EP3368254B1 - Method of manufacture of an engineered wood product - Google Patents

Method of manufacture of an engineered wood product Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3368254B1
EP3368254B1 EP16859170.9A EP16859170A EP3368254B1 EP 3368254 B1 EP3368254 B1 EP 3368254B1 EP 16859170 A EP16859170 A EP 16859170A EP 3368254 B1 EP3368254 B1 EP 3368254B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wood
lamellae
major
billet
base surface
Prior art date
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EP16859170.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3368254A1 (en
EP3368254C0 (en
EP3368254A4 (en
Inventor
Markus HIRMKE
Philipp SAUER
Hermann KIRCHMAYR
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Publication of EP3368254C0 publication Critical patent/EP3368254C0/en
Publication of EP3368254B1 publication Critical patent/EP3368254B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27B—SAWS FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; COMPONENTS OR ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • B27B1/00—Methods for subdividing trunks or logs essentially involving sawing
    • B27B1/005—Methods for subdividing trunks or logs essentially involving sawing including the step of dividing the log into sector-shaped segments
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E04C3/122—Laminated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27F—DOVETAILED WORK; TENONS; SLOTTING MACHINES FOR WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES
    • B27F1/00—Dovetailed work; Tenons; Making tongues or grooves; Groove- and- tongue jointed work; Finger- joints
    • B27F1/16—Making finger joints, i.e. joints having tapers in the opposite direction to those of dovetail joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27G—ACCESSORY MACHINES OR APPARATUS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; TOOLS FOR WORKING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIALS; SAFETY DEVICES FOR WOOD WORKING MACHINES OR TOOLS
    • B27G11/00—Applying adhesives or glue to surfaces of wood to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
    • B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
    • B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
    • B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
    • B27M3/0026—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally
    • B27M3/0053—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected laterally using glue
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
    • B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
    • B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
    • B27M3/006—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by oblong elements connected both laterally and at their ends
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27M—WORKING OF WOOD NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES B27B - B27L; MANUFACTURE OF SPECIFIC WOODEN ARTICLES
    • B27M3/00—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles
    • B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
    • B27M3/0086—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles characterised by connecting using glue
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/10—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/12—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products of solid wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/50—Self-supporting slabs specially adapted for making floors ceilings, or roofs, e.g. able to be loaded
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E04C3/14—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E04C3/292—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures the materials being wood and metal

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to wood-based construction components and methods of their manufacturing.
  • the disclosure relates to construction components which make better use of the raw material and/or which provide enhanced strength properties as compared to conventional construction components.
  • the disclosure relates to laminated elements for making ceilings and/or floors.
  • the disclosure also relates to engineered load bearing components, such as joists, beams and light weight panels.
  • the disclosure also relates to so called rib slab elements for use as floor elements.
  • the disclosure also relates to laminated boards, in particular single-ply boards and multi-ply boards.
  • the disclosure also relates to components for making elongate construction elements intended for receiving a load in a longitudinal direction, such as pillars or columns.
  • Engineered wood products i.e. products which are made up of a plurality of wood pieces that are glued together, are known as such.
  • engineered wood products include floor and ceiling elements, glulam beams and joists, rib slabs and plywood boards.
  • Such engineered wood products are typically provided by a process wherein a wood log is sawn according to a cross sectional pattern of mutually orthogonal cuts, after which the thus provided planks are dried, formatted (planed), graded and then glued together.
  • US4111247 discloses a method of forming an engineered wood product, wherein a log is cut radially into sectors.
  • the present disclosure generally provides a laminated wood product for use as a construction element, comprising a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the major base surfaces define respective major surfaces of the wood product.
  • a thickness of the wood product, as seen in a direction perpendicular to the major surfaces, is about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm.
  • a laminated wood product as described above can be used as a wall, roof, floor or ceiling element, making optimum use of the portions of the wood having the highest strength while at the same time minimizing waste of material.
  • the lamellae may present year rings, wherein year rings at the major base surface have a greater bending radius than year rings at the minor base surface.
  • An edge portion of the wood product may present means for mechanically connecting the wood product in at least one direction to another identical wood product.
  • the edge portion may be the long side edge portion (parallel with the longitudinal direction of the wood lamellae) and/or the short side edge portion, which may be perpendicular to the long side edge portion.
  • the connecting means may comprise at least one of a tongue and/or a groove extending substantially parallel with the base surfaces for providing a mechanical connection in a direction perpendicular to the base surfaces, and locking member extending substantially perpendicular to the base surfaces for providing a mechanical connection in a direction parallel with the base surfaces and perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • mechanical locking may be provided for preventing adjacent laminated wood products from separating in an out-of-plane direction (typically vertically, when used as floor or ceiling element) and/or in an in-plane direction (typically horizontally).
  • Major and minor base surfaces which may be provided by a pair of immediately adjacent lamellae, and which face the same direction, may be situated in a common plane.
  • Such a laminated wood product may present smooth, planar principal surfaces.
  • At least some major and minor base surfaces which are provided by a pair of immediately adjacent lamellae, and which face the same direction, may be situated in spaced apart planes.
  • Such laminated wood products may present an enhanced ratio of height and/or stiffness to weight.
  • the base surfaces may taper along said longitudinal direction.
  • Such lamellae provide optimal use of the raw material.
  • the base surfaces may present a substantially constant width along the longitudinal direction.
  • Such lamellae may be easier to produce, especially from a population of logs with varying diameter.
  • the wood lamellae may be glued together by means of a glue that is suitable for wet gluing, i.e. gluing at a moisture content of the wood lamellae greater than 25 % by dry mass, preferably greater than 30 % by dry mass.
  • the formed wood product After gluing the formed wood product may be dried. Thereby reducing the moisture content of the billet to 8-18 % by dry mass.
  • wet gluing e.g. using a urethane or polyurethane based glue, has proven to be an effective way of gluing together wood that has not been subjected to drying. While the drying process often causes some warping, which means that formatting of the dried wood pieces may be necessary prior to gluing, wet gluing will reduce the waste of material by making use of the format achieved in the sawing of the log when producing the billet.
  • the lamellae which are glued together may be surface dried lamellae. Prior to gluing the lamellae may be surface dried to remove free water from the wood surface. Such surface drying basically has no effect except for on the very surface of the wood lamellae, and may be performed e.g. by means of a fan.
  • an elongate laminated wood product comprising at least two laminated wood products as described above, which are joined together in an end-to-end manner, preferably by means of a finger joint.
  • the elongate laminated wood product may comprise at least two pairs of laminated wood products, which are joined together in an end-to-end manner by a respective joint, wherein said joints may be offset from each other in the longitudinal direction, preferably by 10-50 % of a length of the laminated wood products.
  • the step of applying glue comprises applying glue suitable for wet gluing to the side surfaces of the wood lamellae while a moisture content of the wood lamellae being greater than 25 % by dry mass, preferably greater than 30 % by dry mass.
  • the method may comprise subjecting the wood lamellae to a surface drying step prior to the application of glue.
  • Such surface drying removes free water from the wood surface and basically has no effect except for on the very surface of the wood lamellae, and may be performed e.g. by means of a fan.
  • the method further comprises subjecting the billet to a drying step subsequent to the bonding. Thereby the moisture content of the billet may be reduced to 8-18 % by dry mass.
  • the method may further comprise forming locking means along at least one long side edge of the plank.
  • Such a wall, roof, floor or ceiling element may be a load bearing element.
  • a beam which is at least partially formed of wood-based material and which presents a longitudinal direction and a principal transverse load direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • a flange portion of the beam comprises a wood lamella, having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces.
  • the wood lamella is arranged such that its major base surface is closer to an outermost part of the beam than the minor base surface.
  • the "principal transverse load direction" may be defined as a direction in which the beam is intended to receive its main load. That is, a direction which is perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the beam and typically also perpendicular to an upper surface of the beam. In the case when the beam has an elongate cross section, the principal load direction will typically be parallel with a major side of this cross section. For a beam that is positioned horizontally, the principal transverse load direction will be a vertical direction.
  • Such a beam will make optimum use of the natural strength of the wood, while reducing waste of material.
  • the beam may comprise a pair of wood lamellae, which form part of a respective flange and major base surfaces of which face opposite directions.
  • the beam may be designed to achieve maximum strength in both bending directions.
  • the wood lamellae may be connected to each other minor base surface to minor base surface.
  • Such a beam can be made from only two lamellae or extended lamellae and be formed to make maximum use of the strength of the wood in both bending directions.
  • the wood lamellae may be spaced apart by a generally planar web member, a major plane of which being parallel with the transverse load direction.
  • Such a beam will provide a greater moment of inertia and can be designed to readily replace existing engineered wood beams.
  • the web member may be joined to the flange portion by means of glued joint, preferably a glued finger joint.
  • the flange portion may be formed by a set comprising at least two wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the flange portion can be provided with any width while still making optimum use of the raw material and minimizing material waste.
  • the flange portion may be formed by at least two sets of wood lamellae, which sets are glued together base surface to base surface.
  • a flange portion providing very high bending stiffness may be provided.
  • the flange portion may be formed by a single wood lamella.
  • Such a beam may be compactly designed.
  • the beam may further comprise at least one elongate reinforcement element, which extends at an angle less than 45° to the principal transverse load direction.
  • the reinforcement element may extend through at least one of the flange portions.
  • a building element comprising at least two beams as described above, which are identically oriented and spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and to the transversal load direction, and a pair of face panels, arranged on opposite sides of the beams as seen in the transversal load direction, such that the beams are sandwiched by the face panels.
  • Such a building element can be used as a floor element, a ceiling element or for any other load bearing surface.
  • At least one of the face panels may be formed by at least two elongate members, longitudinal directions of which extend non-parallel to the longitudinal directions of the beams, preferably approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal directions of the beams.
  • a method of making a beam which is at least partially formed of wood-based material and which presents a longitudinal direction and a principal transverse load direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, the method comprising providing at least two wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, forming a flange portion of the beam by arranging said wood lamellae such that their minor base surfaces face each other, and directly or indirectly connecting the wood lamellae to each other.
  • the method may further comprise connecting the minor base surfaces directly to each other.
  • the method may further comprise providing a web member and connecting the web member to the wood lamellae, such that a major surface of the web member extends in parallel with the transversal load direction.
  • the method may further comprise providing a set comprising at least two wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae of the set face opposite directions, and forming the flange portion from the set.
  • the method may further comprise gluing together at least two sets of wood lamellae base surface to base surface.
  • a rib slab comprising at least one panel presenting a first face, coinciding with a main face of the rib slab, a plurality of elongate beams, which extend in parallel with, and spaced from, each other, and which are bonded to a second face of the panel.
  • the beams are formed by wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces.
  • Such a rib slab can be produced with less waste of raw material and higher strength to weight ratio than existing wood based rib slabs.
  • the rib slab may further comprise a second panel, which is bonded to the beams, such that the beams are sandwiched between the panels.
  • the rib slab may further comprise a second plurality of elongate beams, which extend in parallel with, and spaced from, each other, and which are bonded to a second face of the second panel, and a third panel, which is bonded to the second plurality of beams, such that the second plurality of beams are sandwiched between the second and third panels.
  • major base surfaces of adjacent beams may face opposite directions.
  • major base surfaces of adjacent beams may face the same direction.
  • the wood lamellae may be spaced apart by a distance corresponding to 10-300 % of a major base surface width, preferably 50-200 % or 50-100 %.
  • wood lamellae which are closely spaced apart, say 10-100 % or 10-50 % of the width, may be used to provide noise attenuating properties.
  • a rib slab system comprising a pair of rib slabs described above, wherein at least two of the wood lamellae of each rib slab is bonded to its associated panel by its minor base surface, such that the wood lamellae provide a respective undercut edge, and wherein one of the rib slabs is suspended from the other one of the rib slabs by engagement of the undercut edges.
  • Such a rib slab may be used to attenuate impact sounds and reduce vertical propagation of such sounds.
  • the rib slabs may be connected mechanically to each other.
  • connection between the two rib slabs could be purely mechanical, that is without glue, which would allow the slabs to move slightly relative each other, with some hysteresis being provided in the joint area.
  • a sound attenuating device may be arranged between surfaces forming said engagement.
  • Such a sound attenuating device may further reduce transfer of sound in the direction perpendicular to the rib slab system.
  • a method of making a rib slab comprising providing at least one panel presenting a first face, coinciding with a main face of the rib slab, and bonding a plurality of elongate beams to a second face of the panel, such that they extend in parallel with, and spaced from, each other.
  • the beams may be formed by wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces.
  • a laminated wood board presenting a principal plane, the board comprising a plurality of elongate wood lamellae, which are glued together along longitudinal planes, wherein at least some pairs of wood lamellae are glued together along a plane, which provides an angle of less than 30° to the principal plane, preferably less than 23° or less than 18°.
  • Such laminated wood boards provide great potential in that they make optimum use of the wood raw material, as mentioned above, but also in that they may be provided with relatively isotropic properties. That is, year rings can be a more even orientation over the entire surface of the board.
  • At least some pairs of wood lamellae may be glued together along a plane, which is substantially perpendicular to the principal plane.
  • the board may present a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the principal plane, a length in a longitudinal direction and a width in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
  • the thickness may be less than 1/10 of the width, preferably less than 1/20, less than 1/30, 1/40, 1/50 or 1/70 of the width.
  • this will apply to substantially all year rings, such as at least 90 % of the year rings, preferably at least 95 % of the year rings or at least 99 % of the year rings.
  • a multi-layer laminated wood product comprising at least two laminated wood products as described above, wherein the laminated wood products are laminated principal plane to principal plane.
  • Such a laminated wood product may achieve very good strength properties.
  • the laminated wood products may be arranged with their respective longitudinal directions in a non-parallel manner, preferably substantially perpendicular to each other.
  • the multi-layer laminated wood product may comprise at least three laminated wood products, which are arranged with alternating longitudinal directions.
  • At least 90 %, preferably at least 95 % of year rings visible at a cross section of the product, perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the lamellae, may present an angle to the principal plane, which is greater than 70°, preferably greater than 75°, greater than 77° or greater than 80°.
  • the multilayer laminated wood product may further comprise a layer which is formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • Such a laminated wood product can be given very high strength in all directions.
  • a method of making a laminated wood product comprising providing a billet formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions, wherein the base surfaces define principal planes of the billet, cutting the billet along cutting planes which are substantially perpendicular to the principal plane of the billet and parallel with the longitudinal direction of the wood lamellae, such that planks are formed having major planes which are defined by the cutting planes, applying glue to longitudinal edges of the planks, pressing the planks together along a direction which is parallel with the major plane of the planks for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae to each other to form the laminated wood product.
  • the laminated wood products may be arranged with fiber directions being non-parallel, preferably orthogonal.
  • the method may further comprise providing a second billet formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions, wherein the base surfaces define principal planes of the second billet, laminating the laminated wood product to the second billet with its principal plane parallel to the principal plane of the second billet.
  • a laminated wood product for use as a pillar or pylon comprising a plurality of wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, wherein the lamellae are glued together side surface to side surface, wherein the wood product comprises at least one first pair of adjacent wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface such that their major base surfaces face directions which form an angle of less than 90° to each other, less than 60° or less than 30°.
  • Such a wood product can be used to provide an elongate construction element which is adapted for receiving a load in a longitudinal direction.
  • loads may be compressive and/or tensile.
  • the laminated wood product may comprise 3-15 wood lamellae which are glued together side surface to side surface such that major base surface of any adjacent pair of said wood lamellae face directions which form an angle of less than 90° to each other, less than 60° or less than 30°.
  • the laminated wood may comprise at least one second pair of adjacent wood lamellae, which are glued together side surface to side surface such that their major base surfaces face opposite directions.
  • the laminated wood product may present a generally facetted convex face, exposing more major base surfaces than minor base surfaces and a generally facetted concave face, exposing more minor base surfaces than major base surfaces.
  • a wood billet may be formed according to the following method, comprising: providing a half log having semi cylindrical cross section, cutting the half log along at least one radial cutting plane to form a wood lamella, planing pith and bark side portions of the wood lamella such that the wood lamella is formed into a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, applying glue to the side surfaces, arranging the wood lamellae side surface to side surface, and pressing the sides surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae to each other to form a the laminated product.
  • the wood lamellae may be arranged such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions and the base surfaces define the respective major surfaces of the wood product.
  • the method may further comprise cutting the thus formed billet along a plane parallel with the longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the major surfaces.
  • the method may further comprise subjecting the wood lamellae to a drying step prior to the application of glue.
  • drying is understood as deliberately subjecting the object to a controlled environment for a time sufficient for the object to attain a moisture level of below 30 % by dry mass, preferably below than 25 %.
  • the method may comprise a step of surface drying the wood lamellae prior to the application of glue.
  • Such surface drying removes free water from the wood surface and basically has no effect except for on the very surface of the wood lamellae, and may be performed e.g. by means of a fan.
  • the method may further comprise subjecting the billet to a drying step subsequent to the bonding.
  • the bark side portion may be used as a reference surface for planing the pith side portion, such that the base surfaces thus provided taper along a longitudinal direction of the lamellae.
  • the pith side portion may be used as a reference surface for planing the bark side portion, such that the base surfaces thus provided are substantially rectangular.
  • a method of making a laminated wood product for use as a ceiling or floor element having major surfaces and a thickness as seen in a direction perpendicular to the major surfaces, of about 6-30 cm, preferably 8-26 cm.
  • the method comprising providing a plurality of wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, subjecting the wood lamellae to a surface drying step.
  • the method further comprises steps of applying glue suitable for wet gluing to the side surfaces of the wood lamellae, a moisture content of the wood lamellae being greater than 25 % by dry mass, preferably greater than 30 % by dry mass, arranging the wood lamellae side surface to side surface, such that major base surfaces of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions and the base surfaces define the respective major surfaces of the wood product, pressing the side surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae to each other to form a billet, subjecting the thus formed billet to a drying step, reducing the moisture content of the billet to 8-18 % by dry mass, and cutting the billet along a plane parallel with the longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the major surfaces to form a plank.
  • a method of forming a wood billet for use in the methods as described above comprising the steps of providing a half log having semi cylindrical cross section, cutting the half log along at least one radial cutting plane to form at least two circle sector shaped radial sections, planing pith and bark side portions of the circle sector shaped sections such that wood lamellae are formed each having a generally trapezoidal cross section having a height of at least 50 %, preferably at least 60 % or 70 %, of the circle sector radius, and having a major base surface, a minor base surface and a pair of opposing side surfaces, applying glue to the side surfaces, arranging the wood lamellae side surface to side surface, and pressing the sides surfaces towards each other for a sufficient time to bond the wood lamellae to each other to form a laminated product.
  • This wood billet forms the starting material for making the laminated wood product which will be described with reference to the subsequent drawings.
  • the machine concept is merely one example of a way of producing such lamellae, and is not intended to limit the scope of protection.
  • Fig. 1a schematically illustrates a log 2, which has been cut longitudinally into two halves 2'.
  • the log 2 may have been debarked prior to this cutting.
  • the cutting may be performed by any type of cutting device, such as, but not limited to, a saw, e.g. a circular saw or a band saw.
  • Fig. 1b schematically illustrates a log half 2' after it has been provided with a longitudinally extending groove 23 along its pith and cut longitudinally into six radial sections 2"a, 2"b, as will be further described with reference to Figs 2a-2b .
  • Fig. 1c schematically illustrates processing of one of the radial sections 2"a, 2"b into a lamella 20a, 20b.
  • the lamella 20a, 20b is subjected to forming of base surfaces bs1, bs2, to form a lamella 20a, 20b, which will present a trapezoidal cross section.
  • Fig. 1b schematically illustrates a log half 2' after it has been provided with a longitudinally extending groove 23 along its pith and cut longitudinally into six radial sections 2"a, 2"b, as will be further described with reference to Figs 2a-2b .
  • Fig. 1c schematically illustrates processing of one of the radial sections 2"a,
  • the circle sector shaped radial sections 2"a, 2"b are sawn to lamellae 20a, 20b and planed at pith and bark side portions of the circle sector shaped radial sections such that wood lamellae are formed each having a trapezoidal cross section having a height of at least 50 %, preferably at least 60 % or 70 %, of the circle sector radius.
  • the base surfaces bs1, bs2 thus formed comprise a major base surface bs1, which is formed by tool 31 closest to the bark of the log and along the bark side.
  • the base surfaces further comprise a minor base surface bs2, which is formed close to the pith and parallel with the major base surface bs1 by tool 32.
  • the tools 31, 32 may be any type of tool capable of forming a planar surface, including but not limited to milling cutters, circular saw blades or band saw blades.
  • the first tool 31 which forms the major base surface bs1, is arranged to use the bark side as reference, such that the major base side bs1 is formed along a direction parallel with the bark side.
  • the second tool 32 which forms the minor base surface bs2, is arranged to use the major base surface and/or the bark side as a reference, such that the minor base surface bs2 is formed along a direction parallel with the major surface and/or the bark side.
  • the cross section of the lamellae 20a, 20b is trapezoidal having a constant height.
  • the major base surface bs1 being formed substantially parallel with the bark, and with the log presenting a frusto-conical shape, it is recognized that the major base surface bs1 will taper along the central direction of the log C. That is, the log will taper in a direction towards the top of the tree from which it was formed. This direction is also parallel with the principal fiber direction of the log and of the wood lamellae.
  • minor base surface bs2 will also taper along the central direction C of the log.
  • each lamella will have a major and a minor base surface bs1, bs2 and a pair of side surfaces ss1, ss2, which will be identical.
  • every second lamella 20b will now be turned or flipped about 180° about its longitudinal axis and about 180° about an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the major base surface bs1, such that the lamellae will become positioned as illustrated in Fig. 1e . That is, the directions of taper Ca and Cb will extend in opposite directions.
  • the wood may still be "wet", that is, its moisture content may be more than 25 % by dry mass, preferably more than 30 %.
  • the wood has not been subjected to any accelerated or intentional drying, such as kiln drying.
  • wet gluing i.e. gluing performed at a moisture content of the wood lamellae greater than 25 % by dry mass, preferably greater than 30 % by dry mass, it is recommended to reduce the amount of free water on the wood surface to a minimum.
  • a brief surface drying step basically having no effect except for on the very surface, may be performed, e.g. by means of a fan.
  • 1f schematically illustrates the two lamellae 20a, 20b when arranged adjacent each other, side surface ss1 to side surface ss2 and with base surfaces bs1, bs2 of the pair of thus adjacent lamellae 20a, 20b tapering in opposite directions.
  • a pair of glue applicators 33a, 33b which apply glue to side surfaces of lamellae 20a, 20b, respectively.
  • a single, or even more, glue applicators may be used.
  • the lamellae are then arranged as illustrated in Fig. 1g , i.e. with the base surfaces bs1, bs2 of every pair of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b tapering towards substantially opposite directions and major base surfaces bs1 of every pair of adjacent wood lamellae facing substantially opposite directions.
  • the glue used is a glue adapted for wet gluing wood, such as a water activated glue.
  • a glue adapted for wet gluing wood
  • PU polyurethane
  • the lamellae 20a, 20b will be subjected to a pressing tool 34 pressing the lamellae 20a, 20b together in directions perpendicular to the base surfaces 20a, 20b and/or parallel with base surfaces 20a, 20b and perpendicular to the longitudinal axes C.
  • the billet 200 that is formed may be of a predetermined length or it may be continuous in a direction perpendicular to the lamellae fiber direction and parallel with the base surfaces bs1, bs2, that is, lamellae are added to one end of the billet and fed into the press while at the output side of the press, pieces of the billet 200 are sawn off at predetermined intervals.
  • an intermediate wood product here referred to as a "billet" 200 is provided, made up of wood lamellae 20a, 20b glued together first side surface ss1 to first side surface ss1 and second side surface ss2 to second side surface ss2.
  • the billet 200 formed may be dried reducing the moisture content of the billet to 8-18 % by dry mass.
  • the billet 200 consists of a single layer of lamellae 20a, 20b, which are arranged side surface to side surface and with major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae facing opposite directions and with base surfaces bs1, bs2 of immediately adjacent lamellae tapering in width in opposite directions.
  • an alternative billet may be produced from logs which are sawn according to Figs 1a-1b and wherein the lamellae are formed with the pith side as a reference.
  • Such lamellae may have constant cross section, such that base surfaces will be rectangular rather than tapering in width.
  • Fig. 2a is a schematic side view of a device 300 for producing wood lamellae 20a, 20b from a half-log 2'.
  • the device comprises a groove cutter 311 and a set 312 of radial cutters 321a, 321b, 321c, 321d and 321e.
  • the device 300 may comprise a conveyor arrangement 300a, 300b, 300c for causing relative movement between the log and the cutters 311, 312.
  • the log may be moved relative to stationary cutters 311, 312.
  • the half log 2' has typically been longitudinally cut in half prior to being introduced into the device 300. That is, the log has been cut longitudinally along a plane containing a central axis C of the log.
  • the log may have been pre-cut into an appropriate length, such as 1-10 m, preferably 1-5 m, 1-3 m or 1-2 m.
  • the log may have been wholly or partially debarked.
  • the log can be said to present a planar surface 22 and a convex surface 21.
  • the log may be conveyed with its planar surface facing downwardly and oriented horizontally.
  • Fig. 2b is a cross sectional view taken along line A-A in Fig. 2a .
  • Fig. 2b it is illustrated how the groove cutter 311 provides a longitudinal groove at the central portion of the log, i.e. at the pith area.
  • the groove cutter 311 may be formed as a circular, rotatable cutter having a cutting edge with a cross section that corresponds to a desired cross section of the groove 23.
  • the groove 23 formed by the groove cutter 311 may presents a substantially concave surface, which may be substantially half circular, or which may be polygonal.
  • the groove cutter 311 may extend upwardly from a support on which the log is to be supported with its planar surface 22 facing downwardly.
  • Figs 3a-3b illustrate an alternative way of forming a billet.
  • lamellae 25a, 25b may also be formed using the pith side as a reference, in which case a constant cross section may be achieved and the base surfaces will be substantially rectangular, without taper.
  • the lamellae may be glued together when in the wet state, as described above, or in a dry state, potentially subsequent to a forming operation, such as planing.
  • such lamellae may be individually joined by joints J1, which may be finger joints or the like, so as to provide extended lamellae 26a, 26b, which each is made up of a plurality of lamellae 25a; 25b.
  • such lamellae 25a, 25b or extended lamellae 26a, 26b may be used to form a billet 260, which is similar to the billet 200 previously discussed.
  • This billet 260 may be provided with reinforcements R1, which may extend perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the lamellae and in parallel with the principal surface.
  • Such reinforcements R1 may be provided by a rod made of wood or polymer material, that is, preferably a material which can be sawn without causing damage to the sawing equipment.
  • the reinforcement may be bonded to the structure by glue. It is also possible to make the reinforcement from a metallic material.
  • Such reinforcements may be useful and optional for any type of billet described herein.
  • construction elements may be used as a floor or ceiling element, or as a wall or roof element. Yet another use may be as a noise reduction wall.
  • Fig. 4a schematically illustrates a billet 200, which may be the result of the process described with reference to Figs 1a-1h .
  • Such a billet when formed to a suitable thickness, may be used as a ceiling or floor element.
  • Typical thicknesses for such floor or ceiling elements may be on the order of 50-300 mm.
  • Particular thicknesses may be 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 or 260 mm, with a tolerance of +/- 5 %, preferably +/- 2 %, +/-1 % or +/- 0.5 %.
  • the billet may have a width which may be on the order of 50-150 cm.
  • the billet may be produced to provide a standard width, such as 62 cm or 62.5 cm.
  • the billet may also be produced with a width forming a multiple (x2, x3, x4, etc) of such a standard width.
  • the width may be on the order of 50-100 cm, e.g. 60-80 cm.
  • the billet may be produced to any length. Typical lengths for elements of the present type may be up to 15 m. Lengths may vary from 2-15 m, preferably 3-15 m, 3-10 m, 5-15 m or 5-10 m.
  • billets 261 may be joined by means of any type of joint J2, such as a finger joint, in a per se known manner. Many different types of finger joints are known. The fingers of the joint may extend in any direction, including parallel with the principal plane of the billet or orthogonal to the principal plane of the billet.
  • the billet 261' or construction elements 260' may be provided with mechanical locking devices J3a, J3b for providing mechanical interconnection between identical floor or ceiling elements.
  • such mechanical locking devices J3a, J3b may provide mechanical connection in a direction perpendicular to the principal plane of the floor or ceiling element.
  • such mechanical locking devices may give room for such shrinkage and/or swelling as occurs as a consequence of variations in humidity and temperature.
  • the locking devices prevent the formation of gaps (or at least visible gaps) between elements, thus enhancing appearance and preventing draft or spreading of fire.
  • the locking devices J3a, J3b comprise a tongue and groove joint (the function of which is known per se), which here includes a pair of tongues and a matching pair of grooves. It is recognized that other types of locking devices for providing mechanical interconnection perpendicular to and/or parallel with the principal plane can be provided. Inspiration for such locking devices may be found in the field of mechanically interconnectable floor panels.
  • the mechanical locking devices J3a, J3b extend along long side edges of the floor or ceiling element, i.e. substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamellae making up the billet(s).
  • Such short side mechanical locking devices may be identical with, or different from, the ones provided on the long sides.
  • Fig. 4d illustrates, in cross section, a pair of interconnected floor construction elements of the kind described in Fig. 4c .
  • Glue may, but need not, be applied to the locking device(s) before the floor or ceiling elements are joined by a horizontal movement whereby the tongue is driven into the groove.
  • Fig. 4e schematically illustrates an alternative mechanical locking device, which is based on the floor or ceiling elements being formed with grooves J3a on both long sides, wherein a separate tongue J3c is inserted into the grooves and the floor or ceiling elements are interconnected as described with respect to Fig. 4d .
  • the separate tongue may be formed of a wood material, which may be the same or different from that of which the floor or ceiling elements are formed. For example, it is possible to use a wood material having better strength properties.
  • the separate tongue may be formed of a polymer material, a wood based material (MDF, HDF, particle board, chip board, plywood) or even a metallic material.
  • Fig. 4f schematically illustrates a construction element 280 which has been formed from a plurality of elongate planks 260, which are formed from planks 261 that are joined in an end-to end manner, just like illustrated in Fig. 4b , by means of a joint J2, which may be a finger joint or the like.
  • elongate planks 260 are joined along a plane that is parallel with the longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the principal plane.
  • joints J2 such as finger joints, of immediately juxtaposed elongate planks 260 are offset relative one another in the longitudinal direction.
  • the offset may correspond to 5-50 % of a length of the planks 261, preferably 10-30 % of said length.
  • Such a construction element 280 may present enhanced strength as compared to the ones illustrated in Fig. 4b .
  • Figs 5a-5d schematically illustrate another embodiment of a construction element, such as a floor or ceiling element 270.
  • the billet is formed differently from that of Fig. 4a in that adjacent lamellae 25a, 25b are slightly offset in a direction perpendicular to the principal plane of the floor or ceiling element 270.
  • the lamellae 25a, 25b may be offset by a distance corresponding to 1-50 % of the lamellae height, preferably 5-30 % or 10-20 %.
  • the construction elements 270, 271 thus formed will not have a smooth upper surface but one with grooves.
  • Such grooves may, but need not, be filled with a filler, e.g. an expanding/foaming filler.
  • this billet formed into elongate construction elements 271' by cutting cuts S3, lengthwise joining J4 and forming of mechanical locking devices J5 just like the one illustrated in Fig. 4a .
  • Fig. 6a schematically illustrates an I- or H-beam 500, the flange portion 502, 503 of which is formed from a billet of the type disclosed in Fig. 1h .
  • the web portion 501 of this beam may be formed by any type of sheet shaped material, such as wood material, wood based material, polymer material (including reinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material.
  • the beam illustrated in Fig. 6a thus comprises a pair of flange portions 502, 503 including a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the major base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces of the flange portion.
  • the web portion may be connected to the flange portion by means of glue.
  • a mechanical connection may be provided, including a tongue and groove joint, a finger joint (extending along a length direction of the beam), a plurality of fasteners, such as wood plugs, polymer plugs, nails or screws.
  • the beam 500 may be designed with only one flange 502, 503 portion and that other beam configurations may be provided, including L-beams and W-beams.
  • the beam 500 of Fig. 6a may be formed from a billet provided from lamella having tapering (lamellae 20a, 20b) or rectangular (lamellae 25a, 25b) base surfaces.
  • the beam 510 illustrated in Fig. 6b is formed with each flange portion 512, 513 provided from a single wood lamella having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the flange portions 512, 513 may be attached to the web portion 511 in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a .
  • the wood lamellae present rectangular base surfaces.
  • the beam 520 illustrated in Fig. 6c is formed with only flange portions 522, 523 according to the same principle as the one in Fig. 6b , but with no separate web portion.
  • the tapering cross section of the lamellae provides the narrower "web-like" portion of the beam in Fig. 6b .
  • the interconnection of the lamellae may be provided according to the same principles as for the connection to the web in Figs 6a and 6b .
  • the wood lamellae present rectangular base surfaces.
  • the beam 530 illustrated in Fig. 6d is very similar to the one disclosed in Fig. 6a , but with each flange portion 532, 533 formed of three adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the major base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces of the flange portion.
  • the flange portions 532, 533 present a width that tapers towards the web, which is a consequence of the fact that the two outer lamellae are arranged with their major base surfaces facing away from the web portion, while the major base surface of the respective middle lamella faces, and is connected to, the web portion.
  • the flange portions 532, 533 may be attached to the web portion 531 in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a .
  • Fig. 6e schematically illustrates a beam which is very similar to that of Fig. 6d , but where the flange portion is provided from at least two layers of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the layers are connected to each other base surface to base surface.
  • the connection may be provided by glue or in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a regarding the attachment of the flange portion to the web portion.
  • the flange portions 542, 543 present a width that tapers towards the web, which is a consequence of the fact that the two outer lamellae are arranged with their major base surfaces facing away from the web portion, while the major base surface of the respective middle lamella faces, and is connected to, the web portion 541.
  • the flange portions 542, 543 may be attached to the web portion 541 in the same manner as disclosed with respect to Fig. 6a .
  • each flange portion may be provided for each flange portion.
  • Fig. 6f discloses a sandwich construction 550, wherein a number of beams 552, 553, which can be formed as disclosed with reference to any one of Figs 6a-6e , are sandwiched between a pair of boards 554, 555.
  • the boards 554, 555 may be provided from any type of board material, including wood material, wood based material, polymer material (including reinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material.
  • the boards may be formed from the single-ply or multi-ply materials that are discussed with respect to Figs 1h , 4a-4e , 5a-5d , 8a-8d or 9a-9b .
  • the beam portion(s) may be connected to the board by glue and/or by means of mechanical fastening devices, including tongue-and-groove or finger type joints, wood plugs, fasteners (screws, nails) etc.
  • Fig. 6g-6h schematically illustrate a reinforced beam 560, 560', comprising a reinforcement element 565, which extends at an angle less than 45° to the principal transverse load direction.
  • the reinforcement elements extends at an angle less than 30°, less than 20°, less than 10° or about parallel with the principal transverse load direction.
  • the reinforcement element may extend at least partially through at least one of the flange portions, preferably at least partially through both. Moreover, where the beam presents a web portion, the reinforcement element may extend through this web portion as well.
  • the reinforcement element may be formed of wood or polymer material, that is, preferably a material which can be sawn without causing damage to the sawing equipment.
  • the reinforcement may be formed of a wood material having greater strength than the wood from which the beam is formed.
  • the reinforcement may be bonded to the structure by glue. It is also possible to make the reinforcement from a metallic material.
  • Each reinforcement element 565 may have a diameter of about 5-50 mm, preferably about 15-40 or about 20-30 mm.
  • a length of the reinforcement element may be on the order of 70-100 % of a thickness of the beam as seen in a direction of insertion of the reinforcement element.
  • a joint 566 between the flange portions 562, 563 may be have the form of a finger joint, having fingers with a height corresponding to 10-50 % of a height of the flange portion 562, 563, preferably about 15-30 %.
  • side portions of the flange portions may be cut away so as to provide side surfaces 5621, 5631, which are substantially flat and substantially perpendicular to the principal load bearing surface of the beam.
  • a plurality of beams 560' such as the one illustrated in Fig. 6h may be arranged side by side with side surfaces 5621, 5631 contacting each other, in a juxtaposed manner and joined to each other, e.g. by glue, such that a slab like structure 570 is formed.
  • Reinforcement elements such as described with respect to Figs 6g-6i may be used with any of the beams disclosed with respect ot Figs 6a-6f .
  • a rib slab 600, 620, 630, 630', 640 and on a method of its fabrication is essentially a light weight construction element intended for providing a floor or a ceiling. That is, the construction element is light weight in the sense that it is a composite structure formed of a board and a plurality of reinforcing elements in such a way that the structure will provide voids, thus reducing weight.
  • a basic version of a rib slab 600 comprising a panel portion 601 and a plurality of rib portions 602, 603.
  • the panel portion 601 may be provided from any type of board material, including wood material, wood based material, polymer material (including reinforced/composite polymer material) or even metallic material.
  • the panel portion 601 may be formed from the single-ply or multi-ply materials that are discussed with respect to Figs 1h , 4a-4e , 5a-5d , 8a-8d or 9a-9b .
  • the rib portions 602, 603 may be provided from wood lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the rib portions 602, 603 may be arranged to extend substantially parallel to each other and laterally spaced apart. The lateral spacing may be determined based on the strength requirement of the respective rib slab.
  • Typical spacing may be on the order of 1-5 times a width of the major base surfaces of the lamellae, preferably 1-2 times.
  • the panel portion 601 may be connected to the rib portions by means of glue.
  • a mechanical connection may be provided, including a tongue and groove joint, a finger joint (extending along a length direction of the beam), a plurality of fasteners, such as wood plugs, polymer plugs, nails or screws.
  • the rib portions 602, 603 may be connected to the panel portion by their major base surfaces bs1 or by their minor base surfaces bs2.
  • the rib portions 602, 603 may be connected to the panel portion alternatingly by major base surfaces bs1 and minor base surfaces bs2.
  • Fig. 7b schematically illustrates a rib slab 610 which may be formed just like the one in Fig. 7a , but with a pair of panel portions 601, 604 sandwiching the rib portions 602, 603.
  • the forming of the rib slab in Fig. 7a may be the first step of forming the rib slab of Fig. 7b .
  • Fig. 7c schematically illustrates a rib slab 620 comprising three panel portions 601, 604, 605 and two layers of rib portions 602, 603; 612, 613, wherein rib portions and panel portions are arranged alternatingly, as seen in a direction perpendicular to the principal face of the rib slab.
  • Forming of the rib slab 600, 610 as illustrated in Figs 7a and/or Fig. 7b may be the first step or steps in the forming of the rib slab of Fig. 7c .
  • Fig. 7d schematically illustrates a rib slab 630, comprising an upper part 601, 602, 603 which is formed like the one illustrated in Fig. 7a , and a lower part 632, 633, which is suspended from the upper part 601, 602, 603.
  • the lower part 631, 632, 633 may also comprise a panel portion 633 and a rib portion 632.
  • the panel portion 633 may be formed of any of the materials previously discussed for panel portions.
  • the rib portion 632 may be formed by a plurality of lamellae, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • At least some lamellae are connected to the panel portion by their minor base surfaces bs2, such that the lamellae provide undercut edges.
  • lamellae may be positioned such that their undercut edges can engage correspondingly arranged undercut edges of rib portions 603 of the upper part, such that the lower part is suspended from the upper part.
  • a pair of adjacent lamellae 631, 632 at the lower portion may be arranged such that their respective undercut edges engage a respective undercut edge of a rib of the upper part. That is, a rib which is connected to the panel portion of the upper part by its minor base surface.
  • connection between the upper and lower portions may be entirely mechanical, i.e. without glue.
  • Such a rib slab 630 can be used to reduce impact sound and other sounds which would be transmitted through coupling, for example through a ceiling. In particular it may reduce propagation of impact noise in the vertical direction, past the rib slab, such as between floors of a building.
  • Fig. 7e schematically illustrates a rib slab 640 which is formed according to the principles set forth above, but with a higher density of rib portions 641, which are laterally spaced with a distance (at the lamella major base surface) which is less than the width of the lamella major base surface, preferably on the order of 10-90 % of the width of the lamella major base surface.
  • Such a rib slab 640 can be used to reduce noise, especially in the space below the rib slab and in particular reverberation-related noise. Hence, it may be used to provide a noise attenuating, yet decorative, ceiling.
  • Fig. 7f schematically illustrates a rib slab 630', which is similar to the one disclosed in Fig. 7d , but wherein a sound attenuating device 635 is arranged between contact surfaces between the beams 602 and 631, 632.
  • This sound attenuating device 635 may extend over all or part of the contact surfaces (i.e. the surfaces that would have contacted each other but for the sound attenuating device 635).
  • the sound attenuating device may be formed of a material having reduced sound coupling properties as compared to the material from which the beams are formed.
  • the sound attenuating device may be formed of a rubber elastic material, such as rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane, combinations thereof, or the like.
  • the sound attenuating device may comprise an expanded polymer material, a wood fiber material (including pulp based materials), a 2D or 3D woven or nonwoven material, or a soft natural material, such as leather, sponge, or the like.
  • the sound attenuating device may be a separate part, which is arranged between and optionally adhered to the beams.
  • the sound attenuating device may be formed in situ, e.g. by means of extrusion of a cooling, hardening, setting, cross-linking and/or foaming composition
  • Figs 8a-8e schematically illustrate a method of forming a board material from a billet, such as the one disclosed in Fig. 1h .
  • the starting material is, as mentioned, a billet 200, which is formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the major base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces of the billet.
  • the billet 260 as disclosed with respect to Figs 3a-3b may be used.
  • the billet 200 is sawn up by cuts S4 which are preferably perpendicular to the major surface of the billet and parallel with the longitudinal direction of the lamellae, thus providing a plurality of planks 701 having a width corresponding to a thickness of the billet 200.
  • planks 701 may be subjected to a drying step.
  • planks 701 may then be formatted, such as planed.
  • glue may then be applied to long side edges of the planks by means of a glue applicator 710, after which the planks 701 are glued together long side to long side, such that major surfaces of the planks define a major surface of the board.
  • planks 701 may be subjected to pressing perpendicularly to the longitudinal edges by means of a press 711. That is, the longitudinal edges which are glued together are also pressed together.
  • the planks may also be subjected to pressing in a direction perpendicular to the major surfaces.
  • the board 700 thus formed may be sawn up into panels 702 of a desired shape and size by means of a saw 712.
  • These panels 702 may then be used, for example in providing panels or boards for use in any of the products (e.g. rib slab, glulam beams, ceiling or floor elements, etc.) discussed above, or as a general board material.
  • products e.g. rib slab, glulam beams, ceiling or floor elements, etc.
  • a plurality of such panels 702 may be laminated major surface to major surfaces to form a multi-ply board 703 comprising two, three, or more, layers.
  • the number of layers may be an uneven number, such as 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.
  • Adjacent panels 702 may be arranged with their principal fiber directions in a non-parallel manner, such as, but not limited to, perpendicular to each other.
  • the panels 702 thus formed may, alternatively or as a complement, be laminated to a billet 200, 260, such as the one disclosed in Fig. 1h or 3b .
  • a pair of panels 702 may sandwich the billet 200, 260.
  • the panels 702 may be arranged with their principal fiber directions being substantially parallel, while the principal fiber direction of the billet 200, 260 may be non-parallel with those of the panels, e.g. perpendicular.
  • a pillar or beam 820, 830, 840, 850, 860 adapted for receiving a load in its longitudinal, or axial, direction.
  • Such products may potentially be used as columns, pillars, pylons, poles, pipes, tubes or barrels.
  • Fig. 10a illustrates a billet 200, 260 such as the one disclosed in Fig. 1h or 3b , that is, a billet, which is formed of a plurality of adjacent wood lamellae 20a, 20b, each having a longitudinal direction which is substantially parallel with a principal fiber direction of the respective wood lamella, and a generally trapezoidal cross section providing a major base surface bs1, a minor base surface bs2 and a pair of opposing side surfaces ss1, ss2.
  • the lamellae are glued together side surface ss1 to side surface ss2, such that major base surfaces bs1 of immediately adjacent lamellae face opposite directions.
  • the major base surfaces bs1 define respective major surfaces of the billet.
  • the billet 200 may be sawn along a plurality of cuts S6, S7, which are parallel with a principal fiber direction of the lamellae, and which are perpendicular or non-perpendicular to the major surface of the billet, depending on which parts are being formed and for which type of structure.
  • a plurality of elements 800 are formed, each of which being made up of more than one of the lamellae.
  • the elements 800 may be provided with joint portions to form joinable elements 800'.
  • joinable elements 800' may be joined together by joints J6, short end to short end, for example by finger jointing, thus forming an elongate element 810.
  • a plurality of such elongate elements 810 may be connected long side to long side to form a pillar 820.
  • such elongate elements 810 have been joined together by gluing and optionally additional mechanical fasteners.
  • the structure thus formed presents a polygonal cross section with facetted inner and outer faces.
  • the structure may be subjected to milling, lathing or grinding to provide a desired final shape thereof, such as circular.
  • a desired final shape thereof such as circular.
  • other shapes, such as barrel shapes may be provided, should the structure be used as a column.
  • a 12-sided pillar or column 830 there is disclosed an alternative design for providing a 12-sided pillar or column 830.
  • the mutually identical elongate elements 831 from which this pillar or column is made up may be provided either according to the method disclosed in Figs 10a-10c , or according to the method disclosed with reference to Fig. 3a-3b , that is individual lamellae which are joined together end to end, e.g. by finger jointing.
  • Figs 10f-10h schematically illustrate the freedom of design provided by the present concept.
  • tube cross sectional shapes may be provided which are symmetric about e.g. a vertical plane through a centre of gravity of the tube.
  • tube cross sectional shapes may be provided which are asymmetric about such a vertical plane.
  • a 12 sided pillar or column 840 having an approximately rectangular cross section is provided by a combination of elongate elements 831, 810, or by a combination of elongate elements, billets and extended lamellae.
  • a 12 sided pillar or column 850 having an approximately triangular cross section is provided, also by a combination of elongate elements 831, 200, or by a combination of elongate elements, billets and extended lamellae.
  • an arched or arcuate structure 860 is provided, also by a combination of elongate elements, or by a combination of elongate elements 861 (formed analogously with the elements 810), billets and extended lamellae.
  • arched structures may be used as ceiling or wall elements and may be formed with any symmetric or asymmetric curvature.
EP16859170.9A 2015-10-28 2016-10-27 Method of manufacture of an engineered wood product Active EP3368254B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE1551391A SE542164C2 (en) 2015-10-28 2015-10-28 Laminated wood products and methods of their manufacture
PCT/IB2016/056462 WO2017072687A1 (en) 2015-10-28 2016-10-27 Engineered wood products and methods of their manufacture

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EP3368254A1 EP3368254A1 (en) 2018-09-05
EP3368254A4 EP3368254A4 (en) 2019-12-04
EP3368254C0 EP3368254C0 (en) 2023-08-09
EP3368254B1 true EP3368254B1 (en) 2023-08-09

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NO345746B1 (en) * 2019-12-11 2021-07-12 Fss Tre As A self-extinguishing cross laminated timber (CLT) element
CN112223476A (zh) * 2020-11-05 2021-01-15 北京林业大学 一种可作为梁柱的径解原木交错组合形式

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3368254A1 (en) 2018-09-05
EP3368254C0 (en) 2023-08-09
SE1551391A1 (sv) 2017-04-29
WO2017072687A1 (en) 2017-05-04
SE542164C2 (en) 2020-03-03
EP3368254A4 (en) 2019-12-04

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