EP3007840A1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur behandlung eines metalls oder einer geschmolzenen metalllegierung unter verwendung eines additionsmittels - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zur behandlung eines metalls oder einer geschmolzenen metalllegierung unter verwendung eines additionsmittels

Info

Publication number
EP3007840A1
EP3007840A1 EP14728962.3A EP14728962A EP3007840A1 EP 3007840 A1 EP3007840 A1 EP 3007840A1 EP 14728962 A EP14728962 A EP 14728962A EP 3007840 A1 EP3007840 A1 EP 3007840A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
treatment
closure member
treatment bag
wall
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP14728962.3A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3007840B1 (de
Inventor
Mourad TOUMI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Elkem ASA
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to PL14728962T priority Critical patent/PL3007840T3/pl
Publication of EP3007840A1 publication Critical patent/EP3007840A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3007840B1 publication Critical patent/EP3007840B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
    • C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
    • C21C1/105—Nodularising additive agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
    • B22C9/103—Multipart cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0006—Adding metallic additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0075—Treating in a ladle furnace, e.g. up-/reheating of molten steel within the ladle
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
    • C22B9/10—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals with refining or fluxing agents; Use of materials therefor, e.g. slagging or scorifying agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
    • C22B9/10—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals with refining or fluxing agents; Use of materials therefor, e.g. slagging or scorifying agents
    • C22B9/103—Methods of introduction of solid or liquid refining or fluxing agents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/08—Details peculiar to crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/10—Crucibles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D3/00—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge
    • F27D3/0033—Charging; Discharging; Manipulation of charge charging of particulate material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/08—Details peculiar to crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B2014/0862—Flux guides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/08—Details peculiar to crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/10—Crucibles
    • F27B2014/106—Ladles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of treatment of a metal or a molten metal alloy with an additive substance.
  • cast iron is a well known iron-carbon alloy and widely used for the manufacture of mechanical parts.
  • the graphite is included in the structure in the form of lamellae in cast iron mechanical parts, so that the latter are very fragile.
  • UK Patent 1,503,226 refers to a method in which the magnesium deposited at the bottom of a ladle is covered with a scrap before introducing the cast iron and describes a method in which the magnesium is introduced into a chamber delimited by a double bottom parallel to the bottom of the pocket and having an opening at one end.
  • US Pat. Nos. 3,747,912, 5,098,665 and EP 2,144,443 disclose casting ladles provided in the bottom with a chamber having holes therein.
  • the ladle In a first step, the ladle being placed in a horizontal position, is introduced magnesium or a magnesium alloy in the chamber and partially filled the ladle with molten iron, said chamber being located above the level of molten cast iron.
  • the casting ladle In a second step, the casting ladle is turned, which is closed by a lid, to bring it in a vertical position, such that the magnesium or magnesium alloy comes into contact with the molten iron through the holes in the chamber and causes the desired reaction.
  • Another known method is to quickly dive into the molten iron, a perforated container containing magnesium or a magnesium alloy.
  • Another method is to gradually introduce, through the surface of the molten iron, a steel sheath containing magnesium or a magnesium alloy.
  • the melting of the steel sheath causes the magnesium or magnesium alloy to come into contact with the molten iron and the reaction.
  • patent GB 713,469 describes a casting ladle whose flat bottom has a recessed cavity for receiving an additive substance and which is provided with a vertically movable plate that can be placed on the bottom to close the cavity before introducing the metal into the pocket. When this plate is raised, the metal is brought into contact with the additive substance.
  • the object of the present invention is to improve the conditions and the means for treating a metal or a metal alloy with an additive substance.
  • this method comprises: depositing the additive substance in at least one local cavity arranged at the bottom a treatment pocket and delimited by an annular wall protruding from this bottom,
  • At least one closing member comprising a closing bell so that the closing bell remotely surrounds said wall and that its front edge bears against the bottom of the treatment pocket, creating a zone annular support around and away from the wall and located below the upper edge of the wall and forming a chamber including said cavity lo cal and an intermediate annular space surrounding said wall,
  • the reaction occurs deep in the metal and diffuses and its release can be easily controlled.
  • the wall constitutes an obstacle preventing any metal leakage likely to enter said chamber through said annular support zone when the closing bell is in the lowered position, to reach the additive substance contained in the cavity. .
  • the process can be applied to the treatment of a molten cast iron with pure magnesium or a magnesium alloy, the treatment of molten steel with calcium metal, a ferro-silicon or a silico-calcium, or the treatment of aluminum or an aluminum alloy with titanium, boron, sodium or an alloy containing at least one of these.
  • this device comprises a treatment bag, in which at least one local cavity is arranged at the bottom of the treatment bag and comprising an attachment device comprising at least one closure member and means for displacement to move this closure member to and from a low position of isolation or closure of said local cavity.
  • the bottom of the treatment bag has a projecting annular wall delimiting said local cavity.
  • the lower part of the closure member comprises a closing bell which, in said lower position, is able to surround said wall remotely and whose front edge, in said lower position, is able to bear against the bottom of the treatment pocket, by creating an annular zone of support around and at a distance from the wall and located below the upper edge of the wall, so as to form a chamber including said local cavity and an intermediate annular space surrounding said wall.
  • the closure member may comprise a suspension arm connected to said displacement means and a lower part having a lower annular edge bearing, in said low isolation position, on an area of the bottom of the treatment bag, extending around said lo cal cavity.
  • the lower part of the closure member may comprise a closing bell.
  • the bottom of the treatment bag may have a projecting annular wall delimiting said local cavity.
  • the closure member may extend through a passage of at least a partial closure lid portion of the treatment bag.
  • the attached equipment may include means for guiding the closure member.
  • the closure member may be rigidly connected to said moving means.
  • the displacement means may comprise means for exerting a force for applying the closure member to the bearing zone of the latter on the bottom of the treatment bag.
  • FIG. 1 shows a vertical section of a treatment device, according to a step of use
  • FIG. 2 represents a view from above of the processing device of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 shows a vertical section of the processing device of Figure 1, according to another step of use
  • FIG. 4 shows a vertical section of the processing device of Figure 1, according to another step of use
  • FIG. 5 shows a vertical section of another treatment device, according to a step of use
  • FIG. 6 represents a view from above of the treatment device of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 shows a partial vertical section of an alternative embodiment of a treatment device.
  • a device 1 A for treating a molten metal with an additive substance comprises a treatment bag 2 which comprises a peripheral wall 3, for example cylindrical or frustoconical, of circular, square or rectangular, and a bottom 4, for example radial and flat.
  • the peripheral wall 3 and the radial bottom 4 respectively comprise a metal outer envelope 5a and 5b and an inner lining 6a and 6b made of a refractory material.
  • the treatment bag 2 is provided with a lid portion
  • the lid portion 7 which provides a reduced upper opening 8 which extends for example over half of the section of the peripheral wall 3.
  • the lid portion 7 comprises a metal core 8, which is fixed on the upper end of the casing 5 a, and a coating 9 of a refractory material at least internally to the treatment bag 2, which joins the coating 6a.
  • a local cavity 10 which is delimited by an annular wall 1 1 in protruding above the bottom 4 and formed by an upward extension of the lining 6b.
  • the treatment bag 2 is provided with an attached equipment
  • the closure member 13 comprises a suspension arm 15 which extends into the treatment bag 2 along an axis parallel to the axis of the treatment bag 2 and aligned with the axis of the local cavity 10 and which passes through freely a passage 16 arranged through the lid portion 7.
  • the suspension arm 15 comprises a metal axial rod
  • the mounted equipment 12 comprises a support 20 which is fixed on the metal core 8 of the lid portion 7, opposite the opening 8.
  • the airtight closing bell 17 covers and surrounds the wall 11 remotely.
  • the front edge of the closure bell 17 and the bottom 4 of the treatment bag 2, more particularly the internal face 24 of the coating 6b, create between them an annular support zone 23, around and at a distance from the wall 11, so that the hermetic closure bell 17 and the bottom 4 of the treatment pocket 2 delimit a sealed or airtight chamber 25 including the local cavity 10, the materials being selected being adapted for this chamber to be watertight or hermetic.
  • the wall 11 extends projecting upwards with respect to the annular support zone 23, which is thus located below the annular upper edge of the wall 11 and the chamber 25 comprises an intermediate annular space 25a which surrounds the wall 11 and which is located below the annular upper edge of the wall 11.
  • the upper part of the coating 19 of the suspension arm 15 extends in the passage 16 of the lid portion 7 and is spaced from the radial portion 22 of the support 19.
  • the displacement means 14 comprise a cable 26, one end of which is hooked on the upper end 18a of the rod 18 of the closure member 13 and which comes from a winder 27 which can be rotated by a geared motor 28 of which the casing is fixed against the outer face of the casing 5a of the peripheral wall 3 of the treatment bag 2, on the side of the lid portion 7, by means of a console 29.
  • the pulleys 30 and 31 are arranged such that said strand of the cable 26 has a vertical portion 26a between the upper attachment end 18a and the pulley 30, a horizontal portion 26b between the pulleys 30 and 31 and a vertical portion 26c between the reel 27 and the pulley 31.
  • the closure member 13 rests on the bottom 4 of the treatment bag 2 and the chamber 25 is formed.
  • the cable 25 is wound in the reel 27 and pulls up the closing member 13 by moving the closure bell 17 from the bottom 4 of the treatment bag 2 from said low position of insulation, which creates a passage between the front edge 22 of the closure bell 17 and the bottom 4 of the pocket of treatment 2 and consequently causes the opening of the chamber 25.
  • the processing device 1 A can be used as follows.
  • the geared motor 28 is actuated so as to raise the closure member 13 with respect to the bottom 4 of the treatment bag 2, to a sufficient height.
  • a tubular lance 36 can be introduced into the treatment bag 2 by its upper opening 8 and be placed in a position such that its lower end is located just above the local cavity 10.
  • the tubular lance 36 can then be used to introduce into the local cavity 10 a desired quantity of an additive substance 37, for example magnesium or a magnesium alloy, in the form of a powder, grains or flakes.
  • an additive substance 37 for example magnesium or a magnesium alloy, in the form of a powder, grains or flakes.
  • the gearmotor 28 is activated so as to lower the closure member 13 towards said low position of insulation.
  • the closing member 13 reaches this position, the insulated chamber 25 is formed and the additive substance 37 is enclosed in this insulated chamber 25.
  • a means could be provided for firmly holding the closure member 13 in said low position of insulation.
  • this holding means could comprise a removable conical key, placed manually, passing through the rod 1 8 and ears provided above the radial portion 22 of the support 20 and on either side of the rod 1 8, in a further example, this holding means could comprise a controllable actuating member, for example a system with one or more jacks acting down on a shoulder of the rod 1 8 in the low position of iso lement via one or more rockers, the latter can be retracted to let this shoulder when the rod is moved upwards.
  • the pressure of the metal on the closure bell 1 7 contributes to maintaining the support of the latter on the bottom 24 of the treatment bag.
  • the upper opening 8 could then be closed by a cover (not shown) attached or mounted on the cover portion 7, for example in an articulated manner, to close the pocket 3 and for example reduce heat loss, limit metal projections reduce any oxidation and improve the reaction efficiency.
  • the geared motor 28 is activated so as to raise the closure member 13. In doing so, the molten metal 38 is contacted with the additive substance 37. The desired reaction between the molten metal 38 and the additive substance 37 occurs.
  • the treatment bag 2 can be carried by a transport carriage by means of support and tilting means or can be carried by lifting means such as a cable crane provided with tilting means, eg cable.
  • the time difference between the moment when the closure member 13 is raised to cause the reaction between the additive substance 37 and the molten metal 38 and the moment when the molten metal 38 is spilled can be chosen by the operator and perfectly controlled, this time difference being independent of the previous operations of depositing the additive substance in the local cavity 10 and filling the treatment bag 2 with the molten metal 38.
  • the reaction is initiated in the depth of the molten metal 38, which is favorable for diffusion of the reaction throughout the volume of the molten metal. 38.
  • the dosage of the amount of the additive substance relative to the volume of the molten metal to be treated is facilitated and can be precise.
  • the displacement means 39 comprise a slide 40 which comprises a lateral arm 41 arranged laterally to the treatment pocket 2 and parallel to the axis of the latter and which comprises a radial arm 42 which extends above and away from the lid portion 7.
  • the lateral arm 41 passes through guide passages 43 and 44 formed through spaced radial brackets 45 and 46 which are fixed against the casing 5a of the treatment bag 2.
  • the lateral arm 41 is provided with a rack 47 parallel to the axis of the treatment bag 2, in engagement with a pinion 48 carried by the axis of a geared motor 49 fixed on the casing 5a of the treatment bag. 2 via a console 50.
  • the upper end 18a of the rod 18 of the closing member 13 comprises a plate which is fixed below the free end portion of the radial arm 42, for example by screws 51, so that the closure member 13 is integral with the slider 40.
  • the gearmotor 49 When the gearmotor 49 is activated, in one direction or the other, the pinion 48 acts on the rack 47 to move in translation the slide 40 in one direction or the other, parallel to the axis of the treatment pocket 2, and the slider 40 moves the closure member 13 in one direction or the other.
  • the displacement means 39 can then be used in an equivalent manner to what has been previously described with respect to the displacement means 14 for closing and opening the chamber 25.
  • the geared motor 49 can generate a desired force of application of the closing bell 17 on the inner face 24 of the bottom. 4 of the treatment bag 2 on the support zone 23, in particular to ensure the sealing of the chamber 25.
  • This application force can be maintained for example by a non-reversibility of the geared motor 49.
  • the local cavity 10 is deepened so that its bottom 10a is at a level lower than that of the internal face 24 of the bottom 4 of the treatment bag 2.
  • the geared motors 28 and 49 could be replaced by actuating cylinders which, in the case of the displacement means 14, would be connected to the cable 25 and, in the case of the displacement means 39, would be connected to the slide 40.
  • the bearing zone 23 could be covered with a sealing layer made of a refractory material.
  • the inner lining 6b could have an annular groove between the wall 1 1 and the annular support zone 23, so as to enlarge the intermediate annular space 25 a.
  • the treatment devices and their modes of use which have just been described can be applied without limitation, in particular to the treatment of a cast iron with pure magnesium or a magnesium alloy or to the treatment of a steel with calcium metal. , a ferro-silicon or a silico-calcium or the treatment of aluminum with an alloy of titanium and boron or sodium, generally for an effect on their metallurgical structure.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
EP14728962.3A 2013-06-10 2014-06-06 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur behandlung eines metalls oder einer geschmolzenen metalllegierung unter verwendung eines additionsmittels Active EP3007840B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL14728962T PL3007840T3 (pl) 2013-06-10 2014-06-06 Sposób i urządzenie do przetwarzania stopionego metalu bądź stopu metali za pomocą substancji pomocniczej

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1355332A FR3006695A1 (fr) 2013-06-10 2013-06-10 Procede et dispositif de traitement d'un metal ou d'un alliage metallique en fusion par une substance additive
PCT/EP2014/061830 WO2014198662A1 (fr) 2013-06-10 2014-06-06 Procédé et dispositif de traitement d'un métal ou d'un alliage métallique en fusion par une substance additive

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3007840A1 true EP3007840A1 (de) 2016-04-20
EP3007840B1 EP3007840B1 (de) 2018-10-10

Family

ID=49212823

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14728962.3A Active EP3007840B1 (de) 2013-06-10 2014-06-06 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur behandlung eines metalls oder einer geschmolzenen metalllegierung unter verwendung eines additionsmittels

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US10023923B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3007840B1 (de)
ES (1) ES2705073T3 (de)
FR (1) FR3006695A1 (de)
PL (1) PL3007840T3 (de)
PT (1) PT3007840T (de)
WO (1) WO2014198662A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104928430B (zh) * 2015-05-22 2017-08-15 江苏嘉耐高温材料有限公司 蓄铁式出铁沟进行铁水预脱磷喂料机及其预脱磷方法

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US2529346A (en) 1947-03-22 1950-11-07 Int Nickel Co Method for the production of cast iron and alloy addition agent used in method
US2485760A (en) 1947-03-22 1949-10-25 Int Nickel Co Cast ferrous alloy
GB713469A (en) * 1950-12-15 1954-08-11 Hans Freiherr Prinz Von Buchau Process and apparatus for treating molten metal
FR1113491A (fr) * 1954-11-04 1956-03-29 Ct Tech De La Fonderie Perfectionnements à la fabrication de la fonte et plus particulièrement de la fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
DE1433639A1 (de) * 1964-04-17 1968-11-21 Strico Ges Fuer Metallurg U Wa Anlage und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
FR1398505A (fr) * 1964-06-12 1965-05-07 Elektrometallurgie Gmbh Dispositif permettant l'alliage et le traitement de masses métalliques en fusion dans une poche de coulée
GB1278265A (en) 1968-07-17 1972-06-21 Materials & Methods Ltd Improved process for the manufacture of nodular cast iron
DE2052818A1 (de) * 1970-10-28 1972-05-04 Iglesias Hernandez, Eduardo, Dipl.-Chem. Dr., Hernani (Spanien) Verfahren zum Herstellen von Sphäroguss
CH522459A (de) 1971-04-23 1972-06-30 Fischer Ag Georg Kippbarer Giessbehälter zur Behandlung einer Eisen-Kohlenstoffschmelze mit verdampfbaren Zusätzen
DE2540142A1 (de) * 1975-09-09 1977-04-21 Metallgesellschaft Ag Vorrichtung zur behandlung von metallschmelzen, insbesondere eisenlegierungsschmelzen
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FR2421948A1 (fr) 1978-04-06 1979-11-02 Pro Chi Met Produits Chim Meta Procede de preparation d'alliages ferreux sensiblement exempts de cerium, permettant d'ameliorer notamment leurs proprietes mecaniques grace a l'emploi de lanthane, et alliages ferreux obtenus par ce procede
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3007840B1 (de) 2018-10-10
US20160115561A1 (en) 2016-04-28
ES2705073T3 (es) 2019-03-21
PT3007840T (pt) 2018-12-14
US10023923B2 (en) 2018-07-17
WO2014198662A1 (fr) 2014-12-18
PL3007840T3 (pl) 2019-05-31
FR3006695A1 (fr) 2014-12-12

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