Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
  • B01D39/16—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres
  • B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
  • B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
  • B01D46/0032—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions using electrostatic forces to remove particles, e.g. electret filters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/02—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, having hollow filters made of flexible material
  • B01D46/023—Pockets filters, i.e. multiple bag filters mounted on a common frame
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
  • B01D46/52—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material
  • B01D46/521—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using filters embodying folded corrugated or wound sheet material using folded, pleated material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/04—Additives and treatments of the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0435—Electret
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
  • B01D2239/0604—Arrangement of the fibres in the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0618—Non-woven
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
  • B01D2239/0604—Arrangement of the fibres in the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0622—Melt-blown
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
  • B01D2239/0604—Arrangement of the fibres in the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0627—Spun-bonded
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
  • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0663—The layers being joined by hydro-entangling
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/06—Filter cloth, e.g. knitted, woven non-woven; self-supported material
  • B01D2239/065—More than one layer present in the filtering material
  • B01D2239/0668—The layers being joined by heat or melt-bonding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/12—Special parameters characterising the filtering material
  • B01D2239/1233—Fibre diameter
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2239/00—Aspects relating to filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D2239/12—Special parameters characterising the filtering material
  • B01D2239/1291—Other parameters

Definitions

• the invention relates to a filter medium for folded filter elements or pocket filters, in which at least two nonwoven layers are interconnected by fluidization of the fibers, a method for its production, a method for its electrical charging, an electrically charged filter medium (electret) and the use of filter medium.
• the layers of multilayer filter media have been mostly glued. Through the adhesive, the permeability can be hindered.
• Another disadvantage is that very small particles accumulate in the voids between the layers. As a result, the pressure difference is often unnecessarily high in the case of conventional filters or increases steeply relatively quickly.
• fine fiber layers are deposited directly on a carrier layer.
• the layers are then usually only loosely connected.
• the surfaces of fine-fiber layers are not resistant to mechanical influences. Already at low stress uneven surfaces with protruding fibers. There is no abrasion-resistant surface and positive connection with the fine fibers.
• DE 101 36 256 describes the production of staple fibers on a carrier material.
• the layers are welded or laminated together. Again, the pressure difference is unnecessarily high.
• DE 697 32 032 describes a filter in which the layers are connected by melting and spray coatings. Again, the pressure difference is unnecessarily high.
• DE 198 04 940 describes a filter medium in which a nonwoven layer is deposited on a voluminous carrier layer and the layers are connected with liquid or gaseous high-pressure media jets.
• the composite may consist of nonwoven fabric and / or filament spunbonded nonwoven fabric. Needling is considered disadvantageous in this document. A fine separation layer is not integrated.
• WO 201 1/1 12309 A1 describes a highly elastic nonwoven material for closures of diapers with a high restoring force after deformation.
• the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a multi-layered filter medium for folded filter elements or bag filters, in which the individual layers are connected to one another in a form-fitting manner and in whose composite at least one fine fiber layer is abrasion-resistant.
• a filter medium for folded filter elements for example minipleat filters
• pocket filters containing at least two nonwoven layers, characterized in that at least two nonwoven layers layers are interconnected by turbulence of the fibers, wherein at least one of these layers is a fine fiber layer.
• the filter medium according to the invention preferably contains at least one spunlace layer and at least one fine fiber layer.
• the filter medium may also contain a storage layer.
• the storage layer preferably consists of 1 to 3 layers of parallel web.
• the filter medium according to the invention preferably contains exactly two nonwoven layers, if it is a filter medium for folded filter media. It is preferably a spunlace layer and a fine fiber layer. As an alternative to the fine fiber layer, it is also possible to use a storage layer. If the filter medium from a
• the Spunlace Mrs is preferably located on the upstream side of the filter medium.
• the filter medium consists of a spunlacite layer and a storage layer, then the storage layer is preferably located on the upstream side of the filter medium.
• the filter medium is to be suitable for pocket filters, then preferably at least 3 fiber layers are present. These are preferably a storage layer, a spunlace layer and a fine fiber layer, wherein the storage layer preferably lies on the upstream side of the filter medium.
• a transition layer may be provided which is, for example, a spunlace layer.
• the spunlace layer is preferably arranged on the upstream side or between the storage layer and the fine fiber layer or on the outflow side.
• the filter medium according to the invention preferably belongs to one of the particle filter classes ePM10, ePM2.5, ePM1, M5, M6, F7, F8, F9, E10, E1 1, MERV 8 - MERV 16.
• the initial separation efficiency for DEFIS droplets having a size of 0.3 to 2.5 miti is preferably in a range of 15 to 95%.
• the filter medium preferably contains less than 0.5% by weight of adsorbents (such as, for example, activated carbon).
• adsorbents such as, for example, activated carbon
• the nonwovens and fibers described in this patent application are by definition not adsorbents according to this invention.
• the initial pressure difference of the filter medium according to the invention in the new state is preferably in a range of 5 to 250 Pa.
• the initial pressure difference of the filter medium in the new state is in a range of 5 to 400 Pa at a flow rate of 16.7 cm / s.
• the flow rate can also be measured at other speeds, such as in a range of 5 to 500 cm / s.
• the initial pressure difference is in a range of 5 to 250 Pa for these flow rates.
• the fibers or nonwoven layers for the filter medium that are fluidized are preferably non-hydrophobic and charged. As a result, the fibers can be well swirled by means of water jets.
• the filter medium preferably has a flexural rigidity of at least 1 N with a sample size of 10 x 10 cm.
• the bending stiffness can be up to 50 N. A higher bending stiffness has the advantage that these layers can be folded more easily and then not back up again, but the fold is retained. In addition, pockets of bag filters do not bulge so much and thus do not obstruct the outflow of air from neighboring bags.
• the bending strength can be measured for example with a tensile tester Zwick.
• the maximum tensile force elongation of the filter medium is preferably in a range of 0 to 150%, more preferably in a range of 30 to 100%.
• the maximum tensile force elongation can be determined, for example, according to ISO 9073-15 "Simple Strip Tensile Test on Textile Fabrics", Part 2, Nonwovens and Composites. Due to this particularly low elasticity, this material can be folded particularly well and is also much more dimensionally stable in pocket filters.
• the total thickness of the filter medium is preferably in a range of 0.5 to 10 mm. If the total thickness of the filter media is less than 0.5 mm, the rigidity for pleat stability may be too low.
• the basis weight of the filter medium is preferably in a range of 50 to 400 g / m 2 . If the basis weight of the filter medium is below this range, then it may happen that there is too little dust storage capacity. If the basis weight is above this range, then it may be that filter does not make economic sense.
• the filter medium preferably also has a storage layer.
• the storage layer preferably has a basis weight in a range from 20 to 200 g / m 2 , particularly preferably 30 to 120 g / m 2 , very particularly preferably 40 to 90 g / m 2 .
• the thickness of the storage layer is preferably in a range of 0.8 to 6 mm, more preferably 1 to 5 mm.
• the material of the storage layer is preferably parallel web (here the fibers are oriented in the machine direction).
• the nonwoven of the storage layer is preferably formed of polyolefin fibers. However, the nonwoven may also be wholly or partly made of polyester fibers (for example polyethylene terephthalate).
• the polyethylene terephthalate may preferably also be at least partially a copolymer of polyethylene terephthalate.
• a polyolefin nonwoven fabric has the advantage of being better than Polyethylene terephthalate nonwovens can be electrically charged.
• the proportion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the storage layer is preferably in a range of 30 to 100% by weight.
• Particularly preferred polyolefin fibers are polyethylene and polypropylene fibers.
• the nonwoven of the storage layer is preferably thermally solidified. This has the advantage that it then has a particularly high storage capacity in the composite, as it keeps its volume.
• the storage layer may preferably consist of one to three layers, which are produced for example in one step.
• the material is parallel web. It may alternatively be a laid fleece.
• the spunlace layer is preferably a hydroentangled fiber fleece.
• the material of the spunlace layer is preferably formed from polyolefin fibers. However, the nonwoven may also be wholly or partly made of polyester fibers (for example polyethylene terephthalate) or else copolymer or bicomponent fibers.
• the basis weight of the spunlace layer is preferably in a range of 30 to 200 g / m 2 .
• the spiky layer preferably has a thickness in a range of 0.5 to 2 mm.
• the spunlace layer is preferably consolidated in one work step and connected to the fine fiber layer by means of high-energy water jets. The water jet pressures are for example in a range of 4 to 20 MPa. The solidification and layer connection take place in the hydroentanglement plant.
• the holes in the nozzle strips of the solidification bar have, for example, diameters between 0.05 mm and 0.13 mm and are arranged in one, two or three rows. Two or three solidification bars are preferably used.
• the energy input can also be distributed to up to five solidification bars.
• the spunlace layer may preferably have a proportion of more than 40% by weight of bicomponent fibers and / or melt-adhesive fibers.
• the spunlace layer can also be structured in three dimensions.
• the advantages of a 3D structure are the enlargement of the surface and thus a higher dust storage capacity.
• the 3D structure also acts as a spacer between the folds.
• drums or exchangeable cups with patterning or corresponding openings are used on the hardening drums. The fixation of the 3D structure, for example, by a subsequent thermal treatment.
• the fibers of the spunlace layer preferably have a length in a range of 38 to 60 mm.
• the material of the fine fiber layer is preferably polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate and / or polyester.
• the polyester may preferably be polybutylene terephthalate.
• the material is particularly preferably polypropylene.
• the fine fiber layer may contain ferroelectric material (such as perovskites, especially BaTiOs or AIT1O3). These additives increase the charge stability.
• the ferroelectric material is preferably contained in the fibers of the fine fiber layer and most preferably dispersed in the polymer of the fibers (for example as an additive).
• the content of ferroelectric material in the fine fiber layer is preferably in a range of 0.01 to 50% by weight based on the fiber material.
• the basis weight of the fine fiber layer is preferably in a range of 5 to 50 g / m 2 , most preferably in a range of 10 to 35 g / m 2 .
• the preferred fiber fineness distribution of the fine fiber layer is in the range of 0.1 miti to 4 miti with a maximum between 0.6 miti and 1, 2 miti.
• the fine fiber layer preferably has a thickness in a range of 0.08 to 1 mm.
• the fine fiber layer may preferably consist of one, two or three layers. It can also be deposited on a carrier nonwoven fabric (stiffness carrier or carrier layer), preferably a filament spunbonded nonwoven fabric or a thermally bonded nonwoven fabric having a basis weight in the range of 10 g / m 2 to 200 g / m 2 .
• This carrier nonwoven fabric may be disposed between the fine fiber layer and the storage layer or at the outflow side or upstream side.
• the fibers of the fine fiber layer preferably have a median average diameter in a range of 600 to 1200 nm.
• the fiber fineness of the fibers of the fine fiber layer is preferably in a range of 0.3 to 3.3 dtex.
• At least one of the layers is preferably a meltblown nonwoven (ultrafine spunvias). At least one of the layers may, for example, also be a nanofiber layer.
• At least one layer of meltblown fleece then preferably none of the other layers is a nanofiber layer.
• the maximum tensile force elongation of the fine fiber layer is preferably in a range of 0 to 150%, more preferably in a range of 30 to 100%.
• the maximum tensile force elongation can be determined, for example, according to ISO 9073-15 "Simple Strip Tensile Test on Textile Fabrics", Part 2, Nonwovens and Composites. Due to this particularly low elasticity, the material can be unrolled without distortion and processed without delay. Arrangement of the layers
• At least one further nonwoven fabric layer preferably filament spunbonded fabric or thermally bonded nonwoven fabric (transitional or protective layer), may be arranged between the storage layer and the spunlace layer and / or on the side of the fine fiber layer facing away from the spunlace layer.
• This nonwoven fabric layer may preferably have a surface mass in a range of 10 to 50 g / m 2 .
• the material of this nonwoven layer (transition or protective layer) is preferably polypopylene, polyethylene, or polyester.
• this nonwoven fabric layer (transition or protective layer) is preferably arranged below the fine fiber layer and is connected in a form-fitting manner to the spun lacquer layer by turbulence. This nonwoven layer simultaneously acts as a protective layer against abrasion from the outside.
• the spunlace layer and the fine fiber layer are preferably connected to one another in a form-fitting manner.
• the spun-layer and the fine-fiber layer are most preferably hydroentangled with one another.
• the protective layer and / or the storage layer can also be reinforced.
• the storage layer may be positively connected to the spunlace layer.
• the hydroentanglement is used in conjunction with a thermal treatment. This process combination has the advantage that in addition to the layer connection the required stiffness for folding is achieved. Alternatively, however, the storage layer can simply be laid onto the composite of the remaining layers.
• the storage layer may also be positively bonded to the spunlace layer and also to the fine fiber layer, most preferably by hydroentanglement.
• the spunlace layer and the fine fiber layer together preferably have a thickness in a range of 0.7 to 1.5 mm.
• the entire filter medium preferably has a thickness in a range of 0.7 mm - 10 mm.
• the filter medium preferably contains no layer which is not based on thermoplastic materials, and in particular no layer of metal, wood or paper. This has the advantage that the filter medium can be easily thermally deformed, melted, welded and glued.
• the filter medium preferably has no film, more preferably no polymer film. Equally preferably, the filter medium also has no paper or cellulose short fibers. Through a foil or paper, even if they are perforated, the pressure difference is unnecessarily increased and hinders the flow.
• the layers of the filter medium are not bonded together.
• the pressure difference can be reduced.
• the filter medium according to the invention is not impregnated with a Flarz or even provided with a cured Flarz. As a result, a low pressure difference can be realized.
• adjacent layers are connected to each other with over 90% of their respective surfaces, very particularly connected to each other over the entire surface.
• the object on which the invention is based is achieved by a method for producing the filter medium according to the invention, characterized in that at least two nonwoven layers are connected to one another in a form-fitting manner by turbulence (for example with high-energy water jets).
• none of the nonwoven layers is formed in organic solvent. This has the advantage that the five-position systems do not have to be explosion-proof.
• turbulence preferably high-energy water jets or steam jets are used. Water jets are particularly preferred.
• the hydroentanglement plant is supplied with a nonwoven fabric for the fine fiber layer.
• This nonwoven fabric may preferably have the above-described properties singly or in combination.
• fibers for the spunlace layer are also fed to the hydroentanglement system.
• These fibers can preferably be carded before delivery and placed by means of cross-cutters or cross-stackers, or fed as a parallel web.
• These fibers may preferably have the above-described properties of the spunlace layer individually or in combination.
• the web may preferably be stretched prior to being fed to the swirling device.
• the swirling apparatus will be in addition to the nonwoven fabric for the fine fiber layer and the fibers for the spunlace layer
• Nonwoven / nonwoven fabric supplied to the storage layer may preferably have the above-described properties singly or in combination.
• the resulting filter medium can be calendered to increase rigidity, reduce thickness and densify.
• the resulting filter medium is preferably dried and fixed in an oven. After drying and / or calendering, the filter medium is preferably charged electrically. The electrical charging is preferably done inline. Electric charging in the context of the invention should be understood as a synonym for polarization. In the technical field of filters, these two terms are often used as synonyms.
• the object underlying the invention is achieved by a method for electrically charging the filter medium according to the invention, characterized in that the filter medium is charged electrically (for example, positively and / or negatively).
• the filter medium is electrically charged with a charging device.
• the charging device preferably has one to five, most preferably two to four pairs of electrodes and counterelectrodes.
• the electrodes are preferably coupled to a generator.
• the voltage for charging is preferably set in a range of 15 to 60 kV, more preferably 20 to 30 kV.
• the current intensity for charging is preferably set in a range of 1 to 10 mA, most preferably in a range of 2 to 5 mA.
• the distance of the electrode to the counter electrode is preferably set to a distance in a range of 10 to 40 mm.
• the working speed is preferably set in a range of 10 to 100 m / min.
• the charging device can also be combined with the furnace.
• the object underlying the invention is achieved by an electrically charged filter medium obtainable by the aforementioned method.
• the object of the invention is based on the use of the filter medium as a liquid filter (such as oil filters or fuel filters), air filters (for example as motor intake air filters), filters for ventilation systems (air conditioning systems, ventilation systems), filters for gas turbines, cabin filters , also for vehicles, for fine dust absorption from outside air or filters for vacuum cleaners in the form of folded filter elements, filter bags or filter bags.
• a liquid filter such as oil filters or fuel filters
• air filters for example as motor intake air filters
• filters for ventilation systems air conditioning systems, ventilation systems
• filters for gas turbines for gas turbines
• cabin filters also for vehicles, for fine dust absorption from outside air or filters for vacuum cleaners in the form of folded filter elements, filter bags or filter bags.
• a polypropylene (PP) meltblown nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 0.25 mm and a basis weight of 25 g / m 2 was fed as a fine fiber layer to a water jet installation.
• a nonwoven made of a mixture of PP and PP / PE fibers having a fiber length of 38 mm and an areal mass of 70 g / m 2 was applied to the fine fiber layer.
• the spun-lacate layer was created from this fiber fleece.
• the fleece formation from these fibers was initially done by carding and laying by means of Quertäfler. These two layers were subsequently hydroentangled in the water jet installation with customary parameters and then dried and calendered. The drying took place at 149 ° C.
• the filter medium was electrically charged in a charging device with 4 pairs of electrodes and counter electrodes at a voltage of 20-30 kV and a current of 3.7 to 4.4 mA.
• the distance of the electrode was 15 mm.
• the working speed during charging was 25 m / min.
• the filter medium described in this first embodiment is characterized by the following textile-physical values: basis weight:
• DEFIS di-ethyl-flexyl-sebacate
• a polypropylene (PP) meltblown nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 0.25 mm and a basis weight of 15 g / m 2 was fed as a fine fiber layer to a water jet installation.
• a polypropylene filament spunbonded nonwoven fabric (as a transitional layer) having a basis weight of 15 g / m 2 was fed to the waterjet plant under the meltblown nonwoven fabric.
• the spunlace layer was created from this fiber fleece.
• the fleece formation from these fibers was initially done by carding and laying by means of cross-members. These layers were subsequently hydroentangled in the water jet installation with customary parameters and at the same time a three-dimensional structure was produced. This patterning was done by hydroentanglement on a cylinder having 6 mm diameter holes. The pressure of the water jets pushed the fibers of the layers into these holes so that a three-dimensional structuring was obtained. Drying and fixing took place at 149 ° C.
• the parallel nonwoven consisted of polyester fibers with a basis weight of 60 g / m 2 .
• the filter medium described in this second exemplary embodiment is characterized by the following textile-physical values: basis weight:
• DEFIS di-ethyl-flexyl-sebacate
• MFP-3000 16.7 cm / second

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Filtering Materials (AREA)
• Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
• Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
• Cleaning In General (AREA)
• Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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Family Applications (1)

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• 2018
  • 2018-02-19 DE DE102018103682.5A patent/DE102018103682A1/de active Pending
• 2019
  • 2019-02-19 AU AU2019220520A patent/AU2019220520A1/en active Pending
  • 2019-02-19 EP EP19707328.1A patent/EP3755450A1/de active Pending
  • 2019-02-19 JP JP2020566322A patent/JP2021514300A/ja not_active Ceased
  • 2019-02-19 KR KR1020207026291A patent/KR20200116522A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2019-02-19 US US16/970,933 patent/US20200391147A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2019-02-19 CN CN201980013267.5A patent/CN111741803A/zh active Pending
  • 2019-02-19 CA CA3090608A patent/CA3090608A1/en active Pending
  • 2019-02-19 WO PCT/EP2019/054093 patent/WO2019158775A1/de unknown
  • 2019-02-19 BR BR112020015289-7A patent/BR112020015289A2/pt unknown
  • 2019-02-19 MX MX2020008607A patent/MX2020008607A/es unknown
• 2020
  • 2020-07-03 CL CL2020001794A patent/CL2020001794A1/es unknown
  • 2020-08-17 PH PH12020551259A patent/PH12020551259A1/en unknown

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