EP3359744B1 - Foundation structure - Google Patents

Foundation structure Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3359744B1
EP3359744B1 EP16788735.5A EP16788735A EP3359744B1 EP 3359744 B1 EP3359744 B1 EP 3359744B1 EP 16788735 A EP16788735 A EP 16788735A EP 3359744 B1 EP3359744 B1 EP 3359744B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
front part
wall elements
retaining structure
wall
structure according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP16788735.5A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3359744A1 (en
Inventor
Thierry JEANMARIE
Pierre Schmitt
Michel COUDRY
Jean Michel JEANTY
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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Soletanche Freyssinet SA
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Publication of EP3359744A1 publication Critical patent/EP3359744A1/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/10—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E02B3/066—Quays
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E02B3/068—Landing stages for vessels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/02—Foundation pits
    • E02D17/04—Bordering surfacing or stiffening the sides of foundation pits
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/30—Foundations made with permanent use of sheet pile bulkheads, walls of planks, or sheet piling boxes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/04—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of steel
    • E02D5/08—Locking forms; Edge joints; Pile crossings; Branch pieces
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/18—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ
    • E02D5/182—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ using formworks to separate sections
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0004—Synthetics
    • E02D2300/0018—Cement used as binder
    • E02D2300/002—Concrete

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to retaining structures made in the ground, and in particular to structures intended to form port quay walls.
  • a retaining structure in the ground comprising a front part extending substantially vertically while delimiting a first portion of ground from a second portion of ground.
  • the invention finds its advantage in particular when the levels of the first and second portions of ground are substantially different, for example when the difference in height between the first and second portions of ground is of the order of 15 to 30 m.
  • the front part of such a retaining structure is a flat wall and part of the forces exerted by the second portion of ground on the front part is taken up by elongated metal tie rods which connect the flat wall to an anchoring curtain rear, parallel to the flat wall, and located in the second floor portion, at a distance from the flat wall, which ensures the stability of the structure.
  • the rear anchoring curtain can be located more than 50 meters from the flat wall, and the metal tie rods can be positioned at a depth of around 5 meters.
  • JP H08193332A discloses a retaining structure having a front portion comprising vaulted walls and a rear portion comprising wall members having a greater depth than the vaulted walls.
  • An object of the invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a retaining structure which is simpler and quicker to produce than that of the prior art, and which does not require the aforementioned earthworks.
  • the juxtaposition of the vaulted walls of the front part has the form of a succession of arcs arranged side by side and whose intrados are turned towards the first floor portion.
  • the wall elements constitute planar tie rods which extend vertically from the ground surface to a predetermined depth.
  • the wall elements are integral with the front part over their entire height. Their function is to take up the forces undergone by the vaulted walls and advantageously replace the slender metal tie rods and the rear curtain of the prior art.
  • the wall elements are advantageously made from the ground surface. Consequently, according to the invention and contrary to the prior art, the laying of the tie rods is carried out without having to clear and then backfill a large quantity of soil.
  • the invention therefore makes it possible to execute the retaining structure much more quickly once the earthwork operations are dispensed with.
  • each wall element is arranged between two adjacent vaulted walls, being orthogonal to the front part.
  • the upper level of the front part corresponds substantially to the upper level of the rear part.
  • the upper faces of the vaulted walls are substantially at the same level as the upper faces of the wall elements.
  • the front part comprises two vertical end edges
  • the rear part further comprises two other wall elements which are transverse to the front part and arranged on either side of said plurality of wall elements in s extending from the vertical end edges of the front part.
  • the wall elements are flat.
  • the front part has a longitudinal direction and the wall elements are perpendicular to said longitudinal direction of the front part.
  • the wall elements are parallel to each other.
  • the wall elements are regularly spaced from each other.
  • the wall elements have a height which is strictly less than the height of the front part. In other words, the depth of the wall elements is strictly less than that of the front part.
  • each vaulted wall making up the front part works as a vault like a circular wall, blocked at its ends by the wall elements , which work like flat tie rods.
  • the assembly above, including the volume of soil contained between the wall elements, functions similarly to that of a “gravity wall”. This makes it possible to substantially reduce the intensity of the bending moments applied to the front part, and to reduce the value of the displacements.
  • the retaining structure behaves like a conventional flat wall.
  • the retaining structure according to the invention exhibits hybrid behavior.
  • the height of the front part is substantially equal to twice the greatest height of the wall elements.
  • the "height” is considered in a vertical direction, while the “length” of the wall elements is considered in a horizontal direction.
  • the greatest height of the wall elements can be constant over the entire length of said wall elements.
  • at least one of the wall elements comprises a first end connected to the front part, and a second end opposite the first end, and the height of the wall element decreases from the first end towards the second end of said wall element.
  • This decreasing height has the advantage of reducing the concentration of stresses at the location of the junction between the wall element and the vaulted walls which are immediately adjacent to it.
  • Another interest is to support the diffusion of tensile stresses along the wall elements forming flat tie rods.
  • Yet another advantage is to reduce the quantity of materials necessary to form the rear part, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of the retaining structure.
  • the profile of the underside of the wall elements is stepped.
  • the length of the wall elements is greater than the greatest height of said wall elements.
  • the distance between two adjacent wall elements is less than the length of one of the wall elements.
  • the distance between two adjacent wall elements is substantially equal to half the length of one of the wall elements.
  • At least two vaulted walls are connected to each other and to one of the wall elements by a coupling element which has a first connecting part connected to the wall element and second and third connecting parts connected to the two vaulted walls. It is understood that the arched walls act in compression on the coupling element.
  • the front and/or rear parts are made of reinforced concrete.
  • the vaulted walls comprise reinforcement cages which are arranged next to each other. Furthermore, when the rear part also contains reinforcements, these are connected to the reinforcement cages of the first part, preferably by means of the coupling elements, so as to achieve structural continuity between the reinforcements of the front parts. and back.
  • the front part and/or the rear part is a molded wall.
  • the front part is a molded wall
  • at least some of the vaulted walls are preferably made up of a juxtaposition of plane unit screens arranged in an arc of a circle.
  • the diaphragm walls are conventionally executed by alternating or successive elementary panels. You can use formwork at the ends, such as those described in the document EP 0 101 350 .
  • the connection between panels can be obtained by re-biting the concrete of the panel already poured.
  • the front part is made of reinforced concrete, while the wall elements comprise sheet piles.
  • the rear part is produced using a "soil-mixing" technique, combining a step of excavating a trench and mixing in situ the soil in place of the trench with a binder . If necessary, sheet piles can then be placed in the trench.
  • the rear part is produced using the grout wall technique, known elsewhere, in which the reinforcements may possibly be installed.
  • the present invention also relates to a port quay comprising at least one retaining structure according to the invention, in which the first portion of ground is located under the bottom of a body of water so that the front part also delimits the plane of water from the second portion of soil.
  • This port quay can be a maritime quay, a river quay, or any other type of quay in contact with a body of water.
  • the bottom of the body of water is between the lower level of the rear part and the level of the lower end of the forward part.
  • the port quay according to the invention further comprises a first rail which is transverse to the wall elements of the rear part while being supported by several of said wall elements, and the port quay further comprises a second rail parallel to the first rail.
  • These two rails constitute a track allowing freight handling cranes, such as container gantries, to move parallel to the longitudinal direction of the front part of the structure.
  • the first rail is preferentially fixed to the wall elements.
  • the second rail is supported by the front part.
  • the first and second rails are supported by the retaining structure.
  • the rails are also integral with the retaining structure. Consequently, the wall elements form crosspieces, which makes it possible to ensure a constant spacing between the two rails.
  • the weight of the container crane is advantageously taken up by the retaining structure, which has the double advantage of reducing the vertical forces to be taken into account for the dimensioning of the front part, and of avoiding the risk of movement. differentials between the two rails, likely to occur with retaining structures of the prior art.
  • a port quay 10 which comprises a retaining structure 12 in a ground S according to a first embodiment.
  • the retaining structure 12 comprises a front part 14 which extends substantially vertically, and which delimits a first portion of ground S1 from a second portion of ground S2.
  • the first portion of ground S1 is located under the bottom F of a body of water P and that the front part 14 has a depth greater than that of the body of water. It is therefore understood that the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 also delimits the body of water P from the second portion of soil S2.
  • the front part 14 of the retaining structure constitutes a retaining wall whose function is to prevent the second portion of soil from collapsing into the body of water P.
  • the height H1 of the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 is strictly greater than the height H2 of the body of water P, it being understood that the height H2 of the body of water P is defined between the bottom F and the surface of the body of water P. More specifically, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 extends vertically below the bottom F of the body of water P over a height H3. Also, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 delimits the portion of ground S1 from the second portion of ground S2 over this height H3.
  • the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 extends vertically above the surface of the body of water P over a height H4.
  • the height H1 of the front part 12 is 43 meters
  • the height H2 of the body of water is of the order of 25 meters
  • the height of the emerged part H4 of the front part 14 is the order of 6 meters.
  • the height H3 of the portion of the front part 14 which extends under the bottom of the body of water P is of the order of 12 meters.
  • the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 is in the form of a juxtaposition of vaulted walls 16 which extend in a longitudinal direction which is vertical.
  • the vaulted walls are aligned by being arranged side by side so as to form a continuous wall which extends along a mean vertical plane X1 which extends along the longitudinal direction of the front part.
  • each vaulted wall 16 has a cross section, taken in a horizontal plane, which generally has the shape of an arc of a circle.
  • Each vaulted wall 16 has an intrados 18 which faces the first portion of ground S1, and also towards the body of water P. Each vaulted wall 16 also has an extrados 21, opposite to the intrados 18, which is look of the second portion of floor S2.
  • each vaulted wall 16 has a thickness E1 which is of the order of 1 meter. It is further understood that each arched wall 16 extends vertically from the surface along substantially the entire height H1 of the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12. Still in this example, each arched wall 16, considered in a horizontal plane , has a radius of curvature R, which is of the order of 15 meters.
  • the retaining structure 12 further comprises a rear part 20 which is integral with the front part 14 so as to form a one-piece structure.
  • the rear portion 20 includes a plurality of wall members 22 formed in the ground and which extend vertically from the ground surface to a predetermined depth. It is therefore understood that the largest faces 24 extend vertically in the second portion floor S2. In the first embodiment illustrated in figure 2 , the largest face 24 of the wall elements 22 has a substantially planar and rectangular shape.
  • the upper level of the front part corresponds substantially to the upper level of the rear part.
  • the wall elements 22,26 extend vertically from the upper level of the front part.
  • the wall elements 22 are integral with the front part 14 over their entire height.
  • each wall element 22 is secured to the front part by being arranged between two adjacent vaulted walls 16 , while being transverse to the front part 14. More specifically, in this first embodiment, the wall elements 22 extend in vertical planes X2, which are perpendicular to the mean plane X1 in which extends the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12.
  • the wall elements 22 are parallel to each other, the distance d between two successive wall elements 22 being of the order of 15 meters.
  • the front part 14 comprises two vertical end edges 14a and 14b, opposite to each other, as illustrated in picture 3 .
  • the rear part 20 further comprises two other wall elements 26 which are also transverse to the front part 14, and which are arranged on either side of the plurality of wall elements 22. These other wall elements 26 s extend from the end edges 14a, 14b of the front part 12, so that all the wall elements 22,26 are parallel to each other.
  • the wall elements 22,26 are identical and parallel to each other, so that we will limit our to describing the wall element 22 which is illustrated in picture 2 .
  • the wall elements 22,26 have a greater height H5M, which, in this example, is constant over the entire length of the wall elements.
  • all the wall elements 22,26 have the same greater height.
  • the wall elements could have different greatest heights.
  • the greatest height H5M is strictly less than the height H1 of the front part 14. What is more, the depth of the wall elements 22.26 is strictly less than that of the front part 14.
  • This conformation has the effect that, according to the height H5M, the retaining structure behaves like a circular wall, while below the wall elements 22,26, the retaining structure behaves like a flat wall.
  • the level of the bottom F of the body of water P is between the lower level 14a of the front part 14 and the lower level 20a of the rear part 20.
  • the lower level 14a of the front part 14 corresponds to the lower end of the vaulted walls, while the lower level of the rear part corresponds to the underside of the wall elements 22,26.
  • the height H1 of the front part is substantially equal to twice the greatest height H5M of the wall elements 22.26.
  • the wall elements extend along a length L which is oriented horizontally. The length L of the wall elements 22,26 is greater than the greatest height H5M of said wall elements, as illustrated in figure 2 .
  • the distance d between two adjacent wall elements 22,26 is substantially equal to half the length L of the wall elements 22,26.
  • a coupling element 30 which has a first connecting part 30a connected to the element wall 22 and first and second connecting parts 30b, 30c connected to the two adjacent vaulted walls.
  • This coupling element 30 facilitates the connection between the vaulted walls and the connecting element.
  • the port quay 10 further comprises a first rail 40 and a second rail 42, parallel to the first rail 40 on which a container gantry crane 50 can move parallel to the front part 14, in order to load a container cargo ship 52.
  • the first rail 40 is transverse to the wall elements 22.26 while being supported by said wall elements 22.26.
  • the second rail 42 is meanwhile, in this example, supported by the front part 14. Without departing from the scope of the present invention, the second rail 42 could also be supported by the wall elements 22,26.
  • the first and second rails 40,42 are fixed to the retaining structure 12.
  • FIG. 4 there is illustrated another port quay 10' according to the invention, which comprises a retaining structure 12' according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • each wall element 22' has a first end 22'a which is connected to the front part 14' and a second end 22'b which is opposite to the first end 22'a.
  • the retaining structure 12' according to this second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the wall elements 22' of the rear part 20' have a non-uniform height.
  • the height of said wall element 22 decreases between the first end 22'a and the second end 22'b of the wall element 22.
  • the lower face 22'c of the wall element 22' has a stepped shape, the greatest height H5M of the wall element 22' being close to the front part 14'.
  • the port quay 10 To make the port quay 10, one begins for example to make the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12. To do this, one forms in the ground S a diaphragm wall of depth H1 whose cross section, taken in a plane horizontal, has the shape of a succession of arcs, as represented in picture 3 .
  • This diaphragm wall is made of reinforced concrete. To do this, we can use a drilling tool, such as the one described in EP 2 295 648 .
  • the wall elements 22,26 are made, either in the form of diaphragm walls, or else by making excavations using a “soil-mixing” technique in which sheet piles are introduced. This can be done using a drilling and mixing tool, such as the one described in FR 2 889 608 .
  • the coupling elements 30 are also placed between the wall elements 22 and the vaulted walls 16
  • the coupling elements 30′, 30′′ are built with the tools used to make the front part.
  • the figure 6 illustrates a first embodiment of the coupling elements 22 30'.
  • the first connecting part 30'a is coupled with the wall element 22 by shape cooperation.
  • the wall element 22 is made of a diaphragm wall with continuous reinforcements, as described in the document EP 0 833 987 for example. It can be seen that the reinforcing cage 31' of the coupling element 30' is connected with the reinforcing cage 23 of the wall element 22.
  • Each of the second and third connecting parts 30'b, 30'c is also provided with a reinforcing cage and is in the form of a connecting arm which is coupled with one of the vaulted walls 16 by shape cooperation.
  • the 30" coupling element is similar to that of the figure 6 except that the second and third connecting parts 30"b and 30"c have the shape of a recess and not of a connecting arm.
  • the vaulted wall 16 which is connected to the second connecting part 30"b consists of two unitary elements 16 1 and 16 2 connected to each other.
  • the wall element 22 comprises a wall of sheet piles 25 connected to the reinforcement cage 31" of the coupling element 30".
  • This sheet pile wall can be driven directly into the ground, or placed in the excavation by the “soil-mixing” technique, as described above, or even as a grout wall well known elsewhere.
  • the curve G1 illustrates the displacement in millimeters of the retaining structure 12 of the figure 1 as a function of the depth, measured from the surface of the body of water P.
  • the curve G2 illustrates the displacement of a retaining structure according to the prior art described above.
  • the curve M1 illustrates the value of the bending moments undergone by the retaining structure 10 of the figure 1 depending on the depth.
  • Curve M2 illustrates the value of the bending moments undergone by the retaining structure according to the prior art described above.
  • the retaining structure according to the invention has displacements and bending moments which are, in absolute value, substantially lower than those of the previous structure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
  • Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Description

Arrière-plan de l'inventionBackground of the invention

La présente invention a trait aux ouvrages de soutènement réalisés dans un sol, et notamment aux ouvrages destinés à former des murs de quai portuaire.The present invention relates to retaining structures made in the ground, and in particular to structures intended to form port quay walls.

Elle concerne plus particulièrement , comme décrit par le document JP H 08 193332 A , un ouvrage de soutènement dans un sol comportant une partie avant s'étendant sensiblement verticalement tout en délimitant une première portion de sol d'une seconde portion de sol.It relates more particularly, as described by the document JP H 08 193332 A , a retaining structure in the ground comprising a front part extending substantially vertically while delimiting a first portion of ground from a second portion of ground.

L'invention trouve notamment son intérêt lorsque les niveaux des première et deuxième portions de sol sont sensiblement différents, par exemple lorsque la différence de hauteur entre les première et deuxième portions de sol est de l'ordre de 15 à 30 m.The invention finds its advantage in particular when the levels of the first and second portions of ground are substantially different, for example when the difference in height between the first and second portions of ground is of the order of 15 to 30 m.

C'est le cas lorsque la première portion de sol est située sous un plan d'eau, la partie avant de l'ouvrage de soutènement constituant alors un mur de quai délimitant également le plan d'eau de la deuxième portion de sol.This is the case when the first portion of ground is located under a body of water, the front part of the retaining structure then constituting a quay wall also delimiting the body of water from the second portion of ground.

Traditionnellement, la partie avant d'un tel ouvrage de soutènement est une paroi plane et une partie des efforts exercés par la deuxième portion de sol sur la partie avant est reprise par des tirants métalliques longilignes qui relient la paroi plane à un rideau d'ancrage arrière, parallèle à la paroi plane, et situé dans la deuxième portion de sol, à distance de la paroi plane, ce qui assure la stabilité de l'ouvrage. Le rideau d'ancrage arrière peut être situé à plus de 50 mètres de la paroi plane, et les tirants métalliques peuvent être positionnés à une profondeur de l'ordre de 5 mètres. Classiquement, on commence par réaliser la paroi plane et le rideau d'ancrage dans la deuxième portion de sol. Ensuite on déblaie le volume de sol sur la distance séparant la paroi plane du rideau arrière, et sur la profondeur à laquelle doivent être positionnés les tirants métalliques.Traditionally, the front part of such a retaining structure is a flat wall and part of the forces exerted by the second portion of ground on the front part is taken up by elongated metal tie rods which connect the flat wall to an anchoring curtain rear, parallel to the flat wall, and located in the second floor portion, at a distance from the flat wall, which ensures the stability of the structure. The rear anchoring curtain can be located more than 50 meters from the flat wall, and the metal tie rods can be positioned at a depth of around 5 meters. Conventionally, one begins by making the flat wall and the anchoring curtain in the second floor portion. Then the volume of soil is cleared over the distance separating the flat wall from the rear curtain, and over the depth at which the metal tie rods must be positioned.

On comprend donc que le volume de sol qu'il est nécessaire de déblayer pour pouvoir poser les tirants métalliques est très important, et ce d'autant plus que la paroi plane présente une grande longueur. De surcroît, après la pose des tirants métallique, il est nécessaire de remblayer le volume de sol qui a été précédemment déblayé. En général, une nappe d'eau souterraine est présente, qu'il est nécessaire de rabattre pendant la durée des travaux.It is therefore understood that the volume of soil that it is necessary to clear in order to be able to place the metal tie rods is very large, and this all the more so since the flat wall has a great length. In addition, after installing the metal tie rods, it is necessary to backfill the volume of soil that was previously cleared. In general, an underground water table is present, which must be lowered during the duration of the works.

Ces opérations successives de rabattement de nappe et de terrassement, qui nécessitent de déplacer des volumes très importants de sol sont particulièrement longues, fastidieuses et onéreuses.These successive operations of lowering the water table and earthworks, which require moving very large volumes of soil, are particularly long, tedious and expensive.

Le document JP H08193332A divulgue un ouvrage de soutènement ayant une partie avant comprenant des parois voûtées et une partie arrière comprenant des éléments de paroi présentant une profondeur supérieure à celle des parois voûtées.The document JP H08193332A discloses a retaining structure having a front portion comprising vaulted walls and a rear portion comprising wall members having a greater depth than the vaulted walls.

Objet et résumé de l'inventionSubject matter and summary of the invention

Un but de l'invention est de remédier aux inconvénients précités en proposant un ouvrage de soutènement qui soit plus simple et plus rapide à réaliser que celui de l'art antérieur, et qui ne nécessite pas les opérations de terrassement précitées.An object of the invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a retaining structure which is simpler and quicker to produce than that of the prior art, and which does not require the aforementioned earthworks.

Pour ce faire, l'invention porte sur un ouvrage de soutènement selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la partie avant se présente sous la forme d'une juxtaposition de parois voûtées s'étendant selon une direction longitudinale qui est verticale,

  • chaque paroi voûtée présentant un intrados en regard de la première portion de sol ainsi qu'un extrados en regard de la seconde portion de sol, et
  • l'ouvrage de soutènement comporte en outre une partie arrière reliée à la partie avant et comprenant une pluralité d'éléments de paroi dont les plus grandes faces s'étendent verticalement dans la seconde portion de sol, chaque élément de paroi étant disposé entre deux parois voûtées adjacentes et étant transversal à la partie avant.
To do this, the invention relates to a retaining structure according to claim 1, in which the front part is in the form of a juxtaposition of vaulted walls extending in a longitudinal direction which is vertical,
  • each vaulted wall having an intrados facing the first floor portion as well as an extrados facing the second floor portion, and
  • the retaining structure further comprises a rear part connected to the front part and comprising a plurality of wall elements whose largest faces extend vertically into the second portion of ground, each wall element being arranged between two walls vaulted adjacent and being transverse to the front part.

On comprend que, considéré dans un plan de coupe horizontal, la juxtaposition des parois voûtées de la partie avant présente la forme d'une succession d'arcs disposés côte à côté et dont les intrados sont tournés vers la première portion de sol.It will be understood that, considered in a horizontal section plane, the juxtaposition of the vaulted walls of the front part has the form of a succession of arcs arranged side by side and whose intrados are turned towards the first floor portion.

Les éléments de paroi constituent des tirants plans qui s'étendent verticalement depuis la surface du sol jusqu'à une profondeur prédéterminée. Les éléments de paroi sont solidaires de la partie avant sur toute leur hauteur. Ils ont pour fonction de reprendre les efforts subis par les parois voûtées et se substituent avantageusement aux tirants métalliques longilignes et au rideau arrière de l'art antérieur.The wall elements constitute planar tie rods which extend vertically from the ground surface to a predetermined depth. The wall elements are integral with the front part over their entire height. Their function is to take up the forces undergone by the vaulted walls and advantageously replace the slender metal tie rods and the rear curtain of the prior art.

Les éléments de paroi sont avantageusement réalisés depuis la surface du sol. En conséquence, selon l'invention et contrairement à l'art antérieur, la pose des tirants s'effectue sans avoir à déblayer puis remblayer une grande quantité de sol. L'invention permet donc d'exécuter l'ouvrage de soutènement bien plus rapidement dès lors que l'on s'affranchit des opérations de terrassement.The wall elements are advantageously made from the ground surface. Consequently, according to the invention and contrary to the prior art, the laying of the tie rods is carried out without having to clear and then backfill a large quantity of soil. The invention therefore makes it possible to execute the retaining structure much more quickly once the earthwork operations are dispensed with.

De préférence, chaque élément de paroi est disposé entre deux parois voûtées adjacentes en étant orthogonal à la partie avant.Preferably, each wall element is arranged between two adjacent vaulted walls, being orthogonal to the front part.

De façon avantageuse, le niveau supérieur de la partie avant correspond sensiblement au niveau supérieur de la partie arrière. Autrement dit, les faces supérieures des parois voûtées sont sensiblement au même niveau que les faces supérieures des éléments de paroi.Advantageously, the upper level of the front part corresponds substantially to the upper level of the rear part. In other words, the upper faces of the vaulted walls are substantially at the same level as the upper faces of the wall elements.

Avantageusement, la partie avant comporte deux bords d'extrémité verticaux, et la partie arrière comporte en outre deux autres éléments de paroi qui sont transversaux à la partie avant et disposés de part et d'autre de ladite pluralité d'éléments de paroi en s'étendant depuis les bords d'extrémités verticaux de la partie avant.Advantageously, the front part comprises two vertical end edges, and the rear part further comprises two other wall elements which are transverse to the front part and arranged on either side of said plurality of wall elements in s extending from the vertical end edges of the front part.

Avantageusement, les éléments de paroi sont plans. De préférence, la partie avant présente une direction longitudinale et les éléments de paroi sont perpendiculaires à ladite direction longitudinale de la partie avant.Advantageously, the wall elements are flat. Preferably, the front part has a longitudinal direction and the wall elements are perpendicular to said longitudinal direction of the front part.

De façon avantageuse, les éléments de paroi sont parallèles les uns aux autres. De préférence, les éléments de paroi sont régulièrement espacés les uns des autres.Advantageously, the wall elements are parallel to each other. Preferably, the wall elements are regularly spaced from each other.

Selon l'invention, les éléments de paroi présentent une hauteur qui est strictement inférieure à la hauteur de la partie avant. Dit autrement, la profondeur des éléments de paroi est strictement inférieure à celle de la partie avant.According to the invention, the wall elements have a height which is strictly less than the height of the front part. In other words, the depth of the wall elements is strictly less than that of the front part.

Ainsi, sur la hauteur des éléments de paroi, l'ouvrage de soutènement selon l'invention se comporte comme une structure monolithique : chaque paroi voûtée composant la partie avant travaille en voûte comme une paroi circulaire, bloquée à ses extrémités par les éléments de paroi, qui travaillent comme des tirants plans. L'ensemble ci-dessus, en incluant le volume de sol contenu entre les éléments de paroi, a un fonctionnement similaire à celui d'un « mur poids ». Ceci permet de réduire sensiblement l'intensité des moments fléchissants appliqués sur la partie avant, et de réduire la valeur des déplacements. En outre, en-dessous des éléments de paroi, l'ouvrage de soutènement se comporte comme une paroi plane classique.Thus, over the height of the wall elements, the retaining structure according to the invention behaves like a monolithic structure: each vaulted wall making up the front part works as a vault like a circular wall, blocked at its ends by the wall elements , which work like flat tie rods. The assembly above, including the volume of soil contained between the wall elements, functions similarly to that of a “gravity wall”. This makes it possible to substantially reduce the intensity of the bending moments applied to the front part, and to reduce the value of the displacements. In addition, below the wall elements, the retaining structure behaves like a conventional flat wall.

En d'autres termes, l'ouvrage de soutènement selon l'invention présente un comportement hybride.In other words, the retaining structure according to the invention exhibits hybrid behavior.

De préférence, la hauteur de la partie avant est sensiblement égale au double de la plus grande hauteur des éléments de paroi. Au sens de l'invention, la « hauteur » est considérée selon une direction verticale, tandis que la « longueur » des éléments de parois est considérée selon une direction horizontale.Preferably, the height of the front part is substantially equal to twice the greatest height of the wall elements. Within the meaning of the invention, the "height" is considered in a vertical direction, while the "length" of the wall elements is considered in a horizontal direction.

La plus grande hauteur des éléments de paroi peut être constante sur toute la longueur desdits éléments de paroi. Toutefois, et de façon avantageuse, considéré selon sa longueur, au moins l'un des éléments de paroi comporte une première extrémité reliée à la partie avant, et une seconde extrémité opposée à la première extrémité, et la hauteur de l'élément de paroi décroît depuis la première extrémité vers la seconde extrémité dudit élément de paroi. Cette hauteur décroissante a pour intérêt de réduire la concentration des contraintes à l'endroit de la jonction entre l'élément de paroi et les parois voûtées qui lui sont immédiatement adjacentes. Un autre intérêt est d'accompagner la diffusion des contraintes de traction le long des éléments de paroi formant tirants plans. Encore un autre intérêt est de réduire la quantité de matériaux nécessaires pour former la partie arrière, ce qui permet de réduire le coût de l'ouvrage de soutènement. De préférence, le profil de la face inférieure des éléments de parois est en escalier.The greatest height of the wall elements can be constant over the entire length of said wall elements. However, and advantageously, considered according to its length, at least one of the wall elements comprises a first end connected to the front part, and a second end opposite the first end, and the height of the wall element decreases from the first end towards the second end of said wall element. This decreasing height has the advantage of reducing the concentration of stresses at the location of the junction between the wall element and the vaulted walls which are immediately adjacent to it. Another interest is to support the diffusion of tensile stresses along the wall elements forming flat tie rods. Yet another advantage is to reduce the quantity of materials necessary to form the rear part, which makes it possible to reduce the cost of the retaining structure. Preferably, the profile of the underside of the wall elements is stepped.

De façon préférentielle, la longueur des éléments de paroi est supérieure à la plus grande hauteur desdits éléments de paroi.Preferably, the length of the wall elements is greater than the greatest height of said wall elements.

Avantageusement, la distance entre deux éléments de paroi adjacents est inférieure à la longueur de l'un des éléments de paroi. De préférence, la distance entre deux éléments de paroi adjacents est sensiblement égale à la moitié de la longueur de l'un des éléments de paroi. Un intérêt est d'améliorer la reprise des efforts par la partie arrière de l'ouvrage de soutènement.Advantageously, the distance between two adjacent wall elements is less than the length of one of the wall elements. Preferably, the distance between two adjacent wall elements is substantially equal to half the length of one of the wall elements. One advantage is to improve the absorption of forces by the rear part of the retaining structure.

Selon un mode de réalisation préférentiel, au moins deux parois voûtées sont reliées l'une à l'autre et à l'un des élément de paroi par un élément de couplage qui présente une première partie de liaison reliée à l'élément de paroi et des deuxième et troisième parties de liaison reliées aux deux parois voûtées. On comprend que les parois voûtées agissent en compression sur l'élément de couplage.According to a preferred embodiment, at least two vaulted walls are connected to each other and to one of the wall elements by a coupling element which has a first connecting part connected to the wall element and second and third connecting parts connected to the two vaulted walls. It is understood that the arched walls act in compression on the coupling element.

Avantageusement, les parties avant et/ou arrière sont réalisées en béton armé.Advantageously, the front and/or rear parts are made of reinforced concrete.

De façon préférentielle, les parois voutées comportent des cages d'armatures qui sont disposées les unes à côté des autres. En outre, lorsque la partie arrière contient également des armatures, celles-ci sont connectées aux cages d'armature de la première partie, de préférence par le biais des éléments de couplage, de façon à réaliser une continuité structurelle entre les armatures des parties avant et arrière.Preferably, the vaulted walls comprise reinforcement cages which are arranged next to each other. Furthermore, when the rear part also contains reinforcements, these are connected to the reinforcement cages of the first part, preferably by means of the coupling elements, so as to achieve structural continuity between the reinforcements of the front parts. and back.

Selon un premier mode de réalisation, la partie avant et/ou la partie arrière est une paroi moulée. Lorsque la partie avant est une paroi moulée, au moins certaines des parois voûtées sont préférentiellement constituées d'une juxtaposition d'écrans unitaires plans disposés en arc de cercle. Les parois moulées sont classiquement exécutées par panneaux élémentaires alternés ou successifs. On peut utiliser des coffrages aux extrémités, comme ceux décrits dans le document EP 0 101 350 . Alternativement, avec des outillages de type haveuse de paroi, la liaison entre panneaux peut être obtenue en remordant le béton du panneau déjà coulé.According to a first embodiment, the front part and/or the rear part is a molded wall. When the front part is a molded wall, at least some of the vaulted walls are preferably made up of a juxtaposition of plane unit screens arranged in an arc of a circle. The diaphragm walls are conventionally executed by alternating or successive elementary panels. You can use formwork at the ends, such as those described in the document EP 0 101 350 . Alternatively, with tools of the wall cutter type, the connection between panels can be obtained by re-biting the concrete of the panel already poured.

Selon un deuxième mode de réalisation, la partie avant est en béton armé, tandis que les éléments de parois comportent des palplanches.According to a second embodiment, the front part is made of reinforced concrete, while the wall elements comprise sheet piles.

Selon une autre variante, la partie arrière est réalisée à l'aide d'une technique de « soil-mixing », combinant une étape d'excavation d'une tranchée et de mélange in situ du sol en place de la tranchée avec un liant. Eventuellement, des palplanches pourront ensuite être placées dans la tranchée.According to another variant, the rear part is produced using a "soil-mixing" technique, combining a step of excavating a trench and mixing in situ the soil in place of the trench with a binder . If necessary, sheet piles can then be placed in the trench.

Selon encore une autre variante, la partie arrière est réalisée à l'aide de la technique de la paroi au coulis, connue par ailleurs, dans laquelle les armatures pourront éventuellement être installées.According to yet another variant, the rear part is produced using the grout wall technique, known elsewhere, in which the reinforcements may possibly be installed.

La présente invention porte également sur un quai portuaire comportant au moins un ouvrage de soutènement selon l'invention, dans lequel la première portion de sol est située sous le fond d'un plan d'eau de sorte que la partie avant délimite également le plan d'eau de la seconde portion de sol.The present invention also relates to a port quay comprising at least one retaining structure according to the invention, in which the first portion of ground is located under the bottom of a body of water so that the front part also delimits the plane of water from the second portion of soil.

Ce quai portuaire peut être un quai maritime, un quai fluvial, ou tout autre type de quai en contact avec un plan d'eau.This port quay can be a maritime quay, a river quay, or any other type of quay in contact with a body of water.

De préférence, mais non nécessairement, le fond du plan d'eau se situe entre le niveau inférieur de la partie arrière et le niveau de l'extrémité inférieure de la partie avant.Preferably, but not necessarily, the bottom of the body of water is between the lower level of the rear part and the level of the lower end of the forward part.

Avantageusement, le quai portuaire selon l'invention comporte en outre un premier rail qui est transversal aux éléments de paroi de la partie arrière tout en étant supporté par plusieurs desdits éléments de paroi, et le quai portuaire comporte en outre un deuxième rail parallèle au premier rail.Advantageously, the port quay according to the invention further comprises a first rail which is transverse to the wall elements of the rear part while being supported by several of said wall elements, and the port quay further comprises a second rail parallel to the first rail.

Ces deux rails constituent une voie permettant aux grues de manutention du fret, telles des portiques à conteneurs, de se déplacer parallèlement à la direction longitudinale de la partie avant de l'ouvrage.These two rails constitute a track allowing freight handling cranes, such as container gantries, to move parallel to the longitudinal direction of the front part of the structure.

De préférence, le premier rail est préférentiellement fixé aux éléments de parois.Preferably, the first rail is preferentially fixed to the wall elements.

De façon préférentielle, mais non exclusivement, le deuxième rail est supporté par la partie avant. Aussi, grâce à l'invention, les premier et deuxième rails sont supportés par l'ouvrage de soutènement. De préférence, les rails sont également solidaires de l'ouvrage de soutènement. En conséquence, les éléments de parois forment des traverses, ce qui permet d'assurer un écartement constant entre les deux rails.Preferably, but not exclusively, the second rail is supported by the front part. Also, thanks to the invention, the first and second rails are supported by the retaining structure. Preferably, the rails are also integral with the retaining structure. Consequently, the wall elements form crosspieces, which makes it possible to ensure a constant spacing between the two rails.

En outre, le poids du portique à conteneurs est avantageusement repris par l'ouvrage de soutènement, ce qui présente le double avantage de réduire les efforts verticaux à prendre en compte pour le dimensionnement de la partie avant, et d'éviter les risques de mouvements différentiels entre les deux rails, susceptibles de se produire avec les ouvrages de soutènement de l'art antérieur.In addition, the weight of the container crane is advantageously taken up by the retaining structure, which has the double advantage of reducing the vertical forces to be taken into account for the dimensioning of the front part, and of avoiding the risk of movement. differentials between the two rails, likely to occur with retaining structures of the prior art.

Brève description des dessinsBrief description of the drawings

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui suit de modes de réalisation de l'invention donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un quai portuaire selon l'invention constitué d'un ouvrage de soutènement selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • la figure 2 est une vue latérale en coupe du quai portuaire de la figure 1 , sur laquelle ont été représentés un portique à conteneurs installé sur une paire de rails supportée par l'ouvrage de soutènement ;
  • la figure 3 est une vue de dessus du quai portuaire de la figure 1 ;
  • la figure 4 est vue une latérale en coupe d'une variante du quai portuaire de la figure 1 comprenant un ouvrage de soutènement selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention ;
  • les figures 5A et 5B sont des graphiques comparatifs qui illustrent les valeurs de déplacement et de moments fléchissant en fonction de la profondeur ;
  • la figure 6 est une vue de dessus en coupe du quai portuaire selon un premier exemple de réalisation de l'invention ; et
  • la figure 7 est une vue de dessus en coupe du quai portuaire selon un deuxième exemple de réalisation de l'invention.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of embodiments of the invention given by way of non-limiting examples, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a perspective view of a port quay according to the invention consisting of a retaining structure according to a first embodiment of the invention;
  • the figure 2 is a cross-sectional side view of the harbor quay of the figure 1 , on which a portico with containers installed on a pair of rails supported by the retaining structure;
  • the picture 3 is a top view of the harbor quay of the figure 1 ;
  • the figure 4 is a cross-sectional side view of a variant of the port quay of the figure 1 comprising a retaining structure according to a second embodiment of the invention;
  • the figures 5A and 5B are comparative graphs which illustrate the values of displacement and bending moments as a function of depth;
  • the figure 6 is a sectional top view of the port quay according to a first embodiment of the invention; and
  • the figure 7 is a sectional top view of the port quay according to a second embodiment of the invention.

Description détaillée de l'inventionDetailed description of the invention

Sur la figure 1 , on a illustré un quai portuaire 10 selon l'invention, qui comporte un ouvrage de soutènement 12 dans un sol S selon un premier mode de réalisation. L'ouvrage de soutènement 12 comporte une partie avant 14 qui s'étend de manière sensiblement verticale, et qui délimite une première portion de sol S1 d'une seconde portion de sol S2. On the picture 1 , there is illustrated a port quay 10 according to the invention, which comprises a retaining structure 12 in a ground S according to a first embodiment. The retaining structure 12 comprises a front part 14 which extends substantially vertically, and which delimits a first portion of ground S1 from a second portion of ground S2.

En se référant aux figures 1 et 2 , on constate que la première portion de sol S1 est située sous le fond F d'un plan d'eau P et que la partie avant 14 présente une profondeur supérieure à celle du plan d'eau. On comprend donc que la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 délimite également le plan d'eau P de la seconde portion de sol S2. By referring to figure 1 and 2 , it can be seen that the first portion of ground S1 is located under the bottom F of a body of water P and that the front part 14 has a depth greater than that of the body of water. It is therefore understood that the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 also delimits the body of water P from the second portion of soil S2.

On comprend que la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement constitue une paroi de soutènement dont une fonction est d'empêcher que la seconde portion de sol ne s'écroule dans le plan d'eau P. It is understood that the front part 14 of the retaining structure constitutes a retaining wall whose function is to prevent the second portion of soil from collapsing into the body of water P.

Comme on le constate sur la figure 2 , la hauteur H1 de la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 est strictement supérieure à la hauteur H2 du plan d'eau P, étant entendu que la hauteur H2 du plan d'eau P est définie entre le fond F et la surface du plan d'eau P. Plus précisément, la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 s'étend verticalement en-dessous du fond F du plan d'eau P sur une hauteur H3. Aussi, la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 délimite la portion de sol S1 de la seconde portion de sol S2 sur cette hauteur H3. As can be seen on the figure 2 , the height H1 of the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 is strictly greater than the height H2 of the body of water P, it being understood that the height H2 of the body of water P is defined between the bottom F and the surface of the body of water P. More specifically, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 extends vertically below the bottom F of the body of water P over a height H3. Also, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 delimits the portion of ground S1 from the second portion of ground S2 over this height H3.

Par ailleurs, la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 s'étend verticalement au-dessus de la surface du plan d'eau P sur une hauteur H4. Furthermore, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 extends vertically above the surface of the body of water P over a height H4.

Dans cet exemple non limitatif, la hauteur H1 de la partie avant 12 est de 43 mètres, la hauteur H2 du plan d'eau est de l'ordre de 25 mètres, la hauteur de la partie émergée H4 de la partie avant 14 est de l'ordre de 6 mètres. Enfin, la hauteur H3 de la portion de la partie avant 14 qui s'étend sous le fond du plan d'eau P est de l'ordre de 12 mètres.In this non-limiting example, the height H1 of the front part 12 is 43 meters, the height H2 of the body of water is of the order of 25 meters, the height of the emerged part H4 of the front part 14 is the order of 6 meters. Finally, the height H3 of the portion of the front part 14 which extends under the bottom of the body of water P is of the order of 12 meters.

Conformément à l'invention, la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 se présente sous la forme d'une juxtaposition de parois voûtées 16 qui s'étendent selon une direction longitudinale qui est verticale. Les parois voûtées sont alignés en étant disposées côte à côte de façon à former une paroi continue qui s'étend selon un plan vertical moyen X1 qui s'étend selon la direction longitudinale de la partie avant. Comme cela est représenté sur la figure 3 , chaque paroi voûtée 16 a une section transversale, prise dans un plan horizontal, qui présente globalement la forme d'un arc de cercle.According to the invention, the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12 is in the form of a juxtaposition of vaulted walls 16 which extend in a longitudinal direction which is vertical. The vaulted walls are aligned by being arranged side by side so as to form a continuous wall which extends along a mean vertical plane X1 which extends along the longitudinal direction of the front part. As shown in the picture 3 , each vaulted wall 16 has a cross section, taken in a horizontal plane, which generally has the shape of an arc of a circle.

Chaque paroi voûtée 16 présente un intrados 18 qui est en regard de la première portion de sol S1, et également vers le plan d'eau P. Chaque paroi voûtée 16 présente également un extrados 21, opposé à l'intrados 18, qui est en regard de la seconde portion de sol S2. Each vaulted wall 16 has an intrados 18 which faces the first portion of ground S1, and also towards the body of water P. Each vaulted wall 16 also has an extrados 21, opposite to the intrados 18, which is look of the second portion of floor S2.

Dans cet exemple, chaque paroi voûtée 16 présente une épaisseur E1 qui est de l'ordre de 1 mètre. On comprend par ailleurs que chaque paroi voûtée 16 s'étend verticalement depuis la surface selon sensiblement toute la hauteur H1 de la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12. Toujours dans cet exemple, chaque paroi voûtée 16, considérée dans un plan horizontal, présente un rayon de courbure R, qui est de l'ordre de 15 mètres.In this example, each vaulted wall 16 has a thickness E1 which is of the order of 1 meter. It is further understood that each arched wall 16 extends vertically from the surface along substantially the entire height H1 of the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12. Still in this example, each arched wall 16, considered in a horizontal plane , has a radius of curvature R, which is of the order of 15 meters.

L'ouvrage de soutènement 12 comporte en outre une partie arrière 20 qui est solidaire de la partie avant 14 de façon à former une structure monobloc. La partie arrière 20 comporte une pluralité d'éléments de paroi 22 formées dans sol et qui s'étendent verticalement depuis la surface du sol jusqu'à une profondeur prédéterminée. On comprend donc que les plus grandes faces 24 s'étendent verticalement dans la seconde portion de sol S2. Dans le premier mode de réalisation illustré en figure 2 , la plus grande face 24 des éléments de paroi 22 présente une forme sensiblement plane et rectangulaire.The retaining structure 12 further comprises a rear part 20 which is integral with the front part 14 so as to form a one-piece structure. The rear portion 20 includes a plurality of wall members 22 formed in the ground and which extend vertically from the ground surface to a predetermined depth. It is therefore understood that the largest faces 24 extend vertically in the second portion floor S2. In the first embodiment illustrated in figure 2 , the largest face 24 of the wall elements 22 has a substantially planar and rectangular shape.

En se référant à la figure 2 , on constate que le niveau supérieur de la partie avant correspond sensiblement au niveau supérieur de la partie arrière. Autrement dit, les éléments de paroi 22,26 s'étendent verticalement depuis le niveau supérieur de la partie avant. Qui plus est, les éléments de paroi 22 sont solidaires de la partie avant 14 sur toute leur hauteur.By referring to the figure 2 , it can be seen that the upper level of the front part corresponds substantially to the upper level of the rear part. In other words, the wall elements 22,26 extend vertically from the upper level of the front part. What is more, the wall elements 22 are integral with the front part 14 over their entire height.

Comme on le constate sur la figure 3 , chaque élément de paroi 22 est solidaire de la partie avant en étant disposé entre deux parois voûtées 16 adjacentes, tout en étant transversal à la partie avant 14. Plus précisément, dans ce premier mode de réalisation, les éléments de paroi 22 s'étendent dans des plans verticaux X2, qui sont perpendiculaires au plan moyen X1 dans lequel s'étend la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12. As can be seen on the picture 3 , each wall element 22 is secured to the front part by being arranged between two adjacent vaulted walls 16 , while being transverse to the front part 14. More specifically, in this first embodiment, the wall elements 22 extend in vertical planes X2, which are perpendicular to the mean plane X1 in which extends the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12.

Par ailleurs, les éléments de paroi 22 sont parallèles les uns aux autres, la distance d entre deux éléments de paroi 22 successifs étant de l'ordre de 15 mètres.Furthermore, the wall elements 22 are parallel to each other, the distance d between two successive wall elements 22 being of the order of 15 meters.

Dans ce premier mode de réalisation, la partie avant 14 comporte deux bords d'extrémité verticaux 14a et 14b, opposés l'un à l'autre, comme illustré en figure 3 . La partie arrière 20 comporte en outre deux autres éléments de paroi 26 qui sont également transversaux à la partie avant 14, et qui sont disposés de part et d'autre de la pluralité d'éléments de paroi 22. Ces autres éléments de paroi 26 s'étendent depuis les bords d'extrémité 14a, 14b de la partie avant 12, de façon que tous les éléments de parois 22,26 soient parallèles les uns aux autres.In this first embodiment, the front part 14 comprises two vertical end edges 14a and 14b, opposite to each other, as illustrated in picture 3 . The rear part 20 further comprises two other wall elements 26 which are also transverse to the front part 14, and which are arranged on either side of the plurality of wall elements 22. These other wall elements 26 s extend from the end edges 14a, 14b of the front part 12, so that all the wall elements 22,26 are parallel to each other.

Plus précisément, dans ce premier mode de réalisation, les éléments de paroi 22,26 sont identiques et parallèles les uns aux autres, de sorte qu'on se limitera à décrire l'élément de paroi 22 qui est illustré en figure 2 . More specifically, in this first embodiment, the wall elements 22,26 are identical and parallel to each other, so that we will limit ourselves to describing the wall element 22 which is illustrated in picture 2 .

De façon avantageuse, les éléments de paroi 22,26 présentent une plus grande hauteur H5M, qui, dans cet exemple, est constante sur toute la longueur des éléments de parois. En outre, tous les éléments de paroi 22,26 présentent la même plus grande hauteur. Toutefois, sans sortir du cadre de la présente invention, les éléments de paroi pourraient présenter des plus grandes hauteurs différentes.Advantageously, the wall elements 22,26 have a greater height H5M, which, in this example, is constant over the entire length of the wall elements. In addition, all the wall elements 22,26 have the same greater height. However, without leaving the In the context of the present invention, the wall elements could have different greatest heights.

La plus grande hauteur H5M est strictement inférieure à la hauteur H1 de la partie avant 14. Qui plus est, la profondeur des éléments de paroi 22,26 est strictement inférieure à celle de la partie avant 14. The greatest height H5M is strictly less than the height H1 of the front part 14. What is more, the depth of the wall elements 22.26 is strictly less than that of the front part 14.

Cette conformation a pour effet que, selon la hauteur H5M, l'ouvrage de soutènement se comporte comme une paroi circulaire, tandis qu'en-dessous des éléments de paroi 22,26, l'ouvrage de soutènement se comporte comme une paroi plane.This conformation has the effect that, according to the height H5M, the retaining structure behaves like a circular wall, while below the wall elements 22,26, the retaining structure behaves like a flat wall.

Par ailleurs, dans l'exemple de la figure 2 , on constate que le niveau du fond F du plan d'eau P se situe entre le niveau inférieur 14a de la partie avant 14 et le niveau inférieur 20a de la partie arrière 20. Le niveau inférieur 14a de la partie avant 14 correspond à l'extrémité inférieure des parois voûtées, tandis que le niveau inférieur de la partie arrière correspond à la face inférieure des éléments de parois 22,26. Moreover, in the example of the figure 2 , it can be seen that the level of the bottom F of the body of water P is between the lower level 14a of the front part 14 and the lower level 20a of the rear part 20. The lower level 14a of the front part 14 corresponds to the lower end of the vaulted walls, while the lower level of the rear part corresponds to the underside of the wall elements 22,26.

Dans cet exemple, la hauteur H1 de la partie avant est sensiblement égale au double de la plus grande hauteur H5M des éléments de paroi 22,26. Dans cet exemple, les éléments de paroi s'étendent selon une longueur L qui est orientée horizontalement. La longueur L des éléments de paroi 22,26 est supérieure à la plus grande hauteur H5M desdits éléments de paroi, comme illustré en figure 2 . In this example, the height H1 of the front part is substantially equal to twice the greatest height H5M of the wall elements 22.26. In this example, the wall elements extend along a length L which is oriented horizontally. The length L of the wall elements 22,26 is greater than the greatest height H5M of said wall elements, as illustrated in figure 2 .

De plus, la distance d entre deux éléments de paroi adjacents 22,26 est sensiblement égale à la moitié de la longueur L des éléments de paroi 22,26. Une telle configuration permet d'améliorer des propriétés de soutènement de l'ouvrage de soutènement selon l'invention.In addition, the distance d between two adjacent wall elements 22,26 is substantially equal to half the length L of the wall elements 22,26. Such a configuration makes it possible to improve the retaining properties of the retaining structure according to the invention.

En se référant à nouveau à la figure 3 , on constate qu'au moins deux parois voûtées adjacentes 16 sont reliées l'une à l'autre et à l'un des éléments de paroi 22 par un élément de couplage 30 qui présente une première partie de liaison 30a reliée à l'élément de paroi 22 et des première et deuxième parties de liaison 30b, 30c reliées aux deux parois voûtées adjacentes. Cet élément de couplage 30 permet de faciliter la solidarisation entre les parois voûtées et l'élément de liaison.Referring again to the picture 3 , it can be seen that at least two adjacent vaulted walls 16 are connected to each other and to one of the wall elements 22 by a coupling element 30 which has a first connecting part 30a connected to the element wall 22 and first and second connecting parts 30b, 30c connected to the two adjacent vaulted walls. This coupling element 30 facilitates the connection between the vaulted walls and the connecting element.

En se référant à nouveau à la figure 2 , on constate que le quai portuaire 10 comporte en outre un premier rail 40 et un deuxième rail 42, parallèle au premier rail 40 sur lesquels un portique à conteneurs 50 peut se déplacer parallèlement à la partie avant 14, afin de charger un cargo porte-conteneurs 52. Referring again to the figure 2 , it is noted that the port quay 10 further comprises a first rail 40 and a second rail 42, parallel to the first rail 40 on which a container gantry crane 50 can move parallel to the front part 14, in order to load a container cargo ship 52.

Le premier rail 40 est transversal aux éléments de paroi 22,26 tout en étant supporté par lesdits éléments de paroi 22,26. Le deuxième rail 42 est quant à lui, dans cet exemple, supporté par la partie avant 14. Sans sortir du cadre de la présente invention, le deuxième rail 42 pourrait être également supporté par les éléments de paroi 22,26. Dans cet exemple, les premier et deuxième rails 40,42 sont fixés à l'ouvrage de soutènement 12. The first rail 40 is transverse to the wall elements 22.26 while being supported by said wall elements 22.26. The second rail 42 is meanwhile, in this example, supported by the front part 14. Without departing from the scope of the present invention, the second rail 42 could also be supported by the wall elements 22,26. In this example, the first and second rails 40,42 are fixed to the retaining structure 12.

Sur la figure 4 , on a illustré un autre quai portuaire 10' selon l'invention, qui comporte un ouvrage de soutènement 12' selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.On the figure 4 , there is illustrated another port quay 10' according to the invention, which comprises a retaining structure 12' according to a second embodiment of the invention.

Considéré selon sa longueur L, chaque élément de paroi 22' comporte une première extrémité 22'a qui est reliée à la partie avant 14' et une seconde extrémité 22'b qui est opposée à la première extrémité 22'a. Considered along its length L, each wall element 22' has a first end 22'a which is connected to the front part 14' and a second end 22'b which is opposite to the first end 22'a.

L'ouvrage de soutènement 12' selon ce deuxième mode de réalisation se distingue du premier mode de réalisation par le fait que les éléments de paroi 22' de la partie arrière 20' présentent une hauteur non-uniforme.The retaining structure 12' according to this second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the wall elements 22' of the rear part 20' have a non-uniform height.

Comme illustré en figure 4 , considéré selon la longueur de l'élément de paroi, la hauteur dudit élément de paroi 22 décroît entre la première extrémité 22'a et la seconde extrémité 22'b de l'élément de paroi 22. Dans l'exemple de la figure 4 , la face inférieure 22'c de l'élément de paroi 22' présente une forme en escalier, la plus grande hauteur H5M de l'élément de paroi 22' se trouvant à proximité de la partie avant 14'. As illustrated in figure 4 , considered along the length of the wall element, the height of said wall element 22 decreases between the first end 22'a and the second end 22'b of the wall element 22. In the example of the figure 4 , the lower face 22'c of the wall element 22' has a stepped shape, the greatest height H5M of the wall element 22' being close to the front part 14'.

On va maintenant décrire un exemple de méthode de réalisation des quais portuaires décrits ci-dessus.We will now describe an example of a method for producing the port quays described above.

Pour réaliser le quai portuaire 10, on commence par exemple à réaliser la partie avant 14 de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12. Pour ce faire, on forme dans le sol S une paroi moulée de profondeur H1 dont la section transversale, prise dans un plan horizontal, présente la forme d'une succession d'arcs, telle que représentée en figure 3 . Cette paroi moulée est en béton armé. Pour ce faire, on pourra utiliser un outil de forage, tel que celui décrit dans EP 2 295 648 .To make the port quay 10, one begins for example to make the front part 14 of the retaining structure 12. To do this, one forms in the ground S a diaphragm wall of depth H1 whose cross section, taken in a plane horizontal, has the shape of a succession of arcs, as represented in picture 3 . This diaphragm wall is made of reinforced concrete. To do this, we can use a drilling tool, such as the one described in EP 2 295 648 .

Ensuite, ou concomitamment, on réalise les éléments de paroi 22,26, soit sous la forme de parois moulées, ou bien en réalisant des excavations par une technique de « soil-mixing » dans lesquelles on introduit des palplanches. Pour ce faire, on pourra utiliser un outil de forage et de mélange, tel que celui décrit dans FR 2 889 608 . Les éléments de couplage 30 sont par ailleurs placés entre les éléments de paroi 22 et les parois voûtées 16 Then, or concomitantly, the wall elements 22,26 are made, either in the form of diaphragm walls, or else by making excavations using a “soil-mixing” technique in which sheet piles are introduced. This can be done using a drilling and mixing tool, such as the one described in FR 2 889 608 . The coupling elements 30 are also placed between the wall elements 22 and the vaulted walls 16

Dans les exemples des figures 6 et 7 , les éléments de couplage 30',30" sont construits avec l'outillage utilisé pour réaliser la partie avant.In the examples of figure 6 and 7 , the coupling elements 30′, 30″ are built with the tools used to make the front part.

Il s'agit par exemple d'un outillage de paroi moulée mettant en oeuvre des coffrages tels que ceux décrits dans le document EP 0 101 350 , qui permettent de réaliser les liaisons entre l'élément de couplage et les parois voûtées.This is for example a diaphragm wall tool implementing formwork such as those described in the document EP 0 101 350 , which make it possible to make the connections between the coupling element and the vaulted walls.

La figure 6 illustre un premier exemple de réalisation des éléments 22de couplage 30'. Dans ce premier exemple, la première partie de liaison 30'a est couplée avec l'élément de paroi 22 par coopération de forme. Dans ce premier exemple, l'élément de paroi 22 est réalisé en paroi moulée avec des armatures continues, tel que décrite dans le document EP 0 833 987 par exemple. On constate que la cage d'armature 31' de l'élément de couplage 30' est reliée avec la cage d'armature 23 de l'élément de paroi 22. Chacune des deuxième et troisième parties de liaison 30'b,30'c est également munie d'une cage d'armature et se présente sous la forme d'un bras de liaison qui est couplé avec une des parois voutées 16 par coopération de forme.The figure 6 illustrates a first embodiment of the coupling elements 22 30'. In this first example, the first connecting part 30'a is coupled with the wall element 22 by shape cooperation. In this first example, the wall element 22 is made of a diaphragm wall with continuous reinforcements, as described in the document EP 0 833 987 for example. It can be seen that the reinforcing cage 31' of the coupling element 30' is connected with the reinforcing cage 23 of the wall element 22. Each of the second and third connecting parts 30'b, 30'c is also provided with a reinforcing cage and is in the form of a connecting arm which is coupled with one of the vaulted walls 16 by shape cooperation.

Dans le deuxième exemple de réalisation illustrée sur la figure 7 , l'élément de couplage 30" est similaire à celui de la figure 6 à ceci près que les deuxième et troisième parties de liaison 30"b et 30"c présentent la forme de renfoncement et non pas de bras de liaison. La paroi voutée 16 qui est reliée à la deuxième partie de liaison 30"b est constituée de deux éléments unitaires 161 et 162 reliés l'un à l'autre.In the second embodiment illustrated in the figure 7 , the 30" coupling element is similar to that of the figure 6 except that the second and third connecting parts 30"b and 30"c have the shape of a recess and not of a connecting arm. The vaulted wall 16 which is connected to the second connecting part 30"b consists of two unitary elements 16 1 and 16 2 connected to each other.

Par ailleurs, dans ce deuxième exemple de réalisation, l'élément de paroi 22 comprend un rideau de palplanches 25 relié à la cage d'armature 31" de l'élément de couplage 30". Ce rideau de palplanches peut être directement battu dans le sol, ou mis en place dans l'excavation par la technique de « soil-mixing », telle que décrite ci-dessus, ou encore en paroi au coulis bien connue par ailleurs.Furthermore, in this second embodiment, the wall element 22 comprises a wall of sheet piles 25 connected to the reinforcement cage 31" of the coupling element 30". This sheet pile wall can be driven directly into the ground, or placed in the excavation by the “soil-mixing” technique, as described above, or even as a grout wall well known elsewhere.

Pour réaliser les éléments de paroi 22' du deuxième mode de réalisation de la figure 4 , on creuse quatre tranchées adjacentes dont les hauteurs respectives décroissent entre la première extrémité 22'a et la seconde extrémité 22'b. On obtient alors la forme en escalier illustrée en figure 4 . To make the wall elements 22' of the second embodiment of the figure 4 , four adjacent trenches are dug, the respective heights of which decrease between the first end 22'a and the second end 22'b. We then obtain the staircase shape illustrated in figure 4 .

Sur la figure 5A , la courbe G1 illustre le déplacement en millimètres de l'ouvrage de soutènement 12 de la figure 1 en fonction de la profondeur, mesurée depuis la surface du plan d'eau P. La courbe G2 illustre le déplacement d'un ouvrage de soutènement selon l'art antérieur décrit ci-dessus.On the figure 5A , the curve G1 illustrates the displacement in millimeters of the retaining structure 12 of the figure 1 as a function of the depth, measured from the surface of the body of water P. The curve G2 illustrates the displacement of a retaining structure according to the prior art described above.

Sur la figure 5B , la courbe M1 illustre la valeur des moments fléchissants subis par l'ouvrage de soutènement 10 de la figure 1 en fonction de la profondeur. La courbe M2 illustre la valeur des moments fléchissants subis par l'ouvrage de soutènement selon l'art antérieur décrit ci-dessus.On the figure 5B , the curve M1 illustrates the value of the bending moments undergone by the retaining structure 10 of the figure 1 depending on the depth. Curve M2 illustrates the value of the bending moments undergone by the retaining structure according to the prior art described above.

Il ressort des calculs réalisés que l'ouvrage de soutènement selon l'invention présente des déplacements et des moments fléchissants qui sont, en valeur absolue, sensiblement inférieurs à ceux de l'ouvrage antérieur.It emerges from the calculations carried out that the retaining structure according to the invention has displacements and bending moments which are, in absolute value, substantially lower than those of the previous structure.

Claims (15)

  1. A retaining structure (12, 12') in the ground (S) including a front part (14) extending substantially vertically while delimiting a first ground portion (S1) from a second ground portion (S2), wherein
    the front part (14) is in the form of a juxtaposition of arched walls (16) extending along a longitudinal direction which is vertical,
    each of said arched walls (16) has an intrados (18) facing the first ground portion (S1) as well as an extrados (21) facing the second ground portion (S2),
    the retaining structure (12) further includes a rear part (20) connected to the front part (14) and comprising a plurality of wall elements (22) whose largest faces (24) extend vertically in the second ground portion (S2), each wall element (22) being disposed between two adjacent arched walls (16) and being transverse to the front part (14), characterized in that the wall elements (22) have a height (H5M) strictly lower than the height (H1) of the front part (14), whereby the depth of the wall elements is strictly less than that of the front part.
  2. The retaining structure according to claim 1, wherein the front part (14) includes two vertical end edges, and wherein the rear part (20) further includes two other wall elements (26) which are transverse to the front part (14) and disposed on either side of said plurality of wall elements (22) extending from the vertical end edges (14a, 14b) of the front part.
  3. The retaining structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wall elements (22, 26) are planar.
  4. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the wall elements (22, 26) are parallel to each other.
  5. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the height (H1) of the front part is substantially equal to twice the greatest height (H5M) of the wall elements (22, 26).
  6. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, considered along its length (L), at least one of the wall elements (22') includes a first end (22'a) connected to the front part (14'), and a second end (22'b) opposite to the first end (22'a), and wherein the height of the wall element (22) decreases between the first end (22'a) and the second end (22'b) of said wall element (22).
  7. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the length (L) of the wall elements (22, 26) is greater than the greatest height (H5M) of said wall elements.
  8. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the distance (d) between two adjacent wall elements (22, 26) is less than the length (L) of one of the wall elements (22 ,26).
  9. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least two adjacent arched walls (16) are connected to each other and to one of the wall elements (22) by a coupling element (30, 30', 30") which has a first connecting part (30a, 30'a, 30"a) connected to the wall element (22) and second and third connecting parts (30b, 30c; 30'b, 30'c; 30"b, 30"c) connected to the two adjacent arched walls.
  10. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the front (14) and/or rear (20) parts are made of reinforced concrete.
  11. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the front part (14) and/or the rear part (20) is a diaphragm wall.
  12. The retaining structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the front part (14) is made of reinforced concrete, while the wall elements include sheet piles.
  13. A harbor dock (10) including at least one retaining structure (12) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first ground portion (S1) is located under the bottom (F) of a water body (P) so that the front part (14) delimits the water body (P) of the second ground portion (S2).
  14. The harbor dock according to claim 13, characterized in that it further includes a first rail (40) which is transverse to the wall elements (22, 26) of the rear part while being supported by several of said wall elements (22, 26), and in that the harbor dock further includes a second rail (42) parallel to the first rail.
  15. The harbor dock according to claim 14, characterized in that the second rail (42) is supported by the front part (14).
EP16788735.5A 2015-10-06 2016-10-05 Foundation structure Active EP3359744B1 (en)

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FR1559499A FR3041976B1 (en) 2015-10-06 2015-10-06 PORT QUARTET CONSISTS OF VOUTED WALLS AND PLANT TILES
PCT/FR2016/052570 WO2017060630A1 (en) 2015-10-06 2016-10-05 Retaining structure

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CN110924401A (en) * 2019-12-13 2020-03-27 武汉武水水利生态工程技术有限公司 Construction foundation pit supporting mode for combined arching and bearing of mixing piles and cast-in-place piles
US11891770B2 (en) * 2021-04-12 2024-02-06 Cmi Limited Co. Catenary panel retaining wall
CN115787564A (en) * 2022-11-30 2023-03-14 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 Arch type wharf structure and construction method thereof

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US4407612A (en) * 1979-01-30 1983-10-04 Foundacon Bv Soil and/or water-retaining wall; method for forming this soil and/or water-retaining wall; and forming mould suitable for use with this method
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FR3041976A1 (en) * 2015-10-06 2017-04-07 Soletanche Freyssinet PORT QUARTET CONSISTS OF VOUTED WALLS AND PLANT TILES

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CO2018003648A2 (en) 2018-06-20
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US10724199B2 (en) 2020-07-28
MA42210A1 (en) 2018-08-31
PL3359744T3 (en) 2022-07-18
US20180313050A1 (en) 2018-11-01
FR3041976B1 (en) 2017-11-24
WO2017060630A1 (en) 2017-04-13
FR3041976A1 (en) 2017-04-07

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