Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/24—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicates; containing silica sols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B12/00—Cements not provided for in groups C04B7/00 - C04B11/00
  • C04B12/005—Geopolymer cements, e.g. reaction products of aluminosilicates with alkali metal hydroxides or silicates
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  • C04B12/00—Cements not provided for in groups C04B7/00 - C04B11/00
  • C04B12/04—Alkali metal or ammonium silicate cements ; Alkyl silicate cements; Silica sol cements; Soluble silicate cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
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  • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
  • C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
  • C04B14/06—Quartz; Sand
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  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B22/00—Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators, shrinkage compensating agents
  • C04B22/06—Oxides, Hydroxides
  • C04B22/062—Oxides, Hydroxides of the alkali or alkaline-earth metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B22/00—Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators, shrinkage compensating agents
  • C04B22/08—Acids or salts thereof
  • C04B22/16—Acids or salts thereof containing phosphorus in the anion, e.g. phosphates
  • C04B22/165—Acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
  • C04B24/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
  • C04B24/40—Compounds containing silicon, titanium or zirconium or other organo-metallic compounds; Organo-clays; Organo-inorganic complexes
  • C04B24/42—Organo-silicon compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/006—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
  • C04B28/06—Aluminous cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/24—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicates; containing silica sols
  • C04B28/26—Silicates of the alkali metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
  • C04B40/0071—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability making use of a rise in pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
  • C04B7/32—Aluminous cements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00008—Obtaining or using nanotechnology related materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
  • C04B2111/00181—Mixtures specially adapted for three-dimensional printing (3DP), stereo-lithography or prototyping
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00034—Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures
  • C04B2111/00189—Compositions or ingredients of the compositions characterised by analysis-spectra, e.g. NMR
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
  • C04B2111/00525—Coating or impregnation materials for metallic surfaces
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
  • C04B2111/00637—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as glue or binder for uniting building or structural materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
  • C04B2201/20—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the density
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
  • C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
  • Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
  • Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
  • Y02P40/18—Carbon capture and storage [CCS]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
  • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
  • Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

Definitions

• the present invention relates to what is claimed in the generic term and thus relates to materials formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K.
• Ceramic materials are used in a number of different ways. In addition to ceramics in the classic sense of sanitary ceramics; So sinks, bathtubs, shower trays, toilet bowls, tiles, etc. are also known today technical ceramics that offer advantages due to their resistance to abrasion, high temperatures, chemical attack, etc. Given the wide range of applications, it is not surprising that ceramic materials are sometimes defined as “inorganic, non-metallic, sparingly soluble in water and at least 30% crystalline”, but this definition is not universally accepted and also not in all areas the technique is used in this way.
• concrete As for concrete, it is a widely used building material that has been used for a wide variety of different applications for a long time.
• the concrete and its properties vary according to the application. It may be necessary to use chemically particularly stable types of concrete, for example for port facilities exposed to seawater; Concrete can be used in applications that are particularly subject to dynamic, alternating loads, such as heavy goods traffic routes, railway sleepers, airport taxiways, etc.; strong bending and / or compressive stresses must be encountered in tension bridge construction, in high-rise construction, etc.
• Other applications require very low density concrete, such as foamed concrete.
• Alkali-activated cements so-called geopolymers, which can form binders similar to portland cement from fly ash or blast furnace slag in combination with water glass, are increasingly mentioned as future cement alternatives.
• geopolymers form structures consisting of silicon and aluminum tetrahedra, whereby it is assumed that the geopolymerization reaction endothermically new, negatively charged Al (IV) centers (tetrahedrally coordinated) are formed, which are via oxygen atoms are covalently linked to Si centers.
• IV negatively charged Al
• EP 3530631 A1 specifies a geopolymer foam formulation for a non-flammable, sound-absorbing, heat-insulating geopolymer foam element, which should comprise at least one inorganic binder selected from the group consisting of latent hydraulic binders, pozzolanic binders and mixtures thereof; at least one alkaline activator selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal aluminates, alkali metal silicates and mixtures thereof; at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants and mixtures thereof; a gas phase and water.
• the alkaline activator should be selected from alkali metal hydroxides of the formula MOH and alkali metal silicates of the formula m Si0 2 ⁇ n M2O, where M is the alkali metal, preferably Li, Na, K and mixtures thereof, and the molar ratio m: n ⁇ 4.0, preferably less than or equal to 3.0, more preferably less than or equal to 2.0, in particular less than or equal to 1.70, and very particularly preferably less than or equal to 1.20.
• the hardening behavior or the setting time of a geopolymer foam formulation can be positively influenced by the addition of cement and that Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and mixtures thereof are particularly suitable for this purpose; Calcium aluminate cement is particularly preferred with a light color.
• Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and mixtures thereof are particularly suitable for this purpose; Calcium aluminate cement is particularly preferred with a light color.
• the calcium aluminate content should be limited to 1-20% by weight.
• a ratio of silicon to aluminum atoms is also given (Si / Al ratio, which should be between 10: 1 and 1: 1.
• WO 2010 / 121886A1 describes an allegedly low-shrinkage binder system in which a mixture of alkali-activatable aluminosilicate binders (with aluminosilicate is probably meant "aluminum silicate") and further vegetable fats and / or oils to reduce shrinkage and for hydrophobization in alkali-activatable aluminosilicate binders. Fugenmör tel, leveling compounds or coatings that contain the specified mixture are also described.
• Inorganic binder systems are mentioned which are based on reactive, water-insoluble oxides based on, among other things, silicon dioxide in combination with aluminum oxide.
• the alkaline medium for activating the binder usually consists of aqueous solutions of alkali carbonates, sulfates, fluorides and, in particular, alkali hydroxide and / or soluble waterglass. It is stated that alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides should preferably be used as activators, the alkali metal hydroxides being preferred because of their high quality.
• the hardened binders are said to have high mechanical and chemical resistance, are more cost-effective and more stable than cement, and have a more favorable CO2 emissions balance.
• the mixture should contain slag powder, fly ash and / or microsilica as a binding agent, which should contribute to better acid resistance of the binding agent (mixtures), primarily due to their preferably high proportion of aluminate and silicate.
• the binders mentioned should be amorphous to a high degree and have relatively high and reactive surfaces. This accelerates the setting behavior.
• the proportion of aluminate (as Al2O3) and silicate (as S1O2) should preferably total more than 50% by weight, particularly preferably more than 60% by weight, based on the total mass of the binder (mixture).
• Blast furnace slag as a particularly preferred alkali-activatable aluminosilicate binder can be used, preferably in an amount between 5 and 90% by weight, preferably between 5 and 70% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the mixture.
• the flour can be used, preferably in the above-mentioned amount, alone or together with puzzolas, microsilica and / or fly ash.
• WO 2010/1218861 traces the slight shrinkage of the previously known mass containing "aluminosilicate” back to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate. It is stated that the phases calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) in cement have the property of being relatively stable to alkalis, it being stated that a suitable selection of the binders Control the properties of the hardened building materials. It is therefore explicitly not about a chemical reaction of calcium aluminum minat with silicon under basic conditions, but only about hydration, which is well known per se as the physical water absorption of cement.
• CSH calcium silicate hydrate
• CAH calcium aluminate hydrate
• the alkaline cement acts as an activator when mixed with water, so that setting or hardening begins. It is stated that a 1-component system can thus be provided according to the citation, which can only be activated by adding water for setting and hardening; the alkaline cement thus acts via hydration. It is emphasized that cement is chemically relatively stable to alkalis. According to WO 2010/1218861, cement itself does not need to be present at all; rather, according to WO 2010/1218861, even mixtures that contain no cement are preferred. It is also mentioned that cement is relatively stable to alkalis, i.e. does not react chemically. This shows that WO 2010/1218861 does not regard calcium aluminate as a necessary starting material for a new material.
• inorganic polymer binders have been proposed, inter alia, for producing a coating on metallic surfaces using the material, compare DE 10 2005 046 912 A1. It is proposed there that the inorganic polymer binder is a hardening binder which contains 3% -80% thermally activated oxide mixture, 3% -50% alkali hydroxide, up to 50% alkali waterglass and 80% -20% other additives (including water) as components.
• This publication limits the calcium aluminate content to 0.5-5% by weight, but provides a preferred proportion between 0 to 25% by weight, the particularly preferred proportion by weight between 0 to 15% by weight and the most preferred proportion by weight between 0 to 10% by weight.
• DE 102005046912 A1 states that the material is a chemically stable inorganic polymer binder, based on a cold-curing binder and free of calcium compounds.
• calcium aluminate is only mentioned as a further additive in addition to several others and should not make up more than 2%.
• geopolymers cannot meet all needs. In the case of many previously known geopolymers, for example, the reaction does not take place automatically at room temperature due to the endothermic characteristics. Rather, heat must be supplied to form the negative Al centers. Another objection to the use of geopolymers is that the quantities of water glass required for cement substitution are not available (at least today) and that fly ash and blast furnace slag have long been used as additives for today's Portland cement. The requirement of a heat supply is often undesirable,
• One of the particularly troublesome types of concrete is that, due to their high viscosity, only particles with a diameter of more than 2 mm can be mixed in without any problems. With grain diameters of less than 150 pm, the particularly round desert sand and fine sand, on the other hand, are unsuitable for many conventional types of concrete, such as P. Albers, H. Offermanns, M. Reisinger, in "Sand as a raw material, crystalline and amorphous", Chemistry in Our Time, 30 (2016), 162-171 reports. In addition, where smaller particles are added, in particular the energy expenditure to distribute the particles sufficiently evenly in a mass that has not yet hardened is very high, both mechanically and energetically. Both the economic and ecological costs increase significantly.
• the object of the present invention is to provide something new for commercial application.
• a first basic idea of the invention is thus initially to form a solid with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K, in which the Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of the solid is compared to the Al-MAS -NMR spectrum of calcium aluminate an additional signal is present which has a chemical shift which lies between that of the main peak of calcium aluminate and the peak of calcium aluminate which is closest to the main peak at a higher field.
• the solid is formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K obviously does not mean that the elements mentioned only need to be present in traces, but rather refers to the fact that essential areas of the solid, for example se a matrix embedding aggregates, with these elements as essential constituents. It will be readily understood that without deviating from the invention, for example, additives can be present that consist of different materials and therefore do not themselves result in the spectrum described.
• the Si, Al, Ca, alkali metal and O contained in the material can be provided, for example, by reacting water glass, calcium aluminate, water and alkali hydroxide or alkali hydroxide solution.
• water glass provides silicon for the solid material, which is able to bind tetrahedrally; but it is also possible to provide the silicon tetrahedra in other ways besides water glass, in particular by nanoparticulate silicon dioxide. Mention should be made of Köstrosol, for example Köstrosol 1540, an aqueous dispersion of synthetic, amorphous, nanoscale SiCE particles.
• the use of water glass is clearly preferred as a rule. All types of water glass are suitable per se and generally for the reaction, regardless of the type of alkalization or modulus value. Thus, in particular, the use of water glass of low purity for technical applications is readily possible for the purposes of the present invention.
• reaction leading to the novel material according to the invention react - activated by OH groups - negatively charged aluminum tetrahedra of calcium aluminate with charge-neutral silicon tetrahedra, which are provided, for example, by the water glass; that the negative charge of the Al tetrahedron in calcium aluminate is caused by Ca 2+ ions is compensated, it should be noted. Since the reaction is activated by OH groups, the calcium aluminate does not react with pure water glass solution without a sufficiently strong hydroxide, as provided by NaOH or KOH.
• Pure calcium aluminate also has these peaks and the peaks can also be seen in the spectra of the material according to the invention, albeit with different intensities, but with approximately the same ppm values. It is characteristic of the material according to the invention that, in addition to the above signals of the starting material calcium aluminate, a new signal appears between the signal assigned to Al (IV) and the signal assigned to A1 (V), even if this may not be completely isolated due to overlapping , separate peak, but as the shoulder of the Al (IV) signal on the side of the higher field.
• this additional signal or the added shoulder in the Al spectrum can be explained by a reaction in which new bonds are formed from Al (IV) via oxygen to Si centers by substituting existing Al (IV) centers will.
• the reaction taking place according to the applicant's understanding on the filing date is, according to the applicant's understanding, a covalent bond formation between Al and Si tetrahedra and not a hydration reaction.
• pure calcium aluminate shows in the Al-MAS-NMR spectrum at 78 ppm a sharp signal which is assigned to the negatively charged Al tetrahedra and a broader signal at 12 ppm which is assigned to six-coordinate Al atoms.
• calcined calcium aluminate is mixed with water, it hardens in the course of a conventional hydration reaction, which leads to the complete disappearance of the tetrahedral signal of the aluminum at 78 ppm, because the four-coordinate aluminum before hydration is completely converted into six-coordinate aluminum during hydration around. Therefore During hydration, the signal at 12 ppm increases by the proportion by which the signal at 78 ppm decreases. With an excess of water, the signal at 78 ppm even disappears completely due to hydration.
• the Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of the solid also contains a peak related to the calcium aluminate signal. This is at a chemical shift of 78 ppm, whereby in the ideal case and with good spectrometers it is so strong that it is at least 3s (sigma) above the noise. It should be noted that slight shifts in this peak occur due to noise, for example, so that the maximum of the signal can shift by approximately + -0.5 ppm.
• the solid formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K is thus preferably further described by the fact that a calcium aluminate signal is also present in the Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of the solid, namely in the case of a chemical Shift by 78 ppm, this calcium aluminate signal being at least 3s (sigma) above the noise.
• the position of the signal which is around 78 ppm chemical shift, is very stable in terms of frequency, whereas the additional signal can have a varying chemical shift; the position of the maximum of this additional signal thus varies, between about 65-59 ppm. More precisely, the position of the signal maximum varies depending on the proportion of aluminum relative to the proportion of silicon, because the greater the additional signal related to the Al-O-Si bonds, the further away from 65 ppm and the closer to 60 ppm is the Si fraction relative to Al.
• the chemical shift will, however, regularly be between 65 ppm and 59 ppm, which is why, taking into account the noise occurring during the measurement, it can reasonably be assumed that additional signals will be generated at a chemical shift between 67 ppm and 57 ppm, preferably between 65 ppm and 59 ppm is found. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, it may be preferred to describe the novel solid in more detail such that the chemical shift of the additional signal is between 67 ppm and 57 ppm, in particular between 65 ppm and 59 ppm.
• the additional signal can in any case be regarded as present if it is sufficiently clearly above the noise. In the case of conventional spectra, it is assumed that this is the case when the additional signal is at least 3s (sigma) above the noise. In a preferred embodiment, the additional signal will accordingly be at least 3s (sigma) above the noise. It will also be clear that - apart from noise and possibly a different spectral resolution - the specifically used Al-MAS-NMR spectrometer has no significant effect on the spectrum.
• the newly formed, defined Al-O-Si bonds may not only be recognized in an Al-MAS-NMR spectrum based on the additional signal, but these can also be identified by a band in the IR spectrum at around 960 cm 1 - 910 cm 1 .
• the solid body formed with Si, Al, Ca, O and at least one of Na and K can thus preferably be further characterized in that it has a band at approximately 960 cm 1 - 910 cm 1 in an IR spectrum.
• the solid has three spectral properties, namely the band in the IR spectrum around 950 cm, a signal in the Al-MAS-NMR signal at 77.7 ppm corresponding to the aluminum tetrahedra used and an additional signal in the Al-MAS-NMR signal between 67 ppm and 57 ppm, in particular between 65 ppm and 59 ppm, can be identified and described particularly clearly, a characterization referring to all three spectral properties is, however, not absolutely necessary.
• Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of the new material differs significantly from the Al-MAS-NMR spectrum of other materials, in particular the spectra of Roman concrete and modern geopolymers.
• Modern geopolymers will typically show in the Al-MAS-NMR signal at most a signal which is at 50 ppm instead of the presently relevant approximately 65 ppm; in the case of the substance present here, the signal is between 59 and 65 ppm; in addition, the spectra of modern geopolymers lack a signal with a shift of 78 ppm.
• the stoichiometric ratio between the silicon and aluminum tetrahedra can be freely adjusted in a range from 1: 1 to 1:12, even if only mixtures in a ratio of 1/1 to about 1/8 make sense in terms of price are.
• Particularly large amounts of calcium aluminate in the production of a solid with aggregates do not lead, in particular, to ever increasing compressive strength; rather, the curve “compressive strength versus calcium aluminate proportion” shows a pronounced maximum, so that the additional costs for a particularly high proportion do not bring any advantages, particularly with regard to compressive strength.
• the Si / Al ratio is therefore less than 1, but greater than 0.1, in particular less than 1 and greater than 0.105, in particular preferably less than 1 and greater than or equal to 0.125.
• a Si / Al ratio that can be determined based on the signal strengths of the calcium aluminate signal and the additional signal and / or based on the signal areas of the calcium aluminate signal and the additional signal is smaller than 1 and greater than 0.1, in particular less than 1 and / or greater than 0.105 or greater than or equal to 0.125.
• water glass and calcium aluminate are used that are in the solid lead to an Si / Al ratio less than or equal to 1, in particular less than 1 and greater than 0.1, preferably less than 1 and greater than 0.105, preferably less than 1 and greater than or equal to 0.125.
• water glass (or water glass solution), alkali hydroxide and water are preferably first brought into contact and the calcium aluminate is then mixed in.
• the lower limit of the realizable mixtures is at a ratio of about Si / Al ⁇ 1: 8.
• Higher amounts of calcium aluminate (for ratios between 1/8 and 1/12) can only be mixed homogeneously with undiluted water glass by adding water. However, this results in hydration of the calcium aluminate and not the intended hydration competition reaction of the calcium aluminate, which leads to less stable products.
• Si / Al ratios only make sense from Si / Al ⁇ 0.125 (i.e. 1/8).
• NaOH NaOH in a ratio of 1: 2 or greater; Al and Na should be present in a ratio of at least 1: 1, but the Al / Na ratio can also be greater than 1, which allows a calcium aluminate excess.
• the concentration of OH ions used also determines the reaction rate, as does the concentration of the Al tetrahedra; a high concentration of OH ions leads to a faster reaction; the same applies to the concentration of Al tetrahedra.
• the hardening times can be set between several hours and a few minutes or even less, with the longer mentioned hardening times being achieved with an Si / Al ratio close to 1 and the shorter Short waiting times for one at the lower limit of the Si / Al ratios indicated as meaningful.
• the solid can be obtained by bringing a silicon tetrahedron source into contact, in particular water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and, if necessary, additional water.
• water glass As far as the silicon tetrahedron source is concerned, reference is made to the use of water glass at other points in the description. First of all, it should be mentioned that the use of water glass is not mandatory. Rather, other silicon tetrahedral sources can also be used, for example silicon dioxide nanoparticles. For cost reasons, however, water glass is the preferred silicon tetrahedron source for many applications. Here, at least at the time of registration, sodium waterglass, which is sometimes also referred to as soda waterglass, is clearly preferred for reasons of cost.
• Aqueous solutions of water glasses are viscous. Soda water glasses usually lead to a higher viscosity than potash water glasses with the same S1O2 proportion (s-value).
• s-value S1O2 proportion
• a potassium water glass sometimes also referred to as a potassium water glass, or a mixture of different potassium water glasses can be used.
• a mixture of sodium and potassium water glasses or glasses is used, such as a 90:10 to 10:90 mixture.
• one or more water glasses can be used in particular. It should be emphasized that in the present application the term “water glass” is also used to simplify reference to mixtures of different water glasses.
• potassium water glasses and KOH sometimes react significantly faster than sodium water glasses and NaOH, it can be used especially where fast curing times are required, For example, in the case of inorganic superglue or the 3-D printing of very fine structures, it may be advantageous to use potassium material, although this is not only more expensive, but also has to be used in larger amounts by weight due to the higher molecular weight, even with otherwise the same mixing ratio .
• the less expensive sodium water glasses especially those of technical quality or purity, are preferred.
• monosiloxanes in particular trimethoxy-n-octylsilane, dimethoxymethyl-n-octylsilane or dieethoxymethyl-n-octylsilane, disiloxanes, in particular hexamethyldisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, decamethyltrisiloxane, decamethyltetrasiloxane, and also polydimethylsiliconoxane (such as dimethoxymethyltetrasiliconoxane) and also polydimethylsiliconoxane (such as dimethoxymethyltetrasilicone) and also polydimethylsilicone, in particular, such as dimethoxymethyl-n-octylsilane, and in particular polydimethylsiliconoxane, may also be mentioned e.g.
• octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
• silyl ethers in particular trimethylsilyl ether (TMS), triethylsilyl ether (TES), tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBDMS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether (TBDPS), silyl triisopropyl ether (TBDPS).
• TMS trimethylsilyl ether
• TES triethylsilyl ether
• TDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether
• TDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether
• TDPS silyl triisopropyl ether
• the solid body according to the invention will thus be a hydrophobic or lipophilic solid, in particular a solid body that is hydrophobic or lipophilic throughout its volume.
• a solid can be produced by further providing for a production process which includes bringing a silicon tetrahedron source, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and possibly additional water into contact that silanes that carry organic groups are mixed in or used exclusively are, in particular in a proportion of 0.2 to 5, preferably 1-3% by weight of the binder or matrix former.
• a commercially available calcium aluminate such as Secar® 71 from Kerneos Inc. or a calcium aluminate from Almatis GmbH such as CA-14 or CA-270 can be used.
• the reaction present here is a covalent bond formation between Al and Si tetrahedra and not a hydration reaction. Unlike a hydration reaction, there is no need to form a solid structure with crystal formation and the calcium aluminate therefore does not necessarily have to be calcined; rather, it is sufficient if Al tetrahedra are present with the counterion calcium.
• the calcium aluminate to be reacted can also be produced wet-chemically at room temperature, for example from sodium aluminate and CaCl2 or CaSO4. Such a wet chemical production of the calcium aluminate has a significant positive influence on the overall C0 2 balance of the new material.
• the new type of solid does not need to be used in its pure form. Rather, it is possible, please include to incorporate other materials, in which case the solid body according to the invention can then function as a matrix material or binder.
• a mixture which is liquid for at least a short time is typically provided, in which water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate and, if appropriate, additional water are brought into contact.
• water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate and, if appropriate, additional water are brought into contact.
• mineral aggregates may be mentioned, in particular mineral aggregates selected from the group of coarse gravel, sand, quartz powder and / or rock flour.
• the mineral aggregates can in particular also be fine sand with an average grain diameter of less than 150 ⁇ m, as well as desert sand itself if this has the very round grain shape typical of desert sand, which leads to massive problems with conventional concrete;
• conventional cement / concrete only sharp-edged sand with an average grain size of> 2000 mm can be used, while fine sand and desert sand made from round grains with an average grain size of ⁇ 150 ⁇ m (grain size determined by sieving; weight average) can also be used in the present invention .
• alkali contaminants do not interfere, even sand contaminated with sea salt can be used if necessary. He therefore mentions the use of sea sand and river sand.
• Fibers can also be used as aggregates, in particular fibers from the group of rock wool, glass wool, plastic fibers, plastic fibers with OH-functional groups on the surface, inorganic fibers, CNTs, glass fibers, metal fibers, steel fibers, fabric fibers, and / or mixtures thereof. Mention should also be made of the usability of renewable aggregates, in particular wood fibers or other sufficiently stable plant fibers. An admixture of plant fibers is also understood to mean mixing sawdust or sawdust.
• fibers will typically have lengths greater than 0.3 mm, preferably greater than 1 mm, in order to provide the desired mechanical properties to a sufficient extent.
• fibers are preferably shorter than 5 cm, particularly preferably shorter than 1 cm; Fibers that are too long can have a blocking effect during processing, for example in pumping processes, during mixing and the like, which should be avoided; the fibers mentioned can also be embedded as a fabric, the fibers within a fabric then being allowed to be longer than the upper limits mentioned, since here the risk of blocking pumps, mixers, etc. by fibers that are too long is at best low. It should be mentioned that an improvement in the properties can be achieved by the fibers in a manner known per se.
• Plastic materials can also be used as additives, in particular plastic materials selected from the group consisting of plastic materials with OH functional groups on the surface, polyurethane, foamed plastic materials and / or plastic recyclates.
• plastic materials with OH functional groups on the surface is due to the better integration into the material. This also explains why polyurethane-based plastics are preferred over materials like styrofoam for embedding.
• the integration into a matrix material with regard to glass fibers, which is facilitated by OH-functional groups on the surface, must also be observed, because these often have a coating that is unfavorable for the integration. It will also insofar it is also assumed that sand is bound into a matrix of material according to the invention through the formation of OH bonds on the surface.
• inorganic additives selected from the group consisting of inorganic pigments, lead oxides, iron oxides, iron phosphate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, BaSCC, MgSCC, CaSCC, Al 2 O 3 , metakaolin, kaolin , Wollastonite.
• inorganic additives selected from the group consisting of inorganic pigments, lead oxides, iron oxides, iron phosphate, calcium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, BaSCC, MgSCC, CaSCC, Al 2 O 3 , metakaolin, kaolin , Wollastonite.
• suitable additives such as additives containing lead.
• material according to the invention is also particularly suitable to be used instead of the otherwise required glazing of radioactive waste.
• the amounts of the constituents of a solid to which aggregates are added are preferably as follows: a) Water glass: 2.5 - 12.5% by weight (calculated as solid)
• additives such as sand: 0 - 80% by weight
• the material according to the invention can be produced from a medium-viscosity liquid and a powder or, alternatively, from a liquid phase and a high-viscosity suspension.
• the medium viscosity liquid can comprise water glass solution and alkali hydroxide, the liquid component having proven to be stable for at least five months, and the powder component comprising calcium aluminate and possibly additives. These can be, for example, in Ratio of 1: 1 to be mixed.
• the highly viscous suspension can comprise the water glass solution, calcium aluminate and any additives; Such a suspension has been shown to be stable for about a week, similar to Speis. Long-term stable, aqueous alkali metal hydroxide can be added to this suspension for the reaction. Typically, alkali hydroxide: suspension ratios of 1:20 to 1:50 can be used; processes in which a highly viscous suspension is combined with an alkali hydroxide liquid phase are particularly suitable for 3-D printing. It should be mentioned that where fine sands with a grain diameter of ⁇ 500 ⁇ m are used as aggregate, it has proven advantageous to mix the fine sand with water glass and lye first and then to add the calcium aluminate.
• the process for the production of a material according to the invention by bringing a silicon tetrahedron source into contact, in particular water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and, optionally, additional water in this way it is stated that sodium or potassium hydroxide is used as an aqueous solution.
• the present reaction to form the novel material comprises a covalent bond formation between Al and Si tetrahedra and not a hydration reaction. For this reason alone, water must not be used in excess.
• the reactive aluminates that are used to form the material absorb a certain amount of water.
• the calcium aluminates used in the examples consist of 29% CaO and 71% Al2O3, which corresponds approximately to a 3: 1 mixture of “CA” and “CA 2 ”, which is why the calcium aluminates used have a molecular formula (CaOjhAkOsF (C4A5) with a molar mass of 734.
• the viscosity of the reaction solutions is influenced by the amount of water, which is advantageous in order to set a desired viscosity; the viscosity of the reaction solutions can be adjusted by varying the amounts of the starting materials at 20 ° C. in a range of 25-700 mPa.
• the amount of water - like the calcium aluminate content - influences the hardening time, which could be set between 50 seconds and 90 minutes for the mixtures examined here.
• the ability to adjust the curing times and the viscosity make the material-forming reaction solutions easily suitable for 3-D printing.
• a silicon tetrahedron source in particular water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and water, it is therefore provided that sea or salt water is added.
• a silicon tetrahedron source in particular water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and water.
• the calcium aluminate used in the reaction does not react with pure water glass solution without a sufficiently strong activator being present to activate the negatively charged aluminum tetrahedron of the calcium aluminate by OH groups to implement with the silicon tetrahedron provided by water glass.
• Both NaOH and KOH are suitable as activators, while other, weaker alkalis such.
• a stoichiometrically correct mixture of the reactants is required for complete conversion, since otherwise unreacted starting materials remain, which is undesirable insofar as the stability of the material formed is adversely affected. It is also considered to be advantageous if there is a sufficient amount of water to be incorporated into the material being formed in the mixture.
• the ratio, AG: Na + should be at least 1: 1, whereby the desired compressive and flexural strengths and the hardening time can be set via the ratio AG: Na + or Ca 2+ : Na + . It should be noted in this context that the hardening times also depend on the Si: Al ratio and the amount of water, as can be seen from other parts of the description.
• the ratio of Si tetrahedra and AG tetrahedra can be freely adjusted in an Si / Al range from 1/12 to 1/1.
• the preselected Si / Af ratio determines the amount of Ca aluminate to be used as AG tetrahedron source relative to the amount of water glass to be used as Si tetrahedron source.
• a method for producing a material according to the invention by bringing a silicon tetrahedron source into contact, in particular water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and water Certain conditions are preferably carried out at ambient temperatures above 30 ° C, in particular above 35 ° C without cooling measures or without heating measures at temperatures below + 5 ° C, in particular below 0 ° C.
• a reaction acceleration i.e. an acceleration of curing, can be achieved by additional heating measures. It should be mentioned in this regard that it has already been shown experimentally to be possible to allow the reaction to proceed at least at +60 ° C.
• the material that can be used as a binder hardens both under water and on foot in a temperature range from -20 ° C to + 80 ° C and without shrinkage, the material according to the invention then proving to be absolutely stable to concentrated aqueous acids and joints and - assuming suitable aggregates - can withstand temperatures of over 1000 ° C without loss of stability; Tests have also been carried out to ensure that the material can be exposed to temperatures of up to 2400 ° C. It can also be assumed that the material is frost-resistant; repeated freeze-thaw cycles did not lead to material damage in first attempts. At the same time, with suitable material mixtures, compressive strengths can be achieved that are about twice as high as with the most powerful concrete types known on the filing date.
• flexural strengths also considerably exceed those of concrete. WUR achieved with the material according to the invention in tests, for example, flexural strengths measured according to DIN 1038 of up to 17 N / mm, which corresponds to about three times the flexural strength that can be achieved with conventional concrete.
• the material retains its good properties even in contact with organic and vegetable materials opens up applications in the wood sector, e.g. for chipboard as a formaldehyde-free adhesive, for joining wood fiber concrete panels and for producing panels that replace such panels, in wood fire protection, in the replacement of wood concrete and for furniture production.
• the fact that the material is not flammable makes it easy to use in fire protection.
• the material can be used, for example, for fire bars with expanded glass, fire bars for windows or fire protection panels in lightweight construction.
• the high temperature resistance also makes it suitable for furnace construction.
• material can easily be used as joint material and tile adhesive due to its good adhesive properties.
• Another advantage here is the acid resistance of the material, which improves the cleaning options. Due to the chemical resistance, further applications also include the manufacture and / or coating of sewer pipes, industrial pipes and separators.
• a preferred use of the solid according to the invention is to use it as an adhesive for connecting two components and / or for repairing an existing structure, in particular for underwater repairing a structure.
• the solid according to the invention is to use it as a building material for the construction and / or repair of structures, in particular structures with a required compressive strength of at least 30 N / mm 2 , preferably at least 40 N / mm 2 , in particular more than 60N / mm 2 at at least some of the locations using the solid as a building material and / or at locations exposed to chemically aggressive conditions and / or at locations to be built in the presence of water or are to be repaired, and / or in particular as a matrix former in a solid body provided with aggregates, which is used as a building or repair material for the aforementioned building structure.
• the solid body according to the invention is to use it for the production of a sanitary ceramic element or for the production of one to withstand temperatures above 700 ° C, preferably above 1000 ° C, particularly preferably above 1500 ° C required body.
• temperatures above 700 ° C, preferably above 1000 ° C, particularly preferably above 1500 ° C required body are preferably above 700 ° C, preferably above 1000 ° C, particularly preferably above 1500 ° C required body.
• ceramic surfaces are to be made particularly smooth, it is obviously advantageous not to use any coarse aggregates such as sand that is too coarse.
• the smooth surfaces that are obtained without the use of sand make the material readily suitable as a ceramic substitute, the functionalizations offering additional advantages and, moreover, the apparently continuous functionalizations being able to offer application advantages over known, only superficial functionalizations.
• thermal storage systems in particular thermal high-temperature solar storage systems
• fluid initially heated in solar power plants with strong solar radiation flows through a body of high heat capacity in order to maximize it to heat high temperatures, and in which subsequently, with weak or complete lack of solar radiation, cool res fluid is passed through the bodies heated to high temperatures in order to heat the cool res fluid and then use this heat, for example to generate electrical energy.
• bodies of high heat capacity can be created with the material according to the invention.
• the material according to the invention withstands temperature changes, including very rapid temperature changes, well.
• material according to the invention could be heated to red heat in a Bunsen burner flame (approx. 1200 ° C) and then abruptly cooled in water without breaking or cracking, even with repeated, frequent temperature changes.
• the material is accordingly to be regarded as temperature-resistant with temperature changes of more than 100 ° C, preferably more than 200 ° C, particularly preferably more than 500 ° C and very particularly preferably more than 1000 ° C, for both heating and cooling, whereby
• the heating and / or cooling around the temperature differences mentioned can in particular take place at a rate of temperature change of greater than 100 ° C / min, preferably greater than 200 ° C / min, in particular greater than 500 ° C / min, particularly preferably greater than 1000 ° C / min ;
• the rate of temperature change is preferably even greater than 1000 ° C./30 seconds, preferably 1000 ° C./15 seconds. It will be evident that this opens up further applications. It was also possible to allow a thermite reaction to take place in a vessel made of the material without the vessel being destroyed. This can be seen as proof of resistance up to over 2000 ° C.
• a coating in particular a corrosion protection coating for metals and / or a coating for water-bearing structures, in particular for sewer pipes and / or with Use areas in sewage treatment plants in contact with clarifying wastewater.
• a coating that consists of a thin layer of the solid or is built up with it is regarded as claimable and patentable, as is a composition forming such a coating, in particular a multi-component composition forming such a coating. As far as coatings are concerned, they can be made very fine-grained or very smooth on the surface.
• tactile smooth surfaces are obtained with the material according to the invention, provided that no additives such as sand that is too coarse are used.
• a functionalization of the material and thus also a functionalization of the surfaces can be achieved through additives, such as hydrophobization or fipophilization in connection with the use of the material for coatings.
• One of the advantages of using it as a coating is its resistance to biogenic sulfuric acid, which often occurs in ducts. Where cement-based concrete is attacked, a seal formed with the material according to the invention can be applied, unless entire components are completely formed with the material according to the invention from the outset. Particular mention should be made of coatings in sewage treatment plants, where a closed-cell material that is extremely smooth and dense and does not require an organic coating is desired.
• the coating material can be applied without the use of volatile solvents, which is a considerable advantage, especially when processing in closed rooms, especially since the mixtures are odorless per se.
• the coating can also be applied to rusty base material without derusting it beforehand, as the material adheres well, seals well and is stress-free. It will also have to be estimated that the material is more stable to C0 2 than concrete, because a reaction of CO2 with water could possibly occur inside the material.
• Fig. 1 27 A1-MAS -NMR spectrum of calcium aluminate (Almatis ® CA- 14)
• 5 a shows the change in the IR spectra in transmission between 650 and
• Fig. 5b shows the absorption between 650 and 1200 cm 1 .
• Soda water glass, NaOH, calcium aluminate and various amounts of quartz flour to set identical initial viscosities of the reaction mixture ).
• Fig. 7 27 A1-MAS-NMR spectrum (Si-Al ratio 0.875) with the maximum of the
• a number of example samples were first prepared in accordance with the present invention in order to investigate the extent to which different mixing ratios and starting materials affect the compressive strength and density of the material obtained.
• further properties such as the color of the material obtained and the 27 Al-MAS -NMR spectra were investigated for a number of samples.
• the volume and weight of a rectangular sample body was determined and the density was calculated as weight / volume.
• the compressive strength of the samples was measured using a Z250 universal testing machine from Zwick / Roell. For this purpose, the compressive forces (in N) were graphically recorded over the deformation path. The maximum pressure reached was related to the surface (mm) of the sample.
• the following measurement parameters could be used to record the NMR spectra Al-MAS-NMR spectroscopy: 4 mm MAS BB / 1 H probe in a Bruker AVANCE III 400 WB (magnetic field 9.4 T; rotation frequency 9 kHz) with a frequency of 104.3 MHz
• NMR spectra Al-MAS-NMR spectroscopy 4 mm MAS BB / 1 H probe in a Bruker AVANCE III 400 WB (magnetic field 9.4 T; rotation frequency 9 kHz) with a frequency of 104.3 MHz
• Secar ® 71 calcium aluminate (AI 2 O 3 > 68.5%, CaO> 31.0%), Kerneos Inc.
• Solids according to the invention were then prepared using a number of material mixtures with different ratios of water glass to calcium aluminate and examined spectroscopically.
• the following water glass-water mixtures were used in Examples 5-7:
• Almatis CA-14 was used as the calcium aluminate.
• a concrete substitute was made from 40 g Almatis ® CA-14 and 19.4 g WG1; the mixture was solid and gray in color after 32 minutes. The density was determined to be 2.21 g / cm and the compressive strength to be 101.3 N / mm 2 . (Sample Bl)
• a concrete replacement was prepared from 40g Almatis ® CA-14 and 28.86 g WG2; the mixture was solid and gray in color after 20 minutes. The density was determined to be 1.97 g / m 2. (Pro be Dl)
• FIG. 1 shows a comparison of the 27 A1 MAS NMR spectrum of Almatis ® CA-14.
• This 27 A1 MAS-NMR spectrum shown in Fig. 1 was with a 4 mm MAS BB / 'H probe in a Bruker AVANCE III 400 WB (magnetic field 9.4 T; rotation frequency 9 kHz) with a frequency of 104.3 MHz for Al, a Single pulse excitation (1 ps pulse length; round trip delay 0.5 s), and a 1 M aqueous solution of AICI 3 ⁇ 6H 2 0 as an external standard (0 ppm).
• the main peak at around 78 ppm is characteristic of calcium aluminate and is not found, for example, in the spectrum of tobermorite or in the spectrum of Roman concrete (see Fig. 11 from "Unlocking the secrets of Al-tobermorite in Roman seawater concrete” by Marie D. Jackson, Sejung R. Chae, Sean R. Mulcahy, Cagla Meral, Rae Taylor, Penghui Fi, Abdul- Hamid Emwas, Juhyuk Moon, Seyoon Yoon, Gabriele Vola, Hans-Rudolf Wenk, and Paulo JM Monteiro, Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 18-29).
• FIGS. 2-4 show that these three signals of the calcium aluminate can also be seen in the spectra of the material according to the invention with approximately the same chemical shifts in ppm, but with different intensities. It is characteristic of the material according to the invention, as the spectra in FIGS. 2 to 4 show, that in addition to these signals of the starting material calcium aluminate, a new signal appears between the signal assigned to Al (IV) and the signal assigned to A1 (V), even if this may not be seen as a separate peak due to superimposition, but as a shoulder of the Al (IV) signal on the side of the higher field.
• the material according to the invention can accordingly be described in such a way that it contains the three peaks of calcium aluminate and additionally one in an Al-MAS-NMR spectrum in the range from 0-100 ppm (when using AICI 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O as an external standard) Signal between the main peak and the peak closest to the higher field, this signal can be present as a shoulder.
• the relative peak heights change compared to those in the spectrum of calcium aluminate.
• FIG. 5 a shows the change in the IR spectra in transmission between 650 and 2000 cm 1
• FIG. 5 b shows the absorption between 650 and 1200 cm 1 .
• Absorptions above 1300 cm 1 are caused by water.
• the conversion of a Si-O-Si bond into an AG-0-Si bond, which is associated with a shift from 995 to 920-960 cm 1 , as the dominant bond of the bond, can be clearly seen in FIGS. 5a and 5b.
• the IR spectrum of the solid material according to the invention accordingly shows a characteristic band around 960-910 cm 1 . It should be mentioned that conventional geopolymers oscillate between 960 and 1000 cm 1 at slightly higher wave numbers. It should also be mentioned that two characteristic shifts of the water bands to about 1390 cm 1 and to a signal between 2800 and 3000 cm 1 can also be observed in the IR spectrum, see also FIG. 5.
• the CCE emissions that are released during the production of concrete cannot be reduced below a fixed limit value, as around 2/3 of the CO2 emissions released during the production of concrete are due to the conversion of CaCCE to CaO. If the emission is calculated with 0.75 tons of CO2 for each ton of cement produced, or 0.354 tons of CO2 for one m of concrete with a compressive strength of 40 N / mm, the CO2 emissions can be compared with those released when using the mixture according to the invention if it is assumed that water glass, NaOH and, to a limited extent, calcium aluminate are produced using solar power generated without emissions.
• the SiCE nanoparticles (here: Köstrosol 1540) were caused to react with calcium aluminate instead of waterglass. 10 g of Köstrosol, mixed with 3 g of NaOH and 20 g of calcium aluminate, were solid within 3 minutes. SiCE nanoparticles can therefore easily function as a Si tetrahedron source.
• Si / Al ratio 0.33 100 g Na38 / 40 (Betol 38/40 from Woellner), 10 g NaOH, 10 g water, 250 g calcium aluminate, 125 g desert sand, solid after 12 min, with a compressive strength of 162 N / mm 2 .
• wood chips of different types of wood were also combined with one and the same material mixture resulting in the material according to the invention to form a chipboard.
• the material mixture resulting from the material according to the invention was thus used as a binder.
• Wood shavings were used for different samples of both hardwood species and coniferous wood species to check whether one and the same material according to the invention is in principle suitable for connecting different wood shavings to one another, which could be answered in the affirmative. When using the same binder for different types of wood, no differences were found.
• chipboard panels were then flamed with a Bunsen burner using the material according to the invention.
• Table 1 lists the amounts of NaOH, waterglass Na38 / 40 and calcium aluminate used in each case to produce the samples with the desired Si / AG ratios. In addition to waiting times and compressive strength after five and 21 days for these samples, Table 1 also lists them.
• the 27 Al-MAS-NMR spectra recorded on these samples are shown in FIGS. 7-10. Please note that the scaling of the X-axis is sometimes slightly different. These spectra show that the new binder or the new solid-state material can not only be identified per se by the Al-MAS-NMR, but that further relevant information can also be obtained from the spectrum. In this context, important conclusions can be drawn from the strengths of the signals at the respective peaks or from the area values of the signals by comparing the strengths or area values of different signals.
• the ratio of the area value of the signal is around 65 ppm, i.e. the actual binding signal from the -O-Si-O-Al-O bonds, to the area value of the signal at 78 ppm, i.e. the signal of the -O-Al-O- Bonds, from 0 - if only -O-Al-O bonds are present in the calcium aluminate - to over 10.
• the value in the upper signal ratio range close to 10 is limited by the recognizability of the at 78 ppm, because for Si / Al- At ratios close to 1 the signal at 78 ppm will be very small and possibly even close to zero, because the calcium aluminate will react almost completely at this Si / Al ratio.
• NMR devices are generally very good today. It is therefore possible with today's NMR devices to set a detection limit of 3s (sigma) for the 78 ppm signal, and despite this strict criterion for a clear recognizability of the 78 ppm signal in a material according to the invention, even if it was generated with a ratio of Si / Al almost equal to 1, at which practically all calcium aluminate should have been converted to still find unreacted calcium aluminate in an amount sufficient for spectral recognition, for example in insufficient through mixed areas.
• the peak areas for the three signals to be assigned to the calcium aluminate and for the additional signal were determined. If the peak area of the individual signals is normalized to the total area in the spectrum, values as shown in Tab. 2 result.
• the observed signals of the calcium aluminate at the values 78 ppm, 47.2 ppm and 11 ppm together with the additional signal should make up 100% of the total area; however, some of the peak area values differ slightly, which can be ascribed to effects such as noise, inaccuracies in the calculation due to the superimposition of curves, etc. Nevertheless, it can be clearly seen that the signal component of the signal increases significantly by 65 ppm with the Si / Al ratio. It should be noted that the signal at 47.2 ppm, which can be assigned to a five-coordinate aluminum, plays no role in the reaction.
• the peak heights of the individual signals can also be determined in the Al-MAS-NMR.
• the corresponding, relative signal levels are listed in Tab. 3, a relative normalization again being carried out. Again, the signal at 47.2 ppm, which can be assigned to a five-coordinate aluminum, plays no role in the reaction.
• reaction mixtures were then defined which lead to the formation of material with very large or very small Si / Al ratios; for comparison, a reaction mixture was also defined which gives a material with an Si / Al ratio in between. These mixtures are only intended to give examples of reaction mixtures for the range limits, without being themselves limiting.
• the reaction mixtures of Tab. 4 are proposed as an example. As far as a mixture to achieve a material just below the Si / Al ratio of 12:12 is concerned, it will be understood that the calcium aluminate content is then slightly reduced and the water glass is reduced partly increased.
• the proportion of inert substances can be up to 80%.
• the weight percentage ratios listed above decrease to a maximum of 1/5 of the above values if they are related to the weight of a structural element provided with aggregates.
• the proportion of calcium aluminate in the total mass required to produce construction elements of a given mass does not fall below the value of 5.26%, even for such a high proportion of inert substances.
• the proportion of inert substances can be increased up to 80%.
• the percentage ratios listed above decrease to a maximum of 1/5 of the above values.
• the calcium aluminate content of no mixture falls below the value of 5.26%.
• the solid is, among other things, as a building material with supplements, as a coating, as an adhesive to connect two components, for sanitary ceramic elements, for high temperature applications, to repair existing structures, in particular for underwater repair, for construction and / or repair can be used by structures, especially when high compressive strengths are required or chemically aggressive conditions occur. It can be produced by bringing water glass, sodium and / or potassium hydroxide, calcium aluminate, one or more additives and optionally additional water, in particular seawater, into contact, even at temperatures below 0 ° C without heating.

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