EP3870896B1 - Steam boiler for waste incineration - Google Patents

Steam boiler for waste incineration Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3870896B1
EP3870896B1 EP19835228.8A EP19835228A EP3870896B1 EP 3870896 B1 EP3870896 B1 EP 3870896B1 EP 19835228 A EP19835228 A EP 19835228A EP 3870896 B1 EP3870896 B1 EP 3870896B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steam
flue
heater
gas duct
outlet
Prior art date
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EP19835228.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3870896A1 (en
Inventor
Ladislav Vilimec
Jaroslav KONVICKA
Stanislav Honus
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Vysoka Skola Banska Technicka Univerzita Ostrava
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Vysoka Skola Banska Technicka Univerzita Ostrava
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/04—Heat supply by installation of two or more combustion apparatus, e.g. of separate combustion apparatus for the boiler and the superheater respectively
    • F22B31/045—Steam generators specially adapted for burning refuse
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B21/00—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B5/00—Steam boilers of drum type, i.e. without internal furnace or fire tubes, the boiler body being contacted externally by flue gas
    • F22B5/04—Component parts thereof; Accessories therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22D—PREHEATING, OR ACCUMULATING PREHEATED, FEED-WATER FOR STEAM GENERATION; FEED-WATER SUPPLY FOR STEAM GENERATION; CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL FOR STEAM GENERATION; AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR PROMOTING WATER CIRCULATION WITHIN STEAM BOILERS
    • F22D1/00—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters
    • F22D1/02—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters with water tubes arranged in the boiler furnace, fire tubes or flue ways
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22D—PREHEATING, OR ACCUMULATING PREHEATED, FEED-WATER FOR STEAM GENERATION; FEED-WATER SUPPLY FOR STEAM GENERATION; CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL FOR STEAM GENERATION; AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR PROMOTING WATER CIRCULATION WITHIN STEAM BOILERS
    • F22D1/00—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters
    • F22D1/28—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters for direct heat transfer, e.g. by mixing water and steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F23G5/46—Recuperation of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/20—Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation
    • F23G2206/203—Waste heat recuperation using the heat in association with another installation with a power/heat generating installation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a steam boiler for waste incineration, intended for production of steam in a cogeneration unit.
  • Such energy source also includes a steam boiler for incineration of municipal waste, comprising a combustion chamber and one flue-gas duct connected downstream, or several consecutive flue-gas ducts.
  • the waste supplied to the boiler is incinerated in the combustion chamber and the produced flue gas is, by flowing through flue-gas ducts, gradually cooled down to required temperature, e.g. to approx. 200 °C, and cooled in this manner it is delivered to a flue-gas cleaning device.
  • water that heats in the steam boiler and produces steam which is then used for production of electricity and supply of heat, is used for cooling flue gases in the steam boiler.
  • every steam boiler has some part of heat exchange surfaces arranged as a water heater, in which the supplied water is mostly heated to a temperature lower than the boiling temperature at given pressure, and the other part of heat exchange surfaces is embodied as an evaporator, in which the supplied water evaporates, and which comprises a steam drum in whose lower part boiling temperature water accumulates and above the water level, in the upper part of the steam drum, separated saturated steam accumulates, and the last part of heat exchange surfaces is embodied as a steam superheater, in which saturated steam, extracted from the steam drum, is heated to a higher temperature suitable for steam turbine operation.
  • the existing steam boilers comprise a steam drum, at least one water heater, at least one evaporator, and at least one steam superheater.
  • Water heater denotes a device with heat exchange surfaces which are connected through a feed pump to a water inlet from a suitable water source, usually a tank, wherein the outlet of the heat exchange surfaces is connected to the inlet to the steam drum.
  • Evaporator denotes a device with heat exchange surfaces which have their inlet connected to a steam drum.
  • Steam superheater denotes a device whose inlet is connected to the upper part of the steam drum, which is a part where steam accumulates, and the outlet is connected to the inlet of the steam turbine.
  • the existing devices have the superheater, or its heat exchange surfaces, located in one of flue-gas ducts, usually downstream of the evaporator.
  • the evaporator in an existing device is formed by heat exchange surfaces, arranged as membrane walls of the combustion chamber, or even as walls of flue-gas ducts.
  • the superheater is usually embodied as a heat exchange surface located in one of flue-gas ducts, usually downstream of the combustion chamber.
  • Water heater is located in one of flue-gas ducts, however, it is usually located as the last heat exchange surface in the last flue-gas duct.
  • patent specification JP2012017923 (A ) describes a steam boiler, in which waste is incinerated in a combustion chamber with a fire grate, and the produced flue gases then flow through the three connected flue-gas ducts.
  • the first duct is empty and in the second and third ducts heat exchange surfaces of the steam boiler are located.
  • the water heater is located as the last heat exchange surface at the flue gas outlet of the third duct, its inlet connected to the outlet of the feed pump and its outlet connected to the steam drum of the boiler.
  • All cooled membrane walls of the combustion chamber and flue-gas ducts are connected, forming an evaporator, wherein the lower inlet to these walls is connected to the lower part of the steam drum and the upper outlet of these walls is connected to the steam drum, usually at the water level in the steam drum.
  • the construction of some embodiments of steam boilers requires placement of part of the evaporator heat exchange surface in flue gas in one of flue-gas ducts of the boiler.
  • the existing devices have the lower inlet of the evaporator connected to the lower part of the steam drum and the upper outlet of the evaporator is connected to the steam drum, usually at the water level in the steam drum.
  • the first duct is empty and in the second flue-gas duct in flue gases a steam superheater is located, having the inlet connected to the upper part of the steam drum and the outlet to the steam turbine.
  • the upper part of the evaporator, under the ceiling and ceiling in transition to the first duct, are protected by a welded protection layer, e.g. nickel alloy. All these measures are rather expensive and fail to remove chloride corrosion, they just reduce its intensity. Durability of the heat exchange surfaces is low, the parts affected by chloride corrosion need to be replaced, thus increase the operating costs.
  • a welded protection layer e.g. nickel alloy. All these measures are rather expensive and fail to remove chloride corrosion, they just reduce its intensity. Durability of the heat exchange surfaces is low, the parts affected by chloride corrosion need to be replaced, thus increase the operating costs.
  • the supplied waste is incinerated in a combustion chamber with a fluid-bed furnace with a circulating fluid layer and produced flue gases then flow through the two connected flue-gas ducts.
  • the first flue-duct duct is empty and in the second flue-gas duct heat exchange surfaces are located.
  • a water heater is located in the second flue-gas duct cavity, as a last heat exchange surface at the flue gas outlet of the second flue-gas duct.
  • This water heater inlet is connected through a feed pump to a feed tank equipped with a degasification device, and its outlet is connected to the steam drum of the boiler.
  • the combustion chamber and flue-gas ducts have walls made as membrane heat exchange surfaces.
  • All membrane walls, combustion chambers and flue-gas ducts are forming an evaporator.
  • These evaporators have the lower inlet to the membrane walls, which is further connected to the lower part of the steam drum. Furthermore, they have an upper outlet out of the membrane walls, which is further connected to the steam drum, usually at the steam drum water level.
  • the construction of some embodiments of steam boilers requires placement of part of the evaporator heat exchange surfaces in flue gas in one of flue-gas ducts of the boiler.
  • the lower inlet thereof is connected to the lower part of the steam drum and its upper outlet is connected to the steam drum, usually at the water level.
  • the first flue-duct is empty, at the flue gas inlet to the second flue-gas duct in flue gases a first part of the steam superheater is located, the inlet of which is connected to the upper part of the steam drum, and the outlet of which is connected to the inlet of the output part of the steam superheater.
  • the output part of the steam superheater is embodied here as a fluid heat exchanger, located in between a cyclone separator outlet and the inlet for fluid layer material, which is in the lower part of the combustion chamber.
  • the second part of the superheater is located in the fluid exchanger upstream of the inlet to the combustion chamber. Since there are no flue gases containing chlorine in the fluid exchanger, the second part of the superheater is not exposed to the effects of chloride corrosion, even though it works with high wall temperature.
  • the pipes of the first part of the superheater, located in the second flue-gas duct are protected by a welded layer of an alloy resistant to chloride corrosion, e.g. nickel alloy, and/or by ceramic tiles on the side of flue gases.
  • Evaporator membrane walls in the combustion chamber are protected by lining at least in the lower part.
  • Evaporator membrane walls under the combustion chamber ceiling, and also in the combustion chamber ceiling in the place of transition into the first flue-gas duct are protected by a welded protection layer, e.g. nickel alloy.
  • WO 2008/152205 discloses a steam boiler for incineration municipal wastes with natural circulation and usage of generated overheated steam in an attached steam turbine for generating electricity.
  • This document does not disclose any low-pressure and high-pressure pumping parts part of the feed pump. Further it contains all its heaters placed in flue-gas ducts. The walls of the combustion chamber are not completely or at least partially formed by the heat exchange surfaces of any heater or evaporating surface.
  • the steam generator evaporator is inside the combustion chamber if the form of bank of tubes, this evaporator is not connected to a high-pressure part of the feed pump, because the feed pump works only in one pressure settings. No evaporator is placed in the fuel ducts.
  • the solution of document D1 contains two superheaters in the steam boiler, and the chloride corrosion is solved by a specific sequence of superheaters and heaters and by injection of calculated needed amount of cooling water between superheaters in relation to measured content and composition of dangerous chemicals generated by incineration of wastes in the combustion chamber with use of specific sensors.
  • EP 1188986 A2 , WO98/43017 A1 , US 5787844 A , US6178898B1 and WO2017/129861 A1 relate to burning waste liquors in chemical pulp industry by a recovery boiler comprising an evaporator, a heater, and a superheater, but none of these solutions specifically solves the problems of chloride corrosion. All these technical solutions use superheaters. Also, none of these documents mention a feed pump with a low-pressure and a high-pressure pumping part.
  • the proposed steam boiler for municipal waste incineration includes a combustion chamber comprising a combustion chamber cavity surrounded by combustion chamber walls, the combustion chamber, through an opening for flue gas flow, connected to at least one or several consecutive connected flue-gas ducts, interconnected through the openings for flue gas flow, where each flue-gas duct comprises a combustion chamber cavity surrounded by flue-gas duct walls, at least one evaporator for production of steam, a feed pump connected to a water source, , a steam drum and at least one heater having its inlet connected through a feed pump to the water source, at least one heater having an outlet connected to the steam drum from which a steam piping of saturated steam extends, wherein the feed pump has two pumping parts, the low-pressure part for pressure 0.2 to 5.0 MPa, and the high-pressure part for pressure 5 to 17 MPa, wherein the low-pressure part has the inlet connected to the water source and the outlet connected to the inlet of at least one heater and the high-pressure part is provided between the outlet of at least one
  • the evaporator is characterized in that it has its inlet and outlet connected to a steam drum.
  • the new solution is based on that the first heater, in the direction of flue gas flow, forms a combustion chamber wall with its heat exchange surfaces, wherein the evaporator is located, completely or partially, in the cavity of at least one flue-gas duct and/or forms, completely or partially, a wall of at least one flue-gas duct. If more than one evaporator is included, all included evaporators are located in a flue-gas duct or ducts in this manner, and all of them have their inlet and outlet connected to the steam drum.
  • the evaporator is arranged in such way that its heat exchange surfaces are located in the cavity and/or form at least part of the flue-gas duct wall.
  • the steam boiler preferably comprises at least two heaters, wherein the first heater, in the direction of flue gas flow, forms a combustion chamber wall, and the second heater is located, completely or partially, in the cavity of at least one flue-gas duct and/or forms, completely or partially, a wall of at least one flue-gas duct.
  • At least one heater is located in the cavity and/or forms walls of the last flue-gas duct and at least one evaporator is located in the cavity and/or forms walls of a different one than the last flue-gas duct.
  • At least one heater and/or evaporator is preferably located in the cavity and/or forms walls of every flue-gas duct.
  • the heaters are preferably connected in parallel with their inlets to the feed pump and with their outlets they are connected in parallel to the steam drum.
  • the feed pump has preferably two pumping parts, namely the low-pressure part and high-pressure part, where the low-pressure part is provided in between a water source and the inlet to at least one heater and the high-pressure part is provided in between the outlet of at least one heater and the steam drum.
  • the feed pump arranged from two parts, a low-pressure one and high-pressure one is a common pump type available on the market, wherein the low-pressure part means the design type for pressure of 0.2 to 5.0 MPa and the high-pressure part means the design type for pressure of 5 to 17 MPa.
  • the pump consisting of two pumping parts herein also means the use of a low-pressure and high-pressure pump, each embodied as a separate machine.
  • At least two heaters are preferably connected with their inlets in parallel to the low-pressure part of the feed pump, and with their outlets connected in parallel to the inlet of the high-pressure part of the feed pump.
  • At least one heater different from the heater located in the combustion chamber, is connected with its inlet in parallel in relation to the outlet of the high-pressure part of the feed pump, wherein the outlet of this heater is connected to the steam drum.
  • the advantage of the embodiment according to the invention is that, in contrast to the state of the art, the designed steam boiler has no steam superheater in flue gases.
  • the state of the art superheater is used in flue gases, and since the steam boiler solution is designed without using an superheater, the problems with the superheater chloride corrosion are eliminated.
  • the costs for acquisition of an superheater from highly alloyed steel, on superheater protection against corrosion, and on superheater maintenance and frequent replacements are significantly reduced.
  • the steam boiler according to the invention does not produce overheated steam, since it has no flue-gas steam superheater, but produces, from a smaller part of the delivered supply water, high-pressure saturated steam, and, from a bigger part of the delivered supply water, hot water at the boiling temperature at the same pressure.
  • This high-pressure hot water at the boiling temperature is, in a system of expanders, used for production of a smaller amount of saturated steam and a higher amount of hot water at the boiling temperature at lower pressure.
  • Such produced low-pressure saturated steam is delivered to the steam turbine and upstream of the steam turbine it is heated to higher temperature by high-pressure saturated steam supplied from the steam boiler drum, which condensates at cooling and returns back to the boiler steam drum.
  • low-pressure steam before entering a steam turbine is not heated by the heat of flue gases produced from waste incarceration.
  • the hot water produced by the above-described method is used for heat supply or is led into another expander, where by further expansion to lower pressure, saturated steam is produced again for another steam turbine stage and hot water, again for the heat supply or led to another expander, the number of expanders is the same as the number of saturated steam inlets to the steam turbine.
  • Steam boiler according to the invention is particularly designed for waste incineration in a cogeneration unit with a turbine and an electric generator.
  • the invention can be preferably used, for example, in a device according to CZ PV 2019-126, which is in the form of a cogeneration unit, including a steam boiler, which is provided with a steam drum.
  • the cogeneration unit also includes a steam turbine and an electric generator.
  • the steam drum has both a hot water inlet for hot water from the steam boiler and a steam-water inlet for a mixture of steam and hot water from the steam boiler, and a hot water outlet with connected hot water piping led into the first expander. Hot water piping for the condensate and steam piping for saturated steam is led out of the expander of this cogeneration unit.
  • the steam turbine is provided on the steam piping downstream of this expander, and the condenser is provided downstream of the steam turbine.
  • the device also comprises necessary connecting hot water piping and steam piping.
  • a heating circuit for temperature regulation of saturated steam led from the expander is provided and arranged in such way that, from the steam drum, the steam piping of saturated steam is led into the steam heater and, subsequently, hot water piping is led from a steam heater for extraction of condensed saturated steam delivered back to the steam drum, wherein simultaneously this steam heater is provided on the steam piping in between the expander and steam turbine.
  • the steam generator in this cogeneration unit works in such way that in the steam boiler high-pressure hot water is produced, e.g. 13MPa, at boiling temperature and further saturated steam with the same parameters.
  • Hot water from the steam drum of the steam boiler is led into the expander, where it expands to lower pressure, corresponding with steam pressure at the inlet of the steam turbine, e.g. 4MPa.
  • the expander when pressure drops, saturated steam is produced from a smaller part of the supplied hot water which is led to the steam turbine, and from a bigger part of the supplied hot water hot water with lower parameters, e.g. 4 MPa, is produced which is used for heat supply.
  • Saturated steam e.g. with the mentioned pressure of 4 MPa, is, before entering the steam turbine, heated to a higher temperature in the exchanger, e.g. 320 °C; for heating high-pressure saturated steam at pressure, e.g.
  • heat exchange surfaces located in high temperature flue gases e.g. higher than 600 °C, potentially in special operation conditions up to 950 °C, are designed as a water heater, whereby negligible intensity of chloride corrosion is reached even at these temperatures.
  • acquisition costs are reduced by both the fact that conventional steel is used for this heater production, as well as that no special surface protection of this designed heater against corrosion is necessary. Further savings are reached by reducing operating costs on maintenance, or potential replacements of steam boiler elements.
  • the invention brings benefits by that it proposes, in spaces with flue gases with temperature lower than 600 °C, to include a low-pressure evaporator and/or a heater, wherein the mentioned devices located therein have a significantly lower wall temperature, so that they are exposed to low intensity of chloride corrosion, and their acquisition and operating costs on maintenance are significantly reduced. Furthermore, one advantage of the boiler is that even during operation, the pressure in the steam drum can be changed and thus, if necessary, the ratio of electricity and heat supply can be changed in turn, so that the operation would be as economical as possible.
  • the proposed steam boiler is structurally designed to significantly reduce or fully eliminate chloride corrosion.
  • the mentioned need is achieved by the present invention, and thus the durability of steam boiler and its parts can be substantially prolonged.
  • the use of the designed steam boiler both prolongs the durability of a newly acquired steam boiler and brings results in the form of reduced maintenance costs.
  • the designed steam boiler can be potentially produced by remodeling of an existing steam boiler if that boiler is embodied as a high-pressure steam boiler, which is another advantage.
  • Fig. 1 and 2 are not protected by claims and they serve for presentation of a basic arrangement of the steam boiler for incineration of municipal wastes without a superheater.
  • the simplest exemplary embodiment is a single-pressure steam boiler with a single flue-gas duct according to Fig. 1 .
  • the main structural elements of this steam boiler are a combustion chamber 1, a flue-gas duct 2 and a steam drum 3.
  • a grate 4 is located, to which a fuel supply, not displayed, is connected.
  • the steam boiler is arranged so that in particular, municipal waste could be used as fuel.
  • the combustion chamber 1 is, in this exemplary embodiment, followed by one flue-gas duct 2 , terminated with a flue-gas outlet 5 .
  • the walls of the combustion chamber 1 form a water heater 6 consisting of the heat exchange surfaces, embodied as membrane walls.
  • the interconnection of elements is provided by a common interconnecting piping 7 .
  • the heater 6 has its inlet connected through a feed pump 8 to a tank which is a source 9 of supply water.
  • the inlet of the heater 6 is connected to the steam drum 3 .
  • the outlet and the inlet of the heater 6 are connected by the water piping 7 , on which a circulator 1 0 is provided.
  • the steam boiler further includes an evaporator 11 , which is located in the flue-gas duct 2 .
  • This exemplary embodiment comprises an optimal evaporator 1 1, which consists of a heat exchange surface forming walls of the flue-gas duct 2 , and of a heat exchange surface located in the cavity of the flue-gas duct 2 , in the space for flue gas flow.
  • the evaporator 11 is with its outlet and inlet connected to the steam drum 3.
  • the evaporator 11 may be formed exclusively by heat exchange surfaces forming walls of the flue-gas duct 2 , or heat exchange surfaces located in the cavity of the flue-gas duct 2 .
  • the heat exchange surfaces forming walls of flue-gas duct 2 it is preferred that they are in the form of a membrane wall, in case of heat exchange surfaces located in the cavity of the flue-gas duct 2 they can be in the form of just a bundle of pipes.
  • the supply fuel is incinerated on a grate 4 , wherein the incineration flame and flue gases produced by fuel incineration heat water in the heater 6 at relatively low temperature of heater 6 walls.
  • Hot flue gases which transferred part of their heat to water, proceed through the combustion chamber 1 into the flue-gas duct 2 , where they transfer heat to the evaporator 1 1, and further flue gases leave through the flue-gas outlet 5 out of the steam boiler, through a cleaning device, not displayed, into a chimney, also not displayed.
  • Water is delivered to the heater 6 from a source 9 with the use of a feed pump 8 .
  • the supply water in the heater 6 is heated to the maximum temperature corresponding to the boiling temperature at the corresponding pressure in the steam drum 3 .
  • the pressure of 13MPa it is 330°C.
  • Hot water from the heater 6 is supplied to the steam drum 3 , where it accumulates.
  • the heat exchange surfaces of the evaporator 11 are cooled by circulating hot boiler water, which is extracted from the steam drum 3, and after being heated by flue gases, it partially evaporates, whereby a steam-water mixture is produced.
  • Such produced steam-water mixture is delivered back by the steam-water piping 12 to the steam drum 3 .
  • both boiling temperature water i.e.
  • steam boiler in this example embodiment can be used for operation with variable pressure in the steam drum 3 , which allows, when used in a cogeneration unit, during steam boiler operation, at maintained power on the fuel side, to change the ratio of produced electricity and supplied heat. For example, in winter, when the required heat supplies are higher, the pressure in the steam drum 3 is reduced and thus the supplied electric power of the cogeneration unit is reduced at the simultaneous increase of heat supplies.
  • An example of another embodiment is a single-pressure steam boiler with two flue-gas ducts 2, 14 according to Fig. 2 .
  • the main structural elements of this steam boiler are a combustion chamber 1 , two flue-gas ducts 2, 14 and a steam drum 3 .
  • a grate 4 is located, to which a fuel supply, not displayed, is connected.
  • the combustion chamber 1 is followed by the first flue-gas duct 2 and by the second flue-gas duct 14 , terminated with a flue-gas outlet 5.
  • the second flue-gas duct 14 have walls embodied as a steel channel with insulation.
  • the steam boiler comprises two water heaters 6, 15.
  • the walls of the combustion chamber 1 form the first heater 6 consisting of heat exchange surfaces embodied as membrane walls.
  • the first heater 6 has its water inlet connected through a feed pump 8 to a tank, which is a source 9 of supply water, and it has the water outlet connected to the steam drum 3.
  • the second heater 15 is located in the second flue-gas duct 14 and it is in the steam boiler connected in parallel, relative to the first heater 6.
  • the first heater 6 outlet and inlets into both heaters 6, 15 are interconnected with the water piping 7, which is provided with a circulator 10.
  • the steam boiler includes an evaporator 11, which is located in the first flue-gas duct 2.
  • This exemplary embodiment of the invention also comprises an optimal evaporator 11, which consists of a membrane heat exchange surface and a bundle of pipes.
  • the membrane heat exchange surface forms walls of the first flue-gas duct 2, and the bundle of pipes is located in the first flue-gas duct 2 cavity, in the space for flue gas flow.
  • the evaporator 11 is, by its inlet and outlet, connected to the steam drum 3. Alternative embodiment possibilities for the evaporator 11 are the same as in the previous example.
  • the second heater 15 has its inlet connected to the outlet of the feed pump 8 and its outlet is connected to the outlet of the first heater 6, both of these outlets are, by the joint water piping 7, connected to the steam drum 3. Alternatively, the outlets of both heaters 6, 15 can be connected directly to the steam drum 3. Alternatively, it is also possible to provide the heaters 6, 15 consecutively in series.
  • the steam boiler works similarly to the steam boiler in the previous example, with the exception that it has two ducts. Flue gases produced by incarceration of fuel proceed from the first flue-gas duct 2 to the second flue-gas duct 14, and only then they leave it through a flue-gas outlet 5.
  • the second flue-gas duct 14 is, by means of the second heater 15, cooled by water from the feed pump 8 parallel to the walls of the combustion chamber 1, i.e. with the first heater 6.
  • the water heated by the flow through the second heater 15 is mixed with water heated from the first heater 6 and this mixture is delivered to the steam drum 3.
  • the water heated in the first heater 6 and the second heater 15 is delivered individually directly to the steam drum 3.
  • the supply water By flow of the supply water through the second heater 15, the supply water is heated to the temperature lower than the boiling temperature at the corresponding pressure in the steam drum 3.
  • High-pressure hot water for cogeneration production of electricity and heat is, as well as in the previous example, extracted from the steam drum 3 by water piping 7.
  • High-pressure saturated steam for steam heating upstream of the steam turbine is extracted from the steam drum 3 by the steam piping 13 and the condensate is returned back to the steam drum 3 by water piping 7.
  • in this exemplary embodiment in the evaporator 11 of the steam boiler only the sufficient amount of saturated steam is produced that is necessary for heating the saturated steam produced in the expanders before entering the steam turbine.
  • Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a double-pressure steam boiler with two flue-gas ducts and a feed pump consisting of two parts according to Fig. 3 .
  • This steam boiler also comprises a combustion chamber 1 with a grate 4, two flue-gas ducts 2, 14 , a steam drum 3 and an evaporator 11.
  • the arrangement of these parts of the steam boiler is identical to the previous example.
  • the number of the heaters 6, 15 and their location in the steam boiler is identical.
  • This steam boiler differs from the previous example particularly by including a feed pump 8 having two pumping parts 16, 17, a low-pressure part 16 and a high-pressure part 17.
  • both parts, the low-pressure and high-pressure part 16, 17 are mounted on a joint shaft with a drive 18 of the feed pump 8 , e.g. an electric motor.
  • the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 has the inlet connected to a water source 9 and the outlet is designed as connected to an inlet of at least one, in this case both, heaters 6, 15 .
  • the high-pressure part 17 is provided in between the outlet of at least one, in this case both, heaters 6, 15 and the steam drum 3. At the high-pressure part outlet 17 of the feed pump 8 regulation fittings 19 may be located.
  • the invention does not exclude provision of water heaters 6, 15 in series, where the second heater 15 would be provided as the first one and the first heater 6 in series downstream, in the direction of water flow.
  • the heaters 6, 15 are provided in parallel. These heaters 6, 15 are connected in parallel with their inlets to the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8, wherein their outlets are connected to the inlet of the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8.
  • the outlet of the high-pressure part 17 is connected by connecting water piping 7 to the steam drum 3.
  • flue gases flow identically to those in the steam boiler according to a previous example. From the combustion chamber 1 they flow through the first flue-gas duct 2 and the second flue-gas duct 14 and leave the steam boiler through a flue-gas outlet 5.
  • the evaporator 11 similarly to the device according to Figs. 1 and 2 , is cooled by high-pressure supply water, e.g. 13MPa. The difference is that the first heater 6 as well as the second heater 15 are cooled by low-pressure supply water, e.g. at pressure of1 MPa. Since the low-pressure part 16 and the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 are on a joint shaft with a drive 18, their equal mas flow rate is maintained.
  • An advantage of this exemplary embodiment, in comparison with the previous example, is that at the mentioned low water pressure, e.g. 1 MPa, in the first heater 6, namely at combustion chamber 1 walls, the temperature of pipes is lower than approx. 200 °C, so that chloride corrosion can be excluded, even in the area of combustion chamber 1 ceiling. Chloride corrosion elimination is also reached at higher flue gas temperature, as high as 950 °C, which can be reached by changing calorific values of incinerated waste. Since this steam boiler has no flue-gas steam superheater, chloride corrosion in the area of steam superheater, which affects the existing known steam boilers that include an superheater, is excluded.
  • Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a double-pressure steam boiler with three flue-gas ducts 2, 14, 20 according to Fig. 4 .
  • the steam boiler comprises a combustion chamber 1 with a grate 4, three flue-gas ducts 2, 14, 20 , a steam drum 3 and an evaporator 11 .
  • the arrangement of these parts of the steam boiler is similar to the previous example with a difference that the evaporator 11 is arranged in the second flue-gas duct 14.
  • the steam boiler comprises three water heaters 6, 15, 21 .
  • the first heater 6 is located in the combustion chamber 1, where it forms its walls similarly to previous examples.
  • the second heater 15 is located in the first flue-gas duct 2 and the third heater 21 is located in the third flue-gas duct 20.
  • the second heater 15 is embodied as a membrane wall of the first flue-gas duct 2 and the bundle of pipes in the first flue-gas duct 2 cavity.
  • the third heater 21 is embodied as a bundle of pipes in the third flue-gas duct 20 cavity.
  • the feed pump 8 connected to a water source 9 , has a low-pressure and a high-pressure part 16, 17 on a joint shaft.
  • the first and the second heater 6, 15 are provided as low-pressure ones, downstream of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 , working with the pressure of, for example, 1.0MPa.
  • the evaporator 11 is, in this example embodiment, embodied as walls of the second flue-gas duct 14 and pipe heat exchange surface in the second flue-gas duct 14 cavity. It has the inlet and outlet connected to the steam drum 3, to which it is provided as a high-pressure one, working with the pressure of, for example, 13MPa.
  • the first and second heater 6, 15 have a joint outlet to water piping 7, which is connected through the regulation fittings 19 to the outlet of the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8. The outlet of the high-pressure part 17 is then by further water piping 7 connected to the steam drum 3.
  • the invention does not exclude an alternative embodiment where these heaters 6, 15 are provided in series or embodied from more parts provided in series.
  • the first and second heater 6, 15 have a circuit with at least one circulator 10 provided in a suitable place. Then in this example embodiment at least two heaters 6, 15, the first and second, are connected with their inlets in parallel to the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 and with their outlets connected in parallel to the outlet of the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 .
  • the third heater 21 is with its inlet connected to water piping 7, leading from the outlet of the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 to the steam drum 3.
  • the outlet of the third heater 21 in this presented example is by further water piping 7 led directly to the steam drum 3, outside the water piping 7 interconnecting the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 with the steam drum 3.
  • this third heater 21 it is possible to connect this third heater 21 back, to a following segment of water piping 7 leading to the steam drum 3.
  • An advantage of this invention embodiment is that the boiler has no steam superheater in flue gases, so there are no problems with superheater chloride corrosion, some costs on material from highly alloyed steel, maintenance and frequent replacements are saved.
  • Another advantage is that heat exchange surfaces located in high temperature flue gases, e.g. 600 °C to 950 °C, form the first and second water heater 6, 15 with low wall temperature, e.g. 200 °C, and thus with negligible intensity of chloride corrosion. It is possible to use common steel for production of these heaters 6, 15 and no special protection of their surface against corrosion is required, so the acquisition costs and operating maintenance costs, or potentially replacement, are low.
  • Another advantage is that in flue gases with temperature lower than 600 °C a high-pressure evaporator 11 and third heater 21 are used, which, at the mentioned flue gas temperature, have wall temperature lower than 370 °C, so they are also exposed to low intensity of chloride corrosion.
  • the steam boiler in operation it is also possible for the steam boiler in operation to change pressure in the steam drum 3 and thus, if necessary, the ratio of electricity and heat supplies can be changed in turn, so that the operation would be as much economical as possible.
  • FIG. 5 Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a steam boiler with low-pressure surfaces provided as a water heater and as a flow evaporating surface according to Fig. 5 .
  • the steam boiler comprises a combustion chamber 1 with a grate 4, three flue-gas ducts 2, 14, 20, a steam drum 3 and an evaporator 11 with similar arrangement as in an example embodiment according to Fig. 4 with the difference that walls of combustion chamber 1 and the second flue-gas duct 2 are formed by an evaporating surface 22 consisted of heat exchange surfaces embodied as membrane walls, which is in this example embodiment embodied as a flow evaporator, or potentially as a water heater with partial steam production.
  • the inlet to the evaporating surface 22 is connected to a heater 21 outlet located in the third flue-gas duct 20 cavity, wherein the inlet of this heater 21 is connected to the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 .
  • the outlet of the evaporating surface 22 is connected to a separator 23, whose water outlet is in its lower part connected to the inlet to the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8, or potentially through a circulator 10 to the inlet to evaporating surfaces 22, and the steam outlet of the separator 23 in its upper part is connected through steam piping 13 to the steam turbine upstream of the inlet to the steam turbine or upstream of an inlet to some other steam turbine parts with lower pressure.
  • Water from the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 is in the heater 21 in the flue-gas duct 20 cavity heated by flue gases to higher temperature and such heated enters the evaporating surface 22, where, because of the heat from flue gases, in the combustion chamber 1 and in flue-gas duct 2 a small part of water evaporates, e.g. up to 15 %, and the produced steam-water mixture is led to a separator 23, where water and steam are separated from the supplied steam-water mixture, wherein the separated water accumulates in its lower part and separated steam in its upper part.
  • Such obtained steam is led by steam piping 13 to the steam turbine and is used for production of electricity and water is led away by water piping 7 and after increasing pressure in the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 it is heated to higher temperature in the heater 15 in first flue-gas duct 2 and led to the steam drum 3, or potentially it is led directly to the steam drum 3.
  • the evaporator 11 which is located in the second flue-gas duct 14, and whose inlet is, by water piping 7 as well as its outlet by steam piping 12, connected to the steam drum 3, from a smaller part of water saturated steam is produced, which is from the upper part of the steam drum extracted by steam piping 13 for further use, similarly to previous example embodiments.
  • a permissible operation of the steam boiler is when in the evaporating surface 22 no steam is produced and just hot water of boiling temperature or lower enters the separator 23, in this case a steam cushion of the same pressure as in the place of connection to the steam turbine is maintained above the water level in the separator 23.
  • An advantage of this embodiment is that the heat obtained by cooling flue gases in the combustion chamber 1 and partially also in flue-gas duct 2 is not only used for heating water from the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8, but also in some operation states when the heat obtained from cooling flue gases is too big, e.g. when incinerating fuel with higher calorific value, or potentially in operation with changing pressure in the steam drum 3, and also to partial production of steam, which is then used in the steam turbine to produce electricity.
  • Another advantage is that during partial steam production the evaporating surface 22 has identical wall temperature corresponding with boiling temperature, e.g. at steam pressure of 3MPa approx. 280 °C, and in operation without steam production it has identical temperature or lower, which is reflected in significantly lower intensity of chloride corrosion.
  • FIG. 6 Another exemplary embodiment of the invention is a steam boiler with low-pressure surfaces provided as a water heater and as an evaporating surface with natural circulation according to Fig. 6 .
  • the steam boiler comprises a combustion chamber 1 with a grate 4, three flue-gas ducts 2, 14, 20, a steam drum 3 and an evaporator 11 with similar arrangement as in an example embodiment according to Fig. 5 where the walls of combustion chamber 1 and the second flue-gas duct 2 are formed by an evaporating surface 22 consisting again of heat exchange surfaces embodied as membrane walls, which are in this example embodiment embodied differently as an evaporator with natural circulation.
  • the inlet to the evaporating surface 22 is through water piping 7 connected to the steam drum 24 and the outlet is through steam-water piping 12 also connected to the steam drum 24.
  • the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 is connected to the inlet of the heater 21 located in the third flue-gas duct 20 cavity, wherein the outlet of this heater 21 is connected to the low-pressure steam drum 24 to which the outlet of evaporating surfaces 22 is connected as well and whose water outlet is connected through water piping 7 to the inlet to the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8 and to the inlet of evaporating surfaces 22, directly or alternatively through a circulator 10.
  • the steam outlet in the upper part of the steam drum 24 is through steam piping 13 connected to the steam turbine upstream of the inlet to the steam turbine or upstream of an inlet to some other steam turbine parts with lower pressure.
  • the heater 21 may be in the third flue-gas duct 20 embodied as a two-part one, wherein the second outlet part may be located in between the first flue-gas duct 2 and the second flue-gas duct 14.
  • water from the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 is in the heater 21 in the cavity of flue-gas duct 20 heated by flue gases to higher temperature and such heated enters the steam drum 24, where it is mixed with a steam-water mixture entering the steam drum 24 from evaporating surfaces 22 and is led through water piping 7 to the inlet of evaporating surfaces 22, where a small part of water evaporates with flue gases in the combustion chamber 1 and in flue-gas duct 2, and the produced steam-water mixture is delivered back to the steam drum 24, wherein by the difference in densities of the delivered hot water and discharged steam-water mixture from evaporating surfaces 22 natural water circulation is set.
  • a permissible operation of the steam boiler is when in the evaporating surface 22 no steam is produced and just hot water of boiling temperature or lower enters the steam drum 24, in this case a steam cushion of identical pressure as in the place of connection to the steam turbine is maintained above the water level in the steam drum 24.
  • An advantage of this embodiment is that the heat obtained by cooling flue gases in the combustion chamber 1 and partially also in flue-gas duct 2 is not only used for heating water from the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8, but also in some operation states when the heat obtained from cooling flue gases is big, e.g. when incinerating fuel with higher calorific value, or potentially in operation with changing pressure in the steam drum 3, and also to partial production of steam, which is then used in the steam turbine to produce electricity.
  • Another advantage is that during partial steam production the evaporating surface 22 has identical wall temperature corresponding with boiling temperature, e.g. at steam pressure of 3MPa approx. 280 °C, and in operation without steam production it has identical temperature or lower, which is reflected in significantly lower intensity of chloride corrosion.
  • Another advantage is that cooling the evaporating surfaces 22 is ensured by natural water circulation, thus the pressure at the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 is reduced as well as its required electric power. Natural circulation ensures the required cooling of the evaporating surfaces 22 even during start-up and shut-down of the boiler.
  • one of the walls of the evaporating surface 22 is replaced by the heater 6.
  • some or all evaporating walls, or potentially their parts, may be embodied as a heater 6.
  • the use of a circulator is optional.
  • the used evaporator 11 is a high-pressure one and is connected to the high-pressure part 17 of the feed pump 8
  • the evaporating surface 22 is a low-pressure one and is connected to the outlet of the low-pressure part 16 of the feed pump 8 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
EP19835228.8A 2019-04-11 2019-11-28 Steam boiler for waste incineration Active EP3870896B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CZ2019-227A CZ2019227A3 (cs) 2019-04-11 2019-04-11 Parní kotel pro spalování odpadů
PCT/CZ2019/050056 WO2020207515A1 (en) 2019-04-11 2019-11-28 Steam boiler for waste incineration

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EP3870896B1 true EP3870896B1 (en) 2022-08-24

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CN113685839B (zh) * 2021-08-25 2022-06-21 林维金 一种燃煤锅炉氢氧助燃节能装置

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DE1156087B (de) * 1960-09-21 1963-10-24 Vorkauf Heinrich Wasserrohrkessel
EP0595009B1 (de) * 1992-09-30 1996-01-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Kraftwerksanlage sowie danach arbeitende Anlage
FI103903B1 (fi) * 1995-03-06 1999-10-15 Ahlstrom Machinery Oy Syöttöveden esilämmitin
FI117635B (fi) * 1997-02-25 2006-12-29 Kvaerner Power Oy Soodakattila
JPH10253011A (ja) * 1997-03-13 1998-09-25 Hitachi Zosen Corp 燃焼装置
WO1998043017A1 (en) * 1997-03-21 1998-10-01 Ahlstrom Machinery Oy Recovery boiler for combustion of waste liquors
FI20002055A7 (fi) * 2000-09-18 2002-03-19 Kvaerner Power Oy Sovitelma soodakattilassa
WO2008152205A1 (en) * 2007-06-15 2008-12-18 Åf-Consult Oy Combustion plant and method for the combustion
JP5787303B2 (ja) * 2010-07-08 2015-09-30 株式会社タクマ 都市ごみ焼却プラントの運転方法
US10844753B2 (en) * 2015-03-31 2020-11-24 Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. Boiler, steam-generating plant provided with same, and method for operating boiler
CN105042553A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2015-11-11 中能世华(北京)节能科技有限公司 一种智能辅助循环水管余热锅炉
FI128782B (fi) * 2016-01-28 2020-12-15 Andritz Oy Talteenottokattilan lämmöntalteenottopintojen järjestely
CN206280938U (zh) * 2016-12-19 2017-06-27 珠海市建华锅炉机械工程有限公司 一种节能环保燃生物质蒸汽锅炉

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EP3870896A1 (en) 2021-09-01
CZ2019227A3 (cs) 2020-04-01
WO2020207515A1 (en) 2020-10-15
UA125894C2 (uk) 2022-06-29

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