (de) | 2024-12-11 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP23707258.2A Pending EP4473148A2 (de) | 2022-02-02 | 2023-02-01 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode, graphit-haltige metalloxid-elektrode, verwendung der graphit-haltigen metalloxid-elektrode und elektrolysezelle |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20260117411A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4473148A2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2025508282A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20240142530A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN118984891A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023147820A2 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2652152A1 (de) * | 1975-11-18 | 1977-09-15 | Diamond Shamrock Techn | Elektrode fuer elektrolytische reaktionen und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| CN103119775B (zh) * | 2010-09-30 | 2015-06-10 | 川崎重工业株式会社 | 以质子为嵌入物的二次电池用负极及具备该负极的二次电池 |
| DE102013224900A1 (de) | 2013-12-04 | 2015-06-11 | Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie Gmbh | Metallchalkogenid-Dünnschichtelektrode, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verwendung |
| KR102845627B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-15 | 2025-08-13 | 바스프 에스이 | 침출액을 전기 분해하여 구리 불순물을 제거하는 배터리 재활용 |
| CN110760874B (zh) * | 2019-10-16 | 2022-02-01 | 许昌学院 | 一种利用废弃磷酸铁锂电池制备氧化铁光阳极薄膜的方法 |
| CN113355690B (zh) * | 2020-03-03 | 2022-05-06 | 天津大学 | 一种利用废旧锂离子电池正极材料大规模制备高效电解水催化剂的方法 |
-
2023
- 2023-02-01 EP EP23707258.2A patent/EP4473148A2/de active Pending
- 2023-02-01 US US18/835,525 patent/US20260117411A1/en active Pending
- 2023-02-01 CN CN202380030180.5A patent/CN118984891A/zh active Pending
- 2023-02-01 WO PCT/DE2023/100081 patent/WO2023147820A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2023-02-01 JP JP2024546332A patent/JP2025508282A/ja active Pending
- 2023-02-01 KR KR1020247029231A patent/KR20240142530A/ko active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| KR20240142530A (ko) | 2024-09-30 |
| WO2023147820A2 (de) | 2023-08-10 |
| JP2025508282A (ja) | 2025-03-25 |
| WO2023147820A3 (de) | 2023-09-28 |
| CN118984891A (zh) | 2024-11-19 |
| US20260117411A1 (en) | 2026-04-30 |
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