EP4118223A1 - Procédé chimio-enzymatique de coproduction d'un disulfure et d'un sulfoxyde ou d'une sulfone - Google Patents
Procédé chimio-enzymatique de coproduction d'un disulfure et d'un sulfoxyde ou d'une sulfoneInfo
- Publication number
- EP4118223A1 EP4118223A1 EP21714648.9A EP21714648A EP4118223A1 EP 4118223 A1 EP4118223 A1 EP 4118223A1 EP 21714648 A EP21714648 A EP 21714648A EP 4118223 A1 EP4118223 A1 EP 4118223A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- enzyme
- mercaptan
- organic compound
- disulfide
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- LOCHFZBWPCLPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-2-thiol Chemical compound CCC(C)S LOCHFZBWPCLPAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS WNAHIZMDSQCWRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
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- YAJYJWXEWKRTPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,4,4,5-hexamethylhexane-2-thiol Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)C(C)(C)S YAJYJWXEWKRTPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GEHIXSKXGCIKJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C1=NN=C(CCl)O1 GEHIXSKXGCIKJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[SH-] HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P11/00—Preparation of sulfur-containing organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
- C07C315/02—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides by formation of sulfone or sulfoxide groups by oxidation of sulfides, or by formation of sulfone groups by oxidation of sulfoxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
- C07C315/06—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C315/00—Preparation of sulfones; Preparation of sulfoxides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a chemo-enzymatic process for the co-production of disulfide and sulfoxide or sulfone from mercaptan and sulfide respectively, as well as a composition allowing in particular the implementation of this process.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a mercaptan for the reduction of a disulfide bridge formed between two equivalents of an organic compound carrying at least one thiol group, and more particularly the use of a mercaptan as as a substrate for the regeneration of an enzymatic cascade allowing the oxidation of sulphides.
- Mercaptans are of great industrial interest and are now widely used by the chemical industries, in particular as raw materials for the synthesis of more complex organic molecules.
- methylmercaptan (CH 3 SH) is used as a raw material in the synthesis of methionine, an essential amino acid used in animal feed.
- Methylmercaptan is also used in the synthesis of dialkyl disulphides, in particular in the synthesis of dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), a sulphurization additive of hydrotreatment catalysts of petroleum fractions, among other applications.
- DMDS dimethyl disulphide
- mercaptans can also be done from halogenated derivatives and alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium hydrosulphides according to equation (3) (example given with a chlorinated derivative and a sodium hydrosulphide):
- dimethyl sulfide can be used as a food flavoring or as an anti-coking agent in the steam cracking of petroleum feedstocks.
- the demand in these markets is much lower than the produced quantities of sulphides.
- Sulfides can also be converted to the corresponding mercaptans by the sulfhydrolysis reaction. Nevertheless, the conditions required to carry out this reaction are relatively severe and generate new side reactions. This industrial application is therefore limited.
- sulphide oxidations can be catalyzed during so-called biological processes, by enzymatic catalysis in solution or in organisms, generally microorganisms.
- the cofactors are generally not added in stoichiometric quantities in enzymatic industrial processes.
- Different approaches have been developed in order to recycle them and regenerate the resulting enzymatic cascades: the use of a molecule similar to the cofactor. This approach consists in using molecules that are simpler and therefore less expensive.
- it does not make it possible to obtain an enzyme / cofactor affinity high enough to consider industrial application and constitutes an unbearable cost for industrial processes for the production of low added value products; the use of enzymatic redox systems with the use of a sacrificial substrate.
- These techniques generally require the use of a second enzyme which recycles the cofactor used.
- the cost of the sacrificial substrate strongly impacts the economic viability of such a process. This is particularly true in the case of the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide or sulfone with low added value; the use of whole cells. In this case, it is the cellular machinery that regenerates the cofactor (s) used.
- the process is then similar to fermentation processes: additions of carbonaceous / hydrogenated molecules (such as glucose or glycerol) are generally carried out to improve the performance of this system, which represents an additional cost.
- the object of the present invention is to meet all or part of the above needs.
- the present invention aims to provide a regeneration route (or recycling route) of the cofactor used for the enzymatic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for the chemo-enzymatic co-production of sulfoxide or sulfone and disulfide.
- Another objective of the present invention is to provide an industrially viable process for the chemo-enzymatic co-production of sulfoxide or sulfone and disulfide, integrating in particular a simple, efficient and economical way of recycling the cofactors.
- Another objective of the invention is to provide a process for upgrading the sulphides produced during the production of mercaptans, more specifically methylmercaptan.
- the present inventors have discovered a chemo-enzymatic process for the production of sulfoxide or sulfone, preferably selective, incorporating a recycling system of the enzyme cofactor catalyzing the oxidation of sulfides, with added value.
- chemo-enzymatic cascade which is not only compatible with the process for producing sulfoxide or sulfone but which also makes it possible to co-produce a second product of interest, disulfide, instead of 'use a sacrificial substrate.
- disulfide instead of 'use a sacrificial substrate.
- it is the oxidation of a mercaptan to disulfide at the end of the cascade that will allow the cofactor used in the sulfoxidation to be recycled.
- the enzymatic cascade according to the invention takes place in particular as follows.
- enzyme E catalyzing the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide or sulfone
- enzyme D catalyzing the formation of a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of an organic compound carrying at least one thiol group (hereinafter enzyme D) and of this organic compound:
- a dimer is formed by a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of said organic compound (the organic compound changes from its reduced “monomer” form to its oxidized “dimer” form).
- organic compound is meant a compound of formula R-SH and by “dimer” of this compound, a compound of formula RSSR (a well-known example is glutathione G-SH in dimeric form GSSG called glutathione disulfide).
- the mercaptans can be used in stoichiometric amounts relative to the sulphides.
- a sulfoxide equivalent two equivalents of mercaptans are used and for the formation of a sulfone equivalent, four equivalents of mercaptans are used.
- the enzymatic cascade is functional until exhaustion of substrates, reagents or cofactors or else by inhibition, inactivation or destruction of the enzymes E and / or D.
- This cascade allows a co-production of sulfoxide or sulfone and disulfide, while regenerating the cofactor and the organic compound used.
- sulphides are by-products as mentioned above. Thanks to the invention, these sulphides are oxidized to sulphoxides or sulphones, preferably selectively, and the mercaptans produced can in part be used to regenerate the cofactors used during the sulphoxidation; while themselves being transformed into disulfides, other products of interest.
- the present invention relates to a process for the co-production of a disulfide and a sulfoxide or a sulfone comprising the following steps: a) preparation of a composition M comprising:
- step b) reduction of said dimer obtained in step b) by reaction, in particular by chemical reaction, with a mercaptan in order to obtain:
- step b said mercaptan may be added in any of steps a), b) or c), preferably the mercaptan is added in step a).
- (Ci-C 2 o) alkyl designates saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, which can be linear or branched and comprise from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, the alkyls comprise from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or even from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Mention may be made, for example, of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
- branched is meant that an alkyl group is substituted on the main alkyl chain.
- (C 2 -C 2 o) alkenyl denotes an alkyl as defined above, comprising at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
- (C 2 -C 20 ) alkynyl denotes an alkyl as defined above, comprising at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
- (C 6 -Cio) aryl denotes monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, in particular phenyl and naphthyl.
- (C 3 -Cio) cycloalkyl denotes saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, monocyclic or bicyclic, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
- (C 3 -Cio) heterocycloalkane is understood to mean a cycloalkane comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and comprising at least one sulfur atom, preferably tetrahydrothiophene, and optionally at least one other heteroatom.
- (C -Cio) heteroarene is understood to mean an arene comprising between 4 and 10 carbon atoms and comprising at least one sulfur atom, for example thiophene, and optionally at least one other heteroatom.
- heteroatom is understood to mean in particular an atom chosen from O, N, S, Si, P and halogens.
- catalyst is generally understood to mean a substance which accelerates a reaction and which is found unchanged at the end of this reaction.
- said enzyme E catalyzes the oxidation reaction of sulfides to sulfoxides or to sulfones.
- said enzyme D catalyzes the formation of a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of said organic compound carrying at least one thiol group to form a dimer.
- catalytic amount is meant in particular an amount sufficient to catalyze a reaction, in particular to catalyze the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones and / or to form a disulfide bridge. More particularly, a reagent used in a catalytic amount is used in a smaller amount, for example between about 0.01% and 20% by weight, relative to the amount by weight of a reagent used in a stoichiometric proportion.
- the selectivity of a reaction generally represents the number of moles of product formed relative to the number of moles of reagent consumed following the reaction.
- the term "selective process for the preparation of sulfoxides” is understood to mean in particular a process consuming sulfides and producing sulfoxides, without formation of sulfones (or with formation of a negligible amount of sulfones).
- the oxidation reaction of sulfides to sulfoxides is chemoselective.
- selective process for preparing sulfones is understood to mean in particular a process consuming sulfides and producing sulfones, without formation of sulfoxides (or with formation of a negligible amount of sulfoxides).
- the oxidation reaction of sulfides to sulfones is chemoselective.
- step b makes it possible to obtain a selectivity of between 95% and 100%, preferably between 99% and 100% for sulfoxides or sulfones.
- the present invention relates to a process for the co-production of a disulfide and a sulfoxide or a sulfone comprising the following steps: a) preparation of a composition M comprising:
- step b) reduction of the dimer obtained in step b) by reaction with a mercaptan of formula R 3 - SH in order to obtain:
- step b said mercaptan being able to be added during any one of steps a), b) or c), preferably the mercaptan is added in step a); with Ri, R 2 and R 3 as defined below.
- the sulfide is dimethylsulfide
- the organic compound carrying at least one thiol group is glutathione
- the enzyme E is a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase (BVMO), preferably a Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase (CHMO);
- BVMO Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase
- CHMO Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase
- the method according to the invention comprises in particular a step of carrying out the enzymatic reaction of oxidation of the sulfide to sulfoxide or to sulfone, said reaction preferably being selective.
- said composition M always comprises an amount of sulfide sufficient for the enzyme E to convert the sulfide into sulfoxide, preferably without formation of sulfone.
- the sulphide is provided in excess in the composition M.
- the amount of sulphide remaining after step b) of carrying out the enzymatic reaction E can be between 0.0001% and 99.9% by weight, preferably between 0.1% and 99% by weight. , preferably between 1% and 50% by weight, for example between 1% and 10% by weight, relative to the amount of starting sulphide by weight, that is to say of step a).
- the step of carrying out the enzymatic oxidation reaction can in particular comprise the following two steps: b1) total oxidation of the sulphide to sulphoxide; b2) oxidation of sulfoxide to sulfone.
- total oxidation of the sulphide means the fact that the sulphide is completely consumed during step b1).
- the sulphide is the limiting reagent (ie present in default) in the composition M.
- completely consumed is meant in particular that the quantity of sulphide remaining after step b) of carrying out the enzymatic reaction may be between 0% and 20% by weight, preferably between 0% and 5% by weight, for example between 0% and 1% by weight, and even more preferably between 0% and 0.01% by weight relative to the starting quantity of sulphide by weight, that is to say from step a).
- steps b) and c) or steps a), b) and c) are carried out in one and the same reactor; more preferably steps b) and c) take place simultaneously.
- step a) the addition of the various components of composition M can be done in any order, for example by simply mixing the various components in any order.
- Composition M can be prepared before introduction into the reactor or directly into the reactor (where step b) and optionally step c) takes place.
- step b) the enzymatic reaction of sulfide oxidation can be carried out before or at the same time as the enzymatic reaction of formation of the disulfide bridge.
- step b) the dimer of the organic compound obtained is in oxidized form while in step c) the organic compound is in reduced form.
- Step b) can in particular be broken down into several steps which are as follows: i) carrying out the enzymatic reaction of oxidation of the sulfide with the enzyme E in order to obtain: a sulfoxide or a sulfone; and the cofactor common to enzymes E and D in oxidized form; ii) carrying out the enzymatic reaction for the formation of a disulfide bond with the enzyme D in order to obtain:
- Step i) can be performed before or at the same time as step ii).
- Step b) of carrying out the enzymatic reactions can be carried out at a pH of between 4 and 10, preferably between 6 and 8 and even more preferably between 7 and 8, for example 7.
- Step b) of carrying out the enzymatic reactions can be carried out at a temperature between 5 ° C and 100 ° C, preferably between 20 ⁇ and 80 ° C and even more preferably between 25 ° C and 40 ° C.
- the cells as defined below can be used in step b) directly in the absence of any treatment.
- Step c) can be carried out under the same conditions, in particular at the same pH and at the same temperature, as step b).
- the pressure used for said enzymatic reactions and / or step c) can range from reduced pressure relative to atmospheric pressure to several bars (several hundred kPa), depending on the reagents used and the equipment used.
- the method according to the invention comprises a step b ′), between step b) and step c), stopping the enzymatic reactions by inactivation of the enzyme (s) E and / or D.
- This step b ') can be carried out by known means such as thermal shock (for example with a temperature of about 100 ° C) or osmotic, the application of a high pressure, the addition of a solvent allowing either to destroy and / or to precipitate the cells and / or the enzymes E and / or D, the modification of the pH (either a low pH of approximately 2, or a high pH of approximately 10).
- the sulfide and / or the mercaptan and / or optionally said oxidant can be added continuously, preferably in step a).
- the sulfoxide or the sulfone and or the disulfide can be recovered in liquid or solid form.
- the sulfoxide or the sulfone and / or the disulfide can be recovered in aqueous solution, in liquid form by decantation, or even in solid form by precipitation depending on their solubility.
- the disulfide can be extracted in an organic phase or separated from the reaction medium by techniques well known to those skilled in the art; for example by distillation after ultrafiltration or centrifugation.
- the products obtained can optionally be purified according to conventional methods.
- a distillation can make it possible to separate the sulfoxide or the sulfone and disulfide. This distillation can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, reduced pressure (for example under vacuum), or under higher pressure if a person skilled in the art sees an interest in it.
- a membrane separation can also be considered to reduce the water content of the mixture to be distilled or to accelerate a crystallization process. If the sulfoxide or the sulfone and / or the sulfide has been recovered by decanting an aqueous reaction medium, drying over a molecular sieve (or any other drying method) can be considered.
- Said process can be carried out in batch or continuously.
- the advantages provided by the process of the invention are numerous. Among these advantages, mention may be made of the possibility of working in aqueous solution, under very mild temperature and pressure conditions and under pH conditions close to neutrality. All of these conditions are typical of a so-called “green” or “sustainable” biocatalytic process.
- Composition M can include the organic compound, the enzyme E, the enzyme D and the cofactor in a catalytic amount.
- Composition M can comprise:
- the mercaptan / sulphide molar ratio is between 0.1 and 100, more preferably between 1 and 5 and more preferably between 2 and 4, for example 2.
- sulphide is understood in particular to mean an organic sulphide, ie any organic compound comprising at least one function of -C-S-C- type.
- composition M comprises at least one sulphide. It can for example comprise one, two or more different sulphides.
- Said sulphide may be symmetrical, that is, the sulfur atom represents a center of symmetry with respect to the compound.
- said sulphide is of the following general formula:
- Ri and R 2 may be the same or different and are chosen independently of one another from the group consisting of:
- R 1 and R 2 form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached, preferably a (C 3 -Cio) heterocycloalkane or (C -Cio) heteroarene group; said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkane and heteroarene groups possibly being optionally substituted by one or more substituent (s); and said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and aryl groups possibly comprising one or more heteroatom (s).
- alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkane and heteroarene groups may optionally be substituted by one or more substituent (s) chosen from the group consisting of:
- function (s) chosen, in a nonlimiting manner and by way of examples, from alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, acid, amide, nitrile, ester functions or else carrier functions sulfur, phosphorus and silicon.
- said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkane and heteroarene groups may optionally be substituted by one or more substituent (s) chosen from the group consisting of: (Ci-C 20 ) alkyl, (C 3 - Cio) cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 10 ) aryl, -OH, -C (0) 0H, -C (0) H, -C (0) -NH 2 , -NH 2 , -NHR, -NRR ', -C (O) -, -C (0) -NHR', -C (0) -NRR ', -COOR and -CN; in which R and R 'represent, independently of one another, a (Cr C 20 ) alkyl group.
- R 1 and R 2 can be identical or different and are chosen independently of one another from the group consisting of:
- R 1 and R 2 are chosen from (Ci-C 20 ) alkyl or R 1 and R 2 together with the sulfur atom which carries them form a (C 3 -Ci 0 ) heterocycloalkane.
- the radicals R 1 and R 2 of said sulphide are preferably identical (ie thus forming a symmetrical sulphide).
- the sulfide is chosen from dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide, dibutylsulfide, dioctylsulfide, didodecylsulfide, and tetrahydrothiophene.
- the sulfide can be chosen from dimethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, di-n-propylsulfide, di-iso-propylsulfide, di-n-butylsulfide, di-iso-butylsulfide, di-sec-butylsulfide, di- tert-butylsulfide, di-n-octylsulfide, di-n-dodecylsulfide, and tetrahydrothiophene.
- Dimethylsulfide is particularly preferred according to the invention.
- the sulphide is symmetrical.
- mercaptan is understood to mean in particular an organic mercaptan, or any organic compound comprising at least one function of -C-SH type.
- the mercaptan is of general formula R 3 -SH, in which R 3 is a hydrocarbon radical, saturated, linear, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted.
- the mercaptan is of general formula R 3 -SH, in which R 3 is a saturated, linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted by at least one group chosen from the group consisting of:
- the mercaptan is of general formula R 3 -SH, in which R 3 is a hydrocarbon radical, saturated, linear, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted by at least one, for example one or two, group (s) chosen ( s) from the group consisting of: -OH, -C (0) 0H, -NH 2 and (C 6 -Cio) aryl; more preferably -OH, -C (0) 0H and -NH 2 .
- R 3 is more particularly chosen from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, octyl and dodecyl, preferably R 3 is methyl.
- the mercaptan can be selected from the group consisting of: mercaptoethanol, methylmercaptan, ethylmercaptan, propylmercaptan, butylmercaptan, octylmercaptan, dodecylmercaptan, benzyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, cysteine and homocysteine.
- the mercaptan is chosen in particular from the group consisting of: mercaptoethanol, methylmercaptan, ethylmercaptan, n-propyl mercaptan, isopropylmercaptan (or 2-propanethiol), n-butylmercaptan, sec-butylmercaptan, tert-butylmercaptan, n-octyl tert-mercaptan, - octylmercaptan, n-dodecyl mercaptan, tert-dodecylmercaptan, benzyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, cysteine and homocysteine.
- the mercaptan is methylmercaptan.
- oxidant any compound capable of oxidizing a sulfide to a sulfoxide or to a sulfone.
- the oxidant can be selected from the group consisting of air, oxygen-depleted air, oxygen-enriched air and pure oxygen.
- air air which can be depleted or enriched in oxygen
- it is obviously the oxygen contained in the air which is consumed during the enzymatic oxidation reaction carried out in step b) as an oxidizer.
- composition M When the oxidant is in gaseous form, it is present in composition M as a dissolved gas.
- the percentage of oxygen in the enriched or depleted air is chosen according to the reaction rate and the compatibility with the enzyme system in a manner known to those skilled in the art.
- the oxidant can be in a stoichiometric amount or in excess in composition M. In excess, the sulphide present is totally consumed with the oxidant during the enzymatic reaction of oxidation of the sulphide carried out in step b) (formation of sulphone ).
- the oxidant can be in a substoichiometric amount in composition M.
- the sulphide present is partly consumed with the oxidant during the enzymatic reaction for the oxidation of the sulphide carried out in step b) but not completely (formation sulfoxide).
- oxygen is transformed into water when the enzyme E used is a mono-oxygenase or completely consumed when the enzyme E is a dioxygenase.
- the process according to the invention is particularly advantageous in terms of rejection and respect for the environment.
- oxidizing enzyme is understood to mean in particular the enzyme E, ie an enzyme allowing the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and / or sulfones and requiring the use of a cofactor.
- Said enzyme E can be an oxidoreductase, preferably an oxidoreductase chosen from the group consisting of monooxygenases and dioxygenases, even more preferably from monooxygenases.
- said enzyme E is a Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase (BVMO).
- BVMO Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase
- the enzyme E can be a Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase (CHMO), and more particularly a Cyclohexanone-1, 2-MonoOxygenase; a Cyclopentanone Monooxygenase (CPMO), more particularly a cyclopentanone 1, 2-monooxygenase; or a hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO) and more particularly a 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase.
- CHMO Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase
- CPMO Cyclopentanone Monooxygenase
- HAPMO hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase
- Cyclohexanone-1, 2-Monooxygenases are in particular of class EC 1 .14.13.22.
- the CHMO is a CHMO of Acinetobacter sp. (for example of strain NCIMB 9871) and / or a CHMO encoded by the chnB gene belonging to the cluster AB006902.
- Cyclopentanone 1, 2-Monooxygenase are in particular of class EC 1.14.13.16.
- the CPMO is a CPMO of Comamonas sp. (for example the strain NCIMB 9872) and / or a CPMO encoded by the cpnB gene.
- the hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenases are in particular of class EC 1.14.13.84.
- I ⁇ ARMO is a HAPMO of Pseudomonas fluorescens. encoded by the hapE gene.
- organic compound bearing a thiol group is understood to mean any hydrocarbon compound which may comprise heteroatoms and / or any type of known chemical function and bearing at least one —SH group (hereinafter organic compound).
- organic compound according to the invention may comprise one or two thiol group (s) (-SH group).
- This compound can exist in the form of a dimer, the dimer being formed by virtue of a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of said organic compound (2 R-SH give R-S-S-R).
- the organic compound can be chosen from the group consisting of an amino acid bearing a thiol group, a peptide bearing a thiol group, mycothiol (CAS No. 192126- 76-4) and dihydrolipoic acid (no. ° CAS 462-20-4).
- said organic compound is an amino acid bearing a thiol group or a peptide bearing a thiol group.
- said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of: cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione, thioredoxin, mycothiol and dihydrolipoic acid.
- the organic compound when the mercaptan according to the invention is cysteine or homocysteine, then said organic compound is different from cysteine or homocysteine (respectively). According to one embodiment, the organic compound and the mercaptan are different.
- said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of: cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione and thioredoxin.
- said organic compound is glutathione.
- the glutathione (GSH) / glutathione disulfide (GSSG) couple is widely known in biology. This species in reduced (glutathione) or oxidized (glutathione disulfide) form forms an important redox couple in cells.
- Enzyme D catalyzes the formation of a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of said organic compound to form a dimer (referred to as a or the dimer in the description). In particular, it catalyzes the formation of a disulfide bridge between two equivalents of an amino acid carrying a thiol group or between two equivalents of a peptide carrying a thiol group to form an amino diacid or a dipeptide.
- Enzyme D can be defined as a "recycling enzyme" of the reduced or oxidized common cofactor, preferably it recycles the oxidized common cofactor into a reduced common cofactor.
- It can be a reductase or a dehydrogenase, preferably it can be chosen from the group consisting of glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, cysteine reductase, homocysteine reductase, mycothiol disulfide reductase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. More particularly, the enzyme D is chosen from the group consisting of glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase, cysteine reductase and homocysteine reductase.
- Glutathione reductase can be represented by the enzyme classification numbers EC 1.8.1.7 or EC 1.6.4.2; cysteine reductase with the number EC 1 .8.1.6; thioredoxin reductase with the numbers EC 1.8.1 .9 or EC 1 .6.4.5; mycothione reductase with EC number 1.8.1.15 (this enzyme is also called mycothiol-disulfide reductase).
- said enzyme D is glutathione reductase.
- each organic compound is coupled with the corresponding D enzyme, thereby forming the corresponding dimer.
- the following organic compound / enzyme D pairs or enzymatic complexes are therefore particularly useful for carrying out the process according to the invention:
- cofactor is understood to mean in particular a cofactor necessary for the catalytic activity of the enzyme E and of the enzyme D as defined above and / or making it possible to improve their catalytic activity.
- cofactor common to the enzymes E and D is preferably understood to mean a cofactor which can be reduced and / or oxidized by the action of these enzymes.
- one, two or more cofactors are present in composition M.
- Said cofactor can be chosen from nicotinic cofactors and flavinic cofactors.
- said cofactor can be chosen from the group consisting of: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and / or their form corresponding reduced (i.e. NADH, H + NADPH, H +, FMNH 2 , FADH 2 ).
- NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADP nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- FMN flavin mononucleotide
- FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
- the cofactors listed above are advantageously used in their reduced forms (for example NADPH, H +) and / or their oxidized forms (for example NADP +), that is to say they can be added in these reduced and / or oxidized forms in composition M, preferably in reduced form.
- their reduced forms for example NADPH, H +
- oxidized forms for example NADP +
- the enzyme E used is Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase, for example Cyclohexanone Monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp.
- the cofactor used is NADP, optionally supplemented with FAD and the enzyme D is glutathione reductase.
- Composition M according to the invention can also comprise:
- solvents chosen from water, buffers such as phosphate buffers, Tris-HCl, Tris-base, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium acetate, HEPES (4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1 acid -piperazine ethanesulfonic), CHES (N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), or salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or mixtures thereof;
- buffers such as phosphate buffers, Tris-HCl, Tris-base, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium acetate, HEPES (4- (2-hydroxyethyl) -1 acid -piperazine ethanesulfonic), CHES (N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), or salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or mixtures thereof;
- additives such as surfactants, in particular in order to promote the solubility of one or more reagent (s) or substrate (s) of the enzymatic reaction.
- composition M is an aqueous solution.
- said composition M comprises between 50% and 99% by weight of water, preferably between 80% and 97% by weight of water relative to the total weight of composition M.
- composition M is considered to be the reaction mixture.
- the various components of composition M prepared in step a) above are easily accessible commercially or can be prepared according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art. These various elements can be in solid, liquid or gaseous form and can very advantageously be dissolved or dissolved in water or any other solvent to be used in the process of the invention.
- the enzymes used can also be grafted onto a support (case of supported enzymes).
- the enzymes E and / or D, optionally the organic compound and optionally the common cofactor are:
- the ratio [sulphide] (in mmol / L) / [cells] (in g cps .L -1 ) can be between 0.01 and 10, preferably between 0.01 and 3 mmol / g cps , preferably during step b) of carrying out the enzymatic reaction.
- the determination of the mass concentration in grams of dry cells is carried out according to standard techniques.
- the E and / or D enzymes may or may not be overexpressed in said cells, hereinafter called host cells.
- the host cell can be any suitable host for the production of an E and / or D enzyme from the expression of the corresponding coding gene. This gene can then be found either in the genome of the host, or carried by an expression vector such as those defined below.
- the term “host cell” is understood to mean in particular a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
- Host cells commonly used for the expression of recombinant or non-recombinant proteins include in particular cells of bacteria such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus sp., Or Pseudomonas, yeast cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris, cells of fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium funiculosum or Trichoderma reesei, insect cells such as Sf9 cells, or even mammalian cells (in particular human) such as the HEK 293, PER-C6 or CHO cell lines.
- Said host cells may be in the stationary phase of growth, for example having left the culture medium.
- the enzymes E and or D, optionally the organic compound and optionally the common cofactor are expressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli.
- the CHMO and / or I ⁇ ARMO is expressed inside a strain of Escherichia coli such as, for example, Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).
- the transformation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is a technique well known to those skilled in the art, for example by lipofection, electroporation, heat shock, or by chemical methods.
- the expression vector and the method of introducing the expression vector into the host cell are selected depending on the chosen host cell.
- a transformed cell expressing a gene encoding a recombinant enzyme E and or D is obtained. It can be cultivated, in a culture / incubation step, to produce the enzyme E and / or D.
- the incubation / culture of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is a technique well known to those skilled in the art who can determine, for example, the culture medium or also the time and temperature conditions.
- an induction period - corresponding to an increased production of the enzyme E and or D - can be observed.
- a weak inducer such as for example arabinose for the vector pBad
- strong such as for example isopropyl bDl-thiogalactoside (IPTG) for the vectors pET22b, pRSF, etc.
- IPTG isopropyl bDl-thiogalactoside
- the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis technique or the Western blot technique can be used.
- expression vector is understood to mean a DNA molecule of reduced size into which it is possible to insert a nucleotide sequence of interest. It is possible to choose between several known expression vectors such as plasmids, cosmids, phages, etc. The vector is chosen in particular as a function of the cellular host used.
- the nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme E and / or D can be integrated into the genome of the host cell by any known method such as, for example, homologous recombination or even the CRISPR-Cas9 system, etc.
- the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis technique or the Western blot technique can be used.
- a step of isolation and possibly purification of the enzyme E and / or D can be carried out.
- the method according to the invention is not carried out in the presence of the host cells but by the enzyme E and / or D in solution in composition M, preferably in aqueous solution.
- the isolation and / or purification of said enzyme E and or D produced can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art. It may for example be a technique chosen from electrophoresis, molecular sieving, ultracentrifugation, differential precipitation, for example with ammonium sulphate, ultrafiltration, membrane or gel filtration, exchange of water. ions, separation by hydrophobic interactions, or affinity chromatography, for example of the IMAC type.
- the cell lysate can be obtained according to various known techniques such as sonication, pressure (French press), via the use of chemical agents (eg . triton) etc ...
- the lysate obtained corresponds to a crude extract of crushed cells.
- the present invention also relates to a composition
- a composition comprising:
- the invention also relates to the use of a mercaptan for the regeneration or recycling of a cofactor (enzymatic cofactor, in particular as defined above), preferably of a cofactor used in the enzymatic oxidation of a. sulfide.
- a cofactor enzymatic cofactor, in particular as defined above
- cofactor used in the enzymatic oxidation of a. sulfide.
- regeneration or “recycling” is meant in particular the change from an oxidized form to a reduced form of the cofactor or vice versa.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a mercaptan for the reduction of a disulfide bridge formed between two equivalents of an organic compound carrying at least one thiol group, said mercaptan preferably being converted into the corresponding disulfide.
- said disulfide bridge is formed by enzymatic catalysis, in particular as defined above for the enzyme D.
- the mercaptan is methylmercaptan and the organic compound is glutathione.
- This use of mercaptan is in particular provided as a route for regenerating or recycling a cofactor, in particular a cofactor used in the enzymatic oxidation of a sulphide.
- the invention also relates to a process for the enzymatic oxidation of a sulphide comprising a step of regeneration or recycling of a cofactor with a mercaptan.
- the present invention also relates to a process for the reduction by a mercaptan of a disulfide bridge formed between two equivalents of an organic compound carrying at least one thiol group, said mercaptan preferably being converted into the corresponding disulfide.
- a mercaptan of a disulfide bridge formed between two equivalents of an organic compound carrying at least one thiol group, said mercaptan preferably being converted into the corresponding disulfide.
- the sulphide, the oxidant, the organic compound, the enzyme E, the enzyme D, the cofactor, the mercaptan, the enzymatic and chemical reactions are as defined above, in particular in the context of the process of co-production according to the invention.
- Figure 1 represents the concentrations (in mM) of diethylsulfide (DES), of diethylsulfoxide (DESO) and of Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide (Disulfide) present in the reaction medium as a function of time (expressed in hours) , when the oxidation reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme CHMO.
- the elements of the cascade allowing the recycling of the NADP cofactor have also been added: the cells overexpressing the glutathione reductase (GR) of E. coli were added at the same concentration as the cells expressing CHMO, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was introduced in a catalytic amount and 2-mercaptoethanol at a double concentration relative to DES.
- DES diethylsulfide
- Disulfide Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide
- Figure 2 represents the concentrations (in mM) of diethylsulfoxide (DESO), of diethylsulfone (DES0 2 ) and of Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide (Disulfide) present in the reaction medium as a function of time (expressed in hours ), when the oxidation reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme CHMO.
- the elements of the cascade allowing the recycling of the NADP cofactor have also been added: cells overexpressing glutathione reductase (GR) d ⁇ . coli were added at the same concentration as the cells expressing CHMO, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was introduced in a catalytic amount and 2-mercaptoethanol at a double concentration relative to DESO.
- GR glutathione reductase
- GSSG oxidized glutathione
- Figure 3 shows the concentration (in mM) of diethyl sulfoxide (DESO) present in the reaction medium as a function of time (expressed in hours), when the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme CHMO.
- DSO diethyl sulfoxide
- 2-mercaptoethanol was replaced by methylmercaptan (MeSH) as proton donor.
- MeSH methylmercaptan
- the elements of the cascade allowing the recycling of the NADP cofactor have also been added: the cells overexpressing the glutathione reductase (GR) of E.
- coli were added at the same concentration as the cells expressing CHMO, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was introduced in a catalytic amount and MeSH is gradually added to the reaction medium at a rate of approximately 4 mmol / L / h.
- GSSG oxidized glutathione
- Figure 4 is an illustration of an enzyme cascade such as according to the invention.
- the mercaptan and the sulphide are introduced into a reaction medium comprising:
- Glutathione or Glutathione disulphide (corresponding to the dimer or to the organic compound comprising at least one thiol group).
- NADPH The common cofactor
- NADPH The common cofactor, NADPH, is concomitantly with the formation of sulfoxide or sulfone, oxidized to NADP +.
- the latter thanks to the presence of two molecules of Glutathione, is reduced again to NADPH, H +, the 2 molecules of Glutathione (2 GSH) giving Glutathione disulfide (GSSG).
- Glutathione disulfide through a chemical equilibrium, allows 2 molecules of mercaptans to be oxidized to the corresponding disulfide, thus regenerating 2 molecules of Glutathione.
- the following examples are given by way of illustration and are not limiting of the present invention.
- Example 1 Selective synthesis of diethylsulfoxide from diethylsulfide via the use of 2-mercaptoethanol.
- a strain of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) (sold by Merck Millipore) expressing the chnB gene inserted into the plasmid pET22b (sold by Promega, Qiagen) was constructed beforehand. It allows the heterologous expression of CycloHexanone MonoOxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter sp.
- CHMO CycloHexanone MonoOxygenase
- said strain contains both CHMO, the cofactors of CHMO which are NADP and FAD.
- IPTG isopropyl bDl-thiogalactoside
- a strain of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) (sold by Merck Millipore) expressing the gor gene inserted on the plasmid pET26b + (sold by Promega, Qiagen) was designed according to techniques known to those skilled in the art. It allows the heterologous expression of glutathione reductase (GR) from Escherichia coli.
- GR glutathione reductase
- said strain contains both GR and the GR cofactor which is NADP.
- the fresh cell pellets are taken up in 32 ml of a 0.1 mol / L phosphate buffer at pH 8.
- the cell concentration then obtained is 62 UDO / ml or else 20 gcps / L (with CPS: cells by dry weight) for cells overexpressing CHMO and GR.
- the reaction medium are taken and diluted in 1000 ⁇ L of an acetonitrile solution. After centrifugation (5 min, 12,500 g), the supernatant is injected in GC in order to quantitatively measure the diethylsulfoxide (DESO) and the Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide (Disulfide) formed during the reaction using a standard range beforehand. obtained. Under the conditions of the analysis carried out, the minimum concentration that can be measured is 50 pM.
- DOSE diethylsulfoxide
- Disulfide Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide
- a linear increase in the amount of DESO is measured over time without the sulfone (DESO 2 ) being detected.
- the initial sulphide oxidation rate is then 1 mmol of DES oxidized per liter of medium and per hour ( Figure 1).
- a similar amount of Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide is produced concomitantly with the production of DESO, which attests to the correct operation of the coupled GSSG / GR system for recycling the cofactor.
- the concentration of Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide as a function of time was determined after subtracting the background noise linked to the slow spontaneous oxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol (background noise determined in the presence of all the elements of the cascade (under the same conditions) with the exception of the cells overexpressing CHMO).
- the reaction catalyzed by CHMO is chemoselective, since the reaction to convert DESO to DESO 2 only occurs when DES is completely consumed. In other words, the sulfone does not form when there is DES in the reaction medium.
- the selectivity obtained is approximately 100%.
- DES is still present in the reaction medium, the sulfone is not detected with the analytical tools used.
- Example 2 Selective synthesis of diethylsulfone from diethylsulfoxide via the use of 2-mercaptoethanol as hydrogen donor.
- Example 2 The same strains as those described in Example 1 were used in this example, i.e. the strains overexpressing CHMO and GR of E. coli.
- Centrifugation is carried out (10 min, 5000 g, 4 ° C) and the pellets are then taken up in 32 mL of a 0.1 mol / L phosphate buffer, pH 8. A cell concentration of 62 UDO / mL (or approximately 20 gcps / L) of each strain is then used for the reaction assay.
- reaction medium 200 ⁇ L of the reaction medium are taken and diluted in 1000 ⁇ L of an acetonitrile solution. After centrifugation (5 min, 12,500 g), the supernatant is injected in GC in order to quantitatively measure the diethylsulfone (DES02) and the Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide (Disulfide) formed during the reaction using a standard range obtained previously.
- DES02 diethylsulfone
- disulfide Bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide
- a linear increase in the quantity of DES0 2 is measured over time.
- the initial rate of oxidation of the sulfoxide is then 0.75 mmol of DESO oxidized per liter of medium and per hour (FIG. 2).
- a similar quantity of 2-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide is produced concomitantly with the production of DESO 2 . Therefore, the added 2-mercaptoethanol does allow the NADP cofactor to be recycled via a cascade-dependent route.
- the background noise was deduced in the same way as in example 1.
- Example 3 Selective synthesis of diethylsulfoxide from diethylsulfide via the use of methylmercaptan (MeSH) as hydrogen donor.
- MeSH methylmercaptan
- the fresh cell pellets are taken up in 200 ml of a 0.1 mol / L phosphate buffer at pH 8.
- the cell concentration then obtained is 62 UDO / ml or else 20 gcps / L (with CPS: cells by dry weight) for cells overexpressing CHMO and GR.
- DES diethyl sulfide
- GSSG oxidized glutathione
- methylmercaptan is gradually added to the reaction medium by acidification with sulfuric acid of sodium methyl mercaptan (flow rate adjusted to approximately 4 mmol / L / h).
- pure diethylsulfide is gradually added at a rate of 40 pl_ h so as to ensure a constant concentration of DES and a bladder allows the regular addition of O 2 necessary for the conduct of the reaction.
- the reaction is initiated with stirring at a controlled temperature of 30 ° C.
- the reaction medium are taken and diluted in 1000 ⁇ L of an acetonitrile solution. After centrifugation (5 min, 12,500 g), the supernatant is injected in GC in order to quantitatively measure the diethylsulfoxide (DESO) and the diethylsulfone (DESO 2 ) potentially formed during the reaction using a standard range obtained previously. Under the conditions of the analysis carried out, the minimum concentration that can be measured is 50 pM.
- DMDS Dimethyldisulphide
- the reaction catalyzed by CHMO is chemoselective, because the reaction of transformation of DESO into DESO 2 does not occur since DES is present in the reaction medium throughout the reaction.
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|---|---|---|---|
| FR2002315A FR3107903B1 (fr) | 2020-03-09 | 2020-03-09 | Procédé chimio-enzymatique de coproduction d’un disulfure et d’un sulfoxyde ou d’une sulfone |
| PCT/FR2021/050362 WO2021181029A1 (fr) | 2020-03-09 | 2021-03-03 | Procédé chimio-enzymatique de coproduction d'un disulfure et d'un sulfoxyde ou d'une sulfone |
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| EP4118223A1 true EP4118223A1 (fr) | 2023-01-18 |
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| US (1) | US20230159447A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4118223A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7655932B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR102890220B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN115210384A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3107903B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2021181029A1 (fr) |
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| FR2532656B2 (fr) | 1982-06-02 | 1985-10-18 | Elf Bio Rech | Nouveau vecteur de clonage et d'expression, levure et bacterie transformees par ce vecteur |
| CN102884178B (zh) * | 2009-12-08 | 2014-12-03 | 科德克希思公司 | 拉唑化合物的合成 |
| CN105695425B (zh) * | 2014-11-26 | 2019-05-17 | 上海弈柯莱生物医药科技有限公司 | 一种环己酮单加氧酶及其在合成埃索美拉唑中的应用 |
| FR3041636B1 (fr) * | 2015-09-30 | 2018-11-16 | Arkema France | Procede de production de mercaptans par hydrogenolyse enzymatique de disulfures a l'aide d'hydrogene |
| FR3041658B1 (fr) | 2015-09-30 | 2017-10-20 | Arkema France | Procede de production de l-methionine |
| US10189779B2 (en) * | 2016-09-12 | 2019-01-29 | Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Lp | Methods for producing thiol compounds and sulfide compounds using diphenylamine or a phenol compound |
| CN108239618A (zh) * | 2016-12-23 | 2018-07-03 | 浙江京新药业股份有限公司 | 共表达环己酮单加氧酶和异丙醇脱氢酶的基因工程菌及其应用 |
| CN108570425B (zh) * | 2018-03-08 | 2019-07-09 | 华东理工大学 | 一种慢生根瘤菌单加氧酶及其在制备手性亚砜中的应用 |
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- 2021-03-03 KR KR1020227027631A patent/KR102890220B1/ko active Active
- 2021-03-03 WO PCT/FR2021/050362 patent/WO2021181029A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-03-03 EP EP21714648.9A patent/EP4118223A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-03-03 US US17/801,109 patent/US20230159447A1/en active Pending
- 2021-03-03 JP JP2022554930A patent/JP7655932B2/ja active Active
- 2021-03-03 CN CN202180018140.XA patent/CN115210384A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3107903B1 (fr) | 2023-05-05 |
| KR20220129024A (ko) | 2022-09-22 |
| US20230159447A1 (en) | 2023-05-25 |
| KR102890220B1 (ko) | 2025-11-21 |
| WO2021181029A1 (fr) | 2021-09-16 |
| JP7655932B2 (ja) | 2025-04-02 |
| FR3107903A1 (fr) | 2021-09-10 |
| JP2023517686A (ja) | 2023-04-26 |
| CN115210384A (zh) | 2022-10-18 |
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