EP3480368A1 - Facing plate system for producing a retaining structure or inclined embankment structure - Google Patents

Abstract

In an "Artificial Earth" (KBE) slab veneering system (100) for producing a support structure (201) or steep slope structure, in which in each case at least one geogrid (21, 31) is inserted in each case in a boundary layer between adjacent support layers (22, 32) at least in an area close to the edge, - And in which the end faces of the support layers (22; 32) are covered with a plate-shaped veneer; is provided: - That the veneer of several superimposed Plattenverblendungselementen (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) is formed, each having a visible side (11) and a back (12), wherein at the back (12) at least one row, each with at least two anchor elements (13) are attached; and - That the edges of the geogrids (31) on the back (12) of the Plattenverblendungselemente (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) end.

Description

The invention relates to a KBE Plattenverblendungssystem for the preparation of a supporting structure or steep slope building structure with the features of the preamble of claim 1.

KBE systems are used in civil engineering and are, for example, from the Scriptures DE 200 11 791 U1 known. These are densifiable earth, sand and / or gravel layers, which are summarized below under "base course" for the sake of simplicity. They are installed in layers, with a geogrid being designed as tensile reinforcement between the layers. The forces imposed by the building loads are absorbed by the compacted layers, whereby the geogrids intercept traction forces transversely thereto. As a rule, the geogrids are not laid over the entire surface but only laid from the edge of the slope to a limited depth of the embankment, which is sufficient to prevent the layers from slipping off. Such a system is referred to as so-called "plastic reinforced earth" (CFRP).

With a KBE system, it is z. As possible, embankments of all kinds form much steeper or to form stable abutment and ramps for bridge structures with vertical side walls, where no concrete retaining walls are required. The high costs incurred in the prior art bridge construction for shuttering and shuttering, for the reinforcement installation and for the casting of concrete including the required setting time is eliminated when using KBE systems. In addition, the layers to be incorporated can usually be formed by locally available building materials and only the geogrids have to be delivered to the construction site, whereby the supply of the geogrids generates only a fraction of the logistics costs compared to concrete construction. The use of KBE system is therefore particularly advantageous in emerging markets, where the building materials needed in concrete construction are not available or too expensive.

In the KBE system, the geogrids are generally laid out horizontally and just on an already installed and compacted layer and led to the edge of the slope. There they are transhipped and rejoined with the remainder of the rollover in the overlying layer. The head-to-head, turned-over section of the geogrid must be protected from UV radiation and other environmental factors. Also, the direct penetration of larger amounts of rainwater into the base course must be prevented in order to prevent erosion of the edge areas of the base courses. In addition, due to the systemic nature of the edge area, it must always be intercepted, even if due to the geogrid reinforcement only a low earth pressure is intercepted.

For example, the veneer according to FIG US 2011 / 0103897A with so-called large-area facings, so large-sized concrete slabs that are placed on the outer edge of the building, before starting to install the base courses. The concrete slabs have brackets on their back which are matched to the grid spacing of the built-in geogrid. The geogrid is led directly to the back of the concrete slabs so that the brackets protrude through the geogrid. By inserting a tube into the brackets, the geogrid is anchored directly to the panel facing elements. The disadvantage of the known veneering system is that the connecting elements extend over the entire height of the foundation to be intercepted. Therefore, they are very big and heavy and can only be moved with the help of large construction machinery such as cranes. In addition, the veneer elements must be produced individually for the respective structure, or the height of the side surfaces to be veneered on the building must already be determined at the planning in such a way that they can be clad with standard veneering elements. In order to blind laterally sloping structures such as ramps, so a considerable effort is necessary to adapt the facing elements the height profile. Also required the custom-fit laying of geogrids and threading on the anchoring brackets, for example, in the US 5 259 704 A described, additional time. Furthermore, undesirable deformations of the front elements can occur due to the insufficient extensional rigidity of the geosynthetics reinforcing elements.

The object of the present invention is to be able to make the veneering of structures that are designed as KBE system, faster and easier and in particular to perform without the use of heavy construction machinery.

This object is achieved by a KBE Plattenverblendungssystem for the preparation of a supporting structure or steep slope building structure with the features of claim 1.

The slab veneering system according to the invention is based on individual concrete or cast stone facing elements with anchoring elements projecting on the rear side, the size of which is selected so that the mass is limited to the extent that each slab element can be lifted individually with a simple excavator, tractor with front loader or forklift , The invention brings as a first advantage thus plate facing elements that have only a limited size and therefore are easy to handle and already meet the requirements for easier transport and the possibility of installation without heavy construction equipment, and as a further advantage the increased tensile stiffness in the front area.

The invention uses the effect that the Plattenverblendungselemente surprisingly also suitable to intercept the marginal earth pressure in the building alone, that is without umgehlagene geogrid reinforcement, without mechanical geogrid connection and also without other support aids. The geogrid layers are therefore no longer turned over in the system according to the invention, but end bluntly at the back of the Plattenverblendungselemente, with the name "at the back" both a small distance of the edge of the geogrid to the back of 10 cm to 20 cm as well as a small area Enclosed is the geogrid attached to the back, because the geogrids in the Do not allow your practice to be laid so precisely that the outer edge always lies exactly flush with the back.

The entire effort for handling the geogrid layers in the edge region or their mechanical connection with the panel facing element via ring hoops and bars deleted.

The invention achieves a clear separation between the securing of the front and the securing of the global embankment safety. The above-mentioned disadvantage of an insufficient tensile rigidity in the front region is avoided by the anchor elements on the panel facing elements.

In the system according to the invention, therefore, the panel facing elements are simple as well as highly functional components which, beyond their literal sense, not only serve the optical cladding of the building on the outside, but even alone cause the marginal securing of the supporting layers of the building. In addition, their effect as erosion protection for the built-in base layers, which is enhanced when the Plattenverblendungselemente support at least one nonwoven layer, which is designed between the built-in base layers and the Plattenverblendungselementen so that the joints of the Plattenverblendungselemente are covered.

The anchoring of the Plattenverblendungselemente in the support layers is carried out by the anchor elements. The anchor elements extend in particular as a rigid anchor rod straight from the back of the plate body away up to an anchor head at its end. This is in each case an element which extends at least at an obtuse angle to the anchor rod, in particular perpendicular thereto, radially outward. This achieves a high level of tensile rigidity in the edge region, which avoids undesired deformations or even displacements of the concrete slabs

Furthermore, it is possible to provide a tie rod element instead of the rigid anchor rod, since the possible load on the anchor member is always a tensile stress between the fixed anchor head and the front plate body positioned. These tensile stresses result in particular from the earth pressure of the base layers. Anchoring elements with traction ropes and barbs are possible as anchor heads. These have the advantage that they can be subsequently used by openings in the visible side of the Plattenverblendungselemente in the support layers. The advantage resulting from this embodiment is the ability to provisionally support the panel facing element and to be able to align it very accurately before it is then secured by the flexible anchor elements in the support layer.

Essential for the desired effect of the KBE-Plattenverblendungssystems invention is that the anchor heads are embedded at such a depth in the support layer - measured from the edge - that they are completely below a possible sliding plane in each support layer. Should it come to a edge-side slipping of the support layer, this would be limited to the height of each support layer and would not jeopardize the anchoring of the panel facing elements. Starting from the angle of repose of conventional building materials for the base courses such. B. sand and / or gravel are formed, the anchor heads at a depth - measured from the edge of the base layer - should be embedded, which correspond to at least 1.5 times the base layer height.

In particular, the installation depth of the anchor heads is individually adapted to the nature of the support layer, so that the measured from the edge of the support layer or the back of the Plattenverblendungselements distance of the anchor heads corresponds to 1.5 times the support layer height divided by the tangent of the angle of repose.

In the simplest case, a cylindrical rod is cast as an anchor rod in the Verblenderplatte and provided at the end with a plate-shaped disc as an anchor head. The anchor rod can also be formed wavy.

The anchor head can z. B. be designed as a plate, tripod or cross. It is essential only a sufficiently strong support within the built-in support layer, so that an axial displacement in the direction of the anchor rods is not possible.

Preferably, at least two superimposed rows of anchoring elements are provided on each panel-facing element, which are preferably arranged in such a vertical distance from each other that they each extend with a row in one of at least two adjacent support layers and are positioned centrally in the base layer between two geogrid layers. Conversely, it could be determined that given a vertical grid spacing of the panel facing elements and their anchor elements, the base layer height is selected so that in each case a row of anchor elements is embedded centrally in each base layer.

By preferably at least two rows of anchor elements are provided one above the other and each at least two anchor elements per row, thus resulting in at least four anchoring points, so that a stabilization of the plate body is achieved in two spatial axes as soon as the anchor elements are firmly installed in the support layers. A subsequent tilting of the plate body, so a slope in the vertical or horizontal direction, is thus avoided with proper installation.

It is furthermore advantageous if at least two of the anchor rods are adjustable in length, so that the inclination of the plate element after installation can still be slightly corrected. For example, the respective upper row of anchor elements can be designed to be adjustable in length. When installing the plate element is placed on the respective already built-in row, which results in the lower edge by the connection to the underlying element anyway an accurate positioning. Should be set by the installation of the next overlying support layer subsequently an undesirable inclination of the plate body, the inclination can be subsequently corrected by the length adjustment of the anchor rods still.

The adjustment can be given for example by a threaded sleeve which connects two threaded rods formed as parts of the anchor rod together and which is accessible for example by a bore from the front side of the Plattenverblendungselements.

It is also possible to use threaded rods as anchor rods, even if no length adjustment should be provided. On the one hand threaded rods are available inexpensively and are well kept due to their groove structure in the built-in and compacted support layer. In addition, the associated anchor head can be designed so that it can be easily screwed onto the anchor rod. This is an adaptation to various layers of support by exchange the anchor head as possible as the subsequent attachment of the anchor head during installation of the Plattenverblendungselements, so as to reduce the transport weight of the Plattenverblendungselements.

The Plattenverblendungselemente are preferably profiled at their upper and lower edges and possibly also at their side edges so that they positively engage or overlap, so that the formation of gaps between adjacent Plattenverblendungselementen is avoided. For this purpose, for example, tongue and groove profiles may be formed on the edges.

An inventive KBE slab veneering system preferably provides at least two types of base slab veneer elements, each having at least two rows of anchor elements and the same width and plate thickness, but varying in height. Thus, it is possible to combine the Plattenverblendungselemente in the manner of a kit with each other to make an adjustment to the local conditions on the slope to be veneered or the foundation. The base plate facing elements can be stacked one above the other until they reach the height required by the particular structure.

In addition, in the slab veneering system according to the invention, at least one half-slab veneering element may be provided which has a lower height and which has only one row of anchoring elements.

Figur 1

ein Plattenverblendungselement von der Rückseite her gesehen, in perspektivischer Ansicht;

Figur 2

einen Schnitt durch ein Brückenbauwerk und

Figur 3

eine seitliche Ansicht des Brückenbauwerks und eines sich anschließenden Böschungsbereichs.

For a large-scale veneering of a structure, for example, the side surface of a bridge ramp, it may be provided to arrange the Plattenverblendungselemente in the cross-compound in order to avoid the formation of cross joints. In this case, in each second column in each case a Plattenverblendungs half element with reduced height can be placed on the foundation. Then several basic elements are stacked until reaching the desired edge height. For further adaptation to the height profile of the embankment, a final half-panel veneering element can likewise be placed on top, if necessary. Other height or width graduations are possible in the slab veneering system according to the invention, the advantage being to be able to carry out transport and installation with simple construction machines. The KBE slab veneering system according to the invention for producing a support structure or steep slope building structure will be described below with reference to the example of a bridge structure with laterally adjoining slopes. The figures show in detail:

FIG. 1

a Plattenverblendungselement seen from the back, in a perspective view;

FIG. 2

a section through a bridge structure and

FIG. 3

a lateral view of the bridge structure and a subsequent embankment area.

FIG. 1 shows a Plattenverblendungselement 10 with an outer visible surface 11 and a back 12, which causes the support of the end face of the respective support layer. From the back 12 extend in the illustrated embodiment, eight anchor elements 13, which are arranged in two rows one above the other with four anchor elements 13. Each anchor element has an anchor rod 13.1 and an anchor head 13.2.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a KBE system 100 according to the invention using the example of an abutment 201 for a bridge structure 200, which leads over a road 300.

The bridge structure 200 consists in a known manner of a plurality of carriers 203, which are mounted on a Auflagerbank 202 made of concrete. In addition, a roadway panel 204 is arranged, which also consists of concrete and receives a road surface.

The abutment 201 comprises a foundation support layer 22 which is constructed on a lower geogrid layer 21. The geogrid layer 21 is guided so far outward and then turned over and returned to the foundation support layer 22, that a foundation strip 24 can be placed at a distance from the end face 23 of the geogrid 21 formed by the envelope.

On the foundation support layer 21, a first geogrid 31 is designed, which extends to the back of a first panel facing element 10. A First support layer 32 is built on the geogrid 31, wherein the lower row of anchor elements 13 of the Plattenverblendungselements 10 is embedded. An envelope of geogrid 31 on the front side of the support layer 32 does not take place.

The dotted, oblique line in the right end of the respective support layer 32 indicates the possible angle of repose for the building material, which forms the support layer 32. The support layer is intercepted according to the invention solely by the back 12 of the Plattenverblendungselements 10. It can be clearly seen that the anchor element 13, with its anchor head 13.2, protrudes beyond the possible sliding plane and into the supporting layer 32, thus safely reaching outside the endangered outer region of the supporting layer 32. This is followed by another layer of a geogrid 31 and a further support layer 32, which accommodates the upper row of the lowermost panel facing element 10. The change from geogrids 31, which extend to the back of the panel facing elements 10, and supporting layers 32 constructed thereon, in which the anchoring elements 13 are embedded, continues.

The uppermost support layer 32 'has a slightly lower height than the underlying support layers 32 in order to maintain the exact height at which the Auflagerbank 202 should rest. However, the height of the uppermost support layer 32 'is large enough to securely receive the anchor element 13. Despite the reduced height of the associated support layer 32 ', a third plate facing element 10 with the same height can be installed. In this case, the upper edge of the panel facing element 10 projects beyond the uppermost layer of a geogrid 31 and also extends somewhat above the lower edge of the support bench 202.

FIG. 3 shows the bridge structure 200 from the road side, overlooking the veneered surface of the abutment 201 and the adjoining both sides of the slope areas.

From this figure it is clear that the panel facing elements are arranged one above the other in columns. To avoid cross joints, a total of three different panel facing elements 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, each with a different height, are used. A base plate facing element 10.1 according to FIG. 1 is most commonly used to obtain the most uniform optical view possible over the entire surface. Half-board facing elements 10.2 are placed directly on the strip foundation 23 in every second column. Towards the upper end, below the bridge girder 203, in every second column, a half-plate facing element 10.2 is likewise placed as the upper termination.

In addition, the panel-blasted KBE system 100 according to the illustrated embodiment comprises a third type with a panel veneer element 10.3, which has an increased height compared to the base panel veneer element 10.1. As in the left area in FIG. 3 Visible, can be achieved by the fact that despite a different height level of the strip foundation 24 in this area the same height of the horizontal joints in the overlying base plate facing elements 10.1 is achieved.

Claims (13)

KBE slab veneering system (100) for the production of a supporting structure (201) or steep slope building, in which in each case at least one geogrid (21, 31) is inserted in each case in a boundary layer between adjacent support layers (22, 32) at least in an area close to the edge, - And in which the end faces of the support layers (22; 32) are covered with a plate-shaped veneer; characterized, - That the veneer of several superimposed Plattenverblendungselementen (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) is formed, each having a visible side (11) and a back (12), wherein at the back (12) at least one row, each having at least two anchor elements (13) are attached; and - That the edges of the geogrids (31) on the back (12) of the Plattenverblendungselemente (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) end. KBE Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that at the Plattenverblendungselementen (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) at least one row is mounted with at least two anchor elements (13), each having an anchor rod (13.1) and at least one Anchor head (13.2) arranged at the end of the anchor rod (13.1). KBE slab veneering system (100) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the anchor elements (13) are respectively embedded in the middle of the height of the respective support layer (32) between adjacent geogrid layers (31). KBE Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that on the Plattenverblendungselement (10, 10.1, 10.3) at least two superimposed rows are provided with at least two anchor elements (13). KBE slab veneering system (100) according to claim 4, characterized in that at least one row of anchor elements (13) of the same slab veneer element (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) is embedded in two adjacent support layers (32). KBE Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the inclination of the Plattenverblendungselements (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) after installation by at least two length-adjustable anchor rods (13.1) is variable. KBE slab veneering system (100) according to claim 6, characterized in that the respective upper row of anchor elements (13) is adjustable in length. KBE-Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that the anchor rod (13) is designed as a threaded rod and the anchor head (13.2) can be screwed thereon. KBE-Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the anchor rod (13.1) is formed by two parts formed as threaded rods, which are connected by a threaded sleeve and adjustable. KBE-Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Plattenverblendungselemente (10, 10.1, 10.2; 10.3) are profiled on at least two opposite edges and stacked and / or side by side Plattenverblendungselemente (10, 10.1, 10.2; 10.3 ) interlock positively or overlap. A KBE slab veneer system (100) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least one base slab veneer element (10.1) with two superimposed rows of anchoring elements and at least one half slab veneer element (10.2) with a series of anchoring elements comprising slab veneer elements (10.1, 10.2) have the same width as well as the same thickness and vary in height. KBE Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the respective distance of the anchor head (13.2) from the back (12) of the Plattenverblendungselements (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) at least 1.5 times the height the support layer (32) is between adjacent layers of geogrids (31). KBE Plattenverblendungssystem (100) according to claim 12, characterized in that the respective distance of the anchor head (13.2) from the back (12) of the Plattenverblendungselements (10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3) at least 1.5 times the height of the support layer (32 ) divided by the tangent of the angle of repose of the building material corresponds, from which the support layer (32) is formed.

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