EP4158719A1 - Procede de separation selective d'un materiau carbone d'un melange d'electrodes positives et d'electrodes negatives - Google Patents
Procede de separation selective d'un materiau carbone d'un melange d'electrodes positives et d'electrodes negativesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4158719A1 EP4158719A1 EP21734404.3A EP21734404A EP4158719A1 EP 4158719 A1 EP4158719 A1 EP 4158719A1 EP 21734404 A EP21734404 A EP 21734404A EP 4158719 A1 EP4158719 A1 EP 4158719A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- mixture
- solution
- electrode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/30—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving mechanical treatment
- B09B3/35—Shredding, crushing or cutting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/70—Chemical treatment, e.g. pH adjustment or oxidation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/80—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving an extraction step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
- C01B32/215—Purification; Recovery or purification of graphite formed in iron making, e.g. kish graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B2101/00—Type of solid waste
- B09B2101/15—Electronic waste
- B09B2101/16—Batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the general field of recycling electrochemical generators (cells, accumulators or batteries), for example, lithium and, more particularly, the recycling of Li-ion type batteries.
- the invention relates to a separation process for selectively separating the carbonaceous active material from a mixture of positive electrodes and negative electrodes from electrochemical generators.
- the invention is particularly advantageous since it makes it possible not only to selectively separate the carbonaceous active material (such as graphite) from other active materials (in particular mixed lithium oxides present on the positive electrode) but also current collectors. negative. It is thus possible to directly valorize the carbonaceous active material of the negative electrode and its current collector. In addition, it is thus possible to subsequently recover a powder of positive active material of high purity.
- the carbonaceous active material such as graphite
- Lithium-ion accumulators include an anode, a cathode, a separator, an electrolyte and a casing which can be a polymer bag, or a metal packaging.
- the negative electrode generally comprises graphite, mixed with a binder of the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) type, and deposited on a sheet of copper playing the role of collector of running.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode is a lithium ion insertion material (in particular, it is a metal oxide such as, for example, UC0O2, LiMn02, LÎ 3 NiMnCo0 6 , LiFeP04), mixed with a graphite binder and of polyvinylidene fluoride, and deposited on an aluminum foil playing the role of current collector.
- a lithium ion insertion material in particular, it is a metal oxide such as, for example, UC0O2, LiMn02, LÎ 3 NiMnCo0 6 , LiFeP04
- the electrolyte consists of lithium salts (UPF6, L1BF4, UCF3SO3, UCIO4) dissolved in an organic base consisting of mixtures of binary or ternary solvents based on cyclic carbonates (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, carbonate butylene) , linear or branched (dimethyl carbonate, di-ethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane) in various proportions.
- cyclic carbonates ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, carbonate butylene
- linear or branched dimethyl carbonate, di-ethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane
- the operation is as follows: during the charge, the lithium de-intercalates from the active material of the positive electrode and is inserted into the active material of the negative electrode. When discharging, the process is reversed.
- the present disclosure involves recycling and recovering elements from current collectors (copper, aluminum) and the active material (carbonaceous material and metal oxides) from the electrodes.
- the pre-treatment steps are fundamental because they condition the quantity of active materials of positive electrodes which can then be treated by the hydrometallurgical route.
- the aim is to obtain the fraction as concentrated as possible in metals while limiting the quantity of impurities as much as possible.
- a heat treatment at 500 ° C degrades the binder of the electrode. Grinding and sieving stages can then be carried out to recover the most valuable elements.
- the method generates toxic gases and consumes carbon with formation of CO2.
- the separation efficiency of the aluminum collector from the active material UC0O2 is 99% for a treatment of 25min [1].
- the treatment has several drawbacks: it must be operated at a very high temperature of 180 ° C and the use of a BF4 type anion is harmful for use in an atmosphere. ambient because it degrades by hydrolysis with water, and forms hydrofluoric acid.
- it is necessary to treat the positive and negative electrodes separately, which increases the number of steps in the battery recycling process.
- Another solution consists in simultaneously treating the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries in a polar solvent [2].
- Pieces of anode and cathode are immersed, for example in water or alcohol, with mechanical stirring for a period of 15 minutes to 10 hours in order to dissolve the binder of the electrodes. Stirring can be performed with ultrasound.
- the process separates the active materials from the anode and the cathode of the current collectors.
- this process is not selective since the active materials of the two electrodes are found mixed in solution.
- the particle size distribution of these materials being similar, their separation requires the implementation of complex, inefficient and effluent-generating processes.
- An aim of the present invention is to provide a method making it possible to selectively separate the carbonaceous material from a mixture comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode, the method having to be able to be implemented at reasonable temperatures (typically below 160 ° C. VS).
- the present invention provides a process for the selective separation of a carbonaceous material from a mixture comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode from batteries and / or electrochemical accumulators comprising the following successive steps: a) supply of a mixture comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each electrode comprising a current collector, an active material and a binder, the active material of the negative electrode being a carbonaceous material, preferably graphite, b) setting contact of the mixture comprising the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a separation solution, in the presence of ultrasound, the separation solution comprising a solvent and, optionally, additives, until it is separated selectively the carbonaceous material of the current collector of the negative electrode, the active material of the positive electrode remaining integral with the current collector of the positive electrode.
- a mixture comprising a positive electrode and a negative electrode
- the mixture comprises at least one positive electrode and at least one positive electrode.
- the mixture comprises several positive electrodes and several negative electrodes.
- positive electrode also called cathode
- cathode the electrode which is the site of oxidation during charging and which is the site of reduction during discharge.
- negative electrode also called anode
- anode the electrode which is the site of reduction during charging and which is the site of oxidation during discharge.
- step b selective separation is meant that, at the end of step b), the active material is detached from the current collector of the negative electrode and is found in solution while the active material remains on the positive current collector. of the positive electrode.
- the separation step takes place without dissolving the binder when it is present, without degradation of the medium and / or consumption of reagents, while avoiding the evolution of gas.
- the detachment / exfoliation of the carbonaceous material from the negative current collector, by immersion in the separation solution, is carried out over a very short time (typically less than 1 h, or even less than or equal to 30 min) and for low temperatures (typically less than or equal to 150 ° C, and preferably less than 80 ° C).
- the separation solution is a solution which is stable under atmospheric conditions (in particular, absence of reactions leading to the formation of HF).
- the separation solution is an aqueous solution and the solvent is water.
- the pH of the separation solution is between 6 and 7.
- the separation solution is an alcoholic solution and the solvent is an alcohol.
- the separation solution is an ionic liquid solution and the solvent is an ionic liquid solvent.
- the ionic liquid solution comprises an ionic liquid solvent and, optionally, one or more additional ionic liquids.
- the ionic solvent liquid comprises a cation chosen from one of the following families: imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, piperidinium and phosphonium.
- the ionic solvent liquid comprises an anion chosen from halides or bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anions (CFsSC ⁇ N denoted TFSI, bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSC ⁇ N denoted FSI, trifluoromethanesulfonate or triflate denoted CF 3 SO 3 , tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate denoted FAP and bis (oxalato) borate denoted BOB.
- TFSI trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide anions
- FSC ⁇ N bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide
- FAP bis (fluoromethanesulfonate or triflate
- BOB bis (oxalato) borate
- the anion is a chloride, in association with an ammonium or phosphonium cation.
- the ionic solvent liquid is preferably [P66614] [CI].
- the ionic liquid solution forms a deep eutectic solvent.
- the deep eutectic solvent is a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol.
- the separation solution can also include several solvents: it can be a mixture of water / alcohol, alcohol / ionic liquid or water / ionic liquid in different proportions.
- step b) is carried out at a temperature ranging from 20 ° C to 150 ° C, and preferably from 20 ° C to 80 ° C, and even more preferably from 20 ° C to 40 ° C.
- the peeling step can be activated in temperature.
- step b) is carried out for a period ranging from 1 min to 1 h, preferably from 1 min to 30 min and more preferably between 1 min and 25 min.
- the power of the ultrasound ranges from 0.5 to 16kW.
- the frequency of the ultrasound is between 16KHz and 500KHz per liter of solution and preferably between 16KHz and 50KHz per liter of solution.
- the power ranges from 0.01 kW / m 3 / h to 10 kW / m 3 / h of separation solution and preferably from 0.5 kW / m 3 / h to 5 kW / m 3 / h of solution of separation.
- such power ranges are associated with a frequency ranging from 18 to 20 kHz per liter of solution.
- a frequency of between 16 and 100 KHz, preferably between 20 and 50 KHz, with a power known as acoustic power of between 1.10 3 W / mL and 10 W / mL and preferably between 0.5 W / mL and 0 will be chosen advantageously. , 01 W / mL.
- the solid to liquid ratio is between 1 and 30% and preferably between 5 and 15%.
- the solid corresponds to the total mass (kg) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode and the liquid to the volume (L) of the separation solution.
- the current collector of the positive electrodes is made of aluminum and / or the current collector of the negative electrodes is made of copper.
- the additives are flotation agents chosen from kerosene, n-dodecane and methyl isobutyl carbinol (MBIC).
- the process can operate in a closed circuit.
- the invention also relates to a method for recycling a battery comprising the following successive steps:
- a battery comprising an organic electrolyte, a positive electrode and a negative electrode, each electrode comprising a current collector, an active material and a binder, the active material of the negative electrode being a carbonaceous material, preferably graphite,
- the washing step follows the discharge and cutting of the batteries. It removes the organic electrolyte (carbonates and lithium salts) from chips from cutting in order to purify them and remove the risks associated with the electrolyte (inflammation, generation of HF, etc.).
- organic electrolyte carbonates and lithium salts
- the step of selective separation of the active material from the negative electrode is advantageously coupled with the operation of washing the batteries.
- it is possible to simultaneously selectively remove the graphite and improve the washing operation.
- FIG. 1 is a photographic photograph showing a mixture of positive and negative electrodes of a Li-ion battery (SAMSUNG 18650 battery) after treatment in aqueous medium at 30 ° C under ultrasound, after the implementation of a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention,
- FIG. 2 is a photographic photograph showing a mixture of positive and negative electrodes of a Li-ion battery (18650 SONY KONION battery) after treatment in aqueous medium at 30 ° C under ultrasound, after the implementation of an embodiment particular of the process according to the invention,
- FIG. 3 a photographic photograph representing a mixture of positive and negative electrodes of a Li-ion battery (SAMSUNG 18650 battery) after treatment in ethalin ionic liquid medium at 30 ° C under ultrasound, after the implementation of an embodiment particular of the process according to the invention,
- Figure 4 is a photographic shot showing a mixture of positive and negative electrodes of Li-ion battery (18650 SONY KONION battery) after treatment in an ethalin ionic liquid medium at 30 ° C. under ultrasound, after the implementation of a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention,
- FIG. 5 is a photographic photograph showing a mixture of positive electrodes and negative electrodes of a CATL prismatic Li-ion type battery after treatment in aqueous medium at 30 ° C under ultrasound, after the implementation of a mode of particular implementation of the method according to the invention,
- FIG. 6 is a photographic photograph showing a mixture of positive electrodes and negative electrodes of a CATL prismatic Li-ion type battery after treatment in aqueous liquid medium at 30 ° C under ultrasound, after the implementation of a mode particular embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- the invention particularly finds applications in the field of recycling and / or upgrading of Li-ion type battery / accumulator / cell electrodes.
- the selective separation process makes it possible to separate the carbonaceous active material from a mixture comprising at least one positive electrode and at least one negative electrode.
- the mixture comprises several positive electrodes and several negative electrodes.
- the method comprises the following successive steps: a) providing a mixture of positive electrodes and negative electrodes, each electrode comprising a current collector, an active material and a binder, the active material of the negative electrodes being a carbonaceous material , preferably graphite, b) bringing the mixture of positive electrodes and negative electrodes into contact with a separation solution, in the presence of ultrasound, the separation solution comprising a solvent and, optionally additives, until selectively separating the carbonaceous material from the negative electrodes, the active material from the positive electrodes remaining integral with the current collectors of the positive electrodes.
- the positive electrodes can be the same or different.
- the negative electrodes can be the same or different.
- the electrodes can come, for example, from a battery and / or an accumulator.
- the active material of the negative electrode is a carbonaceous material, for example, graphite.
- the current collector can be copper foil.
- the active material of the positive electrode is lithium ion insertion material. It may be a lamellar oxide of the UMO2 type, an L1MPO4 phosphate of olivine structure or else a spinel compound LiMn204. M represents a transition metal.
- One will choose, for example, UC0O2, LiMn02, LiNi02, LÎ3NiMnCo06, or LiFePO4. It is deposited on a current collector, for example, aluminum foil.
- the active material of the electrodes is preferably mixed with a polymer binder, for example of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) type or of the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) type.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- the largest dimension of the positive electrodes and / or of the negative electrodes is, for example, between 0.05 cm and 50 cm, and preferably between 0.5 and 20 cm.
- the electrodes are for example immersed in the separation solution.
- the electrodes are at least partially submerged and are preferably fully submerged in the ionic liquid solution.
- the electrodes can be attached to another element or float in the separation solution.
- the separation solution (also called detachment solution) makes it possible to separate, from the negative current collector, the negative active material in the form of particles and to stabilize these particles while preventing their dissolution. It is also possible to separate the active material in the form of a block of particles, the cohesion of which can be ensured by the binder.
- particles elements of shape, for example, spherical, elongated, or ovoid. They may have a larger dimension less than 200pm, for example ranging from 2nm to 20pm. In the case of particles spherical, this is the diameter. This size can be determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS).
- DLS dynamic light scattering
- the separation solution is an aqueous solution, an ionic liquid solution, an alcoholic solution or a mixture thereof in various proportions.
- the pH of the aqueous solution is preferably a neutral pH (less than or equal to 7).
- a pH ranging from 6 to 7 (limits included) will be chosen, for example.
- the aqueous solution contains a single solvent (water).
- the ionic liquid solution can comprise one or more ionic liquids.
- the term “ionic liquid” is understood to mean the association of at least one cation and of at least one anion which generates a liquid with a melting point of less than or close to 100 ° C.
- Ionic liquids are non-volatile and non-flammable solvents and are chemically stable at temperatures above 200 ° C.
- the ionic liquid solution comprises at least one ionic liquid called the ionic liquid solvent.
- the expression solvent ionic liquid is understood to mean an ionic liquid which is thermally and chemically stable, minimizing an effect of degradation of the medium during the detachment phenomenon.
- the ionic liquid solution can also comprise one or more (two, three for example) additional ionic liquids, that is to say it comprises a mixture of several ionic liquids.
- the additional ionic liquid (s) (L, LI3, etc.) have an advantageous role with respect to the detachment step and in particular with respect to one or more properties of: viscosity, solubility, hydrophobicity, melting temperature and stability of the bath (avoids toxic gases such as HF, ).
- the cation of the ionic solvent liquid is preferably chosen from one of the following families: imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, ammonium, piperidinium and phosphonium.
- the cation is a cation with low environmental impact, and low cost.
- an ammonium or phosphonium cation will be chosen.
- the cation can be chosen from the group consisting of a tetraalkylammonium, a / V, / V-dialkylimidazolium, a / V, / V-dialkylpyrrolidinium, a tetraalkylphosphonium, a trialkylsulfonium and a / V, / V-dialkylpiperidinium.
- the phosphonium cations are stable and facilitate the extraction of the active material in particulate form.
- a cation will be chosen having C 2 -C 14 alkyl or fluoroalkyl chains, typically the [P66614] + (trihexyltetradecylphosphonium) cation.
- the cation of the ionic solvent liquid is associated with an anion which is indifferently organic or inorganic, preferably having a low environmental impact and a low cost.
- anions will be used which make it possible to obtain at least one, and preferably all, of the following properties:
- the anion of the solvent ionic liquid has little or no complexing affinity.
- the anion is, for example, chosen from halides, anions bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (CF 3 S0 2 ) 2 N denoted TFSI, bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (FS0) 2 N- denoted FSI, trifluoromethanesulfonate or triflate CF3SO3 , tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate denoted FAP and bis (oxalato) borate denoted BOB.
- the chloride anion is chosen, for example, in combination with an ammonium or phosphonium cation.
- an ammonium or phosphonium cation By way of illustration, one can use the ionic liquid solvent trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride noted [P66614] [CI].
- an ionic liquid forming a deep eutectic solvent or DES for “deep eutectic solvents”. It is a liquid mixture at room temperature obtained by forming a eutectic mixture of 2 salts, of general formula: fCstf. [Xl-.z [Yl
- [Cat] + is the cation of the ionic liquid solvent (for example ammonium),
- [Y] a Lewis or Bronsted acid which can be complexed by the anion X of the ionic liquid solvent, and z the number of molecules Y.
- DES is choline chloride in combination with a very low toxicity H-bond donor, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol or urea, which ensures a non-toxic and very low cost DES.
- a very low toxicity H-bond donor such as ethylene glycol, glycerol or urea
- the choline chloride can be replaced by betaine.
- the separation solution can comprise a drying agent, and / or an agent promoting the transport of material and / or a flotation agent ensuring the flotation of the carbonaceous material.
- the anhydrous drying agent can be a salt which does not intervene in the reactions at the electrodes and which does not react with the solvent, for example MgS0 4 , Na 2 S0 4 , CaCl, CaS0 4 , K 2 C0 3 , NaOH, KOH or CaO.
- the material transport promoting agent is, for example, a fraction of a co-solvent which can be added to decrease the viscosity, such as water. It is also possible to introduce an organic solvent and, more advantageously, the electrolyte residues of batteries can be used as a co-solvent (carbonate-based medium) to effectively lower the viscosity without generating risks with regard to detachment and increase the recycling rate of the battery.
- a co-solvent carbonate-based medium
- the concentration of the material transport promoting agent is advantageously from 0.1% to 15% and more preferably from 1% to 5% by mass.
- the flotation agent increases the selectivity of separation between the small carbon particles which will rise to the surface and the rest of the material which will remain in suspension.
- the flotation agent can be a reagent called a “collector”, advantageously used in combination with bubbling in the solution.
- the flotation agent can be a reagent called a “foaming agent”.
- the chemical reagent called a “collector” is a surfactant (surfactant). It is a heteropolar organic molecule comprising at least one hydrocarbon chain and a polar head, and optionally one or more easily ionizable groups.
- the collector is added to make the surface of the carbonaceous material to be floated hydrophobic, in order to give it a greater affinity for the gas phase than for the liquid phase.
- the particles made hydrophobic attach themselves to the surface of the bubbles which play the role of transport vector thanks to their upward movement towards the free surface of the solution. A supernatant foam loaded with carbonaceous material is thus obtained.
- the collector used is preferably kerosene or n-dodecane.
- the foaming agent is a surfactant molecule.
- it is a heteropolar organic molecule belonging to alcohols.
- 4-methyl-2-pentanol or MBIC for methyl isobutyl carbinol will be chosen.
- the ionic liquid can play the role of foaming agent or collector depending on the medium considered.
- Step b) is carried out under ultrasound. Activation by ultrasound considerably reduces the temperature and / or the time required to completely detach the carbonaceous active material from the current collector.
- the ultrasound frequency is between 16KHz and 500KHz per liter of separation solution and preferably between 16KHz and 50KHz per liter of separation solution.
- the power of the ultrasound is between 0.5 and 16kW.
- the power ranges from 0.01 kW / m 3 / h to 10 kW / m 3 / h of separation solution and preferably from 0.5 kW / m 3 / h to 5 kW / m 3 / h of solution of seperation.
- the ratio between the total mass of positive electrode (s) and negative electrode (s) on the volume of separation solution is advantageously between 0.01% and 30% and more preferably between 0.01% and 15%.
- the ratio between the total mass of positive electrode (s) and negative electrode (s) on the volume of separation solution is between 0.1 g / L (i.e. 0.01%) and 50 g / L (i.e. 5%) and more advantageously between 1 g / L (i.e. 0.1%) and 25 g / L (i.e. 2.5%).
- step b) The duration of step b) will be estimated according to the nature of the solution, but also according to the dimensions of the ground material (chips) from the batteries and accumulators. A sufficient time will be chosen for complete detachment of the carbon.
- step b) is carried out for a period ranging from 1 minute to 1 hour, and preferably from 1 min to 30 min.
- the temperature of the mixture is preferably less than 160 ° C, and even more preferably less than 150 ° C. It ranges, for example, from 20 ° C to 150 ° C, preferably from 20 ° C to 80 ° C, even more preferably from 20 ° C to 60 ° C.
- the temperature of the mixture is preferably less than 100 ° C, and even more preferably less than 90 ° C. It ranges, for example, from 20 ° C to 80 ° C, and preferably from 20 ° C to 60 ° C.
- Step b) can be carried out under air or under an inert atmosphere such as, for example, under argon or nitrogen.
- Stirring for example between 50 revolutions / min and 2000 revolutions / min, can be carried out. This speed will be adjusted depending on the separation solution used.
- the agitation ranges from 100 rpm to 800 rpm.
- the method for recycling the electrode can be implemented in a method for recycling cells and / or accumulators and / or batteries.
- the recycling process can include the following steps: sorting, dismantling of the battery, securing (for example unloading, opening), physical pre-treatment (cutting, separation manual, ..) and / or chemical (washing of the electrolyte, etc.), implementation of the selective separation process described above.
- the washing operation consists of removing the organic electrolyte (carbonates and lithium salts) from the shavings in order to purify the material and remove the risks associated with the electrolyte (inflammation, generation of HF, etc.).
- the washing step is carried out before the selective separation process.
- the selective separation process can be coupled with the washing operation to simultaneously selectively remove the carbonaceous active material and the electrolyte residues.
- the washing operation is thus improved.
- This recycling process can also include a subsequent step during which conventional techniques are carried out (pyrometallurgical and / or hydrometallurgical, etc.) to recover and enhance the various components, and mainly, the active material (metal oxide). .
- the method can also include a step of recycling the purified metal oxide powder by means of regeneration of cathode materials, without having to carry out a step of hydrometallurgy (short route).
- Example 1 Selective detachment of graphite from a mixture of electrodes in an aqueous medium with stirring and ultrasound activation:
- a SAMSUNG 18650 Li-ion battery is first discharged, opened and then dried.
- the positive electrode formed of an aluminum collector and active materials of type Li (NiMnCo) i / 302, as well as the negative graphite electrode is removed manually.
- 3 pellets of each electrode are prepared.
- the separation solution 50 mL is an aqueous solution having a pH between 6 and 7, at a temperature of 30 ° C.
- the solution is stirred at 200 revolutions / min.
- the six pellets are immersed in the solution then a 23KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 80% of its power continuously. After 1 minute of treatment, the detachment of the negative electrode graphite is integral. Copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface.
- the active material (Li (NiMnCo) i / 302)) of the positive electrode is intact and remains completely present on the surface of the aluminum. After filtration, the carbon powder is observed in the filter, which can easily be recovered by sieving (FIG. 1).
- Example 2 Selective detachment of graphite from a mixture of electrodes in an aqueous medium with stirring and ultrasound activation:
- a SONY KONION 18650 Li-ion battery is first discharged, opened and dried.
- the positive (aluminum and Li-type active materials (NiMnCo) i / 302) and negative (graphite) are removed manually.
- three pellets per electrode positive, negative
- the separation solution 50 mL
- the separation solution is an aqueous solution (pH between 6 and 7) at a temperature of 30 ° C. with stirring at 200 revolutions / min.
- the six pellets are introduced then the 23KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 80% of its power continuously. After 2 minutes of treatment, the separation of the graphite is complete.
- the copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface, while the active material (Li (NiMnCo) i / 302) of the positive electrode is intact and remains completely present on the surface of the aluminum ( Figure 2) .
- the active material Li (NiMnCo) i / 302
- Example 3 Selective detachment of graphite from a mixture of electrodes in Ethalin ionic liquid medium with stirring and ultrasound activation:
- a SAMSUNG 18650 Li-ion battery is first discharged, opened and then dried.
- the positive electrodes aluminum and Li-type active materials (NiMnCo) i / 302) and the negative electrodes (graphite) are removed manually.
- three pellets per electrode are immersed in a separation solution based on the ionic liquid Ethalin.
- the Ethalin solution has a volume of 50 mL and the temperature of the bath is 30 ° C. with stirring at 200 rpm.
- the six pellets are introduced then the 23KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 80% of its power continuously. After 4 minutes of treatment, the separation of the graphite is complete.
- the copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface, while the active material (Li (NiMnCo) i / 302) of the positive electrode is intact and remains completely present on the surface of the aluminum ( Figure 3).
- the carbon powder is observed which can be easily recovered by sieving.
- a SONY KONION 18650 Li-ion battery is first discharged, opened and then dried.
- the positive electrodes aluminum and Li-type active materials (NiMnCo) i / 302) and the negative electrodes (graphite) are removed manually.
- three pellets of each electrode are immersed in the separation solution based on the ionic liquid Ethalin.
- the Ethalin solution has a volume of 50 mL and the temperature of the bath is 30 ° C. with stirring at 200 rpm.
- the six pellets are introduced, then the 23 KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 80% of its power continuously. After 10 minutes of treatment, the separation of the graphite is complete.
- the copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface, while the active material (Li (NiMnCo) i / 302) of the positive electrode is intact and remains completely present on the surface of the aluminum ( Figure 4). .
- the carbon powder is observed which can be easily recovered by sieving.
- Example 5 Selective detachment of graphite from a mixture of electrodes in an aqueous medium with stirring and ultrasound activation:
- a CATL prismatic Li-ion type battery is discharged beforehand, opened and then dried.
- the positive electrode, formed of an aluminum collector and NMC-type active materials in NCA mixture, and the negative graphite electrode are removed manually.
- three pellets of each electrode are prepared.
- the separation solution (5 mL) is an aqueous solution having a pH between 6 and 7, at a temperature of 30 ° C.
- the solution is stirred at 200 revolutions / min.
- the six pellets are immersed in the solution then a 23KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 20% of its power continuously.
- the graphite is detached from the negative electrode. Copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface.
- the active material of the positive electrode is intact and remains totally aluminum surface (black dots). After filtration, the carbon powder is observed in the filter, which can easily be recovered by sieving (FIG. 5).
- Example 6 Selective detachment of graphite from a mixture of electrodes in an aqueous medium with stirring and ultrasound activation: A battery of the prismatic Li-ion CATL type is discharged beforehand, opened and then dried. The positive electrode, formed of an aluminum collector and NMC-type active materials in NCA mixture, and the negative graphite electrode are removed manually. Then, fifteen 12mm pellets of each electrode are prepared.
- the separation solution (30 mL) is an aqueous solution having a pH between 6 and 7, at a temperature of 30 ° C. The solution is stirred at 200 revolutions / min.
- the pellets are immersed in the solution then a 23 KHz ultrasonic probe is operated at 20% of its power continuously. After five minutes of treatment, the graphite peeled off from the negative electrode. Copper is free of particles and without the presence of corrosion on the surface. The active material of the positive electrode is intact and remains completely present on the surface of the aluminum (black pellets). After filtration, the carbon powder is observed in the filter, which can easily be recovered by sieving (FIG. 6).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2005708A FR3111020B1 (fr) | 2020-05-29 | 2020-05-29 | Procede de separation selective d’un materiau carbone d’un melange d’electrodes positives et d’electrodes negatives |
| PCT/FR2021/050960 WO2021240113A1 (fr) | 2020-05-29 | 2021-05-27 | Procede de separation selective d'un materiau carbone d'un melange d'electrodes positives et d'electrodes negatives |
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| EP4158719A1 true EP4158719A1 (fr) | 2023-04-05 |
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| EP21734404.3A Withdrawn EP4158719A1 (fr) | 2020-05-29 | 2021-05-27 | Procede de separation selective d'un materiau carbone d'un melange d'electrodes positives et d'electrodes negatives |
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| US (1) | US20230223610A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4158719A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2023527553A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20230034229A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3180225A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3111020B1 (fr) |
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| WO2023244178A1 (fr) * | 2022-06-15 | 2023-12-21 | Nanyang Technological University | Procédé de récupération de matériau d'électrode |
| CN116062732B (zh) * | 2023-02-17 | 2025-09-19 | 湖南朗赛科技有限公司 | 碳粉和回收废旧磷酸铁锂黑粉中碳粉的方法及其应用、多孔碳材料 |
| DE102023105925A1 (de) * | 2023-03-09 | 2024-09-12 | ENINNO GmbH | Verfahren zur Veredelung und/oder Recycling von Schwarzmasse, Schwarzmasse und deren Verwendung |
| AU2023229502B2 (en) * | 2023-04-18 | 2024-11-14 | Elecsome Pty Ltd | Method for separating fluoropolymer layers from a substrate |
| AU2024259205A1 (en) * | 2023-04-18 | 2025-12-04 | Elecsome Pty Ltd | Method for separating fluoropolymer layers and/or glass from a substrate |
| CN116742174B (zh) * | 2023-04-19 | 2024-03-19 | 江苏理工学院 | 一种分离废旧锂电池正极活性材料与铝箔的方法 |
| CN118808305A (zh) * | 2024-08-07 | 2024-10-22 | 上海第二工业大学 | 一种高效分离回收废旧光伏板背板材料的方法 |
| CN119504460B (zh) * | 2024-10-31 | 2025-05-09 | 厦门文博领航新能源科技有限公司 | 一种深共晶溶剂、废旧电池负极石墨回收再生方法及再生石墨材料 |
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| JP2006228509A (ja) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-31 | Gs Yuasa Corporation:Kk | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の再利用方法 |
| JP5011659B2 (ja) * | 2005-05-24 | 2012-08-29 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電池のリサイクル方法 |
| JP4892236B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-27 | 2012-03-07 | プライムアースEvエナジー株式会社 | 蓄電池用極板の活物質分離方法 |
| JP4406845B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-20 | 2010-02-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 二次電池電極材の剥離剤及び該剥離剤を用いた二次電池の処理方法 |
| CN102610792B (zh) * | 2012-04-01 | 2016-05-11 | 东莞新能源科技有限公司 | 循环后锂离子电池负极材料比容量检测方法 |
| JP2014189892A (ja) * | 2013-03-28 | 2014-10-06 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | 硫酸複塩の分離方法、硫酸複塩の析出方法、並びに使用済み電池からの有価金属の回収方法 |
| JP2016157608A (ja) * | 2015-02-25 | 2016-09-01 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 全固体電池の処理方法 |
| US10205200B2 (en) | 2016-07-07 | 2019-02-12 | Grst International Limited | Method for recycling lithium-ion battery |
| TWI676312B (zh) * | 2018-07-26 | 2019-11-01 | 張家欽 | 廢棄鋰電池的處理方法 |
| CN111129631A (zh) * | 2018-10-31 | 2020-05-08 | 南开大学 | 一种废锂离子电池极片的回收方法 |
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| FR3111020A1 (fr) | 2021-12-03 |
| KR20230034229A (ko) | 2023-03-09 |
| US20230223610A1 (en) | 2023-07-13 |
| WO2021240113A1 (fr) | 2021-12-02 |
| JP2023527553A (ja) | 2023-06-29 |
| CA3180225A1 (fr) | 2021-12-02 |
| FR3111020B1 (fr) | 2022-07-22 |
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