EP2865033A1 - Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung - Google Patents
Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP2865033A1 EP2865033A1 EP13809585.6A EP13809585A EP2865033A1 EP 2865033 A1 EP2865033 A1 EP 2865033A1 EP 13809585 A EP13809585 A EP 13809585A EP 2865033 A1 EP2865033 A1 EP 2865033A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- semi
- phase
- metal
- compound
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 40
- -1 aryloxy ester Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 176
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N ethyl (e)-3-[3-amino-2-cyano-1-[(e)-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\SC(=C(C#N)C(N)=O)S\C=C\C(=O)OCC NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000235 small-angle X-ray scattering Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003827 NRaRb Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- HTSGKJQDMSTCGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylbutane-1,4-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C(C(=O)C=1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1)CC(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 HTSGKJQDMSTCGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 150000004715 keto acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 8
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 40
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 11
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- BGJSXRVXTHVRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trioxane Chemical compound C1OCOCO1 BGJSXRVXTHVRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZFPGARUNNKGOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone Chemical compound CCN1CCCC1=O ZFPGARUNNKGOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229950003621 butoxylate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006045 2-methyl-1-pentenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000006047 4-methyl-1-pentenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930040373 Paraformaldehyde Natural products 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptane Chemical compound C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC DIOQZVSQGTUSAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960004592 isopropanol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-propyl alcohol Natural products CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021392 nanocarbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002866 paraformaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000005501 phase interface Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GRTIGQZVUZLKSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-methylphenoxy)silane Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O[SiH3])C=C1 GRTIGQZVUZLKSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003067 (meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002905 orthoesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011238 particulate composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001844 prenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1-thiol Chemical compound CCCS SUVIGLJNEAMWEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- SNOOUWRIMMFWNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;6-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)amino]hexanoate Chemical compound [Na+].COC1=CC(C(=O)NCCCCCC([O-])=O)=CC(OC)=C1OC SNOOUWRIMMFWNE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVRHUEBADCVHJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrakis(4-methylphenyl) silicate Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1O[Si](OC=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)OC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 QVRHUEBADCVHJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ADLSSRLDGACTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenyl silicate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1O[Si](OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ADLSSRLDGACTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012722 thermally initiated polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007944 thiolates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAQYAMRNWDIXMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroborane Chemical compound ClB(Cl)Cl FAQYAMRNWDIXMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJAJJFGMKAZGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(phenoxy)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 OJAJJFGMKAZGRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXJNGXCZSCHDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1O[Si](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 IXJNGXCZSCHDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDCWDBMBZLORER-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl borate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OB(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 MDCWDBMBZLORER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/137—Electrodes based on electro-active polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
- H01M4/602—Polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of composite materials having inorganic (semi-) metal-containing phases and either polymer phases or carbonaceous phases.
- Composite materials of this type are generally accessible by reactive twin polymerization. Such composite materials can be used for the production of rechargeable batteries and energy storage.
- the invention further describes the use of the novel composite materials in electrodes and electrochemical cells.
- WO2010 / 1 12580 discloses an electroactive material containing a carbon phase and at least one MO x phase, wherein M is a metal or semimetal. These phases form co-continuous phase domains and are prepared by twin polymerization followed by a calcination step M be selected from B, Al, Si, Ti, Zr, Sn, Sb or mixtures thereof. In this case, Si may be up to 90 mol%, based on the total amount of M.
- WO2010 / 12581 includes a process for producing a nanocomposite material having at least one inorganic or organometallic phase and one organic polymer phase by twin polymerization.
- nanocomposite materials having a carbon phase and at least one inorganic phase of a half / metal oxide or half / metal nitride are described.
- the disclosed nanocomposite materials have co-continuous phase domains. It is disclosed that the metals or semimetals can be a combination of Si with at least one further metal atom, in particular Ti or Sn.
- PCT / EP2012 / 050690 discloses a process for producing a composite material having at least one oxide and one organic polymer phase, which is achieved by copolymerizing aryloxy (semi-) metal or aryloxy esters of oxo-acid-forming non-metals with formaldehyde or formaldehyde equivalents , Calcination of the copolymerate results in electroactive nanocomposite materials containing a semi-metal / inorganic metal phase and a carbon phase, which phases occur in co-continuous phase domains.
- EP application no. 1 1 181795.3 describes a process based on the reaction of tin-containing monomers by twin polymerization.
- the disclosed composite materials comprise at least one tin oxide phase and an organic polymer phase, wherein the phases may be in co-continuous phase domains.
- This composite material can, as in EP application no. 1 1 181795.3, also be used for the production of a tin-carbon composite material.
- EP application no. 1,171,8160.5 discloses an electroactive material comprising a carbon phase and at least one SnO x phase, where x is a number from 0 to 2, by reacting a novolak with a tin salt.
- the present invention has for its object to provide a composite material which is suitable as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Also, a process for its preparation should be found, whereby the composite material can be produced in a simple manner, with reproducible quality and on a large scale, the production should be safe, inexpensive and easily accessible starting materials feasible. The aim was also that the content of (semi) metal should be adjustable in the widest possible limits.
- the electrochemical cells made with this anode material should have high capacitance, cycle stability, efficiency, reliability, good mechanical stability and low impedances.
- the process should be applicable to a variety of combinations of different (semi-) metals that should be usable in a flexible ratio.
- This object is achieved with a method for producing a composite material containing
- aryloxy (semi-) metalate and / or aryloxy ester of an oxo acid-forming non-metal wherein the non-metal of carbon and nitrogen
- Another object of the present invention is a composite material containing a) at least one (semi-) metal-containing phase and
- At least one (semi-) metal-containing phase contains two different (semi-) metals
- the weight of each (semi-) metal in the composite material is at least 2% by weight based on the weight of carbon in the composite material
- at least one organic polymer phase having at least of a (semi-) metal-containing phase forms phase domains and the average distance (the arithmetic mean of the distances) of two adjacent domain-identical phases, determined by means of small-angle X-ray scattering, is substantially at most 200 nm.
- a composite material also referred to below as “electroactive material”
- each (semi-) metal of the composite material is at least 2% by weight, based on the weight of carbon in the composite material
- the average distance (the arithmetic mean of the distances) of two adjacent domains of identical phases, determined by means of small angle X-ray scattering, is substantially at most 10 nm and / or the oxide and / or (semi-) metallic phase essentially forms phase domains with an average diameter (the arithmetic mean of the diameters) of at most 20 ⁇ m, determined by means of small-angle X-ray scattering.
- electroactive material according to the invention as electrodes in electrochemical cells and electrodes for electrochemical cells containing the electroactive material according to the invention.
- electrochemical cells comprising an electrode containing the electroactive material according to the invention, their use in a lithium-ion battery and in a device and devices and lithium-ion batteries containing an electrochemical cell according to the invention, subject of this invention.
- the process according to the invention has a number of advantages. Particularly noteworthy are the easily accessible starting materials, the variety of usable educts and the flexibility in terms of the composable materials. That's the way to do it
- the properties of the organic polymer phase by copolymerizing different compounds I, which differ in the nature of the aryloxy group.
- the properties of the (semi-) metal-containing phase can be achieved by simultaneous use of compounds I, which are different (semi-) metals or non-metals, in combination with at least one compound III, which contains one or more (semi-) metals control.
- phase domain For a definition of the term “phase”, reference may be made to the book AD McNaught and A. Wilkinson: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, Version 2.3.1 (2012) 1062. The terms will continue to be used "Phase domain” and “co-continuous,” “discontinuous,” and “continuous phase domain.” Their detailed description is in WJ Work et al., Definitions of Terms Related to Polymer Blends, Composites and Multiphase Polymeric Materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2004), Pure Appl. Chem., 76 (2004) 1985-2007.
- a co-continuous arrangement of a two-component mixture is understood to mean a phase-separated arrangement of the two phases or components, wherein within a domain of the respective phase, each region of the Phase interface of the domain can be interconnected by a continuous path without the path passes through / crosses a phase interface.
- (half) MetaH in the sense of this invention stands for “metal and / or half metaH”; analogously, "(semi-) metallic” stands for “metallic and / or semimetallic.”
- Oxidic stands for a chemical entity which contains (semi-) metal and oxygen, whereby different bonding forms, eg, oxides, hydroxides or Mixed shapes are possible, and stoichiometry can also vary widely, such as forms with a low oxygen content, for example less than 10, less than 7 or less than 5% by weight, based on the weight of the composite material, as well as shapes which are approximately equal to stoichiometric composition of defined compounds, such as SnO or Fe203 correspond H20 *, and shapes with a high oxygen content, z. B. 15, about 20 or about 25 wt .-% based on the weight of the composite material.
- alkyl alkenyl
- cycloalkyl alkoxy
- cycloalkoxy aryl
- Alkyl is a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon radical which typically has 1 to 20, frequently 1 to 10 and in particular 1 to 4 carbon atoms and which is, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, Isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 3-methylbut-2-yl, 2-methylbut-2-yl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n- Hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 2-methylpent-3-yl, 2-methylpent-2-yl, 2-methylpent-4-yl, 3-methylpent-2-yl, 3-methylpentyl 3-yl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbut
- Alkenyl is an olefinically unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon radical which typically has 2 to 20, often 2 to 10 and especially 2 to 6 carbon atoms and which is, for example, vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl , 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 2-methyl-1-butenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, 1-methyl-2-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 3 Methyl 2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-methyl-1-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-pentenyl, 4-methyl-1-pentenyl, 2-methyl-2-pentenyl , 3-methyl-2-pentenyl,
- Alkoxy is an alkyl radical bound via an oxygen atom, as defined above, which typically has 1 to 20, frequently 1 to 10 and in particular 1 to 4 carbon atoms and which is, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec Butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, 2-methylbutyloxy, 3-methylbutyloxy, n-hexyloxy, n-heptyloxy, n-octyloxy, 1-methylheptyloxy, 2-methylheptyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, n -nonyloxy, 1 - methylnonyloxy, n-decyloxy or 3-propyl heptyloxy.
- Cycloalkyl is a mono-, bi- or tricyclic, saturated cycloaliphatic radical which typically has 3 to 20, often 3 to 10 and in particular 5 or 6 carbon atoms and which, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl , Bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-1-yl, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-yl, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-7-yl, bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-yl , Bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-2-yl, 1-adamantyl or 2-adamantyl.
- Cycloalkyloxy represents a mono-, bi- or tricyclic, saturated cycloaliphatic radical bonded via an oxygen atom, which has typically 3 to 20, often 3 to 10 and in particular 5 or 6 carbon atoms and which is, for example, cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, cycloheptyloxy , Cyclooctyloxy, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-1-yxyloxy, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-yloxy, bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-7-yloxy, bicyclo [2.2.2] octane-1 -yloxy, bicyclo [2.2.2] octan-2-yloxy, 1-adamantyloxy or 2-adamantyloxy.
- Aryl stands for an aromatic hydrocarbon radical.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon radical may carry substituents. It is preferably unsubstituted.
- Aryl is, for example, phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl.
- Aryloxy groups contain a negatively charged oxygen atom obtained by deprotonation of the hydroxyl groups of aromatic monohydroxyaromatics (e.g., those mentioned below).
- the inventive method comprises the copolymerization of compound I with
- compound I is at least one aryloxy (semi-) metalate and / or aryloxy ester of a non-metal oxo-acid-forming metal, the nonmetal being different from carbon and nitrogen.
- aryloxy (semi-) metalates or “aryloxy esters” is meant compounds which formally one or more - in particular 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 - aryloxy groups and a metal, metalloid or non-metal which forms oxo acids , exhibit.
- the non-metal is different from carbon and nitrogen.
- Each aryloxy group is linked via the deprotonated oxygen atom to a metal, metalloid or non-metal which forms oxo acids and is different from carbon and nitrogen.
- Form oxo acids and are different from C and N are also referred to as
- aryloxy radical (s) may be bound to the central atom (s), for example 1, 2 or 3 organic radicals, e.g. are selected from alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, or 1 or 2 oxygen atoms.
- Compound I may have one or more central atoms and, in the case of several central atoms, linear, branched, monocyclic or polycyclic structures.
- Suitable monohydroxyaromatics are, above all, phenol, a-naphthol and .beta.-naphthol, which are unsubstituted, ie, other than the hydroxyl group, other than hydrogen other than benzene.
- Naphthalene ring have bound atoms, or a single or multiple - eg 1, 2, 3 or 4 - substituents other than hydrogen.
- substituents are in particular alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy and N RaRb groups in which Ra and Rb independently of one another represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or cycloalkyl radical.
- the total number of bound groups is typically determined by the valence of the central atom, ie the metal, semi-metal or non-metal to which these groups are bound.
- the central atoms of compound I of carbon and nitrogen are different elements of the following groups of the periodic table (for the entire invention, the IUPAC convention valid in 201 1 is used):
- Group 1 (mainly Li, Na or K), Group 2 (mainly Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba), Group 4 (including mainly Ti or Zr), Group 5 (mainly V), Group 6 (especially Cr, Mo or W), group 7 (especially Mn), group 13 (mainly B, Al, Ga or In), group 14 (mainly Si, Ge, Sn or Pb), Group 15 (mainly P, As or Sb) and Group 16 (including especially S, Se or Te).
- Preferred as the central atom of the compound I is an element other than carbon and nitrogen of the groups 4, 13, 14 or 15 of the periodic table and hereunder in particular from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th period.
- the central atoms are particularly preferably selected from B, Al, Si, Sn, Ti and P.
- one or more aryloxy-half-metalates are used, i. Compounds of semimetals such as B or Si.
- the compound I contains aryloxy-half-metalates in which the semimetal is at least 90 mol%, based on the total amount of semimetal atoms, of silicon.
- M for a metal, semi-metal or for an oxo acid-forming, of carbon
- n 1 or 6
- n is an integer and 0, 1 or 2
- p is an integer and 0, 1, 2 or 3,
- q is an integer from 1 to 20, in particular an integer from 3 to 6, m + 2n + p is an integer, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and corresponds to the valency of M. .
- Ary is phenyl or naphthyl, wherein the phenyl ring or the naphthyl ring
- each other are hydrogen, alkyl or cycloalkyl
- R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, where aryl is unsubstituted
- R a and Rb have the meanings given above.
- radicals Ary may be the same or different, wherein different Ary may differ in the type of the aromatic ring and / or in the nature of the substitution pattern.
- radicals R may be the same or different.
- Formula I is to be understood as so-called gross formula; it indicates the type and number of the structural units characteristic of the compound I, namely the central atom M and the groups attached to the central atom, ie the aryloxy group AryO, oxygen atoms O and the carbon-bonded radicals R, and the number of these units.
- the units [(AryO) mMO n Rp] can form q greater than 1 mono-, polycyclic, or linear structures.
- M is a metal or semimetal or a non-metal other than carbon or nitrogen which forms oxo acids, the metals, semi-metals and non-metals being selected, as a rule, from the elements other than nitrogen and carbon of the following groups of the periodic table:
- M is an element selected from among elements other than carbon and nitrogen of groups 4, 13, 14 and 15 of the periodic table, in particular for a second, third and fourth period element. Particularly preferred for M are B, Al, Si, Sn, Ti and P. In a very particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, M is B or Si and especially Si.
- p in formula I is 0, i. the
- p in formula I is 1 or 2
- the atom M carries at least one radical R.
- the process comprises the copolymerization of compound I with compound II in the presence of compound III, ie it is also possible to use two or more aryloxy (semi-) metalates and / or aryloxy esters of a non-metal oxo acid, the nonmetal being different from carbon and nitrogen, be used.
- a preferred method is to use at least two aryloxy (semi-) metalates and / or aryloxy esters of a non-metal oxo acid, wherein the nonmetal is different from carbon and nitrogen.
- variable p 0 and in at least one further compound of the formula I the variable p may be greater than or equal to 1.
- the compound of the formula I preferably contains MB, Si, Sn, Ti or P and in particular B, Si or Sn, where m is 1, 2, 3 or 4, n is 0 or 1, in particular 0, p is 0 and q are 0, 1, 3 or 4.
- the second compound of formula I has for M Si or Sn, where m is 2, n is 0, q is 0 and p is 1 or 2.
- Ary in these two compounds of the formula I may be identical or different, where Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings and in particular represents phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
- R then preferably represents C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or phenyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl or phenyl.
- one of the two compounds of the formula I contains M Si, m is 2 or 4, n is 0, p is 0 and q is 1, 3 or 4.
- the second of the two compounds having the formula I has as M Si, m is equal to 2, n is 0 and p is 1 or 2.
- Ary in the two compounds of formula I may be the same or different, wherein Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings, and in particular is phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are selected from alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
- R then preferably represents C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl or phenyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 6 -C 12 -cycloalkyl or phenyl.
- n is an integer and stands for 2, 3 or 4;
- n is an integer and stands for 0 or 1;
- p is an integer and represents 0, 1 or 2;
- alkyl under alkyl, preferably Ci-C4-alkyl, particularly preferably methyl, cycloalkyl, in particular C3-Cio-cycloalkyl, alkoxy, preferably Ci-C4-alkoxy, particularly preferably methoxy, cycloalkoxy, in particular C3-Cio-cycloalkoxy, and NRaRb selected in which Ra and Rb independently of one another are hydrogen, alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably methyl, or cycloalkyl, in particular C 3 -C 10 -cycloalkyl;
- R d-Ce-alkyl C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -Cio cycloalkyl or phenyl, especially Ci-C4-alkyl, Cs-Ce cycloalkyl, or phenyl.
- variables m, n, p, Ary and R in formula I taken alone or in combination, and in particular in combination with one of the preferred and particularly preferred meanings of M, preferably have the following meanings: m is an integer and stands for 2, 3 or 4; n is an integer and stands for 0;
- p is an integer and represents 0, 1 or 2;
- a preferred embodiment of the compound I are compounds of the formula I in which q is the number 1. Such compounds can be regarded as ortho-esters of the central atom M underlying oxo-acid.
- the variables m, n, p, M, Ary and R have the abovementioned meanings and in particular, alone or in combination and especially in combination, one of the preferred or particularly preferred meanings.
- compound I may be a compound of formula I wherein M is Al, B, Si, Sn, Ti or P, m is 3 or 4, n is 0 or 1, p is 0, 1 or 2 and q is equal to 1.
- Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings and is in particular phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl. Alkoxy, are selected.
- a most preferred embodiment of compound I are those compounds of formula I wherein M is B, Si or Ti, m is 3 or 4, n is 0, p is 0, 1 or 2 and q is 1.
- M is B, Si or Ti, m is 3 or 4, n is 0, p is 0, 1 or 2 and q is 1.
- this Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings and in particular represents phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy , are selected.
- a specific embodiment of compound I is a compound of formula I wherein M is Si, m is 4, n is 0 and p is 0, 1 or 2.
- M is Si
- m is 4, n is 0 and p is 0, 1 or 2.
- Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings and is in particular phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl. Alkoxy, are selected.
- Tetraphenyltitanat Tetrakresyltitanat, tetraphenylstannate and triphenylaluminate.
- Further embodiments of the compound I are those compounds of the general formula I in which the radicals Ary are different from one another. This generally lowers the melting point of the compound I, which may offer advantages in the polymerization.
- inventively preferred compounds of the formula I having different aryl are triphenoxy- (4-methylphenoxy) silane, diphenoxy-bis (4-methylphenoxy) silane, triphenoxy- (4-methylphenoxy) silane, diphenoxy-di (4-methylphenoxy) silane, borate diphenyl (4-methylphenyl), Triphenyl (4-methylphenyl) titanate and diphenyl bis (4-methylphenyl) titanate and mixtures thereof.
- compound I Another specific embodiment of compound I are those compounds of formula I wherein M is Si, m is 1, 2 or 3, n is 0 and p is 4 - m.
- Ary has the meanings mentioned above and in particular the preferred meanings and is in particular phenyl which is unsubstituted or may have 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, and alkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl. Alkoxy, are selected.
- R has the meanings described for formula I; in particular R is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, phenyl, vinyl or allyl.
- Examples of preferred compounds I of this embodiment are diphenoxysilane, diphenoxymethylsilane, triphenoxysilane, methyl (triphenoxy) silane, dimethyl (diphenoxy) silane, trimethyl (phenoxy) silane, phenyl (triphenoxy) silane and diphenyl (diphenoxy) silane.
- -A- represents a group M (AryO) m -2 (0) n (R) p, where M, Ary and R have the meanings given above,
- n is an integer and stands for 3 or 4,
- n is an integer and stands for 0 or 1 and in particular 0,
- p is an integer and 0, 1 or 2 means
- m + 2n + p is an integer, stands for 3, 4, 5 or 6 and corresponds to the valency of M.
- M in the formula I is Si, Sn, B and P.
- the condensation product is cyclic and q
- (AO) k k is 1, 2 or 3 and -A- is a group M (AryO) m-2 (0) n (R) p.
- M, Ary and R have the meanings given above for formula I and m, n and p satisfy the conditions given previously in
- condensation product is linear and saturated at the ends with an AryO unit.
- AryO unit such compounds can be described by the following structure Ic:
- Ary - [- 0-A-] q -OAry (Ic) q is an integer in the range of 2 to 20 and -A- is a group
- M (AryO) m-2 (O) n (R) p in which M, Ary and R have the meanings given above for formula I and m, n and p have the meanings given above in connection with formula I.
- condensation products are triphenylmetaborate, hexaphenoxycyclotrisiloxane, octaphenoxycyclotetrasiloxane, triphenoxycyclotrisiloxane or tetraphenoxycyclotetrasiloxane.
- Compound I is known or can be prepared in analogy to known methods for the preparation of phenates, see e.g. DE 1816241, Z. Anorg. Gen. Chem. 551 (1987) 61-66, Z. Chem. 5 (1965) 122-130 and Houben-Weyl, Vol. VI-2 35-41.
- the process comprises the copolymerization of at least one compound I with at least one compound II.
- Compound II is at least one ketone, such as acetone, an aldehyde, such as furfural, or an aldehyde equivalent, such as trioxane. These compounds are generally capable of forming polymeric structures with phenols under condensation. In a preferred embodiment, the compound II is formaldehyde or a formaldehyde equivalent or a mixture thereof.
- compounds of different formaldehyde equivalents can also be co-polymerized.
- the polymerization is carried out using the compound II (hereinafter also called formaldehyde source), which is selected from at least one gaseous formaldehyde, trioxane and / or paraformaldehyde. In particular, it is trioxane.
- Greater excesses of formaldehyde are usually not critical, but not necessary, so that one typically uses formaldehyde or the formaldehyde equivalent in an amount such that the molar ratio of formaldehyde or the molar ratio of the formaldehyde contained in the formaldehyde equivalent to those in the Compound I aryloxy AryO present does not exceed a value of 10: 1, preferably 5: 1 and in particular 2: 1.
- formaldehyde or the formaldehyde equivalent in an amount such that the molar ratio of formaldehyde or the molar ratio of the formaldehyde contained in the formaldehyde equivalent to the aryloxy groups AryO present in the compound I is in the range from 1: 1 to 10: 1, in particular in the range of 1, 01: 1 to 5: 1 and especially in the range of 1, 05: 1 to 5: 1 or 1, 1: 1 to 2: 1.
- a formaldehyde equivalent is meant a compound which releases formaldehyde under polymerization conditions.
- the formaldehyde equivalent is preferably an oligomer or polymer of formaldehyde, ie a substance having the empirical formula (CH 2 O) X , where x denotes the degree of polymerization.
- formaldehyde equivalent include, in particular, trioxane (3 formaldehyde units) and paraformaldehyde, which typically contains 8 to 100 formaldehyde units.
- the compound III is at least one (semi-) metal compound which is not aryloxy (semi-) metalate.
- the at least one (semi-) metal compound may be both purely inorganic in nature, for.
- a halide sulfate, nitrate or phosphate of a (half) metal, as well as covalent nature, z.
- an alkanoate or alkoxide of a (half) metal As an alkanoate or alkoxide of a (half) metal.
- the (semi-) metal contained in compound III is in particular an element of group 1 (preferably above all Na, K), group 2 (preferably above all Ca, Mg), group 3 (preferably above all Sc), group 4 (preferred especially Ti, Zr), group 5 (preferably especially V), group 6 (preferably especially Cr, Mo, W), group 7 (preferably especially Mn), group 8 (preferably especially Fe, Ru, Os) , Group 9 (preferably above all Co, Rh, Ir), group 10 (preferably above all Ni, Pd, Pt), group 11 (preferably above all Cu, Ag, Au), group 12 (preferably above all Zn, Cd ), Group 13 (preferably above all B, Al, Ga, In), group 14 (preferably above all Si, Sn) and group 15 (preferably above all As, Sb, Bi) of the Periodic Table.
- group 1 preferably above all Na, K
- group 2 preferably above all Ca, Mg
- group 3 preferably above all Sc
- group 4 preferred especially Ti, Zr
- group 5 preferably especially V
- group 6 preferably especially
- the (semi-) metals Ti, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Si and / or Sn and particularly preferably the (semi-) metals Ti, Fe, Co, Cu, Si and / or Sn.
- the inorganic (half) metal compounds include (semi) metal halides, which halides can be selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide and astatine and mixtures and hydrates thereof.
- the preferred (semi) metal halides used are TiCl, CrCl 3, MnC, FeC, FeCl 3, C0CI2, NiC, ZnC, CuC. SnC and / or SnCl 4 , in particular TiCl 4 , FeC, C0Cl 2, CuC, SnC and / or SnCl 4 .
- Other embodiments are (semi) metal sulfates, nitrates, phosphates or carbonates.
- sulfates here generally for oxoanions of sulfur (eg S0 4 2 “ , SO3 2” , S2O3 2 “ ),” nitrates “for oxo anions of nitrogen (eg NO3, NO2 " ), “phosphates” for oxoanions of phosphorus and “Carbonates” for oxoanions of carbon.
- (semi-) metal sulfates or nitrates in particular Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3, MnSO 4 , FeSO 4 , Fe (NO 3 ) 3 , Co (NO 3 ) 2 , NiSO 4 , Cu (NO 3 ) 2 , ZnS0 4 , and / or Sn (N0 3 ) 2 .
- compound III contains a (semi-) organometallic compound
- the anions contained in the (semi-) organometallic compound are, for example, carboxylates (preferably above all acetate, butanoate, propanoate, palmitate, citrate, oxalate, acrylate), Alko- xylate (as described above, preferably especially methoxylate, ethoxylate, n-propoxylate, isopropoxylate, n-butoxylate, sec-butoxylate, isobutoxylate and tert-butoxylate) and thiolates (especially methanethiolate, ethanethiolate, propanethiolate, butanethiolate, especially carboxylates and alkoxylates are used, preferably acetate, methoxylate or ethoxylate
- the preferably used (semi-) organometallic compounds are Fe (CH 3 COO) 2, Zn (CH 3 COO) 2,
- the preferred compounds used for the compound III are Fe (CH 3 COO) 2, C0Cl 2, CuCl 2 , SnCl 2 , FeCl 3 , Si (OCH 3 ) 4 , TiCl 4 and / or SnCl 4 .
- compound III is used in an amount such that the weight of the (semi-) metal of compound III is at least 5% by weight, usually more than 5% by weight, in particular at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 15 wt .-% and particularly preferably at least 20 wt .-%, based on the weight of the compound I.
- the polymerization of compound I with the formaldehyde source, compound II can be carried out in the presence of catalytic amounts of an acid.
- the acid is used in an amount of 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, in particular 0.2 to 5 wt .-%, for example up to a maximum of 4 or 3 or 2 or 1 wt .-% based on the weight of the compound I am one.
- Preferred acids are Bronsted acids, for example organic carboxylic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid and lactic acid and also organic sulfonic acids.
- C 1 -C 20 -alkanesulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, octanesulfonic acid, decanesulfonic acid and dodecanesulfonic acid, and haloalkanesulfonic acids such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
- benzenesulfonic acid or C 1 -C 20 -alkylbenzenesulfonic acids such as toluenesulfonic acid, nonylbenzenesulfonic acid and dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is possible.
- inorganic Bronsted acids such as HCl, H 2 SO 4 or HClO 4 .
- Lewis acid especially BF3, BCl3, SnCl 4, TiCl 4, and AlCl 3 may be preferably used.
- the use of complexed or dissolved in ionic liquids Lewis acids is also possible.
- the polymerization can also be catalyzed with bases.
- bases for example, alcoholates, hydroxides, phosphates, carbonates and / or bicarbonates of alkali metals and / or alkaline earth metals as well as ammonia and / or primary, secondary and / or tertiary amines can be used as well as mixtures thereof.
- bases are Na-methylate, Na-ethylate, K-tert-butylate or Mg-ethylate, NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ca (OH) 2 , Ba (OH) 2 , Na 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 C0 3 , Li 2 C0 3 , (CH 3 ) 3 N, (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N, morpholine, dimethylaniline and piperidine.
- the base is used in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, in particular from 0.2 to 5% by weight, for example up to a maximum of 4 or 3 or 2 or 1% by weight, based on the weight of the compound I am one.
- Catalysts will be used for economic reasons only in the amount necessary for catalysis, typically at most 10 wt .-%, for example at most 4 or 3 or 2 or 1 wt .-%, based on the weight of the compound I. (half) metal-containing Acids and bases can also be used as compound III. In this case, they are used in the amounts mentioned for compound III.
- the polymerization can also be initiated thermally, i. the polymerization is preferably carried out in the case without the addition of a catalytic amount of acid or base by heating a mixture of the compound I and the compound II in the presence of compound III.
- the temperatures required for the polymerization are typically in the range of 50 to 250 ° C, in particular in the range of 80 to 200 ° C.
- the polymerization temperatures are typically in the range from 50 to 200 ° C. and in particular in the range from 80 to 150 ° C.
- the polymerization temperatures are typically in the range of 120 to 250 ° C and especially in the range of 150 to 200 ° C.
- the polymerization according to the invention can in principle be carried out under a reduced pressure compared to normal pressure, for example under reduced pressure, under atmospheric pressure or under elevated pressure, for example in a pressure autoclave.
- the polymerization is carried out at a pressure in the range from 0.01 to 100 bar, preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 bar, in particular in the range from 0.5 to 5 bar or more preferably in the range from 0.7 up to 2 bar.
- the polymerization can in principle be carried out in a batch and / or addition process.
- the compounds I, II and III are introduced in the desired amount in the reaction vessel and brought to the conditions required for the polymerization.
- the addition process at least one of the compounds I and II is at least partially fed in the course of the polymerization until the desired ratio of compound I to compound II is reached.
- the compound III can be submitted and / or added in the course of the polymerization.
- the addition is followed by a post-reaction phase. Preference is given to carrying out the batch process.
- the polymerization is carried out as a batch with the total amount of the compounds 1, 11 and III or it works by an addition process in which the addition of the compounds I and II is carried out so that the polymerization conditions are not interrupted until the total amount of the compounds I and
- Compound III can be initially charged and / or fed in the course of the polymerization.
- the polymerization of the compounds I and II in the presence of the compound III can in principle be carried out in any desired way, as long as it is ensured that the components can react with one another.
- the reaction can therefore be carried out in bulk, for example in a melt, or in the presence of a reaction medium, in particular a solvent.
- Suitable solvents are, in principle, all solvents in which the compound III is at least partially present in dissolved form. This is understood to mean that the solubility of compound III in the solvent under polymerization conditions is at least 50 g / l, in particular at least 100 g / l.
- the solvent is chosen so that the solubility of the compound III at atmospheric pressure and 20 ° C is 50 g / l, in particular at least 100 g / l.
- the solvent is chosen such that compound III is substantially or completely soluble, i. the ratio of solvent to the compound III is chosen so that under polymerization at least 80 wt .-%, in particular at least 90 wt .-%, based on the weight of the compound III, or the completely used amount of the compound III are dissolved.
- the polymerization is carried out in a solvent, wherein at least 60 wt .-%, preferably at least 75 wt .-%, more preferably at least 90 wt .-% and most preferably at least 95 wt .-% of the total amount of the compounds I, II and III are present in dissolved form.
- Preferred solvents are alcohols, ethers and ketones, in particular alcohols, ethers and ketones having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- suitable alcohols are methanol, ethanol, n- and iso-propanol, n-, sec-, iso- and tert-butanol, a pentanol and a hexanol.
- cyclic preferably above all dioxane, tetrahydrofuran
- acyclic ethers such as methyl ethyl ether, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether and di-n-butyl ether.
- suitable cyclic or acyclic ketones are acetone, butanone or cyclohexanone. Particularly preferred as the solvent is THF and ethanol.
- the concentration of water at the beginning of the polymerization is less than 1 wt .-%, preferably less than 0.5 wt .-% and particularly preferably less than 0.1 wt .-% based on the total weight of the fertilize I, II and III.
- the polymerization particularly preferably takes place in the absence of water, ie anhydrous.
- inert diluents are those which are at least 80% by volume, in particular at least 90% by volume and especially at least 99% by volume or 100% by volume, based on the total amount of diluent, of the abovementioned Hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons such as one or more Ci-C-4-alkyl-substituted benzene or naphthalene, preferably especially toluene, xylene, cumene or mesitylene or Ci-C-4-alkylnaphthalenes, furthermore aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane , Heptane, cycloheptane, octane and its isomers, nonane and its isomers, decane and its iso
- the polymerization of compound I with compound II in the presence of compound III may be followed by purification steps and optionally drying steps.
- the composition of the inorganic phase is changed.
- This can be used advantageously bases, z.
- bases, z As alcoholates, hydroxides, phosphates, carbonates and / or bicarbonates of alkali metals and / or alkaline earth metals, and ammonia and / or primary, secondary and / or tertiary amines and mixtures thereof.
- bases are Na-methylate, Na-ethylate, K-tert-butylate or Mg-ethylate, NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ca (OH) 2 , Ba (OH) 2, Na 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 C0 3 , U 2 CO 3 , NaHCOs, KHCOs, (CH 3 ) 3 N, (C 2 H 5 ) 3 N, morpholine, dimethylaniline and piperidine.
- bases can also be used in a solvent such as water, alcohols or ethers or mixtures thereof, for example in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, diethyl ether or THF.
- the composite material obtained by the method of the present invention can be heated. This is usually carried out at temperatures in the range of 200 to 2000 ° C, preferably in the range of 300 to 1600 ° C, more preferably in the range of 400 to 1 100 ° C and most preferably in the range of 500 to 900 ° C. ,
- carbonation is carried out at temperatures in the lower region, for. B. below 600 ° C, below 500 ° C or, for example, from 380 to 400 ° C. With this procedure one can obtain wide ranges of the co-continuous structures.
- carbonization is carried out at temperatures in the higher range, for. B. above 700 ° C, above 800 ° C or for example from 950 to 1050 ° C. With this procedure, it is possible to produce isolated metal domains in a carbon matrix in a wide range, it being advantageous to use reducing gases.
- the duration of heating is variable and depends inter alia on the temperature to be heated. The time period is, for example, between 0.5 and 50 h, preferably between 1 and 24 h, in particular between 2 and 12 h.
- the heating can be carried out in one or more stages, for example in one or two stages. In many cases, it is heated at a rate of 1 ° to 10 ° C / min, preferably 2 ° to 6 ° C / min, for example, at 2 °, 3 ° or 4 ° C / min, up to the desired temperature. Cooling can be started immediately after this temperature has been reached, or this temperature can be maintained for 10 minutes to 10 hours. This holding time can z. B. 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h or 5 h. Before the carbonization process, an annealing step can also be added.
- the heating can be carried out with substantial or complete exclusion of oxygen, preferably in the presence of inert gases and / or reducing gases (reactive gases).
- the organic polymeric material formed in the polymerization is carbonized to the carbon phase and electroactive material is formed.
- the polymerization is carried out in one stage, under extensive or complete, preferably complete, exclusion of oxygen at atmospheric pressure.
- Complete exclusion of oxygen in this context means that in the gas space in which the polymerization takes place, not more than 0.5 vol .-%, preferably less than 0.05 vol .-%, in particular less than 0.01 vol. -% oxygen, based on the mentioned gas space, are present.
- the steps may be carried out in the presence of different gases and / or at different temperatures.
- an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen heated
- a reducing gas reactive gas
- Ar reactive gas
- N2, H2, NH3, CO and C2H2 and their mixtures such as synthesis gas (CO / H2) and forming gas (N2 / H2 and / or Ar / H2) are heated.
- Polymerization of compound I with compound II in the presence of compound III may be followed by oxidative removal of the organic polymer phase so that the organic polymeric material formed in the polymerization of the organic constituents is oxidized to yield a nanoporous oxidic material.
- the heating is carried out under oxygen, in a preferred form in the presence of inert gases.
- the steps in the presence of different gases and / or at different temperatures are performed. For example, first, for example in a first step, in the presence of an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen and then, for example in a second step, in the presence of a oxidizing gas such as O2, and mixtures thereof, such as air or synthetic air, are heated.
- the heating of the composite material obtained by the polymerization can in principle be carried out under reduced pressure, for example in vacuo, under normal pressure or under elevated pressure, for example in a pressure autoclave.
- the heating is carried out at a pressure in the range from 0.01 to 100 bar, preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 bar, in particular in the range from 0.5 to 5 bar or 0.7 to 2 bar.
- the heating may be carried out in a closed system or in an open system in which evolved volatiles are removed in a gas stream which preferably contains at least one inert gas and / or reducing gas.
- the method according to the invention is suitable for producing electroactive material in a continuous and / or discontinuous mode of operation.
- batchwise operation this means batch sizes over 10 kg, preferably greater than 100 kg, particularly preferably greater than 1000 kg or greater than 5000 kg.
- production quantities over 100 kg / day, preferably over 1000 kg / day, particularly preferably over 10 t / day or over 100 t / day.
- composite material (K1) which can be prepared, for example, by the method of the invention and which contains
- each (semi-) metal in the composite material (K1) is at least 2% by weight based on the carbon content of the composite material (K1) and at least one organic polymer phase having at least one (semi-) metal-containing phase forms phase domains, the average Distance (the arithmetic mean of the distances), determined by means of small angle X - ray scattering, of two adjacent domains of identical phases in the
- the at least one (semi-) metal-containing phase contains at least two different (semi-) metals.
- identical phases are meant on the one hand only organic polymer phases, on the other hand exclusively (semi-) metal-containing phases.
- adjacent phase domains of identical phases is meant two phase domains of identical phase separated by a phase domain of the other phase, thus preferably two phase domains of the (semi-) metal-containing phase separated by a phase domain of the organic polymer phase, or two phase domains of the polymer phase separated by a phase domain of the (semi-) metal-containing phase.
- the average spacing of adjacent phase domains of identical phases is typically at most 200 nm, often at most 100 nm or at most 50 nm and especially at most 10 nm or at most 5 nm.
- the average distance between the domains of adjacent identical phases can be determined by X-ray small angle X-ray scattering Scattering (SAXS)) are determined via the scattering vector q (measurement in transmission at 20 ° C, monochromatized CuK radiation, 2D detector (image plate), slit collimation).
- SAXS X-ray small angle X-ray scattering Scattering
- the size of the phase regions and thus the distances between adjacent phase boundaries and the arrangement of the phase can also be determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in particular by HAADF-STEM (high angle annular darkfield scanning electron microscopy) technique.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- HAADF-STEM high angle annular darkfield scanning electron microscopy
- the (semi-) metal-containing phase can in principle contain any element which forms oxidic structures.
- the oxides of (semi-) metals particularly preferably the elements of group 1 (preferably above all Na, K), group 2 (preferably above all Ca, Mg), group 3 (preferably above all Sc), group 4 (preferably above all Ti, Zr), group 5 (preferably above all V), 6 (preferentially above all Cr, Mo, W), group 7 (preferentially above all Mn), group 8 (prefers above all Fe, Ru, Os) , Group 9 (preferably above all Co, Rh, Ir), group 10 (preferably above all Ni, Pd, Pt), group 11 (preferably above all Cu, Ag, Au), group 12 (preferably above all Zn, Cd ), Group 13 (preferably especially B, Al, Ga, In), group 14 (preferably especially Si, Sn) and group 15 (preferably especially As, Sb, Bi) of the Periodic Table.
- group 1 preferably above all Na, K
- group 2 preferably above all Ca, Mg
- each (semi-) metal in the composite material (K1) according to the invention is at least 2 wt .-%, preferably at least 3 wt .-%, more preferably at least 5 wt .-% based on the carbon content of the composite material.
- the regions in which co-continuous phase domains occur are preferably at least 10% by volume, more preferably at least 30% by volume, most preferably at least 50% by volume, most preferably at least 70% Vol .-%, in particular at least 80 vol .-% to a maximum of 100 vol .-% of the composite material.
- the composite material (K1) according to the invention can easily be further processed into the electroactive material according to the invention, which can be used in particular for electrodes of electrochemical cells.
- a composite material (electroactive material) which has a) at least one carbon phase and
- b) contains at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase
- each (semi) metal of the electroactive material is at least 2% by weight, based on the weight of carbon in the electroactive material, at least one oxide and / or (semi-) metallic phase and at least one carbon phase form phase domains
- the average Distance (the arithmetic mean of the distances) of two adjacent domains of identical phases, determined with the aid of longitudinal narrow angle scattering is substantially at most 10 nm and / or the at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase phase domains having an average diameter (arithmetic average diameter) of a maximum of 20 ⁇ m, determined by means of small-angle X-ray scattering.
- the at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase contains at least two different (semi-) metals.
- identical phases are meant on the one hand exclusively carbon phases, on the other hand exclusively oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phases.
- adjacent phase domains of identical phases is meant two phase domains of identical phase separated by a phase domain of the other phase, thus preferably two phase domains of carbon phases separated by a phase domain of an oxide and / or (semi-) metallic phase or two phase domains of oxide and / or (semi-) metallic phases separated by a phase domain of the carbon phase.
- the average spacing of adjacent phase domains of identical phases is typically at most 10 nm, often at most 7 nm, in particular at most 5 nm and preferably at most 3 nm.
- the oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase domains typically have an average diameter of at most 20 ⁇ m, preferably of not more than 2 ⁇ m, very particularly preferably not more than 500 nm, in particular not more than 100 nm.
- the average distance between the domains of adjacent identical phases and the average diameter of the at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase can be determined by means of HAADF-STEM or by means of small angle X-ray scattering over the scattering vector q (measurement in transmission at 20 ° C , monochromatized CuK radiation, 2D detector (Image Plate), slit collimation) are determined.
- the regions in which co-continuous phase domains occur are preferably at least 10% by volume, more preferably at least 30% by volume, most preferably at least 50% by volume, most preferably at least 70% by volume. -%, In particular at least 80 vol .-% to 100 vol .-% based on the total volume of the electroactive material.
- the at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase may, in principle, contain, for the oxide phase, any element which forms oxides.
- Preferred for the at least one oxidic and / or (semi-) metallic phase are oxides of (semi-) metals and / or (semi-) metals, particularly preferably the oxides of the (semi-) metals and / or the (semis -) metals of the elements of group 1 (preferably above all Na, K), group 2 (preferably above all Ca, Mg), group 3 (preferably above all Sc), group 4 (preferably above all Ti, Zr), group 5 (preferably especially V), group 6 (preferably especially Cr, Mo, W), group 7 (preferably especially Mn), group 8 (preferably especially Fe, Ru, Os), group 9 (preferably especially Co, Rh, Ir), group 10 (preferably above all Ni, Pd, Pt), group 11 (preferably above all Cu, Ag, Au), group 12 (preferentially above all Zn, C
- the carbon is essentially elementary, d. H.
- the proportion of atoms other than carbon in the phase e.g. B. N, O, S, P and / or H, is less than 10 wt .-%, in particular less than 5 wt .-%, based on the total amount of carbon in the phase.
- the content of the atoms other than carbon in the phase can be determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X-ray PES).
- the carbon phase may contain, in particular, small amounts of N, O and / or H as a result of the preparation.
- the molar ratio of H to C will generally not exceed a value of 1: 2, in particular a value of 1: 3 and especially a value of 1: 4.
- the value can also be 0 or nearly 0, e.g. B. less than or equal to 0.1.
- Carbon in graphitic form is understood to mean that the carbon is present at least partially in a hexagonal layer arrangement typical of graphite, which layers may also be bent or exfoliated.
- each (semi-) metal in the electroactive material containing at least one carbon phase according to the invention is at least 2% by weight, preferably at least 3% by weight and more preferably at least 5% by weight, based on the weight of carbon in the composite material.
- Both the composite material (K1) according to the invention and the electroactive material according to the invention have the advantage that it can be produced in a simple manner, with reproducible quality and on an industrial scale, whereby the production can be carried out safely, inexpensively and with easily accessible starting materials.
- Another object of the present invention is the use of the electroactive material according to the invention as part of an electrode for an electrochemical cell and an electrode (hereinafter also referred to as anode) for an electrochemical cell containing the electroactive material according to the invention.
- the electroactive material according to the invention is particularly suitable as material for anodes in Li-ion cells, particularly suitable in Li-ion secondary cells or batteries. It is characterized by a high capacity and good cycle stability, especially when used in anodes of Li-ion cells and especially of Li-ion secondary cells low impedances in the cell. Furthermore, it has - probably due to the special phase arrangement - a high mechanical stability. In addition, it can be easily prepared from readily available starting materials with reproducible quality.
- the anode usually comprises at least one suitable binder for solidification of the electroactive material according to the invention and optionally further electrically conductive or electroactive components.
- the anode usually has electrical contacts for the supply and discharge of charges.
- the amount of electroactive material according to the invention based on the total mass of the anode material minus any current collectors and electrical contacts, is generally at least 40% by weight, often at least 50% by weight and especially at least 60% by weight.
- electrically conductive or electroactive constituents in the anodes according to the invention are carbon black (carbon black), graphite, carbon fibers, nanocarbon fibers, nanocarbon tubes or electrically conductive polymers.
- carbon black carbon black
- graphite carbon fibers
- nanocarbon fibers nanocarbon tubes
- electrically conductive polymers typically, about 2.5-40% by weight of the conductive material is used together with 50-97.5% by weight, often with 60-95% by weight, of the electroactive material of the present invention in the anode to the total mass of the anode material, less any current collector and electrical contacts.
- Suitable binders for the production of an anode using the electroactive materials according to the invention are in particular the following polymeric materials: polyethylene oxide, cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers, tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoropropylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers, ethylene-chlorofluoroethylene copolymers, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, if appropriate at
- binder is often made taking into account the properties of any solvent used in the preparation.
- polyvinylidene fluorides are suitable when N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as the solvent.
- the binder is usually used in an amount of 1 to 10 wt .-%, based on the total mass of the anode material. Preferably, 2 to 8 wt .-%, in particular 3 to 7 wt .-% are used.
- the electrode according to the invention comprising the electroactive material according to the invention, also referred to above as anode, usually comprises electrical contacts to the supply and Discharge of charges, such as a current collector, which may be configured in the form of a metal wire, metal mesh, metal mesh, expanded metal, a metal foil and / or a metal sheet.
- a current collector which may be configured in the form of a metal wire, metal mesh, metal mesh, expanded metal, a metal foil and / or a metal sheet.
- metal foils in particular copper foils are suitable.
- the anode has a thickness in the range of 15 to 200 .mu.m, preferably from 30 to 100 .mu.m, based on the thickness without Stromableiter.
- the preparation of the anode can be done in a conventional manner by standard methods as they are known from relevant monographs.
- the electroactive material according to the invention optionally using an organic solvent (for example N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone or a hydrocarbon solvent) with the optionally further constituents of the anode material (electrically conductive constituents and / or or organic binder) and optionally subjected to a molding process or to an inert metal foil, for. B. Cu film, apply.
- it is then dried.
- a temperature of 80 to 150 ° C is used. The drying process can take place even at reduced pressure and usually takes 3 to 48 hours.
- Another object of the present invention is an electrochemical cell, in particular a lithium ion secondary cell, containing at least one electrode, which was prepared from or using an electrode material, as described above.
- Such cells generally have at least one anode according to the invention, a cathode, in particular a cathode suitable for lithium-ion cells, an electrolyte and optionally a separator.
- cathodes in which the cathode material comprises lithium transition metal oxide, eg. As lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide (spinel), lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide or lithium-vanadium oxide, or a lithium transition metal phosphate such as lithium iron phosphate.
- lithium-cobalt oxide lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-manganese oxide (spinel), lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide or lithium-vanadium oxide, or a lithium transition metal phosphate such as lithium iron phosphate.
- the cathode material comprises lithium transition metal oxide, eg.
- lithium-cobalt oxide lithium-nickel oxide, lithium-cobalt-nickel oxide, lithium-mangan
- the two electrodes ie the anode and the cathode, are connected together using a liquid or even solid electrolyte.
- Suitable liquid electrolytes are in particular non-aqueous solutions (water content generally less than 20 ppm) of lithium salts and molten Li salts into consideration, for. B.
- ionic conductive polymers can be used as solid electrolytes.
- separator may be arranged, which is impregnated with the liquid electrolyte.
- separators are in particular glass fiber webs and porous organic polymer films such as porous films of polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.
- Particularly suitable materials for separators are polyolefins, in particular film-shaped porous polyethylene and film-shaped porous polypropylene.
- Polyolefin separators particularly polyethylene or polypropylene, may have a porosity in the range of 35 to 45%. Suitable pore diameters are for example in the range from 30 to 500 nm.
- separators may be comprised of inorganic particle filled polyethylene terephthalate webs. Such separators may have a porosity in the range of 40 to 55%. Suitable pore diameters are for example in the range of 80 to 750 nm.
- Electrochemical cells according to the invention furthermore contain a housing which can have any shape, for example cuboid or the shape of a cylinder. In another embodiment, electrochemical cells according to the invention have the shape of a prism. In one variant, a metal-plastic composite film prepared as a bag is used as the housing.
- the cells may have a prismatic thin-film structure in which a thin-film solid electrolyte is interposed between a film that is an anode and a film that is a cathode.
- a central cathode current collector is disposed between each of the cathode films to form a dual-area cell configuration.
- a single-surface cell configuration may be employed in which a single cathode current collector is associated with a single anode / separator / cathode element combination. In this configuration, an insulating film is typical arranged between individual anode / separator / cathode / current collector element combinations.
- the electrochemical cells according to the invention have a high capacity, cycle stability, efficiency and reliability, good mechanical stability and low impedances.
- the electrochemical cells of the invention can be assembled into lithium-ion batteries.
- Another object of the present invention is also the use of electrochemical cells according to the invention, as described above, in lithium-ion batteries.
- Another object of the present invention are lithium-ion batteries, comprising at least one inventive electrochemical cell, as described above.
- inventive electrochemical cells can be combined with one another in lithium-ion batteries according to the invention, for example in series connection or in parallel connection. Series connection is preferred.
- Inventive electrical cells are characterized by particularly high capacity, high performance even after repeated charging and greatly delayed cell death.
- Electric cells according to the invention are very well suited for use in devices.
- the use of electrochemical cells according to the invention in devices is also the subject of the present invention.
- Devices can be stationary or mobile devices.
- Mobile devices are, for example, vehicles that are used on the mainland (preferably primarily automobiles and two / three-wheelers), in the air (preferably aircraft in particular) and in the water (preferably ships and boats in particular).
- mobile devices are also mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, implanted medical devices, and electrical hand tools, particularly in the field of construction, i. For example, drills, cordless drill and battery tacker.
- Stationary devices are, for example, stationary energy storage devices, preferably for wind and solar energy, as well as stationary electrical devices. Such uses are a further subject of the present invention.
- lithium-ion batteries according to the invention offers the advantage of a longer transit time before reloading and a lower capacity loss with a longer running time. If one wanted to realize an equal running time with electrochemical cells with a lower energy density, then one would have to accept a higher weight for electrochemical cells.
- the lithium-ion batteries according to the invention can be used as small and light batteries.
- the lithium-ion batteries according to the invention are also characterized by a high capacity and cycle stability, whereby they have a high reliability and efficiency due to a low temperature. turangkeit and self-discharge rate have.
- the lithium-ion batteries according to the invention can be safely used and produced inexpensively.
- the lithium-ion batteries according to the invention show advantageous electrokinetic properties, which is particularly noticeable in vehicles with electric drive and hybrid vehicles.
- Samples of the electroactive material obtained were examined by TEM (see FIG. 1):
- the TEM investigations were carried out as a HAADF-STEM with a Tecnai F20 transmission electron microscope at a working voltage of 200 kV in ultrathin layer technique (embedding of the samples in synthetic resin as matrix).
- the bright spots are the heavier elements (here Sn and Si - (semi-) metallic phase), the dark ones are the carbon-rich (carbon) phase), indicating that the domain distances are in the range of a few nm (maximum 10 nm).
- the electroactive material obtained in 1 b) was then mixed with conductive carbon black (Super P Li Timcal) and binder (polyvinylidene fluoride, KYNAR FLEX ® 2801) mixed to form a viscous coating composition consisting of 87 wt .-% of the obtained in 1 b) electro-active material To obtain 6 wt .-% Leitruß and 7 wt .-% binder in solvent N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone. The amount of solvent used was 125 wt .-% of the solids used. For better homogenization, the coating composition was stirred for 16 h.
- the coating composition was then applied to a 20 ⁇ thick copper foil (purity 99.9%) by knife coating and dried at 120 ° C under vacuum. After drying, the resulting electrodes (width 8 cm) were calendered with a line pressure of 9 N / mm and then placed in an argon atmosphere (water content ⁇ 1 ppm, oxygen content ⁇ 10 ppm). Before the cell construction, the electrodes were again dried at 5 mbar and 120 ° C overnight. For the construction of the electrochemical test cells (2-electrode measuring arrangement analogous to a button cell) circular pieces were punched with a diameter of 20 mm. Lithium foil was used as the counter electrode.
- the electrolyte used was 1 M LiPF 6 in 1: 1 mixture of ethylenecarbonate and ethylmethylcarbonate.
- the cells were connected to a Maccor Series 4000 battery cycler. Cells were cycled at a specific current of 30 mA per gram of active material between 10 mV and 2 V versus Li / Li + . After reaching 10 mV, the voltage was kept constant for 30 minutes.
- Figure 3 shows the discharge capacity of two cells over 40 cycles. The achieved capacity is above achievable values for graphite. On the basis of the almost identical curve shape of the two cells, the good reproducibility of the electrodes from 1 d) becomes clear.
- Figure 4 shows the variation of the differential capacitance across the voltage. The values shown were calculated from the measurement data of a chronoamperometaneous measurement. In chronoamperometry a constant current is given and the changes in the voltage are registered. The plot of the resulting differential capacitance across the voltage allows statements about characteristic electrochemical processes, such as lithium incorporation or removal, or decomposition of electrolyte.
- the characteristic peaks for tin electrochemical activity are at 0.4 V (lithium alloy incorporation with tin: negative y-axis) and between 0.6 and 0.8 volts (three lithium-tin lithium extraction peaks) Alloy: positive y-axis).
- Figure 4 Differential capacitance of the electrode from 1 d) at a voltage of 0 to 2 V.
- Production Example 2 Production of a Composite Material (K1.2)
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Phenolic Resins Or Amino Resins (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13809585.6A EP2865033A4 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-17 | Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12173568 | 2012-06-26 | ||
| PCT/IB2013/054939 WO2014001949A1 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-17 | Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| EP13809585.6A EP2865033A4 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-17 | Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP2865033A1 true EP2865033A1 (de) | 2015-04-29 |
| EP2865033A4 EP2865033A4 (de) | 2016-04-27 |
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| EP13809585.6A Withdrawn EP2865033A4 (de) | 2012-06-26 | 2013-06-17 | Kompositmaterialien und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2865033A4 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2015522681A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20150032308A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN104412422A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014001949A1 (de) |
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| US8865858B2 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2014-10-21 | Basf Se | Process for producing a composite material |
| CN109238312B (zh) * | 2018-09-07 | 2021-03-23 | 浙江理工大学 | 一种复合纤维基柔性压电传感器的制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4055546A (en) * | 1971-10-29 | 1977-10-25 | Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. | Novel thermosetting resins and process for preparing the same |
| JP2000243396A (ja) * | 1999-02-23 | 2000-09-08 | Hitachi Ltd | リチウム二次電池とその製造方法及びその負極材並びに電気機器 |
| US7094499B1 (en) * | 2003-06-10 | 2006-08-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Carbon materials metal/metal oxide nanoparticle composite and battery anode composed of the same |
| JP5503858B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-22 | 2014-05-28 | 株式会社東芝 | 非水電解質電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質電池 |
| KR20120007024A (ko) * | 2009-04-03 | 2012-01-19 | 바스프 에스이 | 전기활성 물질, 및 그의 리튬-이온 전지용 애노드에서의 용도 |
| JP5631382B2 (ja) * | 2009-04-03 | 2014-11-26 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 複合材料の製造方法 |
| JP2010282942A (ja) * | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Tohoku Univ | 電極材料および電極材料の製造方法 |
| KR101126202B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-04 | 2012-03-22 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| US20120184702A1 (en) * | 2011-01-19 | 2012-07-19 | Basf Se | Process for producing a composite material |
| CN103476837A (zh) * | 2011-01-19 | 2013-12-25 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 制备复合材料的方法 |
| EP2807209A4 (de) * | 2012-01-23 | 2015-09-02 | Basf Se | Kompositmaterial, dessen herstellung und dessen verwendung in separatoren für elektrochemische zellen |
| KR20150035750A (ko) * | 2012-06-26 | 2015-04-07 | 바스프 에스이 | 복합 재료의 제조 방법 |
| US20130341559A1 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2013-12-26 | Basf Se | Composite materials and process for production thereof |
| US8865858B2 (en) * | 2012-06-26 | 2014-10-21 | Basf Se | Process for producing a composite material |
-
2013
- 2013-06-17 KR KR1020157001719A patent/KR20150032308A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-06-17 WO PCT/IB2013/054939 patent/WO2014001949A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2013-06-17 EP EP13809585.6A patent/EP2865033A4/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-06-17 CN CN201380034016.8A patent/CN104412422A/zh active Pending
- 2013-06-17 JP JP2015519401A patent/JP2015522681A/ja active Pending
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| KR20150032308A (ko) | 2015-03-25 |
| EP2865033A4 (de) | 2016-04-27 |
| JP2015522681A (ja) | 2015-08-06 |
| WO2014001949A1 (de) | 2014-01-03 |
| CN104412422A (zh) | 2015-03-11 |
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