EP2910853A1 - Verbrennungsanlage und Verfahren zur Verbrennung von faseriger Biomasse - Google Patents

Verbrennungsanlage und Verfahren zur Verbrennung von faseriger Biomasse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2910853A1
EP2910853A1 EP14156185.2A EP14156185A EP2910853A1 EP 2910853 A1 EP2910853 A1 EP 2910853A1 EP 14156185 A EP14156185 A EP 14156185A EP 2910853 A1 EP2910853 A1 EP 2910853A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
biomass
carrier gas
pulverised
milling
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14156185.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Niels Houbak
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ramboll Danmark AS
Original Assignee
Ramboll Danmark AS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ramboll Danmark AS filed Critical Ramboll Danmark AS
Priority to EP14156185.2A priority Critical patent/EP2910853A1/de
Publication of EP2910853A1 publication Critical patent/EP2910853A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/10—Drying by heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2201/00—Pretreatment
    • F23G2201/80—Shredding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2205/00—Waste feed arrangements
    • F23G2205/20—Waste feed arrangements using airblast or pneumatic feeding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2206/00—Waste heat recuperation
    • F23G2206/10—Waste heat recuperation reintroducing the heat in the same process, e.g. for predrying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
    • F23G2209/26—Biowaste

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combustion system for combusting fibrous biomass, wherein the combustion system comprising a pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber.
  • the invention further relates to a method for combusting fibrous biomass.
  • coal milling means In a typical large scale coal-fired power station the coal is usually first crushed in coal milling means - often referred to as a pulveriser or a grinder.
  • the purpose of the milling means is to pulverise the coal so that it may be delivered directly from the milling means and into a combustion chamber designed specifically to run on pulverised fuel.
  • the milling means can be formed in a number of ways but in one of the most common designs the coal is crushed between a milling table and rollers, mills or balls both being substantially smooth to ensure that the coal is more or less transformed into dust.
  • An object of the invention is therefore to provide for a more cost-efficient and/or environmentally friendly combustion technique.
  • the invention provides for a combustion system for combusting fibrous biomass.
  • the combustion system comprises a pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber and milling means for pulverising the fibrous biomass.
  • the combustion system further comprises gas flow means for establishing a flow of carrier gas through the milling means and into the combustion chamber for carrying the pulverised biomass into the combustion chamber and temperature maintaining means for ensuring that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix does not drop more that 5% from the milling means and until it reaches the combustion chamber.
  • fibrous biomass in this context should be interpreted as any kind fibrous biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms - in this case particularly but not limited to lignocellulosic biomass.
  • Such biomass can be obtained from a multitude of different plants such as miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus, pine, and spruce to palm trees.
  • the fibrous biomass could include corncobs, nut shells, avocado stones, straw or a multitude of other types of fibrous biological material or any combination thereof.
  • milling means in this context should be interpreted as any kind of mill suited for grinding and pulverising fibrous biological material i.e. any kind of rolling mill, ball mill, tube mills, ring mills, hammer mills or other or any combination thereof.
  • gas flow means in this context should be interpreted as any kind of gas flow device suitable for generating a flow of carrier gas through the milling means and into the combustion chamber i.e. any kind of fan, blower or ventilator or any kind of means for establishing a pressure difference capable of generating the gas flow.
  • temperature maintaining means in this context should be interpreted as any kind of temperature maintaining arrangement suitable for ensuring that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix substantially does not drop while moving from the milling means to the combustion chamber i.e. any kind of insulation, lagging or other passive means or active heating means such as means utilising hot flue gas, hot steam or separate electrical heating means such as immersion heaters, radiative heaters, coil heaters or heat pumps or any combination thereof.
  • said milling means comprises means for pulverising said biomass between substantially smooth milling surfaces. It is advantageous to use substantially smooth milling surfaces in that it reduces the risk of build-up of sticky biomass in the milling means.
  • said milling means comprises integrated heating means for heating said biomass during said milling process.
  • Including heating means in the milling means is advantageous in that it hereby is possible to heat the biomass more efficiently.
  • said temperature maintaining means comprises insulation means.
  • Making the temperature maintaining means comprises insulation means is advantageous in that it is an efficient and relatively inexpensive way of ensuring that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix is maintained at an acceptable level.
  • insulating means any kind of insulator capable of significantly lowering the thermal conductivity of what it is applied to e.g. the thermal conductivity through the walls of the conduit through which the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix travels from the milling means to the combustion chamber.
  • insulating material include any kind of material having a low thermal conductivity i.e. typically below 0.5 watts per meter kelvin (W•m-1•K-1) such as mineral wool or foam, ceramic insulation tiles, glass foam, polyurethane foam, paper, expanded polystyrene or other.
  • said temperature maintaining means comprises active heating means for heating said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix and/or a conduit through which said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix moves between said milling means and said combustion chamber.
  • Making the temperature maintaining means comprise active heating means is advantageous in that it enables that the temperature of the temperature maintaining means can be controlled more precisely. Furthermore, active heating means will also reduce the warm-up period at start-up hereby increasing the capacity of the system. Even further, given the fact that heat is readily available - e.g. in the form of flue gas or steam - and that electrical heating means are easy to install, easy to control and does not consume much space, it is advantageous to make the temperature maintaining means comprise such active heating means.
  • active heating means any active heater capable of actively heating the conduit and/or the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix traveling through the conduit so that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix is maintained above a critical lower level during the entire travel.
  • said combustion system comprises control means for controlling the temperature of said carrier gas as it enters said milling means at least partly on the basis on measurements of the temperature of said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix.
  • Specific biomass needs to be heated to a specific temperature before and/or during milling to ensure substantially trouble-free milling process and efficient pulverising and to ensure that this milling temperature is reached and to ensure that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix does substantially not drop below this milling temperature, it is advantageous to control the entry temperature of the carrier gas at least partly on the basis on measurements of the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix.
  • said combustion system comprises control means for controlling the temperature of said carrier gas so that the temperature of said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix is above 150°C, preferably above 180°C and most preferred above 200°C when said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix leaves said milling means.
  • the specified temperature levels provide an advantageous relationship between energy consumption and efficiency.
  • said carrier gas comprises flue gas from combustion of said pulverised biomass in said pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber.
  • Airborne pulverised biomass is usually highly flammable (explosive) and it is therefore advantageous to make the carrier gas comprise flue gas to reduce the oxygen level in the carrier gas and thus eliminate - or at least reduce - the explosion risk. Furthermore, given the neighbouring combustion process, hot flue gas is readily available.
  • said carrier gas comprises below 16%, preferably below 15% and most preferred below 14% oxygen.
  • pulverised biomass will under certain circumstances be highly explosive. It is therefore advantageous to reduce the oxygen level of the carrier gas. However, it is difficult and expensive if the oxygen level has to be lowered too much and the present oxygen levels therefore present an advantageous relationship between safety and cost.
  • said fibrous biomass is wood chips.
  • Wood chips have a relatively high calorific value, it is relatively easy to pulverise under the right circumstances, it is available in amounts suitable for large power plants at reasonable prices and it is therefore advantageous that the biomass is wood chips.
  • the invention further provides for a method for combusting fibrous biomass.
  • the method comprising the steps of:
  • said method further comprises drying said fibrous biomass to a moisture content below 18%, preferably below 16% and most preferred below 13% before said fibrous biomass is loaded into said milling means.
  • said fibrous biomass is dried at least partly by means of flue gas from combustion of said pulverised biomass in said pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber or by means of other hot gasses produced by means of said combustion.
  • Drying the fibrous biomass by means of flue gas from the combustion of the biomass or other hot gasses - such as steam - generated by this combustion is advantageous in that it enables an efficient and inexpensive drying process.
  • said method further comprises the step of adjusting the entrance temperature of said carrier gas so that the temperature of said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix is above 150°C, preferably above 180°C and most preferred above 200°C when said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix leaves said milling means.
  • said entrance temperature of said carrier gas is at least partly adjusted on the basis of temperature measurements of said pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix.
  • Controlling the entrance temperature of the carrier gas on the basis of temperature measurements of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix is advantageous to ensure that the milling process runs at a desired temperature.
  • said carrier gas is formed by mixing flue gas from combustion of said pulverised biomass in said pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber with air.
  • Forming the carrier gas by a mix of hot flue gas and cold or preheated air is an advantageous way of controlling the temperature and the oxygen level of the carrier gas.
  • said fibrous biomass is pulverised at a temperature above 200°C, preferably above 220 °C.
  • the milling means are capable of operating properly at such high temperatures but if the temperature is too low during the milling process the biomass will not become so brittle that it can be pulverised and the risk of lignin or similar substances being pressed out of the biomass - instead of being evaporated and/or transformed into more volatile substances - increases, which may cause clogging or inefficient milling process.
  • the present temperature levels present an advantageous relationship between cost and efficiency.
  • said method is a method for combusting fibrous biomass by means of a combustion system according to any of previously discussed combustion systems.
  • Fig. 1 a cross section of a simplified embodiment of milling means 3, as seen from the front.
  • the milling means 3 comprises a centrally arranged entrance duct 15 through which the fibrous biomass 13 is fed to the milling table 16.
  • the milling table 16 is rotating around a vertical axis by means of an electrical motor (not shown) so that the un-driven mill rollers 17 are also being rotated around horizontal axis by the rotation of the milling table 16.
  • the biomass 13 is then milled between the rotating table 16 and the rollers 17.
  • the rotational axis of the mill rollers 17 would be tilted e.g. 5°-15° in relation to horizontal.
  • the pulverized biomass is then carried out through one or more mill exits 18 by means of a carrier gas 12 entering the milling means at/below the edge of the milling table 16.
  • exit ducts 18 are formed with sharp turns so that heavier elements of the pulverized biomass are hurled back onto the milling table 16 to be further pulverized.
  • the milling means 3 could be designed and arranged in numerous other ways e.g. depending on the specific use, the temperature capacity, the biomass and other.
  • the fibrous biomass 13 is heated to a temperature above 200°C before and during milling to carbonize the biomass 13 and thereby reduce its mechanical strength and ductility so that the fibers in the material breaks more easy and so that more volatile components in the biomass evaporates before and during the milling process.
  • This is advantageous in that e.g. if the biomass 13 is some sort of wood at least parts of the lignin in wood material evaporates before milling so that the lignin is not simply pressed out of the wood. Lignin is very sticky and would easily clog the milling process or other parts of the combustion system 1.
  • biomass 13 Different biomass has to be heated above different temperature levels to ensure that potentially process-harming materials evaporates or is combusted and that the biomass becomes fragile enough to be pulverized but in general the biomass 13 should be heated to a temperature above 200°C and to be sure that the biomass 13 is sufficiently heated the biomass 13 is in this embodiment heated to between 250°C and 270°C.
  • the milling table 16 is provided with integrated heating means 7 so that as the outer layers of the biomass 13 becomes brittle from the heat treatment, it breaks off and exposes the inner layers and thus enables faster heating of the inner layers - hereby increasing the capacity of the milling means 3.
  • milling means 3 could be provided with integrated heating means 7 such as the milling rollers 17, milling table 16 or balls (not shown), entrance duct 15, mill exit 18 or other.
  • integrated heating means 7 such as the milling rollers 17, milling table 16 or balls (not shown), entrance duct 15, mill exit 18 or other.
  • milling means 3 does in this embodiment comprise milling rollers 17 but in another embodiment the milling means 3 could instead or also comprise milling balls or even hammering or pressing mill surfaces.
  • milling surfaces 6 - i.e. the surfaces in between which the biomass is pulverized - are substantially smooth so that the biomass 13 does not build-up in between teeth, in indentations, in cracks or other.
  • the fibrous biomass 13 is wood chip but in another embodiment the fibrous biomass 13 could in principle be any kind of biological material comprising some sort of fibers at least assisting in holding the biomass together.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a combustion system 1, as seen from the front.
  • two individually operated milling means 3 are connected to the same pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber 2 but in another embodiment only one milling means 3 would be connected to a single pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber 2 or more than two - such as three, four, five, six or more milling means 3 - would be connected to the same pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber 2.
  • each of the mill exits 18 of a specific milling means 3 is connected to the same burner means 20 on the combustion chamber 2 through dedicated conduits 10 but in another embodiment each mill exit 18 could be connected to independent burners 20, a different mill exits 18 could be connected to different burner means 20 or the mill exits 18 of more milling means 3 could be connected to the same burner 20.
  • the conduits 10 is in this embodiment provided with insulation means 8 in the form of lagging. If the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14 drops more that 5% - i.e. substantially more than 13.5°C, if the exit temperature at the milling means 3 is 270°C - the volatile substances (particularly tar substances) that did evaporate in or before the milling process will start to condensate in the conduit 10 and gradually clog the passage through the conduits 10.
  • At least a part of the carrier gas 12 is drawn from the exhaust of the pulverised fuel fired combustion chamber 2 in the form of flue gas 19.
  • this aspect is discussed in more details in relation with figure 3 .
  • combustion system 1 is arranged to generate steam to drive the power turbines of an electrical power plant.
  • combustion system 1 could be used in relation with a district heating system, a cement plant or other facilities demanding a massive heat source.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of an embodiment of a combustion system 1, as seen from the front.
  • the combustion system 1 comprises drying means 21 for drying the fibrous biomass 13 and thereby reduce its moisture content before it is fed to the milling means 3 through the entrance duct 15.
  • the biomass 13 is dried to a residual moist content of 10% but in another embodiment the biomass 13 could be dried to another residual moist content e.g. adapted to the specific type of biomass 13, the moisture content of the carrier gas 12, the specific milling means 3 or other.
  • the combustion system 1 is arranged to generate steam to drive the power turbines of an electrical power plant so in this embodiment the fibrous biomass 13 is dried by means of steam 22 taken from this process.
  • the biomass 13 could be dried by means of flue gas 19 from the combustion process, by means of an independent and/or external heat source or any combination thereof.
  • the biomass is typically dried at a temperature around 100°C.
  • the drying process could also be used for preparing the biomass 13 for the milling process by preheating the biomass to a temperature above 200°C e.g. if the drying process was pressurised.
  • the fibrous biomass 13 is pulverised as discussed in relation with figure 1 .
  • the pulverised biomass is transported from the milling means 3 to the burner means 20 of the combustion chamber 2 by means of a carrier gas 12.
  • the carrier gas 12 is also at least assisting in getting the temperature in the milling means 3 above 200°C.
  • the carrier gas 12 is at least partly formed by flue gas 19 from the combustion process in the combustion camber 2 and to adjust the temperature of the carrier gas 12, the flue gas 19 is in this embodiment mixed with air 23 in gas flow means 4.
  • the carrier gas 12 could also/or instead comprise other gasses such as heated air, cold flue gas, other gasses extracted from the combustion processes or succeeding processes, externally supplied gasses or any combination thereof.
  • the flow rate of the carrier gas 12 is controlled by the gas flow means 4 by controlling the pressure of the pre-pressurised flue gas 19.
  • the gas flow means 4 would comprise active pressurising means e.g. in the form of pumps, fans or other means generating the desired flow and pressure of carrier gas 12.
  • the carrier gas 12 would be made from a part of the flue gas 19 from the combustion chamber 2 e.g. being drawn before a flue gas suction fan arranged in the combustion chamber exhaust, where after the desired flow of the carrier gas is made and controlled by a dedicated booster fan.
  • the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14 is guided from the milling means 3 to the combustion chamber 2 by means of a conduit 10.
  • a conduit 10 To ensure that the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14 is maintained at or at least very near to the temperature at which the biomass is milled, until it reaches the burner means 20, at least a part of the conduit 10 is in this embodiment provided with temperature maintaining means 5 in the form of active heating means 9.
  • the active heating means 9 is electrical heating means.
  • the combustion system 1 is also provided with control means 11 connected to the gas flow means 4 so that the entry temperature of the carrier gas 12 in this case is controlled on the basis of measurements of the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14.
  • the temperature of the pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14 is measured by means of temperature sensor means 24 located at the mill exit 18 but in another embodiment the temperature sensor means 24 could be located anywhere on or at the conduit 10, on or at the burner means 20 or on or at the milling means 3.
  • control means 11 is also arranged to control the active heating means 9 on the basis of output from the temperature sensor means 24 but in another embodiment the temperature maintaining means 5 could comprise its own temperature control system e.g. comprising temperature sensors.
  • the temperature of the drying process in the drying means 21 and/or the temperature of the integrated heating means 7 in the milling means 3 could also be controlled by the control means 11 and/or by means of individual control means.
  • combustion system 1 is arranged to run as a continuous process i.e. fibrous biomass 13 is continuously fed to the milling means 3 so that pulverised biomass and carrier gas mix 14 is constantly fed to the combustion chamber 2.
  • the combustion system 1 could include intermittent operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
EP14156185.2A 2014-02-21 2014-02-21 Verbrennungsanlage und Verfahren zur Verbrennung von faseriger Biomasse Withdrawn EP2910853A1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14156185.2A EP2910853A1 (de) 2014-02-21 2014-02-21 Verbrennungsanlage und Verfahren zur Verbrennung von faseriger Biomasse

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14156185.2A EP2910853A1 (de) 2014-02-21 2014-02-21 Verbrennungsanlage und Verfahren zur Verbrennung von faseriger Biomasse

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EP2910853A1 true EP2910853A1 (de) 2015-08-26

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003036169A1 (en) 2001-10-24 2003-05-01 Ambienteco Group Llc Process and apparatus for disposing of municipal solid waste
US20060225424A1 (en) * 2005-04-12 2006-10-12 Zilkha Biomass Energy Llc Integrated Biomass Energy System
GB2448547A (en) * 2007-04-21 2008-10-22 Drax Power Ltd Electrical power generation using biomass

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003036169A1 (en) 2001-10-24 2003-05-01 Ambienteco Group Llc Process and apparatus for disposing of municipal solid waste
US20060225424A1 (en) * 2005-04-12 2006-10-12 Zilkha Biomass Energy Llc Integrated Biomass Energy System
GB2448547A (en) * 2007-04-21 2008-10-22 Drax Power Ltd Electrical power generation using biomass

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