EP3191448A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von astaxanthinestern - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung von astaxanthinestern

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Publication number
EP3191448A1
EP3191448A1 EP15750406.9A EP15750406A EP3191448A1 EP 3191448 A1 EP3191448 A1 EP 3191448A1 EP 15750406 A EP15750406 A EP 15750406A EP 3191448 A1 EP3191448 A1 EP 3191448A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
general formula
astaxanthin
formula
group
acid chloride
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP15750406.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bernd Schäfer
Stefan BENSON
Wolfgang Siegel
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BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP3191448A1 publication Critical patent/EP3191448A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C403/00—Derivatives of cyclohexane or of a cyclohexene or of cyclohexadiene, having a side-chain containing an acyclic unsaturated part of at least four carbon atoms, this part being directly attached to the cyclohexane or cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene rings, e.g. vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-ionone
    • C07C403/24—Derivatives of cyclohexane or of a cyclohexene or of cyclohexadiene, having a side-chain containing an acyclic unsaturated part of at least four carbon atoms, this part being directly attached to the cyclohexane or cyclohexene or cyclohexadiene rings, e.g. vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-ionone having side-chains substituted by six-membered non-aromatic rings, e.g. beta-carotene
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for producing an astaxanthin diester and its use.
  • diesters of astaxanthin have also been described so far. As a rule, these are diesters which carry further O, S and N-containing functional groups in the acid radical. Examples which may be mentioned are astaxanthin diethyl succinate, astaxanthin di (3-methylthio propionate) and astaxanthin dinicotinate (WO 2003/066 583 A1, WO 201 1/095 571).
  • astaxanthin is reacted with the acids, the acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of coupling reagents, such as ethyl chloroformate or N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or bases, such as triethylamine or pyridine, and catalysts, such as DMAP.
  • coupling reagents such as ethyl chloroformate or N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • bases such as triethylamine or pyridine
  • catalysts such as DMAP.
  • a fatty acid ester of astaxanthin which is obtained by esterifying zeaxanthin according to the teaching of Spanish patent ES 2223270 and then oxidizing this ester with pyridinium chlorochromate. Specifically, starting from zeaxanthin, the dipalmitate is produced and the resulting astaxanthin dipalmitate is obtained by oxidation.
  • Astacin of formula A differs structurally from astaxanthin of formula 2 below
  • asymmetric center in position 3 and 3 ' is configured racemically, or in each case (S) - or (R) -, and R stands for a radical which is selected from the group consisting of C9-C19-alkyl-, C9-C19- Alkenyl, C9-C19-alcadienyl, C9-C19-alkylsyl, according to an inventive manufacturing method, in which astaxanthin of the formula 2
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of a saturated C1 - C6-chain, an unsaturated C1 - C6 chain, an aromatic C6 ring, a C1 - C6 chain, which is formed from two of the three radicals R 1, R 2 and R 3, these two radicals are linked to one another form together with the nitrogen atom of the base 4 is an alkylated or non-alkylated heterocycle or an alkylated or non-alkylated heteroaromatic cycle or, a C1 - C6 chain, consisting of two of the three radicals R 1, R 2 is formed, and R 3, wherein these two radicals are linked together via another nitrogen atom and, together with the nitrogen atom of the base 4, an alkylated or non-alkylated heterocycle or an alkyl
  • astaxanthin of formula 2 and astacin of formula A are completely different in their reactivity. Therefore, for the person skilled in the art, the esterification of astaxanthin of the formula 2 and of astacin of the formula A are two fundamentally different things, which are to be found essentially in the steric conditions of the six-membered system.
  • Example 8 of the Widmer article in Pyridin This compound is thus concentrated, that is, used simultaneously as a solvent and nitrogen-containing base.
  • the expert would have exchanged astacin for astaxanthin following Widmer, but otherwise chose the reaction conditions exactly the same, in the hope of achieving a conversion to the corresponding diester at all. Ergo, he would have worked in concentrated pyridine to achieve near-acceptable esterification of this molecule, based on Widmer, knowing the poor reactivity of astaxanthin.
  • the inventive method thus differs by two essential features: 1. Instead of astacin of the formula A, astaxanthin of the formula 2 is used for the reaction in a corresponding diester. 2. An organic solvent instead of pyridine is used as the solvent. That astaxanthin despite the discouraging results in the comparative experiments with an acid chloride in good yields and after a short reaction time to the corresponding diester react and that this is possible even in an organic solvent and not exclusively in pure pyridine, is quite surprising and was for the applicant amazing.
  • racemic as used in claim 1 means that the stereochemistry at position 3 or 3 'is arbitrary.
  • (S) -configuration means such an arrangement of the individual substituents at positions 3 and 3', respectively. in that the counting is carried out from the heaviest substituent to the lightest substituent in the counterclockwise direction, that is to the left, while the term “(R) -configuring” is to be carried out clockwise, that is to the right, based on both counting methods, that the lightest substituent R comprises the radicals C9 C19 alkyl, C9 C19 alkenyl, C9 C19 alkadienyl, C9 C19 alkoxyls.
  • C9-C19-alkyl are meant all those radicals which contain at least 9 and at most 19 saturated carbon atoms.
  • C 9 -C 19 -alkyl is accordingly selected from the group consisting of n-nonyl or n-pelargonyl, n-decyl or n-capryl, n-undecyl, dodecyl or n-lauryl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl or n-myristyl , n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-palmityl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl or n-stearyl, n-nonadecyl.
  • C9-C19 alkenyl is meant all those radicals containing at least 9 and at most 19 carbon atoms, two of which are linked together via an E or Z-double bond.
  • C9-C19 alkenyl is preferably understood to mean all those radicals which contain at least 9 and at most 19 linearly interconnected carbon atoms, two of which are linked to one another via an E or Z-double bond.
  • C 9 -C 19 alkenyl is accordingly selected from the group consisting of n-nonenyl, n-decenyl, n-undecenyl, n-dodecenyl, n-tridecenyl, n-tetradecenyl, n-pentadecenyl, n-hexadecenyl, for example, (9Z) n hexadec-9-enyl or palmitoleinyl, n-heptadecenyl, n-octadecenyl, for example, (9Z) n-octadec-9-enyl or oleyl, (9E) n-octadec-9-enyl or elaidinyl, n-nonadecenyl.
  • C9-C19-alkadienyl are meant all those radicals which contain at least 9 and at most 19 carbon atoms, these radicals having two E and / or Z-containing double bonds.
  • C9-C19-alkadienyl is accordingly selected from the group consisting of n-nonadienyl, n-decadienyl, n-undecadienyl, n-dodecadienyl, n-tridecadienyl, n-tetradecadienyl, n-pentadecadienyl, n- hexadecadienyl, n-heptadecadienyl, n-octadecadienyl, for example, [(9Z, 12Z) octadeca-9,12-dienyl or linolyl, n-nonadecadienyl.
  • C9-C19-alkyls are all those radicals which contain at least 9 and at most 19 carbon atoms, these radicals having three E and / or Z-containing double bonds.
  • Under C9 - C19- Alktrienyl are preferably all those radicals which contain at least 9 and at most 19 linearly interconnected carbon atoms, these radicals having three E and / or Z-containing double bonds.
  • C 9 -C 19 -alkylene is accordingly selected from the group consisting of n-nonatrienyl, n-decatrienyl, n-undecatrienyl, n-dodecatrienyl, n-tridecatrienyl, n-tetradecatrienyl, n-pentadecatrienyl, n-hexadecatrienyl, n-heptadecatrienyl, n octadecatrienyl for example (9Z, 12Z, 15Z) -octadeca-9,12,15-trienyl or linolenyl, (6Z, 9Z, 12Z) -octadeca-6,9,12-trienyl or gamma-linolenyl, (9Z, 11 £, 13E) - octadeca-9,1 1, 13-trienyl or elaeostearinyl, (5Z, 9Z,
  • C9-C19-alkylsyl comprises the alkyl radical of arachidonic acid, ie a radical having 19 C atoms and four double bonds (formally a C19-alktetraenyl radical, which for the sake of readability is also included under the name "C9-C19-alkylrylsyl”) ,
  • Suitable solvents for the inventive method are all organic solvents in which astaxanthin and the corresponding reactants are sufficiently soluble.
  • the organic solvent therefore comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, toluene, xylene, heptane, hexane , Pentane, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxane, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, acetonitrile, trichloromethane, chlorobenzene and preferably from the group consisting of dichloromethane,
  • nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4" are meant all bases which contain at least one nitrogen atom, furthermore the radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and with hydrogen chloride (HCl) form a hydrochloride Amides are not included in the term “Nitrogenous base”.
  • a "saturated C 1 -C 6 chain” according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl , n-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
  • a "C1-C6 unsaturated chain” according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of vinyl, allyl, prenyl, isoprenyl, homoallyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl.
  • a continuation of the inventive method provides that the astaxanthin of the formula 2 in the organic solvent with a relative to astaxanthin 2 greater than twice the molar excess of the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence at least
  • technical acid chloride is never completely free of the corresponding free carboxylic acids, especially if it is more widely used - zen or im continuous operation is being worked on.
  • a further more specific embodiment of the inventive method provides to convert the astaxanthin of formula 2 in the organic solvent with a based on astaxanthin 2, Ifachen to 9 times the molar excess of the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4, preferably at a molar excess of 2.3 to 7 times molar excess, more preferably 2.5 to 5 molar excess, and most preferably 2.7 to 3 molar molar excess.
  • the amount of acid chloride used of the general formula 3 should be at least as large according to the above statements that by hydrolysis and caused by anhydride losses are compensated and per mole of astaxanthin of formula 2 at least 2 moles of reactive acid chloride of the general formula 3 are available.
  • a further aspect of the invention envisages reacting astaxanthin of the formula 2 in a chlorine-containing organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4, preferably in a chlorine-containing organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1, 1-dichloroethane, 1, 2-dichloroethane, trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene, perchlorethylene, chlorobenzene or a mixture of at least two of these solvents.
  • chlorine-containing solvents such as dichloromethane, trichloromethane or chlorobenzene, or a mixture of these solvents.
  • Typical of xanthophylls and also of beta-carotene itself is that they dissolve only moderately to not in solvents. This is also confirmed by Widmer on p. 678 in the last paragraph of the publication Helv. Chim. Acta.
  • this aspect of the method also has inventive significance.
  • the inventive method should be compared to the prior art, inter alia, energy-saving and cost.
  • This goal is achieved when the astaxanthin of formula 2 in a temperature range from -20 to + 100 ° C, in particular in a temperature range from 0 ° C to 60 ° C, in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of general formula 3 in the presence of at least one Nitrogen-containing base of general formula 4 is reacted. That is, one carries out the inventive reaction in a temperature range of -20 to + 100 ° C, in particular in a temperature range of 0 ° C to 60 ° C, by.
  • an inventive redirection determines astaxanthin of formula 2 in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing Base of the general formula 4, wherein the base 4 is selected from the group consisting of monocyclic nitrogen-containing bases, preferably pyridines or imidazoles and bicyclic nitrogen-containing bases, such as DBU.
  • the base used is preferably monocyclic nitrogen-containing bases, such as pyridines, in particular pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 3-methylpyridine and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine or imidazoles, such as N-methylimidazole or bicyclic nitrogen-containing bases, such as DBU.
  • pyridines such as pyridines, in particular pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 3-methylpyridine and 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine or imidazoles, such as N-methylimidazole or bicyclic nitrogen-containing bases, such as DBU.
  • Monocyclic nitrogenous bases are selected from the group comprising aziridines, azetidines, pyrroles, pyrrolidines, pyrrazoles, imidazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, triazines, tetrazines.
  • Bicyclic nitrogen-containing bases are selected from the groups comprising indoles, quinoline, isoquinolines, purines, 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU), 1, 5-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] non- 5-ene, 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 4- (N-pyrrolidinyl) -pyridine.
  • the nitrogenous base of general formula 4 is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of N-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 5-ethyl 2-methylpyridine, nicotine, because complete conversions of the acid chloride of the general formula 3 with astaxanthin of the formula 2 to the corresponding astaxanthin diester of the general formula 1 can be achieved with these nitrogenous bases.
  • an important embodiment of the inventive method provides that astaxamines of formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4, wherein the base 4 is selected from A group consisting of N-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 4- (N-pyrrolidinyl) -pyridine, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine , Nicotine.
  • the diester 1 is achieved when the astaxanthin of formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4, wherein the Base 4 is selected from the group consisting of N-methylimidazole, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine.
  • the compound 1, 1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is not to be counted among the cyclic nitrogenous bases since it is an activating reagent for a carboxylic acid (see comparative examples below).
  • the nitrogen-containing bases of the general formula 3 are generally water-soluble, but partly dissolve also in the organic solvent or precipitate out as the hydrochloride. Thus, a complete separation from the reaction mixture is particularly costly if said bases are used in amounts that exceed those required for the reaction control far.
  • a further aspect of the invention is to convert the astaxamines of the formula 2 in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4, wherein the base based on the Acid chloride of the general formula 3 is used in 1 to 3 times the molar ratio, preferably in 1, 1 to 2 times the molar ratio and most preferably in 1, 1 to 1, 5 times the molar ratio.
  • the radicals R 5 and R 6 are selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl.
  • the radical R 4 contains all those groupings which can be summarized by the term C 1 -C 6 -alkyl.
  • the term C 1 -C 6 -alkyl includes all those groupings which are selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl , n-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl.
  • the resulting reaction mixture ie the reaction mixture after the esterification reaction, treated with at least one compound selected from alcohols of the general formula 5 and amines of the general formula 6, formed from excess acid chloride of the general formula 3 as well as from the formed Anhydrides, the corresponding ester and / or the corresponding amide.
  • Both amides and esters of the acid chloride of the general formula 3 can be more easily separated from the reaction mixture in contrast to the previously mentioned anhydride. By this measure, it is possible to isolate diester of formula 1 in a simple manner as a solid.
  • the subject of a particularly preferred variant of the inventive method is therefore, the astaxanthin of formula 2 in dichloromethane, trichloromethane, chlorobenzene or a mixture of at least two of these organic solvents with the acid chloride of general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base, which is selected from the group consisting of N-methylimidazole, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine react; and the resulting reaction mixture with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the general formula 5: R 4 OH with R 4 is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl and amines of the general formula 6: R 5 R 6 NH with R 5 and R 6 are independently H or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl wherein R 5 and R 6 are each either an independent group or linked together.
  • at least one nitrogen-containing base which is selected from the group consisting of N-methylimidazole, pyridine,
  • salts may form. These salts must be separated from the reaction product.
  • certain alcohols such as methanol, tend to partition in a two-phase mixture in both the polar phase and the hydrophobic or organic phase.
  • Compound fertilize for example, are well soluble in methanol, then will also be distributed to both phases and there is no complete, therefore undesirable separation of these compounds in one phase.
  • a process has been found to be particularly practicable, is reacted in the astaxanthin of formula 2 in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; and the reaction mixture obtained with the 0.1 to 0.9 times the molar amount based on the amount of acid chloride 3 at least one compound which is selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the general formula 5 and amines of the general formula 6 is added, preferably with 0.2 to 0.7 times the molar amount, more preferably 0.3 to 0.6 times the molar amount, and most preferably 0.34 to 0.5 times the molar amount.
  • the inventive process also provides that astaxanthin of the formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; and that the reaction mixture obtained is admixed with at least one alcohol of the general formula 5 which is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol. These primary alcohols are reasonably available and cause the diester 1 to be obtained as a solid due to the described separation of by-products.
  • inventive method determines that astaxanthin of formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; and in that the resulting reaction mixture is reacted with at least one amine selected from the group consisting of methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, isobutylamine, n-pentylamine, aniline, benzylamine , is offset. Also, these amines can be purchased inexpensively and cause the diester 1 is obtained as a result of the described separation of by-products.
  • a further elaborated variant of the inventive method provides to convert astaxanthin of the formula 2 in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; and the reaction mixture obtained with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the general formula 5 and amines of the general formula 6 for a period of 10 minutes to 3 hours, preferably for a period of 20 minutes to 2 hours, and most preferably from 30 minutes to 1 hour.
  • Formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; that the resulting reaction mixture is admixed with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the general formula 5 and amines of the general formula 6; and that the reaction product of the general formula 1 is crystallized from a further solvent or a mixture of a plurality of solvents.
  • Another solvent to be considered is any solvent from which the diester 1 can be crystallized.
  • the further solvent is alcohols with short alkyl chains, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-
  • a mixture of several solvents is generally understood as meaning a mixture of one of the organic solvents with another solvent. More precisely, the solvent in the heat is added to the organic solvent so much more solvent that the diester of formula 1 is barely dissolved.
  • a further optimized good yield yielding embodiment of the inventive method determines that astaxanthin of formula 2 in dichloromethane with the acid chloride of general formula 3 in the presence of at least one selected from the group consisting of N-methylimidazole, pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine is reacted with selected nitrogen-containing base; the reaction mixture obtained is treated with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol; and that the reaction product of the general formula 1 is crystallized from an alcohol / ether mixture or from an alcohol / ester mixture.
  • An alcohol ether mixture consists of at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and the various pentanols, and also cyclopentanol and cyclohexanol; and at least one ether selected from the group consisting of diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl isopropyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, di-butyl ether, dicyclopentyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether.
  • An alcohol / ester mixture consists of at least one alcohol which is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and the various pentanols further Cyclopentanol and cyclohexanol; and at least one ester selected from the group consisting of methyl formate, ethyl formate, n-propyl formate, iso-propyl formate, n-butyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, iso-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propylpropionate, iso-propylpropionate, n-butylpropionate.
  • the reaction mixture is due to the various added bases more or less strongly alkaline. Under basic conditions, esters as well as the diester of formula 1 are only moderately stable over time. Remedy here brings another embodiment of the inventive method in which the astaxanthin of formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; the reaction mixture obtained with at least one compound which is selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the general formula 5 and amines of the general formula 6 is added; it is subjected to an acidic work-up; and the reaction product of general formula 1 is crystallized from a further solvent or a mixture of a plurality of solvents.
  • acidic work-up is meant any kind of action on the reaction mixture which brings it to a neutral or slightly acidic pH, usually this action means adding a Br ⁇ nsted acid, for example sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid , Phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid or acetic acid.
  • a Br ⁇ nsted acid for example sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid , Phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid or acetic acid.
  • the following inventive embodiment is advantageous. It describes a process in which the astaxanthin of formula 2 is reacted in the organic solvent with the acid chloride of the general formula 3 in the presence of at least one nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4; the resulting reaction mixture is admixed with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of alcohols of general formula 5 and amines of general formula 6; water is subsequently added to it, subjected to an acidic work-up; and that the reaction product of the general formula 1 is crystallized from a further solvent or a mixture of a plurality of solvents.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the non-therapeutic use of the diester 1 in which R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 13 -C 19 -alkyl, C 13 -C 19 -alkenyl, C 13 -C 19 -alkadienyl, C13 - C19-alkylthienyl prepared by the inventive process, in human or animal nutrition and in a preparation of human or animal nutrition; preferably, a diester in which R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 15 -C 19 -alkyl, C 15 -C 19 -alkenyl, C 15 -C 19 -alkadienyl, C 15 -C 19 -alkyls; more preferably selected from the group consisting of C 16 -C 19 alkyl, C 16 -C 19 alkenyl, C 16 -C 19 alkadienyl, C 16 -C 19 alkylsyl; and most preferably, diester 1 wherein R is
  • the invention comprises the diester 1 prepared by the method according to the invention for therapeutic use as a medicament and as an ingredient for a medicinal preparation; preferred the diester 1 prepared by the inventive process, wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 13 -C 19 alkyl, C 13 -C 19 alkenyl, C 13 -C 19 alkadienyl, C 13 -C 19 -Alktrienyl; more preferably selected from the group consisting of C15-C19-alkyl, C15-C19-alkenyl, C15-C19-alkadienyl, C15-C19-alkylsyl; even more preferably produced by the process according to the invention.
  • R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 13 -C 19 alkyl, C 13 -C 19 alkenyl, C 13 -C 19 alkadienyl, C 13 -C 19 -Alktrienyl; more preferably selected from the group consisting of C15-
  • R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 16 -C 19 -alkyl, C 16 -C 19 -alkenyl, C 16 -C 19 -alkadienyl, C 16 -C 19 -alkyls; and most preferably the diester 1 prepared by the process of the invention wherein R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 16 -C 18 alkyl, C 16 -C 18 alkenyl, C 16 -C 18 alkadienyl, C 16 C18-alkylidenyl.
  • TLC Thin layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid, N- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N, N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).
  • TLC Thin layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid, N, N-diisopropylpodiimide (DIC), ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).
  • TLC Thin-layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid, propylphosphonic anhydride, ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA).
  • TLC Thin-layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid, 1, 1 - carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), acetic acid.
  • TLC Thin-layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid chloride, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), alkylamine base.
  • TLC Thin-layer chromatogram of the reaction astaxanthin 2, palmitic acid chloride, pyridine or diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA).
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • TAA triethylamine
  • Fig. 1 shows that after 3 hours and even after 7 hours in no way a reaction can be detected. Even the formation of astaxanthin monopalmitate, ie the corresponding monoester of astaxanthin 2, does not occur.
  • retinoic acid or dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) or gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) instead of palmitic acid under otherwise identical conditions.
  • DGLA dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid
  • GLA gamma-linolenic acid
  • FIG. 4 shows that no astaxanthine dipalmitate is formed after 6 hours. At most, traces of astaxanthin monopalmitate are detectable. Even after 20 hours, there are still large amounts of unreacted astaxanthin 2 and some astaxanthin monopalmitate. The desired astaxanthin dipalmitate can only be detected in very small amounts.
  • Example 2 Reaction of astaxanthin 2 with palmitic chloride in the presence of N, N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and an alkylamine base. 0.85 g (0.42 mmol) of astaxanthin 2 were dissolved in 2.09 ml (2.79 g, 30 mmol). Dichloromethane each presented in Example 2a and Example 2b.
  • DMAP N, N-dimethylaminopyridine
  • Example 2a and Example 2b in one portion 140 mg (192.66 ⁇ , 1, 38 mmol) of triethylamine (TEA) and 5.12 mg (0.04 mmol) of ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were added in Example 2a and in Example 2b also in one portion of 180 mg (240.77 ⁇ M, 1.38 mmol) of N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and 5.12 mg (0.04 mmol) of ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Then, in Example 2a and Example 2b, in each case 380 ⁇ l (350 mg, 1, 26 mmol) of palmitic acid chloride were added and the mixture was stirred overnight.
  • TAA triethylamine
  • DIPEA N, N-diisopropylethylamine
  • DMAP ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaminopyridine
  • Example 4 Reaction of astaxanthin 2 with palmitic acid chloride in the presence of pyridine or diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA)
  • Example 4A 0.85 g (0.42 mmol) of astaxanthin 2 was used for each of Examples 4A, 4B, 4D in 2.09 ml (2.79 g, 30 mmol) of dichloromethane and for Example 4E in 4.19 ml (5.57 g, 70 mmol) of dichloromethane.
  • 10 mg (11.1, 34 ⁇ , 1.38 mmol) of pyridine were added in Example 4A, 180 mg (240.77 ⁇ , 1.38 mmol) of ⁇ , ⁇ -diisopropylamine in Example 4B (DIPEA) and in Examples 4D and 4E each 140 mg (192.66 ⁇ , 1, 38 mmol) of triethylamine (TEA).
  • the second plot in FIG. 9 shows a sample from example 4A taken after 4 hours. It can be seen that astaxanthin 2 has already completely converted into the corresponding astaxanthin dipalmitate after this time.
  • DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
  • TAA triethylamine
  • Example 5a 550 mg (609.99 ⁇ M, 2.01 mmol) of palmitic acid chloride were added, in Example 5b with 520 mg (569.32 ⁇ M, 1.89 mmol) of palmitic acid chloride, in Example 5c with 480 mg (528, 66 ⁇ , 1.75 mmol) of palmitic acid chloride and in Example 5d with 440 mg (487.99 ⁇ , 1.60 mmol) of palmitic acid chloride. It was allowed to react for 5 hours and a sample of each example by HPLC under the following conditions
  • UV detector ⁇ 470 nm
  • BW 50 nm
  • astaxanthin 2 elutes after a retention time of 3.2 minutes, astaxanthin monopalmitate after a retention time of 5.3 minutes and astaxanthin dipalmitate after a retention time of 6.5 minutes.
  • Example 5a gives the best result. It will be according to the integrated peaks were 92.48% astaxanthin dipalmitate and 0.63% astaxanthin monopalmitate. The starting compound astaxanthin 2 is no longer available. Thus, a particularly good yield of astaxanthin dipalmitate is obtained when the molar ratio between palmitic chloride and astaxanthin 2 is 3.
  • the organic phase is rotated at 50 ° C., the residue is taken up in about 250 ml of t-butyl methyl ether and concentrated again completely.
  • the residue is dissolved in 67 ml of t-butyl methyl ether and 201 ml of ethanol at 53.degree. It is cooled to 45 ° C, seeded and then cooled within 17 h to 0 ° C from.
  • the precipitated crystalline solid is filtered off, washed twice with 200 ml of ethanol and dried at 40 ° C in a vacuum oven. 15.1 g (80% yield) of astaxanthin dioctadecanoate (mp 70.5 ° C.) are obtained.
  • inventive method is not limited to one of the prescribed embodiments but can be modified in a variety of ways
  • This disclosure discloses an environmentally friendly, resource-saving and inexpensive process for the preparation of astaxanthin diesters of the formula 1, in which astaxanthin of the formula 2 is esterified twice with fatty acid chlorides of the general formula 3. Compounds 2 and 3 are reacted for this purpose in an organic solvent in the presence of a nitrogen-containing base of the general formula 4.
  • R is a radical selected from the group consisting of C 13 -C 19 -alkyl, C 13 -C 19 -alkenyl, C 13 -C 19 -alkadienyl, C13 - C19-Alktrienyl, in human or animal nutrition and the diester 1 prepared according to the method for therapeutic use as a medicament and as an ingredient for a medicinal preparation.

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