EP4082056A1 - Festkörperlithiumionenleitermaterialien, pulver aus festkörperionenleitermaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung - Google Patents
Festkörperlithiumionenleitermaterialien, pulver aus festkörperionenleitermaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4082056A1 EP4082056A1 EP20792362.4A EP20792362A EP4082056A1 EP 4082056 A1 EP4082056 A1 EP 4082056A1 EP 20792362 A EP20792362 A EP 20792362A EP 4082056 A1 EP4082056 A1 EP 4082056A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- content
- lithium
- weight
- mol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title abstract description 98
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 title abstract description 60
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 52
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 51
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 56
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 61
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 32
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 32
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 58
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 55
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 55
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 52
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 50
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 34
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 28
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 27
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 25
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 25
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 16
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 13
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- -1 polysiloxanes Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000009837 dry grinding Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012703 sol-gel precursor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001370 static light scattering Methods 0.000 description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CVJYOKLQNGVTIS-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum;lithium;titanium(4+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CVJYOKLQNGVTIS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 210000003625 skull Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- YOBOXHGSEJBUPB-MTOQALJVSA-N (z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O YOBOXHGSEJBUPB-MTOQALJVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XNDZQQSKSQTQQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol Chemical compound CC1=CC(O)CCC1 XNDZQQSKSQTQQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- JGDITNMASUZKPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.Cl[Al](Cl)Cl JGDITNMASUZKPW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229940009861 aluminum chloride hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 238000000157 electrochemical-induced impedance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RBPQRWPSWRTKEC-UHFFFAOYSA-H lanthanum(3+) hexaacetate trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[La+3].[La+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O RBPQRWPSWRTKEC-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- AFCUGQOTNCVYSW-UHFFFAOYSA-H lanthanum(3+);tricarbonate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[La+3].[La+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O AFCUGQOTNCVYSW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002796 polystyrene sulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011970 polystyrene sulfonate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ILEXKRKTVIXABY-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);dicarbonate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Zr+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O ILEXKRKTVIXABY-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 2
- SXYRTDICSOVQNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOC(C)O SXYRTDICSOVQNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004812 Fluorinated ethylene propylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002227 LISICON Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012521 LiSbFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002228 NASICON Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910008257 Zr2Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[La] Chemical compound [Li].[La] RJEIKIOYHOOKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[S] Chemical compound [Li].[S] JDZCKJOXGCMJGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005280 amorphization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004814 ceramic processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004683 dihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HNCXPJFPCAYUGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F HNCXPJFPCAYUGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006112 glass ceramic composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O guanidinium Chemical compound NC(N)=[NH2+] ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IAQLJCYTGRMXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;acetate;dihydrate Chemical compound [Li+].O.O.CC([O-])=O IAQLJCYTGRMXMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[bis(dimethylamino)phosphinimyl]-n-methylmethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)P(=N)(N(C)C)N(C)C GKTNLYAAZKKMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000010399 physical interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- YHKRPJOUGGFYNB-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium;zirconium(4+);phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Zr+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YHKRPJOUGGFYNB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005463 sulfonylimide group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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Definitions
- Solid-state lithium ion conductor materials solid-state ion conductor material powders and methods for their manufacture
- the present invention relates to a powder with particles of lithium ion conductive material, the lithium ion conductor comprising the powder and a method for their production.
- the invention also relates to the use of the lithium ion conductor according to the invention, in particular in separators, anodes, cathodes, batteries and accumulators.
- the invention relates in particular to Festkör perionenleiter for use in batteries, in particular in lithium batteries, and a method for their production.
- Solid-state lithium ion conductors are of increasing interest because they allow the replacement of liquid electrolytes, which are often flammable or toxic, and thus improve the safety of lithium-based batteries.
- the integration into the battery usually takes place in powder form, whereby the solid-state conductor is either mixed with other battery components, e.g. active materials or polymers, and optionally sintered or sintered or pressed with other additives. In this case, however, high contact resistances often occur or only low conductivities are achieved in the sintered components.
- solid-state lithium ion conductors have the disadvantage that they already react with the moisture and carbon dioxide in the air during manufacture, which leads to the formation of lithium hydroxide and, in a downstream or parallel process, to the formation of lithium carbonate on the surface leads.
- This process is for example for lithium grenades in Duan et al., Solid State lonics (2016) 318, p. 45 described.
- lithium hydroxide formation is not a prerequisite for the formation of lithium carbonate.
- JP 2013-219017 A Another possibility is the removal of the water and the CO2 by means of a high temperature treatment, as described in JP 2013-219017 A, for example.
- this requires relatively high temperatures of> 650 ° C, at which lithium loss through evaporation and, in the case of powder, sintering can already occur.
- JP 2013-219017 A demonstrates the high temperature treatment on sintered pellets. Powders are only mentioned as a theoretical possibility and are not further characterized in terms of their properties. It is not clear whether and how the process can be carried out on powders.
- compositions that are less sensitive to reactions with the surrounding air have also been proposed, for example in JP 2017-061397 A.
- precisely lithium ion conductors which have a particularly high conductivity, due to the associated high conductivity Lithium mobility have a tendency to react with the air and especially with the moisture it contains. This is especially true for materials with a high lithium content.
- Another source of U2CO3 in solid-state ion conductors is the use of U2CO3 as a raw material in solid-state reactions. Due to the process, there may be residues of unreacted CO2 in the material.
- the formation of a lithium carbonate layer is deliberately promoted in order to achieve an improvement in the chemical or electrochemical stability, for example in US 2017/0214084 A1 or JP 2017-199539 A, neither of which relate to powders. To do this, however, it is necessary to control the carbonate content, which as a rule can only be achieved by low content in the basic processes, which can be guaranteed by the above-mentioned invention.
- JP 2014-220173 A and JP 2014-220175 A a lithium garnet material is described which contains carbon as a component of the crystal, which is disadvantageous because it is accompanied by increased electronic conductivity.
- the aging step carried out in a dry atmosphere is also disadvantageous.
- the particle surface can be loaded with carbon-containing, organic components (organic carbon).
- organic components organic carbon
- the grinding is carried out using the wet procedure in certain organic solvents as the grinding medium.
- the solvent molecules accumulate to a certain extent as a result of physical interaction on the surface of the particles formed.
- the adhering organic constituents are converted into elemental, soot-like or graphite-like carbon (elemental carbon).
- the resulting product e.g. B. the sintered membrane, a strong discoloration, which can appear from gray to black.
- the electrical conductivity of the product will be too high and that it will no longer be usable for use in the battery.
- temperature treatment under oxidizing conditions, ie in air or an oxygen atmosphere the effect of the formation of elemental carbon does not usually occur, since the organic components on the powder particle surfaces are burned to form carbon dioxide and water.
- the contact resistance to the electrode materials must also be small.
- the lithium ion conductor should be free of organic constituents on the surface of the powder particles or at least have a very low proportion of organic constituents, so that no elemental carbon can be formed or at least elemental carbon does not arise in significant quantities during its high-temperature treatment in a reducing atmosphere .
- the object is achieved by the subject matter of the patent claims.
- the object is achieved in particular by a powder whose particles consist of a lithium ion conductive material with a conductivity of at least 10 5 S / cm,
- the powder has an inorganic carbon content (English: Total Inorganic Carbon Content (TIC)) of less than 0.4 wt .-% and / or an organic carbon content (English: Total Organic Carbon Content (TOC)) of less than 0.1% by weight, the particle size when stated as the d50 value being in a range from 0.05 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, and where the particle size distribution log (d90 / d10) is less than 4.
- TIC Total Inorganic Carbon Content
- TOC Total Organic Carbon Content
- inorganic carbon content and “TIC content” or “organic carbon content” and “TOC content” are used synonymously according to the invention.
- conductivity “ ion conductivity, and “lithium ion conductivity are used to describe lithium ion conductivity, unless otherwise specified.
- electroconductive conductivity describes the electronic conductivity.
- the determination of the lithium ion conductivity is preferably carried out on solid samples. These can, for example, be prepared from a cooled melting body or the powder can be pressed and then sintered to form a pellet. The measurement is preferably carried out using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
- EIS electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- the lithium ion conductive material preferably has a conductivity of at least 5 * 10 5 S / cm, more preferably at least 1 * 10 4 S / cm, even more preferably at least 5 * 10 4 S / cm.
- the conductivity is preferably at most 10 1 S / cm, more preferably at most 10 2 S / cm. All information on the values of lithium ion conductivity are based on room temperature.
- the electronic conductivity should be as small as possible.
- the ratio of lithium ion conductivity to electronic conductivity is preferably at least 10,000: 1.
- the powder of the present invention preferably has a TIC content of less than 0.4% by weight.
- the TIC content is more preferably less than 0.35% by weight, more preferably less than 0.3% by weight, more preferably less than 0.25% by weight, more preferably less than 0.2 % By weight, more preferably less than 0.15% by weight, more preferably less than 0.1% by weight, more preferably less than 0.05% by weight, more preferably at most 0.04% by weight %, more preferably at most 0.03% by weight.
- a TIC content of at least 0.0001% by weight, at least 0.001% by weight or at least 0.01% by weight can be present in certain embodiments.
- the powder of the present invention preferably has a TOC content of less than 0.1% by weight.
- the TOC content is more preferably less than 0.0875% by weight, more preferably less than 0.075% by weight, more preferably less than 0.0625% by weight, more preferably less than 0.05% by weight.
- -% more preferably less than 0.0375% by weight, more preferably less than 0.025% by weight, more preferably less than 0.0125% by weight, more preferably at most 0.01% by weight, more preferably at most 0.00875% by weight.
- a TOC content of at least 0.0001% by weight or at least 0.001% by weight can be present in certain embodiments.
- the powder of the present invention preferably has a TIC content of less than 0.4% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.1% by weight. More preferably, the TIC content is less than 0.35% by weight and the TOC content is less than 0.0875% by weight.
- a TIC content of less than 0.3% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.075% by weight are more preferred, more preferably a TIC content of less than 0.25% by weight and a TOC Content of less than 0.0625% by weight, more preferably a TIC content of less than 0.2% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.05% by weight, more preferably a TIC Content of less than 0.15% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.0375% by weight, more preferably a TIC content of less than 0.1% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.025% by weight, more preferably a TIC content of less than 0.05% by weight and a TOC content of less than 0.0125% by weight, more preferably a TIC content of at most 0 .04% by weight and a TOC content of at most 0.01% by weight, more preferably a TIC content of at most 0.03% by weight and a TOC content of at most 0.00875% by weight %.
- the TIC + TOC content is calculated as the sum of the TIC content and the TOC content.
- the powder of the present invention preferably has a TIC + TOC content of less than 0.5% by weight.
- the TIC + TOC content is more preferably less than 0.4375% by weight, more preferably less than 0.375% by weight, more preferably less than 0.3125% by weight, more preferably less than 0.25% by weight %, more preferably less than 0.1875% by weight, more preferably less than 0.125% by weight, more preferably less than 0.0625% by weight, more preferably at most 0.05% by weight, more preferably at most 0.03875% by weight.
- a TIC + TOC content of at least 0.0001% by weight, at least 0.001% by weight or at least 0.01% by weight can be present in certain embodiments.
- the TIC and TOC content are preferably determined using temperature-fractionated carbon phase analysis according to DIN19539: 2016-12. Since the TIC content is essentially determined by the carbonate content, the TIC content is a good measure of the carbonate content.
- the low TIC content of the powders of the present invention is advantageous since a high lithium carbonate content is associated with poorly reproducible results and can lead to lithium depletion in the material, which in turn leads to a considerable loss of conductivity.
- the powder according to the invention comprises U2O.
- the quotient of the inorganic carbon content (in% by weight) and the LhO content (in mol%) of the powder is preferably less than 80 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 70 ppm / mol%, further preferably less than 60 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 50 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 40 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 30 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 25 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 20 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 15 ppm / mol%.
- the quotient is determined by dividing the TIC content (in% by weight) by the LhO content (in mol%). With a TIC content of 0.04% by weight (400 ppm) and a U2O content of 40 mol% in the powder, for example, there would be a quotient of 400 ppm TIC per 40 mol% U2O, i.e. a quotient of 10 ppm / mol%. It can be assumed that the hygroscopic behavior and the tendency towards carbonate loading of the solid-state ion conductor material is essentially caused by the Li contained therein. Since this is available in different contents depending on the material, it makes sense to standardize the TIC content to the U2O content.
- the quotient of the organic carbon content (in% by weight) and the LhO content (in mol%) of the powder is preferably less than 20 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 17.5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 15 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 12.5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 10 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 7.5 ppm / mol%, more preferred less than 6.25 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 3.75 ppm / mol%.
- the quotient is determined by dividing the TOC content (in% by weight) by the LhO content (in mol%). With a TOC content of 0.04% by weight (400 ppm) and an LhO content of 40 mol% in the powder, for example, there would be a quotient of 400 ppm TOC per 40 mol% U2O, ie a quotient of 10 ppm / mol%.
- the quotient of the TIC + TOC content (in% by weight) and the LhO content (in mol%) of the powder is preferably less than 100 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 87.5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 75 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 62.5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 50 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 37.5 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 31.25 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 25 ppm / mol%, more preferably less than 18.75 ppm / mol%.
- the quotient is determined by dividing the TIC + TOC content (in% by weight) by the LhO content (in mol%). With a TIC + TOC content of 0.04% by weight (400 ppm) and an LhO content of 40 mol% in the powder, for example, a quotient of 400 ppm TIC + TOC per 40 mol% U2O would result a quotient of 10 ppm / mol%.
- the particle size of the powder according to the invention given as d50 value, is in a range from 0.05 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.2 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m. Very small particle sizes are not technically advantageous.
- the particle sizes are limited, among other things, for some applications, for example when the particles are to be integrated into very thin membrane components.
- the specific surface area decreases reciprocally with increasing particle diameter, so that very large particle sizes are not advantageous.
- Advantages of the claimed particle sizes are in particular the low contact resistance and good sinterability.
- the sinterability increases sharply with the specific surface area and thus decreases with increasing particle size.
- the d50 value indicates that 50% of the particles are smaller than the specified value.
- the particle size denotes the diameter of the particles.
- the particle sizes are preferably measured using the static light scattering method, in particular on a CILAS type 1064 particle size measuring device.
- the measurement is preferably carried out in isopropanol (refractive index: 1.33) as the medium and evaluated according to the Fraunhofer method .
- the particle sizes are preferably determined in accordance with ISO 13320: 2009-12-01.
- the grain size distribution is given as log (d90 / d10) and according to the invention is smaller than 4, preferably smaller than 3, preferably smaller than 2.
- the information "d90” and “d10” indicate that 90% (d90) and 10% ( d10) the particles are smaller than the specified value, the particle size denoting the diameter of the particles.
- the indication “log” denotes the logarithm to the base 10.
- the grain size distribution according to the invention is advantageous with regard to the homogeneity of the powder. Narrow size distributions show a relatively strict correlation with the specific surface area of the particle collective. This can be better adjusted if the powder production processes provide narrower size distributions. Narrow distributions are also advantageous with regard to some application-related issues. So is a so-called "oversized grain", i. H. the presence of a few very large particles, which is a disadvantage when producing very thin membrane components.
- the powder according to the invention preferably has a specific surface area of at least 0.05 m 2 / g, more preferably of at least 0.1 m 2 / g.
- the powder of the present invention preferably has a water content of at most 30% by weight, more preferably of at most 25% by weight, more preferably of at most 20% by weight, more preferably of at most 15% by weight, more preferably of at most 10% by weight, more preferably at most 5% by weight, more preferably at most 3% by weight, more preferably added at most 2.6% by weight, more preferably at most 1.5% by weight, more preferably at most 1.0% by weight, more preferably at most 0.5% by weight, more preferably at most 0.2% by weight .-%, more preferably at most 0.1% by weight.
- the water content is preferably determined with the temperature-fractionated carbon phase analysis according to DIN19539: 2016-12.
- the powder is continuously brought from room temperature to a maximum of 1200 ° C via a temperature ramp in a stream of air or oxygen.
- the organic components burn out in the temperature range between 200 and 400 ° C, producing CO2 and H2O.
- H2O which comes as a product from the combustion of organic matter.
- the electronic conductivity should be at least 4 to 5 orders of magnitude lower in order to avoid self-discharge of the battery.
- chemical resistance to all materials used in the battery is expected, in particular to metallic lithium.
- electrochemical stability when charging and discharging (cycling) the battery. Only a few known materials meet such requirements. These include, on the one hand, sulfidic systems with the main components lithium, phosphorus and sulfur, on the other hand, oxidic systems (oxidic materials) with NaSICon or garnet-like crystal phases.
- oxide materials are materials with an oxide content of at least 70 mol%, preferably at least 90 mol%, or materials that essentially consist of oxides.
- Sulphidic materials in this context means materials with a sulphide content of at least 70 mol%, preferably at least 90 mol%, or materials which essentially consist of sulphides. Sulphidic compositions such as Li-SP, Li2S-B2S3-Li4Si04 or U2S-P2S5-P2O5U-SP and L12S-P2S5-P2O5 are often produced by grinding the starting materials under protective gas and subsequent temperature treatment (also usually under protective gas) (see US 2005/0107239 A1, US 2009/0159839 A1).
- oxide solid-state ion conductors such as lithium lanthane zirconate (LLZO), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), LiSICon and / or NaSICon, are preferred in the present invention.
- the lithium ion-conducting material of the present invention preferably has a structure which is selected from the group consisting of a garnet structure, LiSICon structure and NaSICon structure.
- LiSICon stands for the English expression “Lithium Super Ionic Conductor”.
- NaSICon stands for the expression "Sodium Super Ionic Conductor”.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the present invention preferably comprises the following components in the specified proportions (in% by weight on an oxide basis):
- the lithium ion conductive material preferably comprises the following components in the specified proportions (in% by weight on an oxide basis):
- the lithium ion conductive material preferably comprises lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) and / or lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP).
- LLZO lithium lanthanum zirconate
- LATP lithium aluminum titanium phosphate
- a particularly preferred lithium ion-conductive material of the present invention is Li 1 + xy M y + M x + M 2-xy (P0 4 ) 3 , where x and y are in the range from 0 to 1, (1 + x - y)> 1 and M is a cation of valence +3, +4 or +5.
- the stated formula relates to LATP, among other things, and also corresponds to the NaSICon structure.
- LATP represents a lithium-ion conductor with a NaSICon structure.
- M 5+ is preferably Ta 5+ or Nb 5+ .
- M 3+ is preferably Al 3+ , Cr 3 * ,
- M 4+ is preferably Ti 4+ , Zr 4 , Si 4+ or Ge 4+ .
- Another particularly preferred lithium ion-conducting material of the present invention is Li 7 + x + y Mx M "l x M2- y M y 0 12 , where M" is a divalent cation, M IN is a trivalent cation, M IV is a tetravalent cation, M v represents a pentavalent cation, where preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, more preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2, and particularly preferably 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.
- the sum formula mentioned relates, inter alia, to LLZO.
- the present invention also relates to a lithium ion conductor comprising the powder of the present invention.
- the powder can be incorporated into a polymer electrolyte or polyelectrolyte, for example as a filler.
- the resulting composite material is referred to as a hybrid electrolyte.
- the lithium ion conductor of the present invention can therefore be a hybrid electrolyte which, in addition to the powder according to the invention, comprises at least one polymer electrolyte and / or polyelectrolyte.
- Crosslinked or uncrosslinked polymers are preferably used.
- the polymer is selected from the group comprising polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylonitrile, polyester, polypropylene oxide, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymer, polyethylene oxide crosslinked with trifunctional urethane, poly (bis (methoxyethoxyethoxide)) phosphazene (MEEP), triol-like polyethylene oxide cross-linked with difunctional urethane, poly ((oligo) oxethylene) methacrylate-co-alkali metal methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polymethylacrylonitrile (PMAN), polysiloxanes and their copolymers and derivatives, polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene chloride and their Copolymers and derivatives, poly (chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly (ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly (fluorinated ethylene-propylene), acrylate-based polymers, their condensed or crosslinked combinations, and /
- the polymer preferably contains at least one lithium ion-containing compound, preferably at least one lithium salt, in particular lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI).
- the lithium ion-containing compound is preferably used as a lithium ion-conducting connection.
- the polymer can comprise one or more such compounds.
- Suitable lithium salts are selected, for example, from the group comprising LiAsF6, UCI0 4 , LiSbFe, LiPtCle, LiAICL, LiGaCL, LiSCN, LiAI0 4 , UCF3CF2SO3, Li (CF 3 ) S0 3 (LiTf), LiC (S0 2 CF 3 ) 3 , phosphate-based Lithium salts, preferably UPF 6 , LiPF3 (CF3) 3 (LiFAP) and LiPF 4 (C 2 0 4 ) (LiTFOB), borate-based lithium salts, preferably L1BF4, LiB (C 2 0 4 ) 2 (LiBOB), LiBF 2 (C 2 0 4 ) (LiDFOB), LiB (C 2 0 4 ) (C30 4 ) (LiMOB), Li (C 2 F 5 BF 3 ) (LiFAB) and Li 2 B 12 F 12 (LiDFB) and / or lithium salts of sul
- a polyelectrolyte can alternatively also be used.
- These are preferably polymers, e.g. B. polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), which carries Li + as a counterion or polymerized ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyridinium, phosphonium or guanidinium, which carry a discrete number of chemically bonded, ioni's groups and are intrinsically lithium ion conductive for this reason.
- PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- the material can be sintered at high temperature to form a (purely) inorganic, ion-conducting shaped body.
- an inorganic, ceramic solid ion conductor can thereby be obtained.
- the lithium ion conductor of the present invention can be a ceramic solid ion conductor.
- the lithium ion conductor of the present invention preferably has at least one crystalline and at least one (X-ray) amorphous phase, in particular precisely one crystalline and precisely one (X-ray) amorphous phase. Lithium ion conductors without an (X-ray) amorphous phase are, however, also according to the invention.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the lithium ion conductor, for example in a separator, an anode, a cathode, a battery and / or a rechargeable battery.
- the lithium ion conductor can be used in all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), lithium-air or lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium polymer batteries and combinations thereof.
- ASSB all-solid-state batteries
- the invention relates on the one hand to the use of the lithium ion conductor as a separator. Inserted between the electrodes, the separator protects them from an undesired short circuit and thereby ensures the functionality of the overall system.
- the lithium ion conductor can be applied as a layer to one or both electrodes or integrated into the battery as a free-standing membrane as a solid electrolyte.
- compounding with the electrode active materials is also according to the invention.
- this is preferably done by including the active electrode material in the hybrid electrolyte formulation.
- compounding is preferably carried out by co-sintering with the electrode active material.
- the solid electrolyte transports the relevant charge carriers (lithium ions and electrons) to the electrode materials and to the lead electrodes or away - depending on whether the battery is being discharged or charged.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing the powder of the present invention according to the invention.
- the procedure consists of the following steps: a) Provision of a raw product with the help of a hot process, which comprises temperatures of at least 900 ° C, and b) Comminution of the raw product with the exclusion of CC> 2 sources and / or with the exclusion of organic carbon sources.
- a crude product is provided with the aid of a hot process which comprises temperatures of at least 900.degree.
- the hot process preferably comprises temperatures of at least 950 ° C, more preferably at least 1000 ° C, more preferably at least 1050 ° C.
- the high temperatures are advantageous, since the carbonate decomposition starts to a noticeable extent from 900 ° C and is then in full swing at even higher temperatures. It is a particular advantage of the present invention that a particularly low inorganic carbon content can be achieved by using such high temperatures, even if U2CO3 is used as a raw material.
- the hot process must be carried out at temperatures> 900 ° C in order to achieve carbonate-free lithium ion conductor materials, ie low TIC contents.
- a subsequent comminution process can theoretically be carried out optionally, but is usually necessary in practice, since hot processing at the temperatures mentioned normally leads to granular powder forms whose particle size distribution is outside the specified range.
- the shredding can be done dry or wet. In any case, it must be ensured that the material is not loaded. In the case of dry grinding, this means that grinding is carried out with a CO2-free process gas, nitrogen, and decarbonised air.
- dry grinding may only be carried out with inorganic additive materials - or only with those organic-based variants that are highly volatile. Wet grinding should only take place in water as the grinding medium.
- An organic-free material is a prerequisite for sintering under reducing conditions. The conversion of the corresponding residues into elemental carbon must be avoided in this case. If the sintering temperatures are above 900 ° C, the presence of carbonate would even be tolerable because the latter would also decompose under the conditions mentioned.
- the hot process is preferably selected from the group consisting of (i) melt, (ii) reactive sintering, (iii) calcination of sol-gel precursors and (iv) bottom-up synthesis in the pulsation reactor.
- the melt is in particular a glass-based melt.
- LLZO and / or LATP via reactive sintering in particular at temperatures of at least 900.degree. C., preferably at least 950.degree. C., more preferably at least 1000.degree. C., further preferably at least 1050.degree. C., may be mentioned as examples.
- Temperatures of at least 900 ° C., preferably at least 950 ° C., more preferably at least 1000 ° C., more preferably at least 1050 ° C. are also particularly advantageous in order to convert the sol-gel precursor into the desired end product during the calcination.
- the raw product can be ceramized by the temperature treatment with the formation of a crystal phase.
- a cubic structure is particularly preferred. These structures are not limited to the production of sol-gel precursors by calcination, but can also be obtained during production from the melt, during reactive sintering and during bottom-up synthesis in the pulsation reactor.
- the starting materials are preferably dissolved in distilled water.
- Preferred starting materials for the provision of LLZO are zirconium acetylacetonate, lanthanum acetate sesquihydrate, lithium macetate dihydrate and aluminum chloride hexahydrate.
- the reaction mixture containing the starting materials is preferably stirred for a period of 8 to 16 hours, preferably 12 hours, at room temperature, ie at 20 ° C to 25 ° C.
- the solvent is then preferably removed by evaporation, for example with a rotary evaporator.
- the subsequent calcination at temperatures of at least 900 ° C., preferably at least 950 ° C., more preferably at least 1000 ° C., more preferably at least 1050 ° C. is preferably carried out for a time of more than 5 hours, more preferably for a period of 6 up to 8 hours.
- This is not only advantageous for the formation of the desired crystal phases, but also for the further reduction of both the TOC and the TIC content, the reduction of the TOC content being largely completed at temperatures between 400 and 600 ° C.
- the reduction in the TIC content only begins to a significant extent at temperatures of 900 ° C and more.
- the calcination is preferably carried out under C0 2 -free, synthetic air. This makes it possible to avoid reloading the material, in particular LLZO or LATP, with water and in particular CO2 from the atmosphere.
- the starting materials are preferably dissolved in nitric acid.
- zirconium carbonate hydrate, lanthanum carbonate hydrate, lithium carbonate and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate are preferably used as starting materials.
- the reaction mixture containing the starting materials is preferably stirred for a period of 8 to 16 hours, preferably 12 hours, at room temperature, ie at 20 ° C. to 25 ° C. and then conveyed into a pulsating stream of hot gas and there via a nozzle into the interior of the Re actuator atomized and thermally treated there.
- An oscillating oxyhydrogen gas flame is preferably generated in the combustion chamber, in particular one that has a slightly oxidizing character.
- the H 2 / O 2 volume flow ratio is preferably in a range from 1.5 / 1 to 2/1, more preferably 1.85 / 1.
- the oxyhydrogen flame is particularly advantageous due to the fact that it is C0 2 -free and is therefore preferable to an alternatively replaceable town gas flame.
- Temperatures of 900 ° C. and higher are preferably to be selected here. Under these conditions, carbonate can also be decomposed, which may have formed in the intermediate product as a result of the use of city or liquid gas.
- the use of town gas or liquefied petroleum gas is therefore also possible, please include.
- the temperature of the resonance tube is preferably in a range from 750.degree. C. to 900.degree. C., particularly preferably 800.degree. C. to 850.degree.
- the powder obtained (in particular LLZO or LATP powder) is then preferably brought to a temperature in a C0 2 -free oxygen atmosphere of at least 900 ° C, preferably at least 950 ° C, more preferably at least 1000 ° C, more preferably at least 1050 ° C.
- the powder particles can be compressed.
- the TIC content can be further reduced by the high temperatures.
- the mass fraction of CO2 in the CC> 2-free oxygen atmosphere is preferably not more than 300 ppm, more preferably not more than 200 ppm, more preferably not more than 100 ppm, more preferably not more than 50 ppm.
- the use of CC> 2-free atmosphere (be it air, oxygen, but also nitrogen) is helpful, but not absolutely necessary.
- the TIC content begins to decrease significantly with the release of CO2 - even if CO2 is present in the atmosphere in proportions, as is usual in a normal atmosphere. At the temperatures mentioned, this delays the decomposition reaction somewhat, but does not prevent it.
- the crude product provided according to step a) is preferably in the form of a monolithic block, chunks, (broken) ribbon (ribbons), grits, frit, flakes or coarse powder.
- step b) of the process according to the invention the crude product is comminuted with the exclusion of C0 2 sources. In other words, it ensures that the grist does not come into contact with CO2 from the air or from other potential C0 2 sources.
- the grinding can be achieved by dry or wet grinding.
- Step b) can be a single step. Alternatively, step b) can also comprise two or more comminution steps.
- step b) the raw product is converted into powder form with the desired particle size and grain size distribution.
- the comminution step b) preferably comprises one or more of the following steps: b1) comminution with the aid of a hammer and chisel, b2) comminution with the help of jaw crushers, ball and / or hammer mills, b3) comminution with the help of ball, impact and / or planetary mills, b4) comminution with the help of counter jet mills, dry and / or operated with process gases or steam Wet ball mills, dry and / or wet agitator ball mills and / or by high-energy grinding in high-kinetic rotor ball mills.
- the comminution step b) particularly preferably comprises step b4).
- High-kinetic rotor ball mills are characterized in that the grinding media in these mills are preferably brought to speeds of up to 15 m / s, more preferably up to 20 m / s. Speeds of more than 5 m / s, more preferably more than 10 m / s, are preferred.
- Step b1) relates in particular to the comminution of monolithic blocks.
- Step b2) particularly concerns the comminution of raw products in the form of chunks or (broken) ribbons.
- Step b3) relates in particular to the comminution of grits, frits, flakes or coarse powders, preferably those with particle sizes in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm when stated as the d50 value.
- Step b4) relates in particular to the comminution of coarse powders, preferably those with particle sizes in the range from 0.05 mm to ⁇ 1 mm when stated as the d50 value.
- the particle size is preferably determined via analytical sieving.
- the powder to be tested is placed on a sieve tower, which consists of a cascade of sieves with different tissue fineness (above coarse and below fine tissue). It will let the various sieves pass by moving the sieves in a suitable manner (shaking, swinging, etc.). If the particles are too large for a fabric with a certain fineness, they are retained by the corresponding fabric and no longer fall. In this way, the powder is separated into different size fractions. In the case of non-spherical particles with a significant aspect ratio, the point with the smallest geometrical width (in the projection direction) is decisive for the meshability.
- the particle size distribution is determined on finer coarse powders (with a particle size ⁇ 100 ⁇ m) using the static light scattering method. This determination of the particle sizes is preferably carried out in accordance with ISO 13320: 2009-12-01.
- a CO 2 -free atmosphere for example under an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, in decarbonized or synthetic air, or in a (preferably pure) oxygen atmosphere, etc.
- a CO 2 -free atmosphere for example under an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, in decarbonized or synthetic air, or in a (preferably pure) oxygen atmosphere, etc.
- the mass fraction of CO2 in the CC-free atmosphere is preferably at most 300 ppm, more preferably at most 200 ppm, more preferably at most 100 ppm, more preferably at most 50 ppm.
- a grinding additive can be added to the ground material in the course of dry grinding with the aim of reducing agglomerate formation.
- this additive is based on an inorganic compound (e.g. use of fumed silica, which is amorphous S1O2).
- Such additives can be, for example, low molecular weight alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol) or ketones (acetone, ethyl methyl ketone).
- organic-based additives can also be added to the process, as long as they are sufficiently volatile and do not lead to any adhesion of organic residues on the surface of the powder particles made of the lithium ion-conducting material.
- solid-state ion conductors that are to be sintered under reducing conditions, this is absolutely necessary - regardless of the temperature used during sintering.
- solid body perion conductors that are to be incorporated into hybrid electrolytes, however, not necessarily. Targeted modification with selected organic residues may even be helpful here. In the end, you may not even be able to do without it.
- wet-operated processes are in particular those in which the crude product is processed in a suspension of a maximum of 60% by volume, more preferably a maximum of 40% by volume, particularly preferably a maximum of 30% by volume, solids content becomes.
- the fluid phase serves as protection against C0 2 contact from the atmosphere, but should itself - both in the said comminution step and in a potentially downstream processing step (e.g. temperature treatment) - not a source for the accumulation of organic residues and / or be C0 2 formation.
- the fluid phase can, for example, be water.
- the fluid phase is preferably not an organic solvent, in particular not isopropanol.
- the fluid phase should not be a source for the accumulation of organic residues on the particle surface and / or for the formation of CO2 and, after its reaction with the solid ion conductor material, for carbonate formation.
- the CO2 formed as a reaction product is captured by the lithium ion conductor material, which is usually (very) basic in character, with the formation of carbonate. It is no longer possible to remove it in the subsequent sintering step, as the temperatures in this case are below the 900 ° C required for this. This would only be possible again at higher sintering temperatures.
- the fluid phase is preferably not an organic solvent.
- the fluid phase is preferably water.
- the comminution according to step b4) takes place, for example, with the aid of an opposed jet mill operated with process gases.
- Nitrogen gas is a particularly preferred process gas.
- the process gas is used with an application of pressure in a range from 4 bar to 8 bar, in particular from 5 bar to 7 bar.
- the comminution according to step b4) can also take place, for example, with the aid of a ball mill, in particular with a dry ball mill.
- the comminution preferably takes place under a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
- the grinding media used are preferably cylindrical ALCh grinding media, preferably Cylpebs, in particular with a diameter in a range from 15 mm to 25 mm, for example 21 mm.
- the grinding media can be separated from the powder according to the invention by sieving.
- the comminution according to step b4) can, for example, also take place with the aid of a wet agitator ball mill.
- Water is particularly suitable as a liquid grinding medium for producing a dispersion of the crude product.
- ZrC grinding balls for example, can be used as grinding media. are set, especially those with a diameter of about 1 mm.
- the comminution takes place in a grinding slip composed of the crude product, liquid grinding medium and optionally dispersing agent added for stabilization.
- a dispersant is preferably dispensed with, so that the grinding slip preferably only consists of the crude product to be ground and the liquid grinding medium.
- the grinding media which are also present, are by definition not referred to as part of the grinding slip.
- the grinding slip is subjected to drying, in particular freeze drying, for example at a temperature in a range from -20 ° C to -40 ° C, preferably -30 ° C, and a pressure in a range from 0.5 to 1.0 bar.
- drying in particular freeze drying, for example at a temperature in a range from -20 ° C to -40 ° C, preferably -30 ° C, and a pressure in a range from 0.5 to 1.0 bar.
- the frozen water can be gradually sublimed off from the solid slip residue, for example over a period of around 10 to 30 hours, preferably 20 hours.
- the method according to the invention for producing the lithium ion-conducting powder can in addition to steps a) and b) comprise one or more further steps.
- the method preferably comprises the following step: c) separating a powder fraction from the powder obtained in step b) with the aid of a sifter and / or a cyclone.
- Step c) also takes place with the exclusion of CC> 2 sources.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of the temperature-fractionated carbon phase analysis according to DIN 19539 of comparative example 7.
- the temperature profile used in the analysis is shown as a solid line and relates to the right y-axis.
- the TIC content is shown as a hatched area with a dashed border and relates to the left y-axis.
- the x-axis shows the time in seconds.
- FIG. 2 shows the results of the temperature-fractionated carbon phase analysis according to DIN 19539 of exemplary embodiment 3 according to the invention.
- the temperature profile used in the analysis is shown as a solid line and relates to the right y-axis.
- the TIC content is shown as a hatched area with a dashed border and relates to the left y-axis.
- the x-axis shows the time in seconds.
- FIG. 3 shows the results of the temperature-fractionated carbon phase analysis according to DIN 19539 of comparative example 9.
- the temperature profile used in the analysis is shown as a solid line and relates to the right y-axis.
- the TOC content is shown as a hatched area with a dashed border and relates to the left y-axis.
- the x-axis shows the time in seconds.
- Carbonate-free LLZO powder can be melted as described below using U 2 CO 3 as raw material:
- a so-called skull crucible is used, as described, for example, in DE 19939 782 C1.
- Skull technology uses a water-cooled crucible in which a cooler protective layer is formed from the material to be melted during the melt. As a result, no crucible material is dissolved during the melting process.
- the energy input into the melt is implemented by means of high-frequency coupling into the molten material via the surrounding induction coil.
- One condition is that the melt has sufficient conductivity, which in the case of lithium garnet melts is given by the high lithium content. During the melting process, lithium evaporation occurs, which can easily be corrected by an excess of lithium.
- I_a 2 C> 3 , U 2 CO 3 , Nb 2 0s and ZrC> 2 were used as a mixture to produce an Nb-doped lithium lanthane zirconate with a nominal composition of Li 7 + x La 3 Zri , 5 Nbo , 5 0i 2 to manufacture.
- the raw materials were mixed according to the composition and filled into the skull crucible, which was open at the top.
- the mixture first had to be preheated in order to achieve a certain minimum conductivity. A burner heater was used for this. After the coupling temperature had been reached, further heating and homogenization of the melt was achieved by high-frequency coupling via the induction coil.
- the mixture was stirred with a water-cooled stirrer. After complete homogenization, direct samples were taken from the melt, while the rest of the melt was cooled more slowly by switching off the high frequency.
- the material produced in this way can in principle be converted into a glass-ceramic material with a garnet-like main crystal phase either by direct solidification from the melt or by quenching, followed by a temperature treatment (ceramization).
- the samples taken directly from the melt showed spontaneous crystallization regardless of the cooling, so that a subsequent ceramization treatment could be dispensed with.
- Comminution can be carried out, for example, as in one of Examples 2 to 4.
- 1 kg of coarsely broken lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide powder with a grain size of ⁇ 63 ⁇ m is dispersed in 2.33 L of water with as little agglomerate as possible using a dissolver.
- the suspension is then poured into the reservoir of an agitator ball mill and ground using a grinding chamber with a pin mill agitator using the multi-pass procedure for 2.5 h.
- the grinding chamber is filled with grinding balls made of ZrÜ2 (degree of filling: 74%), which have a diameter of around 1 mm.
- the grinding is ended when 50% of the particles present in the grinding slip have a diameter of approximately 0.78 ⁇ m, 90% a diameter of approximately 1.63 ⁇ m and 99% a diameter of approximately 2.71 ⁇ m.
- the grinding slip is subjected to drying in a freeze dryer. For this purpose, it is first poured over a large area into product trays intended for the purpose and then frozen in vacuo at 0.5 to 1.0 bar at a temperature of -30 ° C. Subsequent successive heating of the bottom of the product tray gently and gradually sublimates the frozen water from the solid slip residue over a period of around 20 hours.
- the sum of the TOC and TIC content of the LLZO powder ground wet in water is determined to be 0.4%, the detected carbon being predominantly inorganic carbon .
- the water content is determined to be 25%.
- the total carbon content is congruent with the sum of the TOC and TIC content, as there is no EC (elemental carbon) contribution.
- the LLZO powder is immediately after freeze-drying placed in an N20 / H furnace from Nabertherm, through which nitrogen gas flows, and baked for 4 hours at 700 ° C.
- the LLZO powder is removed from the cooled furnace, which is flowed through with nitrogen gas, and vacuum-packed directly in bags made of metallized polyethylene.
- the TIC content of the LLZO powder is determined to be 0.09%, the water content 0.8%.
- the total carbon content is congruent with the TIC, as there are no TOC and EC contributions.
- the ground material was then separated from the grinding media by sieving in a mobile Captair® Pyramid brand glove box under a nitrogen gas atmosphere with a humidity of ⁇ 2% and vacuum-packed directly in bags made of metallized polyethylene.
- the TIC content of the LLZO powder comminuted on the ball mill using nitrogen as the process gas is determined to be 0.03% and the water content 0.1%. In this case, too, the total carbon content and TIC are identical again. TOC and EC contributions cannot be proven.
- the solution is conveyed with the aid of a hose pump into a pulsating stream of hot gas with a volume flow of 3 kg / h, where it is finely atomized through a 1.8 mm titanium nozzle into the interior of the reactor, where it is thermally treated.
- a hose pump into a pulsating stream of hot gas with a volume flow of 3 kg / h, where it is finely atomized through a 1.8 mm titanium nozzle into the interior of the reactor, where it is thermally treated.
- the temperature of the resonance tube is kept at 825 ° C.
- the predominantly amorphous, powdery intermediate product generated in the pulsating stream of hot gas is filled into a cuboid corundum crucible and placed in a chamber furnace.
- the annealing material is brought to a temperature of 1050 ° C. in the furnace in a C0 2 -free oxygen atmosphere for complete conversion into the desired crystalline LLZO phase.
- the TIC content of the LLZO powder produced in the pulsating stream of hot gas which in turn was generated using an oxyhydrogen flame, is 0.06% and the water content 0.9%.
- the total carbon content and TIC content are again identical here.
- aqueous sol-gel precursor 22.9 g (0.047 mol) of zirconium acetylacetonate are dissolved in at least 100 mL (5.56 mol) of distilled water.
- 24.0 g (0.07 mol) of lanthanum acetate sesquihydrate are dissolved in another reaction vessel in 100 mL (5.56 mol) of distilled water.
- 18.4 g (0.18 mol) of lithium acetate dihydrate and 1.4 g (0.0058 mol) of aluminum chloride hexahydrate are dissolved in 50 mL (2.78 mol) of distilled water in a third reaction vessel.
- a rotary evaporator is preferably used to remove the solvent. With a water bath temperature of 90 ° C and continuous pressure reduction, rapid narrowing of the preliminary stage is possible.
- the intermediate product obtained (precursor powder or resin) is calcined in a crucible in the radiation furnace.
- temperatures of at least 1000 ° C. and a holding time of more than 5 hours are advantageous here. 1000 ° C and 7 Hours can be specified.
- all carbonate components that are introduced with the precursor compound or are formed in the solution and in the dried precursors or are still intermediate in the initial stage of the calcination are decomposed as a result of the action of temperature.
- the furnace is filled with CO2-free synthetic air during the calcination applied.
- 1 kg of coarsely broken lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide powder with a grain size of ⁇ 63 ⁇ m is dispersed in 2.33 L isopropanol using a dissolver and is as free from agglomerates as possible.
- the suspension is then poured into the reservoir of an agitator ball mill and ground using a grinding chamber with a pin mill agitator using the multi-pass mode for 2.5 h.
- the grinding chamber is filled with grinding balls made of ZrÜ2 (degree of filling: 74%), which have a diameter of around 1 mm.
- the grinding is ended when 50% of the particles present in the grinding slip have a diameter of approximately 1.64 ⁇ m, 90% a diameter of approximately 5.01 ⁇ m and 99% a diameter of approximately 7.83 ⁇ m.
- the particle sizes are measured using the static light scattering method on a 1064 type particle size measuring device from CILAS. The measurement is carried out in isopropanol (refractive index: 1.33) as the medium and evaluated according to the Frau
- the grinding slip is subjected to drying on a rotary evaporator. To do this, it is first transferred to a 20 L round bottom flask. The isopropanol is then distilled off over a period of 10 to 15 h in vacuo at pressures of 25 to 50 mbar by rotating the flask immersed in a heated water bath at a rotational frequency, the temperature of the water bath being 55 to 60 ° C. The powder, dried on a rotary evaporator, is then introduced into an N20 / H type oven from Nabertherm operated under ambient air and heated in an air atmosphere at 700 ° C. for 4 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature after the temperature treatment.
- the TIC content of the LLZO powder which is ground in isopropanol in the backwork ball mill and post-tempered in air at 700 ° C. for 4 hours, is determined to be 0.4%.
- organic residues (TOC) bound on the particle surfaces are thermally decomposed to CO2 and water after grinding.
- TOC and EC contributions are no longer detectable here.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the carbon is only released in relevant quantities at temperatures above 800 ° C. H. it is what is known as inorganic carbon, which comes from a carbonate compound.
- the water content of the material is around 5%.
- the TIC content of the LLZO powder pulverized on the opposed jet mill using compressed air as the process gas is determined to be 0.83%, the water content 2.8%. If the grinding is carried out in the manner described, the CO2 from the air used as the process gas reacts with the solid ion conductor material to form carbonate and is detected again as TIC content in the downstream carbon phase analysis. In this case, TOC and EC contributions are again undetectable. 9. LATP powder with organic residues as a solid lithium ion conductor produced by wet grinding in isopropanol with subsequent drying in a rotary evaporator
- the grinding slip After grinding, the grinding slip is subjected to drying on a rotary evaporator. To do this, it is first transferred to a 20 L round bottom flask. The isopropanol is then distilled off over a period of 10 to 15 h in vacuo at pressures of 25 to 50 mbar by rotating the flask immersed in a heated water bath at a rotation frequency, the temperature of the water bath being 55 to 60 ° C.
- the TOC content of the LATP powder, ground in isopropanol in the backwork ball mill and dried on the rotary evaporator is determined to be 0.14%.
- TIC and EC contributions are not verifiable here, i. H. the total carbon content in this case is identical to the TOC content.
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the water content of the material is around 0.7%.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019135702.0A DE102019135702A1 (de) | 2019-12-23 | 2019-12-23 | Festkörperlithiumionenleitermaterialien, Pulver aus Festkörperionenleitermaterialien und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| PCT/EP2020/078726 WO2021129964A1 (de) | 2019-12-23 | 2020-10-13 | Festkörperlithiumionenleitermaterialien, pulver aus festkörperionenleitermaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
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| EP4082056A1 true EP4082056A1 (de) | 2022-11-02 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP20792362.4A Pending EP4082056A1 (de) | 2019-12-23 | 2020-10-13 | Festkörperlithiumionenleitermaterialien, pulver aus festkörperionenleitermaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20220328817A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4082056A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2023507228A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20220123021A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN115136345A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019135702A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2021129964A1 (de) |
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| DE102022204655A1 (de) | 2022-05-12 | 2023-11-16 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Separators für einen Lithiumionen-Akkumulator |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP4590866B2 (ja) * | 2001-11-05 | 2010-12-01 | 旭硝子株式会社 | ガラスセラミックス組成物 |
| JP2003208919A (ja) * | 2002-01-15 | 2003-07-25 | Idemitsu Petrochem Co Ltd | リチウムイオン伝導性硫化物ガラス及びガラスセラミックスの製造方法並びに該ガラスセラミックスを用いた全固体型電池 |
| JP2008110899A (ja) * | 2006-10-31 | 2008-05-15 | Ohara Inc | リチウムイオン伝導性無機粒子およびその製造方法 |
| US9034525B2 (en) * | 2008-06-27 | 2015-05-19 | Johnson Ip Holding, Llc | Ionically-conductive amorphous lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide |
| KR20120030998A (ko) * | 2009-06-26 | 2012-03-29 | 아사히 가라스 가부시키가이샤 | 2 차 전지용 정극 재료의 제조 방법과 2 차 전지용 정극 재료 |
| DE102009049693A1 (de) * | 2009-10-16 | 2011-04-21 | Süd-Chemie AG | Phasenreines Lithiumaluminiumtitanphosphat und Verfahren zur Herstellung und dessen Verwendung |
| KR101195104B1 (ko) * | 2010-01-20 | 2012-10-29 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | 연료 전지 세퍼레이터의 제조 방법, 연료 전지 세퍼레이터, 개스킷을 가지는 연료 전지 세퍼레이터의 제조 방법, 및 연료 전지의 제조 방법 |
| DE102011121236A1 (de) * | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-13 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Festkörperelektrolyt für den Einsatz in Lithium-Luft- oder Lithium-Wasser-Akkumulatoren |
| JP6164812B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-19 | 2017-07-19 | 株式会社オハラ | 全固体リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP2016001516A (ja) * | 2012-10-22 | 2016-01-07 | シャープ株式会社 | リチウム二次電池用炭素被覆活物質の製造方法およびそれに用いる製造装置 |
| US20190173128A1 (en) * | 2014-12-02 | 2019-06-06 | Polyplus Battery Company | Making and inspecting a web of vitreous lithium sulfide separator sheet and lithium electrode assemblies and battery cells |
| KR101709203B1 (ko) * | 2015-07-14 | 2017-02-22 | 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 | 고체 전해질, 이의 제조 방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| WO2018075809A1 (en) * | 2016-10-21 | 2018-04-26 | Quantumscape Corporation | Lithium-stuffed garnet electrolytes with a reduced surface defect density and methods of making and using the same |
| KR20190101468A (ko) * | 2017-02-09 | 2019-08-30 | 와커 헤미 아게 | 폴리머-그라프팅된 실리콘 입자 |
| DE102017128719A1 (de) * | 2017-12-04 | 2019-06-06 | Schott Ag | Lithiumionenleitendes Verbundmaterial, umfassend wenigstens ein Polymer und lithiumionenleitende Partikel, und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Lithiumionenleiters aus dem Verbundmaterial |
| KR101933130B1 (ko) * | 2018-02-27 | 2018-12-27 | 김동현 | 산화물계 고체 전해질 및 그 제조방법 |
-
2019
- 2019-12-23 DE DE102019135702.0A patent/DE102019135702A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-10-13 JP JP2022538769A patent/JP2023507228A/ja active Pending
- 2020-10-13 EP EP20792362.4A patent/EP4082056A1/de active Pending
- 2020-10-13 KR KR1020227025454A patent/KR20220123021A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2020-10-13 CN CN202080097075.XA patent/CN115136345A/zh active Pending
- 2020-10-13 WO PCT/EP2020/078726 patent/WO2021129964A1/de not_active Ceased
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- 2022-06-23 US US17/847,903 patent/US20220328817A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20220328817A1 (en) | 2022-10-13 |
| KR20220123021A (ko) | 2022-09-05 |
| WO2021129964A1 (de) | 2021-07-01 |
| CN115136345A (zh) | 2022-09-30 |
| JP2023507228A (ja) | 2023-02-21 |
| DE102019135702A1 (de) | 2021-06-24 |
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