EP3313855B1 - Metal complex and organic light-emitting device - Google Patents

Metal complex and organic light-emitting device Download PDF

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EP3313855B1
EP3313855B1 EP16732725.3A EP16732725A EP3313855B1 EP 3313855 B1 EP3313855 B1 EP 3313855B1 EP 16732725 A EP16732725 A EP 16732725A EP 3313855 B1 EP3313855 B1 EP 3313855B1
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formula
light
substituted
atoms
composition according
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French (fr)
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EP3313855A1 (en
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William Tarran
Kiran Kamtekar
Ruth Pegington
Michael Cass
Matthew Roberts
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Cambridge Display Technology Ltd
Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd
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Cambridge Display Technology Ltd
Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • H10K50/12—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers comprising dopants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
    • H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
    • C09K2211/18—Metal complexes
    • C09K2211/185—Metal complexes of the platinum group, i.e. Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh or Pd
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
    • H10K2101/10—Triplet emission
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
  • OLEDs organic photoresponsive devices
  • organic transistors organic transistors
  • memory array devices organic transistors and memory array devices.
  • Devices containing active organic materials offer benefits such as low weight, low power consumption and flexibility.
  • use of soluble organic materials allows use of solution processing in device manufacture, for example inkjet printing or spin-coating.
  • An OLED comprises an anode, a cathode and one or more organic light-emitting layers between the anode and cathode.
  • Non-emissive layers for example charge transporting layers, may be provided between the anode and cathode.
  • Holes are injected into the device through the anode and electrons are injected through the cathode during operation of the device. Holes in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and electrons in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of a light-emitting material combine to form an exciton that releases its energy as light.
  • HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
  • LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
  • Light-emitting materials include small molecule, polymeric and dendrimeric materials.
  • Fluorescent light-emitting polymers include poly(arylene vinylenes) such as poly(p-phenylene vinylenes) and polyarylenes such as polyfluorenes.
  • a light-emitting dopant for example a fluorescent or phosphorescent dopant, may be used with a charge-transporting host material.
  • a significant proportion of light generated within an OLED may reflect or be absorbed within the device, limiting the external quantum efficiency of the device.
  • US8809841 disclose a device wherein a transition dipole moment of a luminescent center material is parallel to a top surface of a substrate, and wherein a transition dipole moment of a host material is parallel to the top surface of the substrate.
  • US2007184301A1 discloses a platinum complex formed from a platinum ion and a ligand having at least one aryl group being not capable of free rotation or at least one aromatic heterocyclic group being not capable of free rotation.
  • the invention provides a composition according to claim 1.
  • the invention provides a formulation comprising a composition according to the first aspect and at least one solvent.
  • the invention provides an organic light-emitting device comprising an anode, a cathode and a light-emitting layer between the anode and cathode comprising a composition according to the first aspect.
  • the invention provides method of forming a device according to the third aspect, the method comprising the step of depositing the formulation of the second aspect over one of the anode and cathode and evaporating the at least one solvent to form the light-emitting layer, and forming the other of the anode and cathode over the light-emitting layer.
  • an OLED 100 has an anode 101, a cathode 105 and a light-emitting layer 103 between the anode and the cathode.
  • the device is supported on a substrate 107, which may be a glass or plastic substrate.
  • One or more further layers may be provided between the anode and the cathode.
  • further layers may be selected from one or more of a hole-injection layer, a hole-transporting layer, an electron-blocking layer, a electron-transporting layer and an electron blocking layer.
  • Exemplary OLED layer structures include the following:
  • a hole-injection layer is present between the anode and the light-emitting layer.
  • a hole-transporting layer is present between the anode and the light-emitting layer.
  • both of a hole-injection layer and a hole-transporting layer are present.
  • substantially all light is emitted from light-emitting layer 103.
  • one or more further layers may emit light in addition to light-emitting layer 103.
  • one of a hole-transporting layer and an electron-transporting layer comprises a light-emitting material and emits light in use.
  • the light-emitting layer 103 contains a host material and a heteroleptic phosphorescent metal complex wherein the or each substituent X of the ligands of the metal complex are selected such that at least one substituent X is aligned with the S 1 transition dipole moment of the metal complex.
  • the light-emitting layer 103 may consist of the host material and metal complex or may comprise one or more further materials, optionally one or more further light-emitting materials.
  • heteroleptic as used herein is meant that the ligands of the phosphorescent metal complex include at least two ligands having different coordinating groups.
  • aligned with the S 1 transition dipole moment is meant that at least one substituent X is substituted on a ligand such that an angle between the S 1 transition dipole moment vector and the ligand-X bond is no more than 15°, optionally no more than 10°, optionally no more than 5°, optionally 0.
  • light-emitting ligand as used herein is meant a ligand having molecular orbitals that contribute to the lowest singlet excited state (S 1 ) of the metal complex, for example by MLCT.
  • auxiliary ligand as used herein is meant a ligand having molecular orbitals that do not contribute to the lowest singlet excited state (S 1 ) of the metal complex, for example by MLCT.
  • the heteroleptic phosphorescent metal complex may be, without limitation, a red, green or blue light-emitting material.
  • a blue light emitting material may have a photoluminescent spectrum with a peak in the range of 400-490 nm.
  • a green light emitting material may have a photoluminescent spectrum with a peak in the range of more than 490 nm up to 580 nm.
  • a red light emitting material may optionally have a peak in its photoluminescent spectrum of more than 580 nm up to 650 nm, preferably 600-630 nm.
  • the photoluminescence spectrum of a light-emitting material may be measured by casting 5 wt % of the material in a PMMA film onto a quartz substrate to achieve transmittance values of 0.3-0.4 and measuring in a nitrogen environment using apparatus C9920-02 supplied by Hamamatsu.
  • the composition comprising a host and a metal complex of formula (I) may be provided with one or more further light-emitting materials that in combination produce white light when the OLED is in use.
  • the white-emitting OLED may have CIE x coordinate equivalent to that emitted by a black body at a temperature in the range of 2500-9000K and a CIE y coordinate within 0.05 or 0.025 of the CIE y coordinate of said light emitted by a black body, optionally a CIE x coordinate equivalent to that emitted by a black body at a temperature in the range of 2700-6000K.
  • Further light-emitting materials may be provided in light-emitting layer 103 and / or in another layer or other layers of the device. Further light-emitting materials may be fluorescent or phosphorescent.
  • the present inventors have found that an OLED having a high external quantum efficiency can be obtained by using phosphorescent metal complexes as described herein as light-emitting materials of the device. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that providing substituents X that are aligned with the S 1 transition dipole moment causes the S 1 transition dipole moment of the metal complex to align with the plane of the surface that the phosphorescent metal complex is deposited onto.
  • the light-emitting layer is a film has an anisotropy factor ⁇ of less than 0.85, preferably less than 0.50 or 0.40.
  • the complex of formula (I) has an octahedral geometry.
  • the S 1 transition dipole moment extends parallel to the Ir-N bonds of formula (A).
  • the ligand-X bond of formula A and the transition dipole moment are substantially parallel.
  • At least one substituent X is aligned with the transition dipole moment.
  • the metal-N bonds are preferably parallel.
  • replacing the acac ligand with a further phenylpyridine ligand will produce a complex having an Ir-N bond that is not parallel to the other Ir-N bonds of the complex.
  • M of formula (I) may be selected from rows 2 and 3 d block elements, and preferably from ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum and gold. Iridium is particularly preferred.
  • each L 1 of the metal complex of formula (I) is selected from ligands of formulae (IIa) or (IIb): wherein: R 1 -R 10 are each independently selected from H, a substituent X or a substituent other than X; and and
  • the compound has formula M(L 1 ) 2 L 2 and only R 3 is a group of formula X.
  • substitution of groups X may be the same or different on different ligands L 1 .
  • each ligand L 1 is the same for ease of synthesis.
  • Two or more adjacent groups R 1 -R 10 that are not alkyl may be linked to form an aromatic or non-aromatic ring, optionally phenyl, that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups. More preferably, groups R 1 -R 10 that are not a substituent X are H.
  • the complex of formula (I) has an aspect ratio a : b of at least 3 : 1 wherein a is a dimension of the complex in a direction parallel to a transition dipole moment of the complex and b is a dimension of the complex in any direction perpendicular to the transition dipole moment of the complex.
  • the a : b ratio is at least 4 : 1 or at least 5:1.
  • the substituent X has formula -(Ar) p wherein p is at least 2, optionally 3, and each Ar is independently an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group. Dimensions may be determined by molecular modelling as described herein. p can be 1-10 provided that substituent X has higher T 1 than the emitter core.
  • each Ar is independently selected from a C 6-20 aryl group, optionally phenyl, or a 6-membered heteroaryl of C and N atoms, optionally triazine.
  • Each Ar is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • a position of the Ar group adjacent to a bond between L 1 and X is substituted with such a substituent to create a twist between L 1 and X.
  • At least one Ar group is substituted with a C 1-20 alkyl group to enhance solubility of the metal complex of formula (I) in solvents as described herein.
  • the group of formula -(Ar) p may be a linear or branched chain of Ar groups.
  • a branched chain of -(Ar) p groups may form a dendron.
  • a dendron may have optionally substituted formula (III) wherein BP represents a branching point for attachment to a core and G 1 represents first generation branching groups.
  • the dendron may be a first, second, third or higher generation dendron.
  • G 1 may be substituted with two or more second generation branching groups G 2 , and so on, as in optionally substituted formula (IIIa): wherein u is 0 or 1; v is 0 if u is 0 or may be 0 or 1 if u is 1; BP represents a branching point for attachment to a core and G 1 , G 2 and G 3 represent first, second and third generation dendron branching groups.
  • each of BP and G 1 , G 2 ... G n is phenyl, and each phenyl BP, G 1 , G 2 ... G n-1 is a 3,5-linked phenyl.
  • Exemplary groups X include the following, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents: wherein * is a point of attachment to L 1 .
  • Exemplary ligands L 2 are:
  • Exemplary diketonates have formula: wherein R 20 and R 22 are each independently a substituent; R 21 is H or a substituent; and wherein R 20 and R 21 or R 21 and R 22 may be linked to form a ring.
  • R 20 , and R 22 are each independently a C 1-10 alkyl group.
  • R 21 is H or a C 1-10 alkyl group.
  • R 20 and R 21 may be linked to form a 6-10 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more substituents selected from C 1-20 hydrocarbyl groups.
  • Exemplary diketonates are acac and:
  • N,O-chelating ligands include a ligand of formula (V): wherein Ar 2 is a heteroaryl, preferably a 5-10 membered heteroaryl of C and N atoms that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C 1-10 alkyl groups.
  • Exemplary N,N-chelating ligands have formula (IV): wherein Ar 20 independently in each occurrence is a 5-10 membered heteroaryl group, optionally a 5-membered heteroaryl containing N and C atoms, optionally pyrazole or triazole.
  • Ligands of formula (IV) may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Exemplary ligands of formula (IV) are:
  • the S 1 transition dipole moment vector of a metal complex of formula (I) may be determined by quantum chemical modelling using Gaussian09 software available from Gaussian, Inc. according to the following steps:
  • Bond lengths and bond vectors may be determined from this model.
  • the host used with the metal complex of formula (I) may be a small molecule, dendrimeric or polymeric material.
  • the host is a polymer.
  • the value of the anisotropy factor ⁇ of a film of a composition of a metal complex of formula (I) and a host may be affected by the structure of the host.
  • the host material has an ⁇ absorption value measured as described herein of 0.85, preferably less than 0.50 or 0.40.
  • a polymeric host may have a rod-like backbone.
  • the host polymer is a conjugated polymer comprising arylene or heteroarylene repeat units.
  • the polymer may comprise co-repeat units of formula (VI): wherein Ar is an arylene or heteroarylene group, more preferably a C 6-20 aryl group, that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, and angle ⁇ is 140°-180°
  • Exemplary arylene repeat units of formula (VI) include, without limitation, 1,4-linked phenylene repeat units; 2,7-linked fluorene repeat units; 2-8-linked phenanthrene repeat units; 2,8-linked dihydrophenanthrene repeat units; and 2,7-linked triphenylene repeat units, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • angle ⁇ is 160°-180°, optionally 170°-180°
  • 1-100 mol %, optionally 10-95 mol % or 20-80 mol % of repeat units of the polymer may be repeat units of formula (VI).
  • the 1,4-phenylene repeat unit may have formula (VII) wherein w in each occurrence is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, optionally 1 or 2; and R 7 independently in each occurrence is a substituent.
  • each R 7 may independently be selected from the group consisting of:
  • Substituted N may be -NR 2 - wherein R 2 is C 1-20 alkyl; unsubstituted phenyl; or phenyl substituted with one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • each R 7 is independently selected from C 1-40 hydrocarbyl, and is more preferably selected from C 1-20 alkyl; unusubstituted phenyl; and phenyl substituted with one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups; and a linear or branched chain of phenyl groups, wherein each phenyl may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Substituents R 7 of formula (VII), if present, are adjacent to linking positions of the repeat unit, which may cause steric hindrance between the repeat unit of formula (VII) and adjacent repeat units, resulting in the repeat unit of formula (VII) twisting out of plane relative to one or both adjacent repeat units.
  • a particularly preferred repeat unit of formula (VII) has formula (VIIa):
  • a 2,7-linked fluorene repeat unit may have formula (IX): wherein R 8 in each occurrence is the same or different and is a substituent wherein the two groups R 8 may be linked to form a ring; R 7 is a substituent as described above; and d is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • Each R 8 may independently be selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R 8 is independently a C 1-40 hydrocarbyl group.
  • Substituted N may be -NR 2 - wherein R 2 is as described above.
  • Particularly preferred substituents include C 1-20 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aryl, for example phenyl.
  • Optional substituents for the aryl include one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • repeat units of formula (IX) may be controlled by substituting the repeat unit with one or more substituents R 8 in or more positions adjacent to the linking positions in order to create a twist with the adjacent repeat unit or units, for example a 2,7-linked fluorene carrying a C 1-20 alkyl substituent in one or both of the 3- and 6-positions.
  • the repeat unit of formula (VI) may have formula (X) or (XI): wherein R 7 , R 8 and d are as described with reference to formulae (VII) and (IX) above.
  • R 7 groups of formulae (X) and (XI) may be linked to any other of the R 7 groups to form a ring.
  • the ring so formed may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • R 8 groups of formula (XI) may be linked to any other of the R 8 groups to form a ring.
  • the ring so formed may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more substituents, optionally one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • the host polymer may contain repeat units of formula (X): wherein Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 10 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more, optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4, substituents, z in each occurrence is independently at least 1, optionally 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1, and Y is N or CR 14 , wherein R 14 is H or a substituent, preferably H or C 1-10 alkyl and with the proviso that at least one Y is N.
  • Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 10 of formula (X) are each phenyl, each phenyl being optionally and independently substituted with one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • Preferred substituents of Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 10 are C 1-40 hydrocarbyl, preferably C 1-20 alkyl or a hydrocarbyl crosslinking group.
  • all 3 groups Y are N.
  • Ar 10 of formula (X) is preferably phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups or a crosslinkable unit.
  • the crosslinkable unit may be bound directly to Ar 10 or spaced apart from Ar 10 by a spacer group.
  • z is 1 and each of Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 10 is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups.
  • a particularly preferred repeat unit of formula (X) has formula (Xa), which may be unsubstituted or substituted with or or more substituents R 5 , preferably one or more C 1-20 alkyl groups:
  • the metal complex of formula (I) may be provided in an amount in the range of 0.1-40 wt % in a composition comprising the host and the metal complex of formula (I).
  • the lowest triplet excited state energy level of the host material is at least the same as or higher than that of the metal complex.
  • Triplet energy levels may be measured from the energy onset of the phosphorescence spectrum measured by low temperature phosphorescence spectroscopy ( Y.V. Romaovskii et al, Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85 (5), p1027 , A. van Dijken et al, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2004, 126, p7718 ).
  • the metal complex may be admixed with the host or may be covalently bound to the host.
  • the metal complex may be provided as a sidegroup or end group of the polymer backbone or as a repeat unit in the backbone of the polymer.
  • the light-emitting polymer comprising a light-emitting repeat unit of formula (XIIIa) or (XIIIb) preferably has an anisotropy factor ⁇ of no more than 0.8, preferably no more than 0.7, more preferably no more than 0.5.
  • the value of the anisotropy factor ⁇ may be affected by the structure and / or molar percentage of the light-emitting repeat unit and / or co-repeat units.
  • Co-repeat units may be selected to give, in combination with an aligned light-emitting repeat unit, a required anisotropy factor ⁇ of the polymer.
  • Suitable co-repeat units include electron-transporting co-repeat units; hole-transporting co-repeat units; and light-emitting co-repeat units wherein the transition dipole moment of the light-emitting co-repeat unit is not aligned with the polymer backbone.
  • the co-repeat units may form a rod-like backbone.
  • the light-emitting polymer may comprise co-repeat units of formula (VI).
  • Co-repeat units of formula (VI) are as described above in relation to a host.
  • the light-emitting polymer comprising a light-emitting repeat unit of formula (XIIIa) or (XIIIb) optionally has a polystyrene-equivalent number-average molecular weight (Mn) measured by gel permeation chromatography in the range of about 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 8 , and preferably 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 5 ⁇ 10 6 .
  • Mn polystyrene-equivalent number-average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography
  • Mw polystyrene-equivalent number-average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography
  • the polystyrene-equivalent weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymers described herein may be 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 8 , and preferably 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 1 ⁇ 10 7 .
  • Conjugated polymers as described herein may be formed by metal catalysed polymerisations such as Yamamoto polymerisation and Suzuki polymerisation as disclosed in WO 00/53656 , WO 03/091355 and EP1245659 .
  • the polymer is formed by polymerising monomers comprising leaving groups that leave upon polymerisation of the monomers.
  • the polymer is formed by polymerising monomers comprising boronic acid and ester groups bound to aromatic carbon atoms of the monomer with monomers comprising leaving groups selected from halogen, sulfonic acid or sulfonic ester, preferably bromine or iodine, bound to aromatic carbon atoms of the monomer in the presence of a palladium (0) or palladium (II) catalyst and a base.
  • Exemplary boronic esters have formula (XII): wherein R 6 in each occurrence is independently a C 1-20 alkyl group, * represents the point of attachment of the boronic ester to an aromatic ring of the monomer, and the two groups R 6 may be linked to form a ring.
  • a light-emitting layer as described herein may be formed by depositing a solution of the metal complex of formula (I), the host and, if present, any other components of the light-emitting layer dissolved in a solvent or solvent mixture.
  • Exemplary solvents are benzenes substituted with one or more substituents selected from C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 alkoxy and chlorine, for example toluene, xylenes and methylanisoles.
  • Exemplary solution deposition techniques include printing and coating techniques such spin-coating, dip-coating, flexographic printing, inkjet printing, slot-die coating and screen printing. Spin-coating and inkjet printing are particularly preferred.
  • Spin-coating is particularly suitable for devices wherein patterning of the light-emitting layer is unnecessary - for example for lighting applications or simple monochrome segmented displays.
  • the light-emitting layer may be annealed following deposition. Preferably, annealing is below the glass transition temperature of the polymer.
  • Inkjet printing is particularly suitable for high information content displays, in particular full colour displays.
  • a device may be inkjet printed by providing a patterned layer over the first electrode and defining wells for printing of one colour (in the case of a monochrome device) or multiple colours (in the case of a multicolour, in particular full colour device).
  • the patterned layer is typically a layer of photoresist that is patterned to define wells as described in, for example, EP 0880303 .
  • the ink may be printed into channels defined within a patterned layer.
  • the photoresist may be patterned to form channels which, unlike wells, extend over a plurality of pixels and which may be closed or open at the channel ends.
  • Additional layers between the anode and cathode of an OLED, where present, may be formed by a solution deposition method as described herein.
  • a conductive hole injection layer which may be formed from a conductive organic or inorganic material, may be provided between the anode and the light-emitting layer or layers of an OLED to improve hole injection from the anode into the layer or layers of semiconducting polymer.
  • doped organic hole injection materials include optionally substituted, doped poly(ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDT), in particular PEDT doped with a charge-balancing polyacid such as polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as disclosed in EP 0901176 and EP 0947123 , polyacrylic acid or a fluorinated sulfonic acid, for example Nafion ® ; polyaniline as disclosed in US 5723873 and US 5798170 ; and optionally substituted polythiophene or poly(thienothiophene).
  • conductive inorganic materials include transition metal oxides such as VOx MoOx and RuOx as disclosed in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (1996), 29(11), 2750-2753 .
  • a hole-injection layer may be provided between the anode and the hole-transporting layer.
  • a hole transporting layer may be provided between the anode and the light-emitting layer or layers.
  • An electron transporting layer may be provided between the cathode and the light-emitting layer or layers.
  • An electron blocking layer may be provided between the anode and the light-emitting layer and a hole blocking layer may be provided between the cathode and the light-emitting layer.
  • Transporting and blocking layers may be used in combination. Depending on its HOMO and LUMO levels, a single layer may both transport one of holes and electrons and block the other of holes and electrons.
  • a hole transporting layer preferably has a HOMO level of less than or equal to 5.5 eV, more preferably around 4.8-5.5 eV as measured by cyclic voltammetry.
  • the HOMO level of the hole transport layer may be selected so as to be within 0.2 eV, optionally within 0.1 eV, of an adjacent layer (such as a light-emitting layer) in order to provide a small barrier to hole transport between these layers.
  • the hole-transporting layer may be a polymer comprising repeat units of formula (I) as described above.
  • An electron transporting layer located between the light-emitting layers and cathode preferably has a LUMO level of around 2.5-3.5 eV as measured by cyclic voltammetry.
  • a layer of a silicon monoxide or silicon dioxide or other thin dielectric layer having thickness in the range of 0.2-2nm may be provided between the light-emitting layer nearest the cathode and the cathode.
  • HOMO and LUMO levels may be measured using cyclic voltammetry.
  • a hole-transporting polymer may be a homopolymer or copolymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (VIII): wherein Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 10 in each occurrence are independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, g is 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1, R 13 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent, preferably a substituent, and c, d and e are each independently 1, 2 or 3.
  • R 13 which may be the same or different in each occurrence when g is 1 or 2, is preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl, for example C 1-20 alkyl, Ar 11 , a branched or linear chain of Ar 11 groups, or a crosslinkable unit that is bound directly to the N atom of formula (VIII) or spaced apart therefrom by a spacer group, wherein Ar 11 in each occurrence is independently optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl.
  • Exemplary spacer groups are C 1-20 alkyl, phenyl and phenyl-C 1-20 alkyl.
  • Any two aromatic or heteroaromatic groups selected from Ar 8 , Ar 9 , and, if present, Ar 10 and Ar 11 directly bound to the same N atom may be linked by a direct bond or a divalent linking atom or group to another of Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 and Ar 11 .
  • Preferred divalent linking atoms and groups include O, S; substituted N; and substituted C.
  • Ar 8 and Ar 10 are preferably C 6-20 aryl, more preferably phenyl, that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Ar 9 is preferably C 6-20 aryl, more preferably phenyl, that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Ar 9 is preferably C 6-20 aryl, more preferably phenyl or a polycyclic aromatic group, for example naphthalene, perylene, anthracene or fluorene, that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • R 13 is preferably Ar 11 or a branched or linear chain of Ar 11 groups.
  • Ar 11 in each occurrence is preferably phenyl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents.
  • Exemplary groups R 13 include the following, each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents, and wherein * represents a point of attachment to N: c, d and e are preferably each 1.
  • Ar 8 , Ar 9 , and, if present, Ar 10 and Ar 11 are each independently unsubstituted or substituted with one or more, optionally 1, 2, 3 or 4, substituents.
  • substituents may be selected from:
  • Preferred substituents of Ar 8 , Ar 9 , and, if present, Ar 10 and Ar 11 are C 1-40 hydrocarbyl, preferably C 1-20 alkyl or a hydrocarbyl crosslinking group.
  • Preferred repeat units of formula (VIII) include units of formulae 1-3:
  • Ar 8 , Ar 10 and Ar 11 of repeat units of formula 1 are phenyl and Ar 9 is phenyl or a polycyclic aromatic group.
  • Ar 8 , Ar 9 and Ar 11 of repeat units of formulae 2 and 3 are phenyl.
  • Ar 8 and Ar 9 of repeat units of formula 3 are phenyl and R 11 is phenyl or a branched or linear chain of phenyl groups.
  • a polymer comprising repeat units of formula (VIII) may be a homopolymer or a copolymer containing repeat units of formula (VIII) and one or more co-repeat units.
  • repeat units of formula (VIII) may be provided in a molar amount in the range of about 1-99 mol %, optionally about 1-50 mol %.
  • Exemplary co-repeat units include arylene repeat units, optionally arylene units as described above.
  • An electron transporting layer may contain a polymer comprising a chain of optionally substituted arylene repeat units, such as a chain of fluorene repeat units.
  • the cathode is selected from materials that have a workfunction allowing injection of electrons into the light-emitting layer. Other factors influence the selection of the cathode such as the possibility of adverse interactions between the cathode and the light-emitting material.
  • the cathode may consist of a single material such as a layer of aluminium. Alternatively, it may comprise a plurality of conductive materials, for example a plurality of conductive metals such a bilayer of a low workfunction material and a high workfunction material such as calcium and aluminium as disclosed in WO 98/10621 .
  • the cathode may comprise a layer of elemental barium, for example as disclosed in WO 98/57381 , Appl. Phys. Lett.
  • the cathode may comprise a thin (e.g. 1-5 nm) layer of metal compound between the organic semiconducting layers and one or more conductive cathode layers, in particular an oxide or fluoride of an alkali or alkali earth metal, to assist electron injection, for example lithium fluoride, for example as disclosed in WO 00/48258 ; barium fluoride, for example as disclosed in Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79(5), 2001 ; and barium oxide.
  • the cathode preferably has a workfunction of less than 3.5 eV, more preferably less than 3.2 eV, most preferably less than 3 eV.
  • Work functions of metals can be found in, for example, Michaelson, J. Appl. Phys. 48(11), 4729, 1977 .
  • the cathode may be opaque or transparent.
  • Transparent cathodes are particularly advantageous for active matrix devices because emission through a transparent anode in such devices is at least partially blocked by drive circuitry located underneath the emissive pixels.
  • a transparent cathode comprises a layer of an electron injecting material that is sufficiently thin to be transparent. Typically, the lateral conductivity of this layer will be low as a result of its thinness. In this case, the layer of electron injecting material is used in combination with a thicker layer of transparent conducting material such as indium tin oxide.
  • a transparent cathode device need not have a transparent anode (unless, of course, a fully transparent device is desired), and so the transparent anode used for bottom-emitting devices may be replaced or supplemented with a layer of reflective material such as a layer of aluminium.
  • transparent cathode devices are disclosed in, for example, GB 2348316 .
  • the substrate preferably has good barrier properties for prevention of ingress of moisture and oxygen into the device.
  • the substrate is commonly glass, however alternative substrates may be used, in particular where flexibility of the device is desirable.
  • the substrate may comprise one or more plastic layers, for example a substrate of alternating plastic and dielectric barrier layers or a laminate of thin glass and plastic.
  • the device may be encapsulated with an encapsulant (not shown) to prevent ingress of moisture and oxygen.
  • encapsulants include a sheet of glass, films having suitable barrier properties such as silicon dioxide, silicon monoxide, silicon nitride or alternating stacks of polymer and dielectric or an airtight container.
  • a transparent encapsulating layer such as silicon monoxide or silicon dioxide may be deposited to micron levels of thickness, although in one preferred embodiment the thickness of such a layer is in the range of 20-300 nm.
  • a getter material for absorption of any atmospheric moisture and / or oxygen that may permeate through the substrate or encapsulant may be disposed between the substrate and the encapsulant.
  • Anisotropy factor ⁇ is measured using emission spectroscopy as described in M Flämmich et al, Organic Electronics 12, 2011, p. 1663 1668 .
  • Absorption anisotropy is measured by analysis of the lowest energy absorption peak using the spectroscopic ellipsometry method described in Ramsdale et al., Advanced Materials vol.14 (3), p212 (2002 ).
  • ⁇ values provided herein are as measured by emission spectroscopy as described above.
  • Square wave cyclic voltammetry as described anywhere herein may be performed by ramping a working electrode potential linearly versus time. When square wave voltammetry reaches a set potential the working electrode's potential ramp is inverted. This inversion can happen multiple times during a single experiment. The current at the working electrode is plotted versus the applied voltage to give the cyclic voltammogram trace.
  • Apparatus to measure HOMO or LUMO energy levels by CV may comprise a cell containing a tert-butyl ammonium perchlorate/ or tertbutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate solution in acetonitrile, a glassy carbon working electrode where the sample is coated as a film, a platinium counter electrode (donor or acceptor of electrons) and a reference glass electrode no leak Ag/AgCl. Ferrocene is added in the cell at the end of the experiment for calculation purposes.
  • a good reversible reduction event is typically observed for thick films measured at 200 mV/s and a switching potential of -2.5V.
  • the reduction events should be measured and compared over 10 cycles, usually measurements are taken on the 3 rd cycle. The onset is taken at the intersection of lines of best fit at the steepest part of the reduction event and the baseline.
  • HOMO and LUMO values may be measured at ambient temperature.
  • a film of a composition of Compound Example 2 (5 wt %) and Host Polymer 1 (95 wt %) was formed by spin-coating and the anisotropy factor ⁇ was measured by emission spectroscopy as described herein.
  • Host Polymer 1 is a polymer formed by Suzuki polymerisation as described in WO00/53656 and comprises repeat units of formulae VIIa (50 mol %), XI (40 mol %) and X (10 mol %) as described above.
  • the ⁇ value was 0.79.
  • a film was prepared as described for Composition Example 1 except that Comparative Compound 1, illustrated below, was used in place of Compound Example 2.
  • the ⁇ value was 1.09.
  • a film of a composition of Compound Example 1 (5 wt %) and Host Polymer 2 (95 wt %) was formed by spin-coating and the anisotropy factor ⁇ was measured by emission spectroscopy as described herein.
  • Host Polymer 2 is a polymer formed by Suzuki polymerisation as described in WO00/53656 and comprises repeat units of formulae VIIa (50 mol %) and XI (50 mol %) as described above.
  • the ⁇ value was 0.33.
  • ITO indium-tin oxide anode
  • HIL is a hole-injecting layer comprising a hole-injecting material
  • HTL is a hole-transporting layer
  • LEL is a light-emitting layer
  • a substrate carrying ITO (45 nm) was cleaned using UV / Ozone.
  • a hole injection layer was formed to a thickness of about 65 nm by spin-coating a formulation of a hole-injection material.
  • a hole transporting layer was formed to a thickness of about 22 nm by spin-coating a hole-transporting polymer comprising phenylene repeat units of formula (VII), amine repeat units of formula (VIII-1) and crosslinkable repeat units of formula (IXa) and crosslinking the polymer by heating.
  • the light-emitting layer was formed to a thickness of about 83 nm by spin-coating a mixture of Host Polymer 3 : Comparative Compound 2 (70 wt % : 30 wt %).
  • a cathode was formed on the light-emitting layer of a first layer of sodium fluoride of about 2 nm thickness, a layer of aluminium of about 100 nm thickness and a layer of silver of about 100 n
  • Host Polymer 3 is a block polymer formed by Suzuki polymerisation as described in WO 00/53656 of a first block formed by polymerisation of the monomers of Set 1, and a second block formed by polymerisation of the monomers of Set 2.
  • Comparative Compound 2 has the following structure:
  • a device was prepared as described for Comparative Device 1 except that 5 wt % of Comparative Compound 1 was replaced with 5 wt% of Compound Example 1.
  • Efficiency of Device Example 1 was about 97 cd/A whereas efficiency of Comparative Device 1 was about 76 cd/A.

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