Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
  • H05H5/00—Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses
  • H05H5/06—Multistage accelerators
  • H05H5/066—Onion-like structures
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
  • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
  • H01J37/02—Details
  • H01J37/244—Detectors; Associated components or circuits therefor
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
  • H05H6/00—Targets for producing nuclear reactions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an apparatus for on ⁇ collect electrically charged particles in accordance with claim 1, a method of operating an apparatus for collecting electrically charged particles according to claim 6, a device for irradiating a target with a particle beam according to claim 8, and a method of
• the particle accelerator can be, for example, a radio-frequency linear accelerator.
• the charged particles may be, for example, protons.
• the generation of the accelerated particle beam is associated with ei ⁇ nem considerable energy expenditure.
• the energy transferred to the charged particles as kinetic energy by the particle accelerator remains largely in the target when a thick target is used after the particles impact the target. Part of the energy is emitted as interfering X-ray bremsstrahlung. The remaining energy in the target leads to a heating of the target, which requires a cooling of the target.
• the maximum possible cooling capacity restricts the maximum usable flow to the target of shot particles.
• the proportion of energy used for desired nuclear reactions is low when using a thick target, since the desired nuclear reactions usually only in a narrow limited energy interval of the energy of the impinging particles are possible.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a device with which energy efficiency can be increased in such arrangements. This object is achieved by a device having the features of claim 1. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method by which energy efficiency in the operation of such arrangements can be increased. This object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 6. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a device for irradiating a target with a particle beam, which has an increased energy efficiency. This object is achieved by a device with the
• An inventive apparatus for collecting electrically charged particles comprises a first shell and a concentrated ⁇ metrically arranged about the first shell second shell. Each of the shells is divided into a first half shell and egg ⁇ ne second half shell. Between the first half ⁇ shell of the first shell and the second half-shell of the first shell a first switch is arranged. Between the second half-shell of the first shell and the first half saddle ⁇ le of the second shell, a second switch is arranged. In addition, the first half-shell of the second shell has a passage.
• charged particles having kinetic energy can be passed through the device in this device
• At least one further shell is arranged concentrically around the second shell.
• Each tray is further subdivided into a first half saddle ⁇ le and a second half-shell.
• the first half saddle ⁇ le each additional shell has in each case a passage.
• a first switch is arranged in each case except for the outermost shell between the respective first half shell and the respective second half shell, and in each case a second switch is arranged between the respective second half shell and a first half shell of the respectively next outer shell.
• the device then has a greater number of stages, thereby allowing recovery of large amounts of energy from high kinetic energy particles without having to tamper with the device's high voltage electrical energy generated by the device.
• the shells are spherical.
• the shells are spherical.
• a rectifier is arranged between the first half shell of the outermost shell and the second half shell of the outermost shell.
• an AC voltage generated by the device is provided.
• the latter comprises an AC voltage source which, with the first half shell of an outermost shell and the second half shell of the outermost shell
• Shell is connectable.
• the AC voltage source can then be used to charge the shells of the device at the beginning of an operation of the device, whereby an efficient operation of the device is already enabled from the beginning of the operation of the device.
• the device is, as described above, formed with an AC voltage source.
• the exchange is at the beginning of the process voltage source to the first half-shell of the outermost shaving ⁇ le and the second half-shell connected to the outermost shell.
• all first switches and all second switches are alternately opened and closed synchronously with the clock of an AC voltage generated by the AC voltage source.
• the method then makes it possible to charge the shells of the device at the beginning of the operation of the device to inwardly increasing potential levels, whereby an efficient operation of the device is already possible from the beginning of the operation of the device.
• An inventive device for irradiating a target with a particle beam comprising a Crystalchenbeschleu ⁇ niger for generating a beam of charged particles, a tar get and an apparatus for collecting electrically charged particles in accordance with the above-described type.
• Advantage ⁇ adhesive enough it allows the apparatus for collecting electrically charged particles then, particles that are the target penetrated, and regain their energy. Thereby advantageously increases the energy efficiency of the device ⁇ for irradiating the target with the particle beam.
• linear accelerators are suitable for generating charged particle beams having particle energies relevant to the generation of radioisotopes and neutrons.
• the device In a method according to the invention for operating a device for irradiating a target with a particle beam, the device is designed for irradiating the target with the particle beam in the manner described above.
• the charged particle beam is directed to the target such that penetrate at least some particles of the tar get ⁇ .
• the device for collecting electrically charged particles is arranged so that at least some particles penetrating the target enter the device for collecting electrically charged particles.
• the device for collecting electrically charged particles is operated according to the method described above.
• particles that completely penetrate the target are collected and their energy recovered. Therefore has the entire procedure for operating the device for irradiating the target with the particle beam advantageously a favorable energy efficiency ⁇ .
• Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an apparatus for irradiating a target with a particle beam
• Fig. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a device for collecting electrically charged particles
• Fig. 3 shows a detail of a replacement sheet of a further education ⁇ a device for collecting electrically charged particles.
• FIG. 1 shows a highly schematic representation of a device 10 for irradiating a target with a particle beam.
• the device 10 can serve, for example, to produce radioisotopes or neutrons.
• the radioisotopes produced and / or neutrons can be, for example, for technical, scientific or medical purposes ge ⁇ uses.
• the apparatus 10 comprises a particle accelerator 11 for generating a first particle beam 12 of charged particles.
• the particle accelerator 11 may be formed, for example, as a linear accelerator.
• the part ⁇ chenbelixer 11 may be formed, for example, as a radio-frequency linear accelerator.
• the first particle beam 12 may, for example, be a beam of accelerated protons.
• the first particle beam 12 moves in a beam direction 15.
• the device 10 further comprises a target 13.
• the target 13 is arranged in the beam direction 15 behind the particle accelerator 11, so that the first particle beam 12 strikes the target 13.
• the incident on the target 13 part ⁇ chen of the first particle beam 12 can in the target 13 he wished ⁇ cause nuclear reactions to isotope, for example, radio or to produce neutrons.
• the target 13 may be in
• Beam direction 15 may be formed thinner than in conventional devices for irradiating targets with particle beams. This has the advantage that in the target 13 less Energy is deposited. As a result, the target 13 heats up less, whereby the first particle beam 12 may have a higher particle density than in conventional devices for irradiating targets with particle beams. A target 13 which is thin in the beam direction 15 also minimizes the resulting x-ray Bremsstrahlung in the tar ⁇ get 13.
• the particles of the first particle beam 12 impinging on the target 13 may have an energy Ei n .
• the particles of the first particle beam 12 lose an energy dE.
• the second particle beam 14 likewise runs in the beam direction 15, thus continuing its path in the same direction as the first particle beam 12.
• the device 10 for irradiating a target with a particle beam comprises a device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles.
• the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles is intended to collect the particles of the second particle beam 14 and to convert the kineti ⁇ cal energy E ou t of the particles of the second particle beam 14 into electrical energy.
• the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles in the beam direction 15 behind the target 13 is arranged.
• Figure 1 shows a schematic section through the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles.
• FIG. 2 shows an equivalent circuit diagram 200 of the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles.
• the apparatus 100 for collecting electrically charged particles comprises a first shell 110, concentrically around the first shell 110 disposed second shell 120, a concentrated ⁇ symmetrical to the second tray 120 disposed third shell 130 and a fourth shell 140 arranged concentrically around the third shell 130.
• the embodiment of the apparatus 100 for collecting electrically charged particles with four shells 110, 120, 130, 140, which is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, is merely an example.
• the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles may comprise only two shells, three shells, or more than four shells.
• the shells 110, 120, 130, 140 have a spherical shape, so they are formed as spherical shells.
• the shells 110, 120, 130, 140 are arranged concentrically with each other, spaced from each other and electrically isolated from each other.
• a dielectric or a vacuum may be arranged between the individual shells 110, 120, 130, 140.
• each shell 110, 120, 130, 140 is divided into a respective first half-shell and a second half ⁇ shell.
• the first shell 110 is divided into a first half shell 111 and a second half shell 112.
• the second shell 120 is divided into a first half-shell 121 and a second half-shell 122.
• the third shell 130 is divided into a first half shell 131 and a second half shell 132.
• the fourth shell 140 is divided into a first half saddle ⁇ le 141 and a second half-shell 142nd
• the half-shells 111, 112, 121, 122, 131, 132, 141, 142 are each electrically insulated from one another by the insulating gap 101.
• an insulating Materi ⁇ al or a vacuum may be arranged.
• the first half shells 111, 121, 131, 141 face the target 13.
• the second half shells 112, 122, 132, 142 are remote from the target 13.
• the first half-shell 121 of the second shell 120 has a passage 123.
• the first half-shell 131 of the third shaving ⁇ le 130 has a passage to the 133rd
• the first half-shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 has a passage 143.
• the passages 123, 133, 143 are arranged coaxially with one another and opposite to the beam direction 15 in the direction of the target 13.
• particles of the second particle beam 14 in FIG Beam direction 15 through the passages 143, 133, 123 in the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles and penetrate to the first half-shell 111 of the first shell 110.
• the first half shell 111 of the first shell 110 has no passage.
• Electrically charged particles collect penetrating particles of the second particle 14 in the apparatus 100 for on ⁇ thus incident on the first half-shell 111 of the first tray 110.
• a first switch 151 disposed between the first half-shell 111 and the second half-shell 112 of the first shell 110.
• a second scarf ⁇ ter 152 is arranged between the first half-shell 121 and the second half-shell 122 of the second shell 120.
• a third switch 153 is arranged.
• the first switch 151, the second switch 152 and the third switch 153 together form a first switch group 150.
• the switches 151, 152, 153 of the first switch group 150 are intended to be switched together.
• a fifth switch 161 is arranged between the second half-shell 112 of the first shell 110 and the first half-shell 121 of the second shell 120.
• a sixth switch 162 is arranged between the second half-shell 122 of the second shell 120 and the first half-shell 131 of the third shell 130.
• a seventh shell 163 is arranged between the second half-shell 132 of the third shell 130 and the first half-shell 141 of the fourth shell 140.
• the fifth switch 161, the sixth switch 162 and the seventh switch 163 together form a second switch group 160.
• the switches 161, 162, 163 of the second switch group 160 are designed to be opened and closed together.
• the structure of the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles is similar in structure to a high voltage cascade.
• the diodes of a high-voltage cascade are de, however, replaced by the switches of the switch groups 150, 160.
• the first half shell 111 of the first shell 110 and the first half shell 121 of the second shell 120 together form a first capacitor 210.
• the first half-shell 121 of the second shell 120 and the first half-shell 131 of the third shell 130 together form a second capacitor 220.
• the first half-shell 131 of the third shell 130 and the first half saddle ⁇ le 141 of the fourth tray 140 together form a third capacitor 230th the second half-shell 112 of the first shell 110 and second shell 122 of the second shell 120 bil ⁇ commonly a fourth capacitor 240.
• the second half-shell 122 of the second shell 120 and the second half-shell 132 of the third shell 130 together form a fifth capacitor 250.
• the first half-shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 may be connected to a ground potential. Through the passages 143, 133, 123 in the device 100 penetrating charged particles of the second particles ⁇ beam 14 incident on the first half-shell 111 of the first shell 110 and load it on.
• the first half-shell 111 of the first shell is charged to a high positive potential relative to the first half ⁇ cup 141 of the fourth bowl 140 110th Via each capacitor 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, one third of the electrical high voltage resulting from the potential difference between the first half shell 111 of the first shell 110 and the first half shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 drops.
• the result is a transfer between the capacitors 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, which a voltage drop of one sixth of the high voltage between the second half-shell 142 and the first half-shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 has to result.
• the output voltage between the half shells 141, 142 thus has the same amount as before, but a reverse polarity.
• an AC voltage can be generated between the half switches 141, 142 of the fourth shell 140 whose peak value is one sixth of the magnitude of the high voltage between the first half shell 111 of FIG first shell and the first half-shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 is.
• the value of one-sixth results from the EXISTING ⁇ densein of four trays 110, 120, 130, 140. If the device 100 comprises only three shells, then a division ratio of 4. When only two shells would result ⁇ he would log division ratio of 2. For five shells a division ratio of 8.
• the frequency of the interim ⁇ rule of the first half-shell 141 and the second half-shell 142 of the fourth tray 140 can be tapped ac voltage corresponds would result speaks the frequency with which the switch groups 150 are connected 160 . Since the first half-shells 141, 131, 121, 111 are in the process of the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles to the center of the device 100 increasing potential levels, the particles of the second particle beam 14 during their penetration into the Vor ⁇ Direction 100 increasingly braked in the beam direction 15. The tension between the first half shell 111 of the first shell 110 and the first half shell 141 of the fourth shell 140 adjusts itself so that particles penetrating into the device 100 lose their entire kinetic energy on their way to the first half shell 111 of the first shell 110.
• the device 100 fully utilizes the kinetic energy of the particles of the second particle beam 14.
• the output terminals of the charged particle collecting device 100 formed by the first half shell 141 and the second half shell 142 of the fourth shell 140 may be connected to a rectifier 170 to rectify the AC voltage tapped at the output terminals.
• the rectified AC voltage for example, for charging an energy storage device, such as ei ⁇ nes capacitor can be used.
• FIG. 3 shows in a second equivalent circuit 300 a section of a development of the device 100 for collecting electrically charged particles.
• Figure 3 are merely by the first half-shell 141 and the second half ⁇ cup 142 of the fourth shell 140 of the device 100 shown output terminals formed.
• FIG. 3 shows that the output terminals can be connected to an AC voltage generator 180.
• the AC generator 180 serves to charge the trays 110, 120, 130, 140 of the charged particle collecting device 100 at the beginning of the operation of the electrically charged particle collecting device 100 toward potentials rising toward the center of the device 100. This allows a ef ⁇ fizienteren operation of the apparatus 100 for collecting electrically charged particles already from the start of operation of the Apparatus 100 for collecting electrically charged particles.
• an AC voltage is applied between the first half shell 141 and the second half shell 142 of the fourth shell 140 by the AC voltage generator 180. Simultaneously, the switch of the first switch group 150 and the second switch group 160 are alternately opened and closed in synchronism with the AC voltage generated by the generator 180 ⁇ AC voltage.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Particle Accelerators (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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• 2012
  • 2012-06-04 EP EP12729911.3A patent/EP2856847A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2012-06-04 JP JP2015515393A patent/JP5968526B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-06-04 KR KR20157000133A patent/KR20150023635A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2012-06-04 WO PCT/EP2012/060477 patent/WO2013182219A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2012-06-04 RU RU2014153623A patent/RU2608577C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2012-06-04 US US14/402,380 patent/US9253869B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-06-04 CN CN201280073702.1A patent/CN104350812B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related

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