EP3574142A1

EP3574142A1 - Longitudinal element, in particular for a traction or suspension means

Info

Publication number: EP3574142A1
Application number: EP18702641.4A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Corinna Wendeler-Göggelmann
Original assignee: Fatzer AG Drahtseilfabrik
Current assignee: Fatzer AG Drahtseilfabrik
Priority date: 2017-01-27
Filing date: 2018-01-26
Publication date: 2019-12-04
Also published as: WO2018138250A1; US20200199814A1; JP2020515726A; DE102017101646A1; CN110678602A; US11162214B2

Abstract

The invention relates to a longitudinal element (13) produced with a core (12) made of high-strength fibres (11) and at least one metal casing (15), preferably steel, surrounding this core (12). In this way, there is the significant advantage that these high-strength fibres, which are very lightweight in relation to their strength, are protected in a number of ways, namely against humidity, moisture, UV light and other environmental influences. In addition, the metal casing provides the fibres with protection against transverse loads. In this way, all the high-strength properties of the traction or suspension means are maintained over a sustained period.

Description

Longitudinal element, especially for a train or

support means

The invention relates to a longitudinal element, in particular for a pulling or suspension means, according to the preamble of claim 1.

It is in a combined rope-shaped tensile or suspension means according to the document EP-A-2 165 017 a longitudinal element as a core rope discloses high strength plastic fibers made of a twisted monofilament bundle or a plurality of twisted monofilament bundles and having an outer layer of steel wire strands. The Monofilbündel be stretched under diameter reduction and held in this state by a, in particular braided, sheath. Thus, the elongation of the core rope is reduced under load, so that the load distribution between the steel cross section and the plastic cross section of the rope improves. In order in the same sense to approach the stretching behavior of the strand layer to that of the core rope, the cable has an intermediate layer made of an elastic plastic, in which the steel wire strands are pressed in at a distance from each other, such that the outer layer stretches under load and contracts radially.

The production of such a combined rope is associated with relatively great effort. In addition, it is in operation against the prevailing environmental factors, such as moisture, moisture, etc., not sufficiently protected.

Nets, for example, known as ring nets or braids are characterized by the fact that they have a high tensile strength and a good deformability, and therefore can be loaded to a considerable extent. According to document EP-B-0 979 329, such a protective net is known as a high-strength wire mesh, preferably for a rockfall protection or for securing an earth surface layer which consists of helically bent high-strength steel. braided wires and has a three-dimensional structure. The helically bent wires have a pitch angle and a length between two bends that determine the shape and size of the mesh of the wire mesh.

The object of the present invention, on the other hand, was to provide a longitudinal element, in particular for a tension or suspension element, for different applications, such that it has similar properties to a longitudinal element made of wires, and this weight optimization is achieved, with a perfectly functioning operation should be permanently ensured even in harsh environmental conditions.

According to the invention this object is achieved according to the features of claim 1.

There are each provided with a core of a plurality of high-strength fibers longitudinal elements instead of the wires of at least one metal core surrounding this core, preferably steel.

Conveniently, the metal shell of the respective longitudinal element is mounted on the outer circumference of the core such that a gas-, UV-, light- and / or water-impermeable layer is formed for these fibers. This results in the considerable advantage that these high-strength fibers, which are very light in relation to their strength, are protected in several ways, namely against moisture, moisture, UV light and other environmental influences and, moreover, through the composite with the metal shell an approximately the same Elongation arises. In addition, with the metal sheath protection against transverse pressures on the fibers is achieved. This leaves the high-strength properties of the tension or support element overall in a sustainable way. With this inventive design of the wire-shaped longitudinal elements results in a significant advantage that they are suitable for a variety of applications.

So they can be used in networks, braids, grids or the like for the protection, security, aquatic breeding or architectural area as longitudinal elements.

Likewise, these longitudinal elements are suitable for tension or support elements, such as spiral or stranded cables, prestressing supports or the like, in particular for the cable car and support area. These longitudinal elements can be used both in running as well as standing rope constructions.

In addition, these longitudinal elements but also in electrical cables, telecom cables or parts, can be used by these a perfectly functioning operation is permanently ensured even in harsh Umweltbedin ^¬ conditions. Other applications with such wire-shaped longitudinal elements are possible in the context of the invention, in which high tensile forces and high environmental resistance are required with low weight, this advantageous at the same time Biegetragwirkung. These longitudinal elements can also be parallel to each other, ie. not stranded, used.

Embodiments and other advantages in the context of the invention are explained in detail below with reference to a drawing. It shows:

Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal element according to the invention in perspective

Partial view with cross section;

Fig. 2 shows a cross section of an inventive as a spiral egg! trained Zug- or Tragmittei with verlitzten longitudinal elements of Fig. 1;

3 shows a cross-section of an inventive trained as a stranded rope train or Tragmittei. and

4 shows a cross-section of an inventive trained as a closed rope tension or support means.

5 shows a cross section of a telecom cable with wire-shaped longitudinal elements according to the invention;

Fig. FIG. 6 shows a cross-section of an electric cable with d rahtförmigen longitudinal elements according to the invention; FIG.

Fig. 7 shows a cross-section of a further variant of an electric cable with integrated wire-shaped longitudinal elements; a view of a network shown in part as a braid, which is braided from helical Längsseie- inventive inventive Längseie-;

a perspective view of a safety net for the protection area, which consists of interlocking annular longitudinal elements;

a cross section of a longitudinal member shaped ring of the network of Fig. 9;

a view of a partially illustrated grid, made of inventive longitudinal elements; and a cross section of a variant of a longitudinal element according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal member 13, by means of which in particular tensile and / or bearing forces can be absorbed even for very high forces. It can be used for a variety of areas, as shown below with reference to the various embodiments. According to the invention, this longitudinal member 13 formed as a wire is produced from a core 12 made of a plurality of high-strength fibers 11 and from a metal shell 15 surrounding this core 12, preferably steel or stainless steel. The metal mantle 15 is arranged around the core 12 formed with the fibers 11 and is arranged along the longitudinal extent of the longitudinal belt. tes 1 3, for example, by a weld seam 1 5 'held at the abutting surfaces of the side edges connecting.

With such a welding of Metallmanteis 15 results in a gas- and water-impermeable layer for these fibers 1 first Thus, the latter are permanently closed against UV light and the atmosphere, resulting in a longer life and an approximately constant strength practically without aging thereof. This can be further increased if the metal shell is made of stainless steel.

The metal shell 1 5 is provided with a certain bending and / or buckling resistance in order to achieve an adapted flexibility or a sufficient impact or pressure resistance of the longitudinal element as a whole.

The metal sheath can be provided with a variable sheath cross-section along its longitudinal extent and likewise different types of high-strength fibers 11 can be used in order to achieve the optimum design of the specific use for the different requirements.

The metal shell may consist of a second or multiple shell layers. To achieve the variable cross-section, at least one second cladding layer may be applied to a first cladding layer at certain intervals. The metal jacket 15 is formed as a further characteristic of the invention with a cylindrical outer surface. Of course, this outer surface may be different depending on the needs. Advantageously, between the metal jacket 15 and the core 12 of the respective wire-like element, a filling layer 14, such as a gel or an adhesive, a bandage or a mixture thereof is inserted. Depending on the application, a different degree of hardness of the filling layer can be used in order to achieve different transverse pressure and joining properties of the longitudinal element. Thus, the degree of solidification produced in the manufactured longitudinal element can be designed differently depending on the application in order to optimize the transverse compressive stiffness of the same. The metal shell and / or the core may be provided with a surface roughening. This results in a better connection between the fibers 1 1 and the inside of the metal jacket 15 by friction or by gluing in order to achieve a nearly uniform stress / strain profile.

The metal sheath could also be preferably seamless as a tube into which the fibers could be introduced.

The metal sheath could just as well be realized by at least one metal band wound around the core, which at the overlapping or abutting side edges is welded together by gluing, gluing or a similar connection or even without such a combination. could be added. As material for the metal cladding, it is suitable for a corrosion-resistant material, for example a galvanized steel, but also aluminum or copper with non-corrosive properties. The high strength fibers may be made, for example, from plastic fibers such as aramid (Twaron 2200) and / or carbon fibers, for example carbon fibers, or basalt fibers having a tensile strength greater than 2Ό00 N / mm ² . Of course, other materials could be used with similar properties, such as the example! HMPE or high modulus polyethylene fibers (Dyneema) or the like. So-called basalt fibers or fibers made from a mixture of plastic and basalt or another mineral additive could be used. The fibers can be parallel to each other or twisted angeord net.

At least a portion of the high strength fibers could also be made from steel fibers (steel cords) which are preferably provided with very small diameters of, for example, 0.4 mm and with a tensile strength of preferably over 2500 l / mm ² . However, other materials than fibers are possible which have tensile strength values of more than 2Ό00 N / mm ² .

The core 12 formed from the high-strength fibers, steel cords and / or other materials is dimensioned with an outer diameter preferably from 1, 5 to 8 mm and corresponds approximately to a conventional wire diameter. The wall thickness of the metal shell is preferably between 0. 1 to 1 .0 mm, for which a steel of over 800 N / mm ² and advantageously a high-strength steel with a strength of over 1 Ό00 N / mm ² is used.

Fig. 2 shows a spiral rope 10, which is composed of stranded in a conventional manner longitudinal elements 13. Such a spiral rope 1 0 is particularly suitable as a holding, signal or guy rope, which is used for example for holding, clamping and / or for the energy or data transmission. Furthermore, it can also be used as a suspension rope or as a rope of aerial cableway cabins running on it.

However, it could also be a prestressing strand, in particular for static installations, for example for a roof construction, in which the longitudinal elements 1 3 would advantageously be laid next to each other without stranding or would only be slightly twisted.

According to the invention, the longitudinal elements 13 formed as a wire are each made of a core 12 made of a plurality of high-strength fibers 11 and of at least one metal shell 15 surrounding this core 12, preferably steel.

According to FIG. 3, a stranded rope 20 is illustrated as a tensile or suspension means comprising a plurality of strands 21 stranded around a plastic sea 22. According to the invention, the individual strands 21 are formed from wire-like longitudinal elements 23, 24 by stranding, each consisting of a core 26, 27 of a plurality of high-strength fibers 28, 29 and at least one metal core surrounding this core 26, 27! 25, 35, preferably steel.

Otherwise, these longitudinal elements 23, 24 are the same as those in FIG. 1 and Fig. 2 and it is therefore not discussed in detail below.

Advantageously, all longitudinal elements 23, 24 of a strand 21 are designed according to the invention. However, individual longitudinal belts, such as the inner one, could also be made of a steel wire.

Fig. 4 shows a closed spiral section 30 as a tensile or suspension means, in which the longitudinal elements 31 are provided on the outer circumference or in further additional layers in a manner known per se with a Z-shaped, meanwhile, the inner longitudinal elements 32 with a round cross-section.

According to the invention, these Z-shaped as well as the inner longitudinal elements 31, 32 are each made of a core 33, 34 of a plurality of high-strength fibers 36, 37 and at least one of these core 1 2 surrounding etailmantel 38, 39, preferably steel produced These fibers 36, 37 are illustrated only at a Längseiement, but advantageously all are formed. As a special feature in the context of the invention, these Z-shaped longitudinal elements 31 are each formed with a correspondingly shaped metal jacket 39, in which this approximately Z-shaped core 33 with the Fibers 36 is included. Instead of these Z-shapes, wedge-shaped or other longitudinal elements could also be used.

The metal shell is advantageously made of a corrosion-resistant material, such as made of INOX steel, or coated with this. But it could also be made in two or more layers.

Thus, the outer circumference of the steel shell could be formed with corresponding recesses for wires or strands or the like.

In addition, a continuous or a plurality of successively arranged transverse webs or the like could be arranged within the metal shell, which would cause an increase in the rigidity of the same. The surface of the individual longitudinal elements could be optimized with regard to surface design or roughness for the purpose of interaction.

The surface of the cores made of high-strength fibers should be formed such that the core with the jacket with respect to E-modu! and strength an optimized connection and yet no excessive loads on the fibers in contact with the mantle arise.

Fig. 5 schematically shows a cross-section of a telecom cable 50, which is conventionally made of conductors 51, 52, 53 in multiple layers by stranding. The individual conductors 51, 52, 53 can consist of individual wires or wire strands, each with a surrounding insulating jacket. It is at least one more Ladder 54 integrated in the inner layer of the rope 50, which is intended for communication purposes or the like.

According to the invention, a number of wire-shaped longitudinal elements 56 are integrated in the cable 50, which respectively consist of these high-strength fibers and of the metal jacket surrounding them, which is not illustrated in detail. The two outer layers are in each case alternately assigned a conductor 52, 53 and adjacent to a longitudinal element 56. Of course, the distribution of the conductors or the longitudinal elements could also be chosen differently. This depends on the requirements for the carrying capacity of the rope 50.

According to FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a cross-section of an electric cable 60 according to the invention, which consists of a conventional single- or multi-core conductor 61 with a sheath 62 and the copper conductors 63 with insulations. This conductor 61 is umseilt of two layers of longitudinal elements 64 with the high-strength fibers 66 and the surrounding metal jacket 65. Fig. 7 shows a further variant of an electric cable 70 in cross section, which consists of a U mmantelung 73, a number of insulated copper conductors 71 or the like and integrated longitudinal elements 74 therein. The latter with the high-strength fibers 76 and the surrounding sheath 76 are expediently dimensioned with the same outer diameter as the copper conductors 71 so that they can be stranded together. There are three longitudinal elements 74 umseilte the central copper conductor 71 and three arranged between these copper in each case conductor 71 arranged. Also in this electric cable 70, differences in the number and arrangement of these longitudinal elements could be provided. Of course, other variants of telecom or electric cables with longitudinal elements according to the invention could also be shown which, depending on the requirements or application, could be configured differently from those explained above. Theoretically, the longitudinal elements could be made with a jacket of one or more plastic layers.

Fig. 8 illustrates the application of the invention to a known per se mesh 80 formed in a partial plan view, which is braided from helically bent inventive longitudinal elements 81, 82, which in turn are each made of high-strength fibers 84 and the metal shell 85, as indicated , End these pairwise braided longitudinal elements 81, 82 are connected by means of loops 83 or the like hinged together. In each case at least two such longitudinal elements could be provided as strands.

Preferably, the degree of hardness when using longitudinal elements 81, 82 with a filling compound is chosen so that the degree of solidification of the finished longitudinal element has a high transverse compressive stiffness, so that these helically bent longitudinal elements 81, 82 remain rigid under load. Since such nets are usually mounted in mountainous areas with poor accessibility, the weight savings of the same result in considerable advantages during transport and assembly.

Fig. 9 shows schematically a safety net 90, which is installed, for example, on a mountainside and is achieved with him falling stones, scree, wood or similar or snow avalanches are safely collected.

This safety net 90 is made of interlocking rings 97 in a known per se and held on support or retaining ropes 92 and anchored in the ground supports 91. The retaining ropes 92 are preferably equipped with known braking elements 93, which additionally absorb energy in an impact.

The intermeshing rings 97 of the safety net 90 are each made of at least one multi-wound d rahtförmigen longitudinal member 98 and they are advantageously bound by the respective ring encompassing terminals 97 'or the like.

According to the invention, these wound longitudinal elements 98 are each made in the core of high-strength fibers 94 and of a metal jacket 99 surrounding them, as illustrated in FIG. 10.

This metal shell 99 is closed by a weld 99 'continuously along the longitudinal element 98. Preferably, these are Welds 99 'arranged in the winding state of the Längseiementes 98 on the inner side of the ring 57 so that they are claimed in the mounted state to pressure. In addition, the Längseiemente 98 can be welded at its ends or provided with closure means. Also, the metal shell could be preformed as a tube into a ring and the fibers introduced into this tube.

Such longitudinal elements according to the invention could also be used with the restraining cords 92 and the braking elements 93 produced in a known manner.

Fig. 1 1 shows a part of a grid 40, which is composed of spaced at certain intervals in the longitudinal and transverse directions strands 41, 46, the latter are each made of tortuous Längseiementen 42, 43 are made. In this case, in the one strands 46 at intersections 47 between the two longitudinal elements 48, 49 openings 46 'corresponding to the mesh lengths are formed through which the transverse thereto arranged strands 41 are passed. In this way they are connected with each other.

According to the invention, these longitudinal elements 42, 43 wound into strands each consist in the core of high-strength fibers 44 and of a metal shell 45 surrounding them. Such ring nets, braids or other types of nets or meshes, which are each equipped with these longitudinal elements according to the invention, are particularly suitable as slope protection , for the protection, safety, watercourse or for the field of architecture or the like. With them, either weight savings and thus transport costs and ease of assembly or better strength and serviceability values of the nets or grids can be achieved.

FIG. 12 shows a further embodiment of a longitudinal element 16, which is similar to that of FIG. 1, and therefore only the differences are shown below.

According to the invention, this longitudinal element 16 comprises a core 1 2 made up of a plurality of high-strength fibers 11, a filler layer 18 enveloping them, a composite layer 19 and a metal jacket 15 enveloping the latter. The metal jacket 15 is along its longitudinal extent, for example with a welded seam 1 5 '. Mistake.

This filling layer 118 surrounding the fibers 11 preferably consists of a plastic, such as, for example, polyurethane, which can be used as a foam or as a casting resin. With the composite layer 19, which is an adhesive, it is achieved that a quasi-positive connection of the core 12 with the filling layer 18 and the metal shell 1 5 takes place and thus a load-redistributing force distribution of the tensile or load on the Core and the metal shell of the longitudinal element 1 6 is achieved.

It is therefore advantageous if these filler layer 18 and the composite ^¬ layer 19 materials are used, t he depending on the application bendable sam, pressure-stable and low-shrinkage, so that they meet the operational requirements. These are plastics, preferably polyurethane, Arathan, but there are also other substances usable. If these longitudinal elements are exposed to high temperature fluctuations when installed, the materials must also be resistant to heat and cold.

A further requirement for this filler layer 18 or the composite layer 19 is that these have heat-dissipating properties as protection, so that the high-strength fibers 11 are not weakened due to overheating during welding of the metal shell 15 formed as a tube or even lose the high tensile strengths. Such a longitudinal element 16 is produced in the context of the invention in such a way that first the fibers 1 1 are placed against each other or bundled and enveloped with the filling layer 18. The latter can be pressed or applied as a resin and solidified thereon. The metal shell 15 is cut from a longitudinal plate or similar borrowed and consequently on its inner side, the composite layer 1 9 and possibly the filling layer 1 8 applied. Then it is around the fibers 1 1, without play in between, bent and finally made by attaching the weld 15 'at its ends to the finished longitudinal element 1 6. It must be ensured that the metal jacket is impermeable to gas and water after manufacture, so that the longitudinal elements remain durably weather-resistant. Of course, instead of this filling and the composite layer only one or the other or it could also be provided more than one layer at a time, for example, if certain properties of the longitudinal element must be achieved. Thus, a thin separate layer of a heat-insulating plastic material could be embedded.

In addition, it would be possible for the filling layer or the composite layer to extend into the core between the fibers in order to achieve improved cohesion of the core.

The invention is sufficiently demonstrated with the embodiments explained above. But it could still be illustrated by other variants.

The metal material could also be glued by an overlap site and / or welded to the face of the protruding end of the shell. For the detection of damage or fatigue-related changes in the composite, an optical or electrical measuring element can additionally be inserted in the core or between the metal shell and the core, so that magnetic-inductive damage detection is made possible. On the other hand, it remains possible to use today's measuring methods (for example MRI) for damage detection by means of a magnetizable jacket material.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS E

1 . Longitudinal element, in particular for a tensile and / or Tragmittei, which is produced with a core (12, 26, 27, 33, 34) with high-strength fibers (1 1, 28, 29, 36, 37) and a shell enveloping this core , characterized in that

this longitudinal element (1 3, 23, 24, 31, 32) at least from this at least one core (12, 26, 27, 33, 34) and the enveloping jacket as a metal shell (1 5, 25, 35, 38, 39), preferably made of steel.

2. longitudinal element according to claim 1, characterized in that between the core (12, 26, 27, 33, 34) and the metal shell (15, 25, 35, 38, 39) and / or in the core of the respective longitudinal element (13, 23, 24, 31, 32) a preferably protective or load-redirecting filling layer (14), such as a gel and / or an adhesive, a bandage or a Misch u ng thereof is inserted.

3. longitudinal element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that

the longitudinal element (1 6) consists of a core (12) with a multiplicity of high-strength fibers (1 1), at least one filling layer (18) enveloping it, a composite layer (19) and a metal jacket (1 5) enveloping the latter ,

4. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 3, characterized in that

the metal sheath (1 5, 25, 35, 38, 39) is mounted on the outer circumference of the core (12, 26, 27, 23, 33, 34) such that a gas, UV radiation, and / or water impermeable layer for These fibers (1 1, 28, 29, 36, 37) is formed, wherein the metal shell is provided with a certain bending stiffness or Beulfestigkeit.

5. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that

for the metal shell (1 5) at least one laid around the core or wound around this core metal strip is provided, which is joined together at the overlapping or abutting side edges by welding, gluing or a similar connection.

6. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized in that

the high strength fibers (14, 28, 29, 36, 37) each extend integrally through the entire longitudinal element (13, 23, 24, 31, 32) and have therein a straight, stranded or other course.

7. LängseSement according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that

the high strength fibers (1 1, 28, 29, 36, 37) are made of plastic such as aramid, 5 basalt, carbon and / or the like.

8. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that

the high-strength fibers (1, 28, 29, 36, 37) are at least partially made of steel fibers (steel cords) having a tensile strength of preferably more than 2'500 N / mm ² .

9. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 8, characterized in that

i 5 of the high-strength fibers (1 1, 28, 29, 36, 37) formed core (1 2, 26, 27 23, 33, 34) is dimensioned with an outer diameter preferably from 1, 5 to 8 mm.

1 0. The longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 9, 0 characterized in that

the wall thickness of the metal shell (15, 25, 35, 38, 39) is preferably 0.1 to 1 .0 mm and may be formed as a tube.

1 . Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 5 1 0, characterized in that

the metal shell (1 5, 25, 35, 38) has a cylindrical or other shaped outer surface and the core comprises one or more layers.

12. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to

1 1, characterized in that

an optical or electrical measuring element is present in the core or between the metal shell and the core for the detection of damage and / or fatigue-related changes.

1 3. Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to

1 2, characterized in that

the d rahtförmigen longitudinal elements (15, 25, 35, 38, 98) are closed at their respective two ends by a closure means, so that the high-strength fibers are protected therein in particular against moisture and water.

14. Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to

1 3, dad urch characterized in that

the longitudinal element (23, 24, 31, 32) can be used for a pulling and / or suspension means, in particular a spiral rope, stranded rope or a pretensioning strand, wherein the tensioning or suspension means is preferably made entirely from these longitudinal elements.

1 5. Längseiement according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 13, characterized Porsche Style nzeichnet that

the longitudinal member (56, 64, 74) for a Zug- and / or Tragmitte !, In particular a telecom cable (50), an electric cable (60, 70) or a cable with integrated electrical cables is used, said in the train or Support means preferably a number of longitudinal elements (56, 64, 74) integrated or outside stranded around.

16. Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 13, characterized in that

the longitudinal element (81, 82, 98) can be used for a pulling and / or suspension means, in particular a net (80, 90), preferably for the protection, security, aquatic cultivation or architectural area, the net (80 , 90) is preferably made of these total longitudinal elements (81, 82, 98).

17. A longitudinal member according to claim 16, characterized in that the net (90) is composed of intermeshing rings (97), said rings (97) each consisting of at least one multi-wound wire-shaped longitudinal member (98) having a core (99) of high strength Fibers (94) and a metal sheath (99) are made.

18. A longitudinal member according to claim 17, characterized in that the metal shells (99) are each arranged with a weld (99 ^l ) continuously along the tortuous longitudinal element (98) on the inner side of the ring (97).

1 9. Längsefement according to claim 1 6, dad urch in that the net is made as a braid (80), which is braided from single or stranded from helically bent Längsefementen (81, 82).

20. longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 1 3, characterized in that

the longitudinal element (42, 43) can be used for a tensile or suspension means, in particular a grid (40), preferably for the protection, security, armor or architectural area, the grid preferably being made entirely of these longitudinal elements (42, 43) ,

21. Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to

20, characterized in that

the longitudinal element (13, 23, 24, 31, 32) is in each case provided with a round, Z, I, wedge or other shaped cross section.

22. Longitudinal element according to one of the preceding claims 1 to

21, characterized in that

the metal sheath (1 5, 25, 35, 38, 39) preferably on the inside and / or the core are provided with a surface roughening.