EP3063394A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine

Info

Publication number
EP3063394A1
EP3063394A1 EP14744553.0A EP14744553A EP3063394A1 EP 3063394 A1 EP3063394 A1 EP 3063394A1 EP 14744553 A EP14744553 A EP 14744553A EP 3063394 A1 EP3063394 A1 EP 3063394A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
engine
exhaust
exhaust gas
value
nitrogen dioxide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP14744553.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Andreas Döring
Markus Bauer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DOERING, ANDREAS
Original Assignee
MAN Diesel and Turbo SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by MAN Diesel and Turbo SE filed Critical MAN Diesel and Turbo SE
Publication of EP3063394A1 publication Critical patent/EP3063394A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/007—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring oxygen or air concentration downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/146—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration
    • F02D41/1461—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an NOx content or concentration of the exhaust gases emitted by the engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/02—Catalytic activity of catalytic converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/02—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor
    • F01N2560/026—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being an exhaust gas sensor for measuring or detecting NOx
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2250/00—Engine control related to specific problems or objectives
    • F02D2250/36—Control for minimising NOx emissions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D41/0027—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures the fuel being gaseous
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/40—Engine management systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • combustion engines known from practice also have an exhaust aftertreatment system in order to purify exhaust gas which is produced in the engine of the internal combustion engine during the combustion of fuel in the exhaust aftertreatment system.
  • Effective exhaust aftertreatment is required to meet increasingly stringent emissions standards.
  • nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gas must meet increasingly stringent limit values.
  • the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas is carried out using catalysts, for example using SCR catalysts, wherein SCR catalysts for the conversion of nitrogen oxides as a reducing agent use ammonia.
  • the ammonia can be generated in an ammonia generator and introduced into the exhaust stream.
  • an ammonia precursor substance for example an aqueous urea solution
  • the conversion of the ammonia precursor substance to ammonia in the exhaust gas is typically carried out using a so-called hydrolysis catalyst.
  • the speed of implementation of nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas in the SCR catalyst thus depends on the proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas.
  • the use of a separate NO oxidation catalyst for the conversion of the nitrogen monoxide into nitrogen dioxide upstream of an SCR catalyst is disadvantageous because it increases the complexity of the apparatus and thus the cost of an internal combustion engine.
  • the present invention has the object to provide a novel method for operating an internal combustion engine.
  • an actual exhaust gas value is determined, which is dependent on the actual value of a nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas upstream of an exhaust gas aftertreatment component of the exhaust aftertreatment system, wherein at least one operating parameter for the engine is changed such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content is approximated to a corresponding nominal value of the nitrogen dioxide fraction, so that the respective exhaust aftertreatment component is operated optimally.
  • the present invention it is proposed for the first time to set the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas upstream of an exhaust aftertreatment component of an exhaust aftertreatment system by changing at least one operating parameter for the engine of an internal combustion engine in order to be able to optimally operate the exhaust aftertreatment component.
  • This makes it possible to use either smaller NO oxidation catalysts or to completely dispense with the use of a NO oxidation catalyst.
  • the desired value for the nitrogen dioxide content is selected as a function of the load point.
  • the desired value for the nitrogen dioxide fraction is determined as a function of at least one operating parameter of the engine and / or as a function of at least one operating parameter of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system.
  • the use of a load point or operating point-dependent desired value for the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas is particularly preferred because it can be used to ensure optimal operation of the engine and optimal operation of the exhaust aftertreatment system of the internal combustion engine for all load points or operating points of the internal combustion engine.
  • a lambda value and / or an ignition point and / or valve timing and / or an engine compression and / or an exhaust gas fraction in the engine combustion chamber are changed in such a way as operating parameters for the engine.
  • the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas can be adjusted easily and reliably.
  • an actual NOx value downstream of the exhaust aftertreatment component of the exhaust aftertreatment system is detected by a NOx sensor, the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas being determined upstream of the exhaust aftertreatment component depending on this actual exhaust gas value, this actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content being equal to the desired value of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component Sickstoffdioxidanteils is compared, and depending on this comparison, at least one operating parameter for the engine is changed so that the actual value of the Sickstoffdioxidanteils is approximated to the desired value of the nitrogen content.
  • This embodiment is particularly preferred since the NOx actual value downstream of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment component can be detected simply by means of a NOx sensor.
  • operating parameters for the engine are changed such that NOx raw emissions of the engine are reduced by a maximum of 15%. This makes it possible to operate the engine with a good efficiency and avoidance of an increase in fuel consumption.
  • Fig. 1 a schematic representation of an internal combustion engine
  • Fig. 2 is a diagram for illustrating the invention. The invention relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine.
  • FIG. 1 shows in highly schematic form an internal combustion engine 10 which comprises an engine 11 having a plurality of cylinders 12 and an exhaust aftertreatment system 13 having at least one exhaust aftertreatment component 14.
  • Exhaust gas which arises during the combustion of fuel in the cylinders 12 of the engine 11 of the internal combustion engine 10, can be guided via the exhaust gas aftertreatment system 13 in order to purify the exhaust gas in the exhaust aftertreatment system 13.
  • a sensor 15 Downstream of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13, as shown in FIG. 1, a sensor 15 is positioned, which may be a NOx sensor to measure NOx emissions in the exhaust downstream of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13.
  • the exhaust aftertreatment component 14 of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13 may be an SCR catalytic converter, a particulate filter or even an NOx storage catalytic converter.
  • an exhaust gas actual value is determined in the sense of the invention which is dependent on the actual value of a proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust aftertreatment component 14 of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13.
  • at least one operating parameter for the engine 1 1 is changed such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content is approximated to a corresponding desired value for the nitrogen dioxide content, so that the respective exhaust aftertreatment component 14 of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13 can be operated optimally.
  • the invention finds particular use in internal combustion engines 10 use whose engine 1 1 is designed as gasoline engine, in which gaseous fuel is burned. As gas fuel, natural gas is typically burned in such Otto gas engines, which contains methane as a constituent.
  • the setpoint for the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas is selected depending on the load point. It is thus possible to determine the desired value for the proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas as a function of at least one operating parameter of the engine 11 and / or as a function of at least one operating parameter of the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system 13. Thus, it is possible to determine the desired value for the proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas as a function of one or more exhaust gas temperatures and depending on the efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13 and depending on the efficiency of the engine 1 1.
  • a lambda value and / or an ignition timing and / or valve timing and / or an engine compression and / or an exhaust gas fraction in the engine combustion chamber is changed.
  • FIG. 2 plotting the percentage of nitrogen dioxide NO 2 in the nitrogen oxides NO x of the exhaust gas for a gasoline engine above the lambda value in FIG. and depending on the load point of the engine 1 1 and the same depending on the ignition timing.
  • the characteristics relate to 16 and 17 characteristics for the full-load operation of the engine 1 1, wherein in the curve 16 ignition timing is retarded and in the curve 17 ignition timing shifted to early.
  • the curves 18 and 19 relate to characteristics for the partial load operation of the engine 1 1, wherein in the characteristic curve 18 ignition points are shifted late and in the characteristic curve 19 ignition points close early.
  • a NOx actual value downstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component 14 of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system 13, which is to be operated optimally, is detected by measurement as the actual exhaust gas value with the aid of the NOx sensor 15 shown in FIG.
  • the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component 14 is then determined, this actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content being compared with a desired value for the same.
  • at least one operating parameter for the engine 1 1 is changed such that the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust aftertreatment component 14 is approximated to the target value of the nitrogen dioxide content.
  • the exhaust aftertreatment component 14 which is to be operated optimally by influencing the nitrogen dioxide fraction in the exhaust gas according to the invention, can be an SCR catalytic converter.
  • this exhaust aftertreatment component 14 may also be a particulate filter or a NOx storage catalyst.
  • the setpoint for the proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas is selected depending on operating point.
  • the exhaust aftertreatment component 14 of the exhaust aftertreatment system 13 which is to be operated optimally as a result of the adjustment of the actual value of the nitrogen dioxide content, is an SCR catalyst
  • the setpoint for the nitrogen dioxide content in the exhaust gas is preferably 50%.
  • the setpoint for the proportion of nitrogen dioxide in the exhaust gas is selected such that, as a result of the operating parameters for the engine 1 1, which are changed as a function of this setpoint, the NOx raw emissions of the engine 11 are reduced by no more than 15%.
  • an increase in consumption of the engine 1 1 can be avoided.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
EP14744553.0A 2013-07-29 2014-07-28 Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine Ceased EP3063394A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013012566.9A DE102013012566A1 (de) 2013-07-29 2013-07-29 Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine
PCT/EP2014/066196 WO2015014805A1 (de) 2013-07-29 2014-07-28 Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3063394A1 true EP3063394A1 (de) 2016-09-07

Family

ID=51229912

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14744553.0A Ceased EP3063394A1 (de) 2013-07-29 2014-07-28 Verfahren zum betreiben einer brennkraftmaschine

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US9803575B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP3063394A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP6817811B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR101822762B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN105492745B (ja)
DE (1) DE102013012566A1 (ja)
WO (1) WO2015014805A1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102020204932A1 (de) * 2019-07-24 2021-01-28 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Verbrennungsmotors sowie Verbrennungsmotor

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CA2534031A1 (en) * 2006-02-03 2006-04-19 Westport Research Inc. Method and apparatus for operating a methane-fuelled engine and treating exhaust gas with a methane oxidation catalyst
EP2163741A1 (en) * 2007-06-26 2010-03-17 Isuzu Motors Limited No<sb>x</sb>purification system, and method for control of no<sb>x</sb>purification system
EP2426327A1 (en) * 2009-04-28 2012-03-07 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust emission control device for engine
DE102011111023A1 (de) * 2010-09-08 2012-03-08 Gm Global Technology Operations Llc (N.D.Ges.D. Staates Delaware) Verfahren zur Motorabgas-Nox-Steuerung unter Verwendung von No-Oxidation in dem Motor

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US5524432A (en) * 1991-08-01 1996-06-11 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in methane-fueled engine exhaust by controlled methane injections
DE29923945U1 (de) * 1998-02-06 2001-10-31 Johnson Matthey Public Ltd., Co., London System zur Verbesserung bei der katalytischen Reduktion von NOx·
CA2534031A1 (en) * 2006-02-03 2006-04-19 Westport Research Inc. Method and apparatus for operating a methane-fuelled engine and treating exhaust gas with a methane oxidation catalyst
EP2163741A1 (en) * 2007-06-26 2010-03-17 Isuzu Motors Limited No<sb>x</sb>purification system, and method for control of no<sb>x</sb>purification system
EP2426327A1 (en) * 2009-04-28 2012-03-07 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Exhaust emission control device for engine
DE102011111023A1 (de) * 2010-09-08 2012-03-08 Gm Global Technology Operations Llc (N.D.Ges.D. Staates Delaware) Verfahren zur Motorabgas-Nox-Steuerung unter Verwendung von No-Oxidation in dem Motor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20160035073A (ko) 2016-03-30
US9803575B2 (en) 2017-10-31
CN105492745B (zh) 2018-12-07
DE102013012566A1 (de) 2015-01-29
KR101822762B1 (ko) 2018-01-26
WO2015014805A1 (de) 2015-02-05
JP6817811B2 (ja) 2021-01-20
CN105492745A (zh) 2016-04-13
JP2016532810A (ja) 2016-10-20
US20160160774A1 (en) 2016-06-09

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