EP3265511A1 - Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb - Google Patents
Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plombInfo
- Publication number
- EP3265511A1 EP3265511A1 EP16714480.7A EP16714480A EP3265511A1 EP 3265511 A1 EP3265511 A1 EP 3265511A1 EP 16714480 A EP16714480 A EP 16714480A EP 3265511 A1 EP3265511 A1 EP 3265511A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- composition
- carbon
- composition according
- nanofillers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- -1 alkaline-earth metal cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005646 polycarboxylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004117 Lignosulphonate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019357 lignosulphonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Pb+2] HTUMBQDCCIXGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019093 NaOCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000019635 sulfation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005670 sulfation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013011 aqueous formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead sulfate Chemical compound [PbH4+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012669 liquid formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011403 purification operation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
- C08K3/041—Carbon nanotubes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/22—Expanded, porous or hollow particles
- C08K7/24—Expanded, porous or hollow particles inorganic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/26—Cellulose ethers
- C08L1/28—Alkyl ethers
- C08L1/286—Alkyl ethers substituted with acid radicals, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
- C08L97/005—Lignin
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
- H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
- H01M4/16—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/20—Processes of manufacture of pasted electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of lead batteries. More particularly, the present invention relates to a solid composition comprising carbon nanofillers dispersed in a water-soluble polymer in the presence of at least one cationic component selected from alkali or alkaline earth metal cations and ammonium ions, and the use of this solid composition for the preparation of formulations for lead battery electrode.
- Lead-acid batteries are the most developed rechargeable electrochemical systems because of their high reliability and low cost compared to more recent systems under development such as lithium-ion batteries.
- Lead-acid batteries are mainly used to power the electric start of internal combustion engines, particularly vehicles, because they are able to provide a high intensity current, but they can also be used to store energy intermittently, such as solar or wind energy.
- a lead-acid battery is a set of elements (or cells) lead-acid connected in series and joined in the same housing.
- the battery only provides electrical power if it has been previously charged.
- the elements are capable of storing and returning electrical energy by reversible electrochemical reactions occurring during charging / discharging cycles of the battery.
- the performance of a lead-acid battery is evaluated essentially by the maximum current that it can provide in a few moments, by its capacity of storage of the available energy, and by the number of cycles of charge / discharge before complete discharge resulting by a lifetime of the battery.
- each cell comprises an assembly of electrodes (anode and cathode), which are connected to a sulfuric acid type electrolyte, and the cells are separated from each other by a membrane which may be polypropylene for example.
- the anode consists mainly of lead oxide, and the lead sponge cathode finely distributed, and they are made with a current collector generally made of lead or a lead alloy such as Pb / Sb or Pb /It.
- Sulfuric acid in the form of dilute aqueous solution or gel, feeds a flow of sulfate ions between the electrodes.
- the discharge / charge cycles of the battery thus result in a process of sulfation of the electrodes during the discharge, which is reversible during charging.
- the sulfation can generate a stable deposit of lead sulfate on the electrodes, which prevents the electrochemical reactions, in particular the oxidation of the lead during the charge, and thus the optimal use of the active material of the electrodes.
- the efficiency of transferring sulfated charges between electrodes and electrolyte is primarily responsible for the performance and longevity of the battery.
- Carbon nanotubes consisting of coiled graphite sheets, are known for their excellent electrical conductivity, and are stable in acid or corrosive environments.
- CNTs are difficult to handle and disperse, due to their small size, their powderiness and, possibly, when they are obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), their entangled structure generating otherwise strong Van Der Waals interactions between their molecules.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- NTCs functionalized with oxygen groups or with conductive polymers such as polythiophene in order to to improve their compatibility with the wording electrode.
- This method described in document WO 2013/011516, however generates an additional cost related to the nature of the added nanofillers.
- the document WO 2014/114969 proposes a dry route for the incorporation of carbon nanofillers, in particular crude CNTs, into a pasty electrode formulation, consisting in preparing an intimate mixture of CNT and lead oxide in the form of a powder. using different grinding technologies, for example with a ball mill.
- This mixture comprising from 5 to 20% by weight of CNT in lead oxide can be used directly for the preparation of an electrode formulation, or it can be mixed with lead oxide to dope the latter.
- carbon nanofillers This approach is, however, difficult to industrialize, given the large quantities of powder co-grinding.
- WO 2012/177869 discloses compositions comprising carbon nanotubes for improving the performance of lead batteries.
- the carbon nanotubes are pre-oxidized and formulated in an expander to prepare electrode active materials.
- WO 2011/0117530 discloses a masterbatch in solid form based on CNT, a polymeric binder may be a modified cellulose and optionally a solvent, used for the preparation of liquid formulations containing CNTs, but its use in preparing lead battery electrode formulations has not been contemplated.
- the invention thus proposes a solid composition comprising carbon nanotubes dispersed in a water-soluble polymer in the presence of at least one cationic component chosen from alkali or alkaline-earth metal cations and ammonium ions.
- This composition is thus ready for use to be used easily and safely to prepare formulations for the manufacture of electrodes to increase their electrical conductivity and improve the overall performance of lead batteries.
- this invention can also be applied to other carbon nanofillers than carbon nanotubes, and in particular to graphene, or a mixture of carbon nanotubes and graphene in all proportions.
- the present invention relates to a solid composition
- a solid composition comprising from 5 to 60% by weight of carbon nanofillers dispersed homogeneously in at least one water-soluble polymer in the presence of 0.05% to 50% by weight of at least one cationic component selected from alkali or alkaline earth metal cations and ammonium ions.
- composition according to the invention comprises carbon nanofillers chosen from carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, or a mixture of CNTs and graphene in all proportions.
- CNTs carbon nanotubes
- graphene graphene
- the water-soluble polymer is chosen from polysaccharides; modified polysaccharides such as modified celluloses; polyethers such as alkylene polyoxides or polyalkylene glycols; lignosulfonates; polyacrylates; products based on polycarboxylic acids, especially polyether polycarboxylates or copolymers thereof; naphthalene sulfonates and their derivatives; and their corresponding aqueous solutions.
- the present invention provides a composition concentrated in carbon nanofillers, which makes it possible to obtain stabilized dispersions during the preparation of electrode formulations, and to create a better association of the carbon nanofiller particles with the various active constituents of the formulation, in particular particularly with lead or lead oxide.
- the composition according to the invention also contributes to limiting the phenomena of corrosion and cracking of the electrodes which limit the life of the battery.
- the invention also relates to the use of said composition for the preparation of a lead battery electrode formulation.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a lead-acid battery electrode obtainable or obtained from said composition, which electrode may be an anode or a cathode, and the lead battery comprising at least said electrode.
- Carbon nanobond denotes a carbonaceous filler whose smallest dimension is between 0.1 and 200 nm, preferably between 0.1 and 160 nm, more preferably between 0.1 and 50 nm, measured by diffusion of light.
- carbon nanofillers are carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, or a mixture of CNTs and graphene in all proportions.
- the carbon nanofillers are carbon nanotubes.
- CNTs have particular crystalline structures, tubular and hollow, obtained from carbon.
- CNTs generally consist of one or more graphite sheets arranged concentrically about a longitudinal axis.
- One-sided nanotubes Single Wall Nanotubes or SWNTs
- Multi Wall Nanotubes or MWNTs are thus distinguished.
- the carbon nanotubes usually have a mean diameter ranging from 0.1 to 200 nm, preferably from 0.1 to 100 nm, more preferably from 0.4 to 50 nm and better still from 1 to 30 nm, or even from 10 to 10 nm.
- the multi-walled carbon nanotubes may for example comprise from 5 to 15 sheets and more preferably from 7 to 10 sheets.
- the CNTs may be produced according to different processes, however the CNTs used in the composition according to the invention are preferably synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) because this process is the most suitable for industrial manufacture in terms of NTC quality. .
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- nanotubes can be purified and / or treated (for example oxidized) and / or ground.
- the grinding of the nanotubes may in particular be carried out cold or hot and be carried out according to known techniques used in devices such as ball mills, hammers, grinders, knives, gas jet or any other system. Grinding capable of reducing the size of the entangled network of nanotubes. It is preferred that this grinding step is performed according to a gas jet grinding technique and in particular in an air jet mill.
- the purification of the crude or milled nanotubes can be carried out by washing with a sulfuric acid solution, so as to rid them of any residual mineral and metal impurities, such as for example iron from their preparation process. .
- the weight ratio of the nanotubes to the sulfuric acid may especially be between 1: 2 and 1: 3.
- the purification operation may also be carried out at a temperature ranging from 90 to 120 ° C, for example for a period of 5 to 10 hours. This operation may advantageously be followed by rinsing steps with water and drying purified nanotubes.
- the nanotubes may alternatively be purified by high temperature heat treatment, typically greater than 1000 ° C.
- the oxidation of the nanotubes is advantageously carried out by putting them in contact with a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing from 0.5 to 15% by weight of NaOCl and preferably from 1 to 10% by weight of NaOCl, for example in a weight ratio of nanotubes to sodium hypochlorite ranging from 1: 0.1 to 1: 1.
- the oxidation is advantageously carried out at a temperature below 60 ° C. and preferably at room temperature, for a period ranging from a few minutes to 24 hours. This oxidation operation may advantageously be followed by filtration and / or centrifugation, washing and drying steps of the oxidized nanotubes.
- raw carbon nanotubes that is to say nanotubes which are neither oxidized nor purified nor functionalized and have undergone no other chemical and / or thermal and / or mechanical treatment.
- carbon nanotubes obtained from renewable raw material in particular of vegetable origin, as described in application FR 2 914 634.
- the graphene that can be used in the composition according to the invention is obtained by chemical vapor deposition or CVD, preferably in a process using a powdery catalyst based on a mixed oxide. It is typically in the form of particles having a thickness of less than 50 nm, preferably less than 15 nm, more preferably less than 5 nm and less than one micron side dimensions, preferably 10 nm at less than 1000 nm, more preferably 50 to 600 nm, or even 100 to 400 nm. Each of these particles generally contains from 1 to 50 sheets, preferably from 1 to 20 sheets and more preferably from 1 to 10 sheets, or even from 1 to 5 sheets which are capable of being disconnected from one another in the form of independent leaflets, for example during an ultrasound treatment.
- the water-soluble polymer is the water-soluble polymer
- the water-soluble polymer may be ionic or nonionic.
- polysaccharides are used in the present invention; modified polysaccharides such as modified celluloses; polyethers such as alkylene polyoxides or polyalkylene glycols; the lignosulfonates; polyacrylates; products based on polycarboxylic acids, especially polyether polycarboxylates or copolymers thereof; naphthalene sulfonates and their derivatives; and their corresponding aqueous solutions.
- the water-soluble polymer is chosen from modified celluloses, in particular carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), lignosulphonates, polyether polycarboxylates or their copolymers, naphthalene sulphonates and their derivatives, and their corresponding aqueous solutions.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- lignosulphonates lignosulphonates
- polyether polycarboxylates or their copolymers lignosulphonates
- naphthalene sulphonates and their derivatives and their corresponding aqueous solutions.
- the commercial products of the ETHACRYL ® range or the XP 1824 product from Coatex can be used.
- the water-soluble polymers are generally commercially available in solid form, or in the form of an aqueous solution of higher or lower viscosity.
- a cationic component in particular at least one cation of an alkaline or alkaline-earth metal or of ammonium ion, in the composition according to the invention contributes to ensuring the stabilization of the dispersion of the carbon nanofillers. It also makes it possible to limit corrosion problems in the electrode formulation.
- the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cations are preferred.
- cations there may be mentioned for example Na + , Li + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , used alone or as a mixture, preferably the cations are Na + .
- the cationic components are present in the composition according to the invention, generally by introduction of a base in aqueous solution, or they may be provided, at least in part, by the water-soluble polymer when it is in a salified form.
- the solid composition according to the invention is a stable composition over time (no change in physical appearance or color), which can be prepared independently of the production facility of lead-acid batteries, and therefore which can be stored or transported for later use. She understands from 5% to 60% by weight of carbon nanofillers relative to the total weight of the composition, dispersed homogeneously throughout the mass of the composition, and it is ready for use.
- the solid composition comprises from 18% to 50% by weight, preferably from 40% to 50% by weight of carbon nanofillers relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the solid composition comprises from 0.05% to 50% by weight of cationic component, and preferably from 0.05% to 10% by weight, more preferably from 0.05% to 5% by weight. by weight, or even from 0.1% to 3% by weight of cationic component, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- the water-soluble polymer represents from 20% to 80% by weight, preferably from 20% to 60% by weight, relative to the total weight of the composition.
- composition according to the invention is in solid form, generally in agglomerated physical form such as granules.
- composition according to the invention may further comprise water up to about 90% by weight and remain in a solid form. It is then in a form of a moist solid, generally comprising from 10% to 30% by weight, preferably from 18% to 25% by weight of CNT.
- the wet composition can then be dried to yield a concentrated composition preferably comprising from 40% to 50% by weight of CNT in agglomerated physical form.
- composition according to the invention is advantageously prepared using a compounding device.
- compounding device an apparatus conventionally used in the plastics industry for the melt blending of thermoplastic polymers and additives to produce composites.
- the water-soluble polymer and the carbonaceous nanofillers in the presence of cations are mixed using a high-shear device, for example a co-rotating twin-screw extruder or a co-kneader.
- the shaft is rotated and provided with oscillation movement in the axial direction by a motor.
- co-kneaders may be equipped with a granule manufacturing system, adapted for example to their outlet orifice, which may consist of an extrusion screw or a pump.
- the co-kneaders that can be used preferably have an L / D screw ratio ranging from 7 to 22, for example from 10 to 20, while the co-rotating extruders advantageously have an L / D ratio ranging from 15 to 56, for example from 20 to 50.
- the solid state nanocharges and the solid water-soluble polymer are simultaneously introduced into the same feed zone of the device, and an aqueous solution of a base is introduced into a distinct feed zone.
- the nanofillers in the solid state are introduced into a first feed zone of the device, and the water-soluble polymer in aqueous solution, salified or additive of a base, is introduced into a distinct feed zone. .
- the mixing of the various constituents can be carried out at a temperature preferably between 20 ° C and 90 ° C.
- the dispersion of the nanofillers thus produced in the presence of the cations is efficient and homogeneous during the compounding.
- the cations then promote the integration of these nanofillers in aqueous acidic formulations such as lead battery electrode formulations.
- the melt generally comes out of the apparatus in solid physical form agglomerated, for example in the form of granules, or in the form of rods which, after cooling, are cut into granules.
- composition thus obtained may then optionally be dried, by any known method (ventilated oven or under vacuum, infra-red, induction, microwave, etc.), in particular to eliminate all or part of the water present and thus obtain a more concentrated composition of carbon nanofillers.
- composition according to the invention may optionally be subjected to a grinding step according to the techniques well known to those skilled in the art, so as to obtain a composition in powder form.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a solid composition comprising from 5 to 60% by weight of carbon nanofillers dispersed homogeneously in at least one water-soluble polymer in the presence of at least one cationic component chosen from alkali or alkaline-earth metal cations and ammonium ions for the preparation of a lead-acid battery electrode formulation.
- the composition according to the invention is used for homogeneously incorporating carbon nanofillers in a pasty composition intended to cover a solid current collector to form an electrode.
- the incorporation of carbon nanofillers is facilitated because of their association with a water-soluble polymer and cations thus giving them a hydrophilic character compatible with the aqueous formulations of the electrodes.
- the incorporation of the carbon nanofillers into the electrode formulation can be carried out directly from the solid composition according to the invention, or by means of an aqueous dispersion prepared from the solid composition according to the invention.
- the electrode may be an anode or a cathode.
- the electrode formulation may comprise lead oxide, water, sulfuric acid, mechanical reinforcing fillers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers or polyester fibers, and various compounds including barium sulfate or carbon black, or other electroactive compounds.
- lead oxide is meant a mixture of lead oxides of formula PbO x with 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, with the possible presence of unoxidized lead.
- the mixture of the constituents of the formulation to form the paste can be made in any type of mixing device, such as a blender, a planetary mixer, a screw mixer, etc.
- the proportions of the various compounds used in the electrode formulation are adjusted in such a way that the amount of carbon nanofillers varies advantageously from 0.0005% to 1% by weight relative to the weight of the formulation, preferably from 0.001% to 0%. , 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to 0.01% by weight relative to the weight of the formulation.
- the sulfuric acid may be present in a concentration ranging from 1 to 20 mol / l and preferably between 3 and 5 mol / l.
- the sulfuric acid may represent from 1% to 10%, preferably from 2 to 7% of the total weight of the formulation.
- the amount of water present in the pasty composition is between 7% and 20% by weight relative to the weight of the pasty composition.
- the mechanical reinforcing fillers preferably glass fibers, are present at a content ranging from 0.1% to 1% by weight relative to the weight of the pasty composition.
- the invention also relates to a lead-acid battery electrode, such as an anode or cathode, obtainable or obtained from a solid composition as described above.
- a method for preparing a lead battery electrode may comprise, for example, at least the following steps:
- step b) preparing a pasty composition comprising using the solid composition of step a);
- step b) impregnating a grid with the pasty composition of step b); d) pressing followed by drying and maturation of the impregnated grid.
- the above method may comprise other preliminary steps, intermediate or subsequent, provided that they do not adversely affect the obtaining of the desired electrode.
- the grid can be flexible or rigid, or come in different forms.
- the grid is made of lead or a lead-based alloy.
- the drying is generally carried out at a temperature ranging from 30 ° C to 65 ° C, at least 80% relative humidity, for more than 18 hours.
- the maturation is then preferably carried out, for example from 55 ° C. to 80 ° C. under ambient relative humidity, for one to three days.
- the subject of the invention is also a lead battery comprising at least one electrode which may be an anode or a cathode according to the invention.
- a lead-acid battery typically includes a separator between each pair of positive and negative electrodes.
- This separator may be any porous non-conductive material, for example a sheet of polypropylene or polyethylene. Its thickness can vary from 0.01 to 0.1 mm.
- a pair of electrodes and a separator define a cell.
- the lead acid battery of the present invention may comprise from 1 to 12 cells, which can provide a voltage of 1.5 to 2.5 volts each.
- the incorporation of the carbon nanofillers using the composition of the invention makes it possible to significantly improve the number of charging / discharging cycles of the battery, and to limit the problems of cracking of the electrodes, and thus it prolongs the operational life of the battery.
- NTCs Graphistrength ® Cl 00 from ARKEMA
- CMC CarboxyMethyl Cellulose
- a 1% solution of NaOH in demineralised water was injected at 30 ° C into the 1st zone of the co-kneader.
- the temperature setpoints and the flow rate within the co-kneader are as follows:
- Zone 1 30 ° C
- Zone 2 30 ° C
- Screw 30 ° C
- flow rate 15 kg / h.
- the cutting of the granules of the composition was carried out dry.
- a solid composition in the form of granules was obtained which can be dried in an oven at 80 ° C for 6 hours to remove water.
- the solid final composition in the form of granules contains 45% by weight of carbon nanotubes, 53% by weight of CMC and 2% by weight of Na + .
- the dried granules are packaged in an airtight container to prevent water recovery during storage or transportation until use of the composition to prepare a lead-acid battery electrode formulation.
- a polyether polycarboxylate (PCE) in aqueous solution (grade Ethacryl ® HF from
- Coatex was premixed with 40% of a solution of the soluble lignosulphonate (LS) fraction neutralized with 2% NaOH by mass.
- This premix is composed by weight of 20% PCE, 20% LS and 1% NaOH. This liquid mixture was injected at 30 ° C into the 1st zone of the co-kneader.
- Zone 1 30 ° C
- Zone 2 30 ° C
- Screw 30 ° C
- Flow rate 15 kg / h.
- the final composition in the form of a wet solid, comprises 20% by weight of carbon nanotubes, 16% PCE, 16% LS and about 1% Na + . It is used to prepare a lead battery electrode formulation.
- the granules were packaged in an airtight container to prevent loss of water during storage.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1551843A FR3033327B1 (fr) | 2015-03-05 | 2015-03-05 | Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb. |
| PCT/FR2016/050502 WO2016139434A1 (fr) | 2015-03-05 | 2016-03-04 | Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3265511A1 true EP3265511A1 (fr) | 2018-01-10 |
Family
ID=53008744
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16714480.7A Withdrawn EP3265511A1 (fr) | 2015-03-05 | 2016-03-04 | Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20180047989A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3265511A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2018508633A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20170122766A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN107408675A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3033327B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016139434A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3033328A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-05 | 2016-09-09 | Arkema France | Composition liquide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb. |
| FR3076827A1 (fr) | 2018-01-12 | 2019-07-19 | Arkema France | Matiere solide agglomeree de nanotubes de carbone desagreges. |
| CN108736004A (zh) * | 2018-05-31 | 2018-11-02 | 深圳市瑞达电源有限公司 | 一种用于铅酸蓄电池的正极铅膏 |
| CN113994521A (zh) | 2019-05-31 | 2022-01-28 | 株式会社杰士汤浅国际 | 铅蓄电池 |
| CN113437255A (zh) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-09-24 | 浙江南都电源动力股份有限公司 | 一种低温型负极极片及制备方法 |
| KR102325594B1 (ko) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-12 | 주식회사 케이에스테크엠 | 다층 그래핀과 그라파이트 나노섬유를 포함하는 납축전지 극판용 활물질 및 이를 이용하여 제조된 납축전지 |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4824971B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-09 | 2011-11-30 | 三菱レイヨン株式会社 | ナノ物質含有組成物、その製造方法及びそれを用いた複合体 |
| FR2914634B1 (fr) | 2007-04-06 | 2011-08-05 | Arkema France | Procede de fabrication de nanotubes de carbone a partir de matieres premieres renouvelables |
| FR2937324B1 (fr) * | 2008-10-22 | 2012-03-16 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite a base de nanotubes, notamment de carbone |
| JP2010163568A (ja) * | 2009-01-16 | 2010-07-29 | Toray Ind Inc | 導電性組成物および導電性複合体 |
| CN101877402B (zh) * | 2009-09-18 | 2012-07-25 | 华南师范大学 | 蓄电池的负极板及其制造方法 |
| FR2957910B1 (fr) | 2010-03-23 | 2012-05-11 | Arkema France | Melange maitre de nanotubes de carbone pour les formulations liquides, notamment dans les batteries li-ion |
| FR2959231B1 (fr) * | 2010-04-22 | 2012-04-20 | Arkema France | Materiau composite thermoplastique et/ou elastomerique a base de nanotubes de carbone et de graphenes |
| JP6088500B2 (ja) * | 2011-06-23 | 2017-03-01 | モレキュラー レバー デザイン,エルエルシー | 離散的カーボンナノチューブを含有する鉛酸バッテリー配合物 |
| WO2013011516A1 (fr) | 2011-07-20 | 2013-01-24 | Vulcan Automotive Industries Ltd | Composite de nanotube de carbone fonctionnalisé destiné à être utilisé dans une batterie au plomb-acide |
| US20130264524A1 (en) * | 2012-04-05 | 2013-10-10 | Kang-Yu LIU | Electrode and fabrication method thereof |
| US20140030590A1 (en) * | 2012-07-25 | 2014-01-30 | Mingchao Wang | Solvent-free process based graphene electrode for energy storage devices |
| WO2014114969A1 (fr) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-07-31 | Arkema France | Procédé de fabrication d'un pâte d'électrode |
| CN105051930A (zh) | 2013-03-14 | 2015-11-11 | 福尔甘汽车工业有限公司 | 用于获得碳纳米管在固体或粘性基体中的混合物的工艺 |
| JP6135218B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-18 | 2017-05-31 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 微細炭素繊維分散液およびその製造方法 |
| FR3033328A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-05 | 2016-09-09 | Arkema France | Composition liquide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb. |
-
2015
- 2015-03-05 FR FR1551843A patent/FR3033327B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-03-04 US US15/554,453 patent/US20180047989A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-03-04 CN CN201680013570.1A patent/CN107408675A/zh active Pending
- 2016-03-04 WO PCT/FR2016/050502 patent/WO2016139434A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2016-03-04 KR KR1020177025341A patent/KR20170122766A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-03-04 JP JP2017545620A patent/JP2018508633A/ja active Pending
- 2016-03-04 EP EP16714480.7A patent/EP3265511A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2016139434A1 (fr) | 2016-09-09 |
| FR3033327A1 (fr) | 2016-09-09 |
| JP2018508633A (ja) | 2018-03-29 |
| US20180047989A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
| KR20170122766A (ko) | 2017-11-06 |
| FR3033327B1 (fr) | 2018-10-12 |
| CN107408675A (zh) | 2017-11-28 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP2780401B1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'une composition pateuse a base de charges conductrices carbonees | |
| EP2550699B1 (fr) | Melange-maitre de charges conductrices carbonees pour les formulations liquides, notamment dans les batteries li-ion | |
| FR3030890B1 (fr) | Matiere active d'electrode pour batterie li/s | |
| EP3265511A1 (fr) | Composition solide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb | |
| US20210036331A1 (en) | Active material formulation for li-s battery and preparation process | |
| EP3948987A1 (fr) | Formulation d'électrode pour batterie li-ion et procédé de fabrication d'électrode par extrusion a faible temps de séjour | |
| FR3033328A1 (fr) | Composition liquide de nanocharges carbonees pour les formulations utilisees dans les batteries au plomb. | |
| EP3740984A1 (fr) | Formulation sous la forme d'une dispersion solide-liquide pour la fabrication d'une cathode pour batterie li/s et procede de preparation de ladite formulation | |
| JP2018503945A5 (fr) | ||
| FR3094710A1 (fr) | Procédé de préparation d’une composition pâteuse comprenant des nanotubes de carbone | |
| HK1237995A1 (en) | Active electrode material for a li-s battery |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20170801 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20201001 |