EP3174647B1 - Procédé de fabrication de tubes sans soudure laminés à chaud avec des extrémités épaissies - Google Patents

Procédé de fabrication de tubes sans soudure laminés à chaud avec des extrémités épaissies Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3174647B1
EP3174647B1 EP15742044.9A EP15742044A EP3174647B1 EP 3174647 B1 EP3174647 B1 EP 3174647B1 EP 15742044 A EP15742044 A EP 15742044A EP 3174647 B1 EP3174647 B1 EP 3174647B1
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Prior art keywords
rolling
pipe
wall
thickening
stand
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3174647A1 (fr
Inventor
Rolf Kümmerling
Henrike BRÖKER
Thorsten ANKE
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Vallourec Deutschland GmbH
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Vallourec Deutschland GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B17/00—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling
    • B21B17/02—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling with mandrel, i.e. the mandrel rod contacts the rolled tube over the rod length
    • B21B17/04—Tube-rolling by rollers of which the axes are arranged essentially perpendicular to the axis of the work, e.g. "axial" tube-rolling with mandrel, i.e. the mandrel rod contacts the rolled tube over the rod length in a continuous process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
    • B21B27/02—Shape or construction of rolls
    • B21B27/024—Rolls for bars, rods, rounds, tubes, wire or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/78—Control of tube rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2261/00—Product parameters
    • B21B2261/02—Transverse dimensions
    • B21B2261/04—Thickness, gauge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2261/00—Product parameters
    • B21B2261/02—Transverse dimensions
    • B21B2261/10—Cross-sectional area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2267/00—Roll parameters
    • B21B2267/18—Roll crown; roll profile
    • B21B2267/20—Ground camber or profile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B2271/00—Mill stand parameters
    • B21B2271/02—Roll gap, screw-down position, draft position
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B23/00—Tube-rolling not restricted to methods provided for in only one of groups B21B17/00, B21B19/00, B21B21/00, e.g. combined processes planetary tube rolling, auxiliary arrangements, e.g. lubricating, special tube blanks, continuous casting combined with tube rolling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the production of hot-rolled seamless tubes with thickened ends according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Keywords are, for example, the well-known Kontiwalz-, Stoßbank-, Stoppfenwalz- and Pilger Colourmaschinevon.
  • Characteristic for the production of seamless tubes from a heated block by hot rolling are the three steps punching - stretching - reducing rollers with a possible subsequent calibration of the diameter of the pipe ends in the further processing.
  • Another example is oil field pipes, in which the individual pipes are connected by a screw to a continuous strand.
  • the pipes are provided with an integral thread and thus without additional sleeve with each other screwed.
  • the threads introduced into the pipe weaken the pipe so that the bolting points can take up less load than the pipe body. Ends thickened on the outer and inner circumference allow this defect to be compensated in whole or in part.
  • Such a method is for example from the patent EP 2 170 540 B1 the applicant for the production of hot-finished seamless tubes, produced with the tubes with optimized fatigue properties in the welded state and automated welded on a laying vessel or on land to conduits.
  • a greater wall thickness is produced in a region at the relevant pipe end than at the remaining pipe body.
  • the wall thickening of the respective pipe end region is generated by a hot dipping of the pipe end, wherein the transitions to the pipe body generated during upsetting on the outer and inner circumference are arranged offset relative to the tube longitudinal axis.
  • the required pipe cross-section is produced in this area by mechanical processing and provided the transition from machined to unprocessed area of the pipe paragraph-free with such a large radius or radius combinations that a smooth and notch-free transition results and the finished contour in originally thickened End portion of the tube has an outer diameter corresponding to the original diameter of the tube.
  • Rod rolling mills have the task to strip a hot hollow block previously produced by means of oblique rolling on a rolling rod to a mother tube. This mother tube is then reduced in a rectifier- or stretch-reducing mill to the desired final size.
  • Modern bar rolling mills have in the draw unit, the actual rod rolling mill, on hydraulic units that control the positions of the rollers via servo valves, so as to be able to perform position changes very quickly.
  • This is already being used today, for example with slightly reduced pipe ends To produce wall thickness, which are upset by the procedural conditional reduced longitudinal train when filling and emptying the rolling stands of the downstream reduction or stretch-reducing mill and so at least partially for the Gutrohr again available and thus minimize the head and foot scrap.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a method for producing hot-rolled seamless tubes by means of a bar mill, with the wall thickening at the pipe end or at a defined position on the pipe with optimized roundness without downstream of a separate compression process can be produced.
  • the method should be designed so flexible that the wall thickening of the tube can be made both on the inside and on the outside of the tube variable by means of the necessary for the production of the finished tube forming units.
  • a method for producing hot-rolled seamless tubes is provided with arbitrary positions over the pipe length wall thickening, in which by means of a multi-stand rod rolling mill with at least three rolling stands and at least two rollers per stand, the rollers on a hollow block pipe rolling a rolling rod as an internal tool to a required nominal wall thickness and produce at predetermined positions over the pipe length by driving the rollers in the rolling stands on the outside of the pipe a required wall thickening compared to the nominal wall thickness, which is characterized in that the thickened wall only with the two rolling stands the predetermined positions generated and finished, in which the resulting when driving up the rollers by the roll contours deviations of the finished contour of the thickening of an ideal circular cross-section are minimal, the in Walzraum seen before lying rolling stands for a required wall thickness gradation of the rolling stands are also raised and all subsequent rolling stands are at least as far ascended that contact of the rolls of these rolling stands with the previously generated thickening and thus a subsequent reduction of wall thickening generated
  • wall thickenings can also be produced at arbitrary positions over the pipe length with this method by targeted movement of the rolls in the stands, so that wall thickenings in the center of the pipe and at the pipe ends can be produced, for example, when rolling double lengths, ie twice the length of the required finished pipe length , After dividing the tube in the central wall thickening then both tubes at the ends of the required wall thickening. In the same way, the wall thickenings at the pipe ends can also be produced in rolling of multi-length pipes.
  • the determination of the two scaffolds, which are to roll the wall thickening can be done in a first embodiment of the invention by simple experimental rolling, in which first a tube without thickening is rolled with the selected rolling rod. In subsequent experimental rolling tubes are then rolled with the same rod tubes with wall thickening and determined for the selected rolling parameters (selected stands for rolling the thickening, roller adjustment and speed, time schedules for all scaffolds) the deviations of the finished contour of the wall thickening generated by the ideal circular cross-section.
  • the two rolling mills which, taking account of the later use and the pending forming in the final production produce the lowest geometric deviations, are then selected below for rolling the thickening.
  • test rolls are replaced by a mathematical determination and evaluation of the producible cross-sectional geometries of the thickening per framework, so that the optimal optimal circular cross-section rolling stands in a simple and cost-effective way predestined and costs for the experimental rolling can be saved ,
  • Evaluation number BWV, i introduced for the arithmetic determination of the two stands for rolling the rolling thickening, wherein the rolling stand with the absolute least amount of geometric deviation from an ideal circular cross-section, which is determined on the basis of a scoring for each scaffold i determined rating index BWV, i, as the scaffolding for Finish rolling the wall thickening is selected and as the second stand, the roll stand arranged in front of it in the rolling direction is selected.
  • the rod diameter is selected for rolling the nominal tube wall thickness at the outlet of the rod rolling mill, that resulting from the roll contours deviations from an ideal circular cross-section with the nominal tube wall thickness of the last two rolling stands in combination with the evaluation code BWV, i for the rolling of the thickenings are minimal and the determination of the rod diameter DST is carried out via a determined evaluation index BWR for rolling the nominal tube wall thickness.
  • BWR evaluation index
  • the core idea of the proposed hitherto unusual method for producing wall thickening in bar rolling mills is that for each stand of the rolling mill, the different geometrical contours of the tube cross section resulting from the roll geometry and inner tool are specifically evaluated in the caliber base and the caliber flanks.
  • Evaluation parameters BWV, i and BWR are optimized accordingly during rolling.
  • FIGS. 1a . 1b and 1c For example, for a roll 3 of a three-roll bar mill, the geometric situations for the zero position (see FIG. 1a ) and for the closing and driving of the rollers 3 (see FIGS. 1a and 1b ), wherein simplified, the roller contour of the roller 3 is shown as a circular arc.
  • the roller contour of the roller 3 is shown as a circular arc.
  • the rolling rod 2 In the neutral position or in the neutral position, the rolling rod 2 in cross section, the rolling axis 1 and a part of a roller 3 shown.
  • the rolling axis 1 and the axis of the rolling rod are superimposed.
  • the nip is presented as a circular ring.
  • the gap between the roller 3 and roll bar 2 is the same size for the roll base SGrund and the roll edge SFLanke.
  • roller 3 If the roller 3 is closed (see Figure 1c ), the conditions are reversed and for the roll base a smaller gap results than for the roll flank, ie SGrund ⁇ SFlanke.
  • the rolling axis 1 is opposite to the axis of the rolling rod after moved down.
  • a smaller nip in the flank compared to the roll base is critical, since the peripheral speed of the roll increases from the bottom to the flank. In combination with the gap which becomes smaller towards the flank, this can lead to a thinning of the material on the flank, which in extreme cases can lead to holes.
  • the roll calibration is typically composed of two circular arcs.
  • FIG. 2 shows that the caliber base radius R1 has a center M1, which is set by a center offset e to that of the rolling axis 1 and the caliber base radius R1 at the angle alpha tangentially merges into the edge radius R2 with the center M2.
  • angle alpha is chosen slightly larger than half the angle beta.
  • delta alpha should not be greater than 5% of the angle beta.
  • the position is designated, in which the center offset e corresponds to the predetermined by the caliber set point.
  • the geometries of the wall thickenings produced with the individual scaffolds and their deviation from an ideal circular cross section are evaluated. Based on the wall thicknesses in the caliber base, it is determined at the exit of all the frameworks in which frameworks the required wall thickening during the rolling of the pipe is already undercut.
  • Criterion 1 The two chosen frameworks finish in the caliber base the desired thickened wall thickness. You will be driven accordingly. All remaining stands in front of it are also raised, so that a suitable wall thickness grading per framework for the rolling of the thickening results. Suitable in this context means that the wall thickness decreases in the frameworks, which are required for rolling the thickened wall, behave relatively similar to the rolling of the pipe nominal wall thickness. All subsequent stands are raised so far that contact of the rolls with the pipe at the point of thickening and thus a subsequent reduction of the wall thickening generated are avoided with certainty.
  • Criterion 2 The scaffolds responsible for the finish rolling of the wall thickening are determined using the evaluation number BWV, i.
  • A, i theoretical drive-up distance of framework i in order to roll the thickened wall in the caliber base
  • . i s - V - s . i ev
  • BWR rating code for rolling the nominal pipe wall thickness in the form of an absolute amount
  • i valuation index for rolling the thickened wall sV in the form of an absolute amount
  • BWV . i ev . i - 1 + ev .
  • the starting position referred to as the base in Tables 1 and 2 shows the roller positions at zero position, the rolling rod used corresponds to the ideal rod for rolling a nominal pipe wall thickness of 10 mm at the outlet of the bar rolling mill.
  • Example 1 of Table 1 the thickened wall to be produced is 11 mm. So it should be produced a wall thickening of 1 mm. Since the roll bar used corresponds to the ideal roll bar, the roll total (A-ges) is zero and the center offsets eR, i are identical to the roll zero values. For rolling a wall thickness of 11 mm, the rolls must be raised by 1 mm compared to the nominal pipe wall thickness of 10 mm.
  • the smallest absolute value for the rating code MIN BWV, i stands at 4 with a value of 1.0, that is, when rolling the thickening with scaffold 4, the slightest deviations from an ideal circular ring occur. Since stand 4 has the smallest value MIN BWV, i, the thickening with that in the rolling direction before standing frame 3 and the already determined framework 4 finish-rolled, since the framework 4 in terms of a finished scaffold, a tube with the smallest geometric deviations of an ideal circular ring results.
  • Example 2 of Table 1 is rolled with a nominal tube wall thickness of 10 mm and a required wall thickening by 1 mm with a diameter smaller by 2 mm rod, so DSTideal minus 2 mm.
  • the lowest valuation MIN BWV, i is 0.0 for scaffold 5.
  • all 5 scaffolds for rolling the thickening is needed, the last two scaffolds, ie scaffold 4 and 5 finished the thickening of 11 mm wall thickness roll.
  • Examples 3 and 4 of Table 2 show the situation for a thickened tube wall of 13 or 18 mm with a nominal tube wall thickness of 10 mm.
  • Example 3 With a wall thickening to 13 mm (Example 3), only the first 3 stands are required, since for framework 3 the lowest BWV value MIN BWV, i of 2.0 results.
  • FIG. 4 shows in the case of a three-roll bar rolling mill and thus matching the examples given which wall thickness deviations are relatively ( FIG. 4a ) and absolutely ( FIG. 4b ) for different center displacements ev, i (in the range of -2.0 mm to +5.0 mm) of the caliber base radii.
  • the type of further processing and the method used to calibrate the tube ends decide on the still tolerable wall thickness deviations.
  • Theoretically, thickened walls can be produced with the described method which correspond at most to the hollow block wall thickness.
  • the hollow block wall thickness is 25 mm.
  • the rod diameter DSTist is set for optimum roundness for rolling the pipe nominal wall thickness over a determined evaluation index BWR.
  • the requirement for the wall thickness tolerances of the pipe, Walzchnische aspects and the requirements of the wall thickness uniformity of the thickening is to weigh against each other to determine the most suitable rod diameter and thus the BWR value, and applicable to the thickening BWV, i and thus the Scaffolding needed for rolling the thickening.
  • Example 2 with a bar diameter DSTist DSTideal minus 2mm will therefore provide the better rolling results for thin wall thicknesses where the longitudinal courses can become critical.
  • the rolling rod still has to be removed from the so-called continuous pipe, as the pipe is called in the rod rolling mill after rolling.
  • the tube is called in the rod rolling mill after rolling.
  • Kontirohr the tube behind bar rolling mills with two rolls / frame.
  • the term generally refers to a tube rolled in bar rolling mills, regardless of how many rolls / stand are used.
  • the removal of the rolling rod from the Kontirohr can be done by pulling in the tributary flow over a chain after rolling.
  • the common method is a so-called Ausziehwalzwerk which pulls the Kontirohr of the rod in the rolling line and can be advantageously used to move the lying on the outside of the pipe wall thickening towards the pipe inside.
  • the maximum values of diameter reduction are about 4.5% in total over all three frameworks. For example, if a 11 mm Kontirohrwanddicke rolled and the thickening should be 10 mm, this means an increase in the outer diameter reduction by 20 mm, which already accounts for 10% with a caliber of 200 mm. Since the employment of the rollers of the Ausziehgerüste are usually not changeable, for larger wall thickening is an adaptation of the Calibration required. This has to be done so that the minimum decrease for the fillet part takes place only in a maximum of two stands, preferably only in the last. Thus, the two front each make the additional necessary diameter decrease, however, should not exceed 4.5% per scaffold.
  • the decrease in diameter in the extraction or stretch-reducing mill causes the thickenings to be pressed inwards and the outside of the pipe has a constant outside diameter.
  • the ends When used in the production line for pipeline and oilfield pipes, the ends are then calibrated via a sizing press or another suitable unit so that a wall thickness profile of the pipe ends results to the specifications.
  • the required forming and the customer specification with regard to permitted deformations in the cold state and residual stresses can lead to the pipe ends having to be preheated and / or reheated. Thereafter, the further steps are performed to ultimately produce the desired specification-compliant end product.
  • the water pressure test prescribed in most cases takes place before or after calibrating the pipe ends.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Claims (8)

  1. Procédé de production de tubes sans soudure laminés à chaud comprenant au moins un épaississement de paroi en des positions quelconques sur la longueur des tubes, procédé dans lequel, au moyen d'un laminoir à barreaux à plusieurs cages équipé d'au moins trois cages de laminage et d'au moins deux cylindres (3) par cage, les cylindres (3) laminent un lingot tubulaire creux sur un barreau de laminage (2) servant d'outil intérieur à une épaisseur de paroi nominale requise et produisent un épaississement de paroi requis à l'extérieur des tubes par rapport à l'épaisseur de paroi nominale en des positions prescrites sur la longueur des tubes par déplacement des cylindres (3) dans les cages de laminage, caractérisé en ce que la paroi épaissie est produite et soumise à un laminage terminal seulement avec les deux cages de laminage qui se suivent, par référence au sens de laminage, en des positions prescrites où les écarts du contour final de l'épaississement, qui résultent du déplacement des cylindres (3) par les contours de cylindre, par rapport à une section transversale circulaire idéale sont minimalisés, les cages de cylindre situées en avant par référence au sens de laminage étant également déplacées pour échelonner l'épaisseur de paroi et toutes cages de cylindre suivantes étant déplacées au moins dans la mesure où un contact des cylindres (3) de cette cage de laminoir avec l'épaississement produit précédemment et donc une réduction ultérieure de l'épaississement de paroi produit est évitée.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les deux cages de laminage, qui laminent l'épaississement de la paroi, sont déterminées par des laminages d'essai, un tube sans épaississement étant laminé avec le barreau de laminage (2) sélectionné et des tubes pourvus d'épaississement de paroi étant laminés lors d'autres processus de laminage avec un même barreau de laminage (2) et les écarts du contour final de l'épaississement produit par rapport à la section transversale circulaire idéale étant mesurés pour les paramètres de laminage sélectionnés pour cela puis les deux cages de laminage, qui produisent les écarts les plus faibles du contour final par rapport à la section transversale circulaire idéale, étant sélectionnées.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les deux cages de laminage, qui laminent l'épaississement de paroi, sont déterminées par une valeur caractéristique d'évaluation calculée BWV,i, la cage de laminage ayant le plus petit écart géométrique par rapport à une section transversale circulaire idéale et donc la plus petite valeur caractéristique d'évaluation BWV,i étant choisie comme première cage pour le laminage terminal de l'épaississement de paroi et la cage de laminage disposée en avant par référence au sens de laminage étant sélectionnée comme seconde cage, la valeur de caractéristique d'évaluation BWV,i étant définie de la manière suivante : BWV , i = ev , i − 1 + ev , i pour i = 2 à i − max
    Figure imgb0014
    avec i = numéro en cours de la cage, partant de 1 et augmentant dans le sens de laminage,
    i-max = numéro en cours de la dernière cage
    dans laquelle
    ev,i = décalage au centre du rayon du fond de la cannelure R1,i par rapport à l'axe de laminage (+ = au-dessus du centre de cylindre , - = au-dessous du centre de cylindre lors du laminage de la paroi épaissie s-V)
    avec ev , i = eR , i + A , i
    Figure imgb0015
    eR,i = déplacement au centre réel du rayon du fond de la cannelure R1,i par rapport à l'axe de laminage (+ = au-dessus du centre de cylindre, - = au-dessus du centre de cylindre) lors du laminage de l'épaisseur de paroi nominale de tube s-R
    et
    A,i = mesure de déplacement théorique de la cage i pour laminer la paroi épaissie s-V au fond de la cannelure,
    avec A , i = s − V − s , i
    Figure imgb0016
     dans laquelle
    s,i = épaisseur de paroi au fond de la cannelure de la cage i.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que, pour laminer l'épaisseur de paroi de tube s-R à la sortie du laminoir à barreaux, le diamètre de barreau DSTist est choisi de telle sorte que les écarts, obtenus par les contours de cylindre, par rapport à une section transversale circulaire idéale ayant l'épaisseur de paroi nominale de tube s-R de la dernière cage de laminage sont minimisés et la détermination du diamètre de barreau DSTist est effectuée à l'aide d'un paramètre d'évaluation calculé BWR pour le laminage de l'épaisseur de paroi nominale de tube, dont la valeur est définie de la manière suivante : BWR = | eR , i − max − 1 + eR , i − max | p our i = i − max
    Figure imgb0017
     avec i-max = numéro en cours de la dernière cage.
  5. Procédé selon les revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que, après le laminage dans le laminoir à barreaux, le barreau de laminage (2) est retiré du tube et ensuite les épaississements de paroi à l'extérieur du tube sont pressés vers l'intérieur du tube par les cylindres suivants de façon à produire un tube ayant un diamètre extérieur constant sur toute la longueur.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les épaississements de paroi sont complètement pressés vers l'intérieur du tube au moyen d'un laminoir d'étirage à barreaux, monté en aval du laminoir à barreaux, ou d'un laminoir étireur-réducteur.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que les épaississements de paroi pressés vers l'intérieur du tube sont ensuite pressés à nouveau vers l'extérieur du tube au moyen d'une presse d'étalonnage.
  8. Procédé selon les revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les épaississements de paroi produits s'étendent dans la direction longitudinale du tube sur une longueur d'au moins 300 mm.
EP15742044.9A 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Procédé de fabrication de tubes sans soudure laminés à chaud avec des extrémités épaissies Active EP3174647B1 (fr)

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DE102014110980.5A DE102014110980B4 (de) 2014-08-01 2014-08-01 Verfahren zur Herstellung von warmgewalzten nahtlosen Rohren mit verdickten Enden
PCT/EP2015/067236 WO2016016224A1 (fr) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Procédé de fabrication de tubes sans soudure laminés à chaud avec des extrémités épaissies

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EP3174647A1 EP3174647A1 (fr) 2017-06-07
EP3174647B1 true EP3174647B1 (fr) 2017-11-22

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US (1) US10695809B2 (fr)
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JP (1) JP6623211B2 (fr)
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WO (1) WO2016016224A1 (fr)

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DE102014110980A1 (de) 2016-02-04
JP6623211B2 (ja) 2019-12-18
EP3174647A1 (fr) 2017-06-07
JP2017522190A (ja) 2017-08-10
WO2016016224A1 (fr) 2016-02-04
US20170216896A1 (en) 2017-08-03
DE102014110980B4 (de) 2017-10-26
US10695809B2 (en) 2020-06-30

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