EP3556228B1 - Machine and method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry - Google Patents
Machine and method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3556228B1 EP3556228B1 EP19168335.8A EP19168335A EP3556228B1 EP 3556228 B1 EP3556228 B1 EP 3556228B1 EP 19168335 A EP19168335 A EP 19168335A EP 3556228 B1 EP3556228 B1 EP 3556228B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- web
- along
- machine
- feed path
- processing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims description 30
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019506 cigar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H19/00—Changing the web roll
- B65H19/10—Changing the web roll in unwinding mechanisms or in connection with unwinding operations
- B65H19/14—Accumulating surplus web for advancing to machine while changing the web roll
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
- A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
- A24C5/14—Machines of the continuous-rod type
- A24C5/20—Reels; Supports for bobbins; Other accessories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H19/00—Changing the web roll
- B65H19/10—Changing the web roll in unwinding mechanisms or in connection with unwinding operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H23/00—Registering, tensioning, smoothing or guiding webs
- B65H23/04—Registering, tensioning, smoothing or guiding webs longitudinally
- B65H23/18—Registering, tensioning, smoothing or guiding webs longitudinally by controlling or regulating the web-advancing mechanism, e.g. mechanism acting on the running web
- B65H23/188—Registering, tensioning, smoothing or guiding webs longitudinally by controlling or regulating the web-advancing mechanism, e.g. mechanism acting on the running web in connection with running-web
- B65H23/1888—Registering, tensioning, smoothing or guiding webs longitudinally by controlling or regulating the web-advancing mechanism, e.g. mechanism acting on the running web in connection with running-web and controlling web tension
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
- B65H2301/50—Auxiliary process performed during handling process
- B65H2301/52—Auxiliary process performed during handling process for starting
- B65H2301/522—Threading web into machine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2406/00—Means using fluid
- B65H2406/30—Suction means
- B65H2406/34—Suction grippers
- B65H2406/343—Details of sucking member
- B65H2406/3432—Elongated sucking member; Sucking bar
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2408/00—Specific machines
- B65H2408/20—Specific machines for handling web(s)
- B65H2408/21—Accumulators
- B65H2408/217—Accumulators of rollers type, e.g. with at least one fixed and one movable roller
- B65H2408/2171—Accumulators of rollers type, e.g. with at least one fixed and one movable roller the position of the movable roller(s), i.e. the web loop, being positively actuated
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2801/00—Application field
- B65H2801/54—Cigarette making
Definitions
- This invention relates to a machine and a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry.
- the invention addresses the processing of webs of material for the tobacco industry, such as, for example: tobacco, wrapping material, paper, filter material (e.g., PLA) etc.
- the webs are typically wound in rolls which are unwound to feed the webs along a feed path on which suitable guide means and/or transfer means and/or processing units are located to allow processing the web to make semi-finished products used in the production of articles for the tobacco industry.
- articles for the tobacco industry is used generally to denote rod-shaped articles such as, for example: cigarettes (traditional or heat not burn), cigars, cigarillos and the like.
- the invention is applicable in particular to machines for processing webs of wrapping material or webs of tobacco, for example, of pre-treated, reconstituted or homogenized tobacco supplied in rolls.
- Processing the webs may include, for example, cutting the web transversely or longitudinally.
- Processing the web involves initially loading the web of material to start the production process.
- the web is typically supplied in rolls from which the web must be unrolled to make the web follow a predetermined feed path by way of a plurality of rollers, guide means, transfer means and other processing devices.
- the web is unwound and fed automatically and uninterruptedly from the roll along the feed path.
- the web tears or is irreversibly damaged In such situations, the machine process is necessarily brought to a stop to allow the operator to identify the zone where the web has been torn or damaged and to feed the web manually along the feed path again, downstream of that zone and all the way to the processing zone.
- the operator may also need to cut off a damaged or torn portion of the web before re-threading and guiding the web along the means/rollers/devices defining the stretch of the feed path downstream of the zone where the web was torn or damaged and all the way to the processing zone.
- This kind of machines can be found in US4646986 .
- the technical purpose which forms the basis of this invention is to propose a machine and a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry to overcome one or more of the above mentioned drawbacks of the prior art.
- the aim of this invention is to provide a machine for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry which allows the operations of guiding / accompanying / threading the web along the feed path to the processing unit more rapidly and precisely.
- Another aim of this invention is to provide a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry which allows improving the efficiency of the production process, reducing maintenance times and the time needed for initially threading the web along the feed path, that is to say, for loading the web for the first time.
- this invention provides a machine for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, comprising an unwinding unit for unwinding a web of material for the tobacco industry along a feed path "P" and a web processing unit located downstream of the unwinding unit along the feed path "P" and configured to receive and process the web.
- the machine also comprises a guide mechanism comprising a retaining device configured to retain an end portion of the web.
- the guide mechanism is configured to automatically guide the end portion along at least one stretch of the feed path in such a way as to dispose the web in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of the processing unit.
- a movable guide mechanism makes it possible to guide the web automatically along the feed path "P" at any point of the feed path "P” and starting from any point of the feed path "P" itself.
- the retaining device is capable of automatically holding and guiding the end portion of the web along the entire feed path "P" (full round of web) or only a part of it (the stretch of the feed path "P" remaining to reach at least the processing unit).
- the invention also provides a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, comprising a step of unwinding a web of material for the tobacco industry along a feed path "P" and a step of processing the web along the feed path "P".
- the method also comprises a step of retaining an end portion of the web and automatically guiding that end portion along at least one stretch of the feed path "P" in such a way as to dispose the web in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of a processing unit of a machine for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, preferably a machine according to this invention.
- machine 1 denotes in its entirety a machine for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, hereinafter referred to simply as machine 1.
- the machine 1 comprises an unwinding unit 10 for unwinding a web 2 of material for the tobacco industry along a feed path "P".
- the unwinding unit 10 comprises at least one roll 11 of web 2 mounted on a roll holder device 12 according to known technology.
- the machine 1 comprises a unit 20 for processing the web 2, located downstream of the unwinding unit 10 along the feed path "P" and configured to receive and process the web 2.
- the processing unit 20 preferably operates continuously on the web 2.
- the processing unit 20 preferably comprises a crimping device 21 for crimping the web 2.
- the processing unit may comprise cutting devices, not illustrated, for cutting the web 2 longitudinally or for cutting the web 2 transversely.
- the feed path "P" of the web 2 starts at an infeed section 13 of the unwinding unit 10, where the web 2 is unwound from the roll 11, and terminates at an outfeed section 22 of the processing unit, after the web 2 has been processed.
- a buffer 30, configured to define a reservoir/storage unit of the web 2 unwound from the unwinding unit 10, is interposed between the unwinding unit 10 and the processing unit 20 along the feed path "P".
- the buffer 30 makes it possible for production to continue in the event of a shutdown in the unwinding unit 10 or in the processing unit 20, for example to carry out maintenance or to change the roll 11.
- the buffer 30 comprises a plurality of fixed transfer rollers 31 and a plurality of movable transfer rollers 32 mounted on a lift/lower device 33.
- the machine 1 also comprises a guide mechanism 40, which in turn comprises a retaining device 41 configured to hold an end portion 2a of the web 2 and to automatically guide the end portion 2a along at least one stretch of the feed path "P" in such a way as to dispose the web 2 in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of the processing unit 20.
- a guide mechanism 40 which in turn comprises a retaining device 41 configured to hold an end portion 2a of the web 2 and to automatically guide the end portion 2a along at least one stretch of the feed path "P" in such a way as to dispose the web 2 in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of the processing unit 20.
- the retaining device 41 transports the end portion 2a of the web 2 (while holding it) and automatically guides it along the feed path "P" to allow the web 2 to be disposed precisely and rapidly in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round the guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of the processing unit 20.
- the guide mechanism 40 allows performing initial threading (round of web).
- the guide mechanism 40 thus automates the work that was previously done by the operator in prior art machines and makes the process faster and more efficient.
- the movements of the guide mechanism 40 can thus be advantageously programmed according to a preset logic enabling the guide mechanism to dispose the retaining device 41 at a position where it grips the end portion 2a of the web 2 and drags it along the feed path "P".
- the retaining device 41 is able to dispose the web 2 in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of the processing unit 20.
- the machine 1 preferably comprises movement means 50 configured to move the guide mechanism 40.
- the movement means 50 comprise a guide 51 disposed along a trajectory "T" and at least one actuator 52 configured to move the guide mechanism 40 along the guide 51.
- the actuator 52 is mounted on the guide mechanism 40, for example by means of a rack and pinion system, or on the guide 51, for example by means of a belt system.
- the guide mechanism 40 preferably comprises a carriage 42 which is movable along the guide 51 (that is, along the trajectory "T") and at least one arm 43 mounted on the carriage 42 by means of a coupling 44 defining at least one degree of freedom to rotate about a first axis of rotation "X".
- the retaining device 41 is mounted on the arm 43.
- the guide mechanism 40 preferably comprises an arm 43 defining a single rigid member extending between the coupling 44 and the retaining device 41 and the retaining device 41 is mounted at a free end of the arm 43, opposite to the coupling.
- the presence of a single arm 43 simplifies the structure of the guide mechanism 40 and defines a structurally simple element which makes it easier to construct, drive and adjust the guide mechanism 40.
- the guide mechanism 40 might, however, comprise more than one arm 43: for example a guide mechanism defined by an arm-coupling sequence.
- the first axis of rotation "X" is perpendicular to the trajectory "T" (that is, to the guide 51) and, still more preferably, horizontal.
- the arm 43 can rotate about the coupling 44 so that, in practice, it can move the retaining device 41 towards or away from the feed path "P" in such a way as to allow guiding the web 2.
- the arm 43 can be rotated to a retracted position (illustrated in Figure 2 ) where it does not interfere with the units 10 and 20 as the web 2 moves along the feed path "P".
- Figure 2 shows the retaining device 41 at a distal position relative to the feed path "P", with the arm 43 disposed in such a way as not to interfere with the units 10 and 20.
- the trajectory "T” is rectilinear and preferably horizontal; preferably, also, the trajectory "T” lies above the feed path "P".
- the guide 51 is mounted above the units 10 and 20 and the carriage 42 of the guide mechanism 40 is slidable along the guide 51 to move the retaining device 41 horizontally so that it can reach any point of the feed path "P" thanks to the rotation of the arm 43 which allows vertically adjusting the position of the retaining device 41.
- the arm is thus rotatable between the trajectory "T" (that is, the guide 51) and the feed path "P".
- the machine 1 comprises a vertical supporting wall 1a to which the unwinding unit 10, the processing unit 20 and, preferably, the buffer 30 are cantilevered, and the feed path "P" lies substantially in a first position plane parallel to the vertical supporting wall 1a at a first distance from the vertical supporting wall 1a, and the trajectory "T" (that is, the guide 51) lies in a second position plane parallel to the vertical supporting wall 1a at a second distance from the vertical supporting wall 1a, greater than the first distance.
- the guide mechanism 40 can advantageously be translated along the guide 51 and the arm 43 can rotate about the first axis of rotation "X" in a vertical plane parallel to the vertical supporting wall 1a to move the retaining device 41 towards or away from guide and/or transfer and/or processing means of the unwinding unit 10 and/or of the processing unit 20 and/or of the buffer 30.
- the retaining device 41 comprises a gripper 41a (as illustrated in Figure 3 ) or a pneumatic suction device, to hold the web 2.
- the retaining device 41 extends transversely to the arm 43 and, still more preferably, perpendicularly. More specifically, the retaining device 41 extends transversely to the arm 43 towards the vertical supporting wall 1a.
- the movement means 50 might comprise two guides 51 and, slidable thereon, respective carriages 42 associated with respective arms 43, at the free ends of which a single retaining device 41, is mounted.
- the two arms 43 are configured in such a way as to move the retaining device 41 along the feed path "P".
- the machine 1 preferably comprises detecting means, not illustrated in the accompanying drawings, configured to detect a change in the tension of the web 2 along the feed path "P" and/or the integrity of the web 2 along the feed path "P", compared to predetermined reference values.
- the detecting means are preferably sensors associated with the guide and/or transfer and/or processing means of the unwinding unit 10 and/or of the processing unit 20.
- the machine 1 preferably also comprises a control and drive unit, not illustrated, connected to the detecting means and configured to selectively drive the guide mechanism 40 when the change in the tension of the web 2 along the feed path "P" and/or the integrity of the web 2 along the feed path "P" does not fall within predetermined criteria of acceptability.
- a control and drive unit not illustrated, connected to the detecting means and configured to selectively drive the guide mechanism 40 when the change in the tension of the web 2 along the feed path "P" and/or the integrity of the web 2 along the feed path "P" does not fall within predetermined criteria of acceptability.
- the machine 1 is advantageously able to detect faults in the unwinding system of the web 2 and to take action on the guide mechanism 40 accordingly.
- the machine 1 preferably also comprises a cutting device which is selectively activable by the control and drive unit and which is configured to cut the web 2 transversely in a zone of the web 2 where the change of tension was detected.
- the retaining device 41 comprises the cutting device.
- this invention also provides a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, comprising a step of unwinding the web 2 of material for the tobacco industry along the feed path "P" and a step of processing the web along the feed path "P".
- the method also comprises a step of retaining an end portion of the web and automatically guiding that end portion along at least one stretch of the feed path "P" in such a way as to dispose the web in abutment against and/or partly wrapped round guiding and/or transferring and/or processing means of a processing unit of a machine for processing a web 2 of material for the tobacco industry, preferably a machine 1 according to this invention.
- the step of retaining and guiding the web 2 is accomplished by retaining the end portion 2a of the web 2 mechanically or by pneumatic suction.
- the method comprises a step of automatically moving a retaining device 41 of the guide mechanism 40, configured to retain the end portion 2a of the web, towards the end portion 2a of the web 2 in such a way that the retaining device 41 can automatically engage the end portion 2a to implement the step of retaining.
- the method allows automating the process of initial threading, as well as any other operation on the feed path "P", rapidly and efficiently thanks to the smart system of moving the retaining device 41.
- a possible alternative embodiment of the method of this invention may comprise a step of an operator manually delivering the end portion 2a of the web to the retaining device 41. That way, the process of initial threading or maintenance operation is carried out semi-automatically; once the operator has delivered the end portion 2a of the web 2 to it, the retaining device 41 can proceed to automatically guiding the web along the feed path "P".
- the method also comprises a step of detecting a change, if any, in the tension of the web 2 along the feed path "P" and/or the integrity of the web 2 along the feed path "P", compared to predetermined reference values, followed by a step of selectively driving the retaining device 41 to implement the step of retaining, when the value of the change does not meet given acceptability criteria.
- the method thus allows prompt and precise maintenance action to be taken on the machine 1.
- the method may also comprise a step of cutting the web 2 transversely in a zone of the web 2 where the change in tension was detected.
- This invention achieves the preset aims, overcoming the disadvantages of the prior art, by providing a machine and a method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry, capable of improving the efficiency of the production process by proposing operating solutions ensuring that the web is correctly fed along the feed path, thereby increasing the level of automation while reducing down time and costs.
Landscapes
- Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT102018000004530A IT201800004530A1 (it) | 2018-04-16 | 2018-04-16 | Macchina e metodo per la lavorazione di un nastro in materiale per l’industria del tabacco |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3556228A1 EP3556228A1 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
EP3556228B1 true EP3556228B1 (en) | 2022-09-07 |
Family
ID=62875177
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19168335.8A Active EP3556228B1 (en) | 2018-04-16 | 2019-04-10 | Machine and method for processing a web of material for the tobacco industry |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3556228B1 (pl) |
IT (1) | IT201800004530A1 (pl) |
PL (1) | PL3556228T3 (pl) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111580481B (zh) * | 2020-05-21 | 2021-08-31 | 四川中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种提高梗丝掺配累计精度的方法 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4646986A (en) | 1984-11-22 | 1987-03-03 | Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. Kg | Apparatus for locating, engaging and transporting the leader of convoluted cigarette paper or the like |
EP0254006A1 (en) | 1986-07-22 | 1988-01-27 | UNIKAY DISPOSABLES S.r.l. | Feeding rollers changing and splicing device for paper web-winding machines |
EP0471133B1 (en) | 1990-08-06 | 1995-01-18 | TAPEMATIC S.p.A. | Apparatus for picking up and guiding in a predetermined path a magnetic tape wound onto a reel in automatic cassette loading machines |
DE102005028334A1 (de) | 2005-06-18 | 2006-12-28 | Koenig & Bauer Ag | Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Bahnspannung |
WO2007033848A1 (de) | 2005-09-21 | 2007-03-29 | Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtungen und ein verfahren zum einziehen mindestens einer materialbahn bzw. mindestens eines bahnstrangs in einen falzapparat |
DE102005063337A1 (de) | 2005-09-21 | 2007-04-12 | Koenig & Bauer Ag | Verfahren zum vollautomatischen Einzug einer Materialbahn |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3344929A1 (de) * | 1982-12-27 | 1984-07-05 | Hauni-Werke Körber & Co KG, 2050 Hamburg | Vorrichtung zum einfaedeln einer materialbahn in einer verarbeitungsmaschine der tabakverarbeitenden industrie |
-
2018
- 2018-04-16 IT IT102018000004530A patent/IT201800004530A1/it unknown
-
2019
- 2019-04-10 PL PL19168335.8T patent/PL3556228T3/pl unknown
- 2019-04-10 EP EP19168335.8A patent/EP3556228B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4646986A (en) | 1984-11-22 | 1987-03-03 | Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. Kg | Apparatus for locating, engaging and transporting the leader of convoluted cigarette paper or the like |
EP0254006A1 (en) | 1986-07-22 | 1988-01-27 | UNIKAY DISPOSABLES S.r.l. | Feeding rollers changing and splicing device for paper web-winding machines |
EP0471133B1 (en) | 1990-08-06 | 1995-01-18 | TAPEMATIC S.p.A. | Apparatus for picking up and guiding in a predetermined path a magnetic tape wound onto a reel in automatic cassette loading machines |
DE102005028334A1 (de) | 2005-06-18 | 2006-12-28 | Koenig & Bauer Ag | Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Bahnspannung |
WO2007033848A1 (de) | 2005-09-21 | 2007-03-29 | Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtungen und ein verfahren zum einziehen mindestens einer materialbahn bzw. mindestens eines bahnstrangs in einen falzapparat |
DE102005063337A1 (de) | 2005-09-21 | 2007-04-12 | Koenig & Bauer Ag | Verfahren zum vollautomatischen Einzug einer Materialbahn |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL3556228T3 (pl) | 2022-12-05 |
IT201800004530A1 (it) | 2019-10-16 |
EP3556228A1 (en) | 2019-10-23 |
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