EP2830777B1 - Arrangement de séparateur - Google Patents

Arrangement de séparateur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2830777B1
EP2830777B1 EP13714233.7A EP13714233A EP2830777B1 EP 2830777 B1 EP2830777 B1 EP 2830777B1 EP 13714233 A EP13714233 A EP 13714233A EP 2830777 B1 EP2830777 B1 EP 2830777B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
negative pressure
chamber
drum
drive
separator arrangement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP13714233.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2830777A2 (fr
EP2830777B2 (fr
Inventor
Wilfried Mackel
Thomas Bathelt
Andreas Penkl
Dieter Strauch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH
Original Assignee
GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH filed Critical GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH
Priority to PL13714233T priority Critical patent/PL2830777T3/pl
Publication of EP2830777A2 publication Critical patent/EP2830777A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2830777B1 publication Critical patent/EP2830777B1/fr
Publication of EP2830777B2 publication Critical patent/EP2830777B2/fr
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B1/00Centrifuges with rotary bowls provided with solid jackets for separating predominantly liquid mixtures with or without solid particles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B15/00Other accessories for centrifuges
    • B04B15/08Other accessories for centrifuges for ventilating or producing a vacuum in the centrifuge
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B1/00Centrifuges with rotary bowls provided with solid jackets for separating predominantly liquid mixtures with or without solid particles
    • B04B1/10Centrifuges with rotary bowls provided with solid jackets for separating predominantly liquid mixtures with or without solid particles with discharging outlets in the plane of the maximum diameter of the bowl
    • B04B1/14Centrifuges with rotary bowls provided with solid jackets for separating predominantly liquid mixtures with or without solid particles with discharging outlets in the plane of the maximum diameter of the bowl with periodical discharge
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B15/00Other accessories for centrifuges
    • B04B15/02Other accessories for centrifuges for cooling, heating, or heat insulating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B7/00Elements of centrifuges
    • B04B7/02Casings; Lids
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B9/00Drives specially designed for centrifuges; Arrangement or disposition of transmission gearing; Suspending or balancing rotary bowls
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04BCENTRIFUGES
    • B04B9/00Drives specially designed for centrifuges; Arrangement or disposition of transmission gearing; Suspending or balancing rotary bowls
    • B04B9/02Electric motor drives

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a separator arrangement according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • centrifuge drums are arranged and operated in a space which has a negative pressure relative to the environment.
  • the in the generic EP 1 119 416 B1 Separator arrangement shown and used in practice equivalent have a separator drum for liquid / liquid / solid separation with a vertical axis of rotation, which is arranged in a sealed container or hood space in which generates a negative pressure to the environment with a pump can be.
  • the separator drum has an inlet pipe and one or more peeling disks for discharging the one or more liquid phases and solids discharge openings for the continuous or intermittent discharge of solids.
  • a separator arrangement according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from WO 2010/101524 A2 known.
  • the generic construction and its operation have proven themselves. Nevertheless, there is a need for further improvement of the known separator assembly and method of operation.
  • the invention achieves this object by the subject matter of claims 1 and 12.
  • the drive space is set under negative pressure to the environment, in particular to achieve an energy saving on rotating parts of this area.
  • components of the drive device - in particular motor, clutch, spindle, bearing and / or other drive components - containing space is to wholly or at least in a sub-region generates a negative pressure relative to the environment.
  • the drive space area with a pump or other vacuum generating device is evacuated and / or it is connected to the (hood) space which surrounds the drum, so that a pump or a corresponding device, which optionally complementary in this room creates a vacuum, even in the drive space "with” can create a vacuum.
  • the hood space, in which the drum is arranged is placed under negative pressure to the environment, also here, an energy saving can be achieved.
  • a drive space of a laboratory centrifuge under vacuum (which does not work continuously) is out of the JP 2032 058359 W known.
  • a vacuum connection on a particularly large radius in the hood space is particularly advantageous since the drum rotation here has a supporting effect on the generation of the vacuum.
  • both the drum and the hood space are partially conical.
  • a variant for a vacuum connection may be a connection via a bore in the spindle.
  • the free end of the spindle is guided down through the sealed frame wall and via sealed connections, the connection to a vacuum system.
  • the hole in the spindle ends in the area below the drum in the hood area.
  • the implementation of the spindle through the frame wall is also sealed by means of sliding elements.
  • Particularly advantageous is the use of a fluid, especially oil or water cooled engine.
  • a negative pressure below the atmospheric pressure in particular 0.3 bar less than this, preferably 0.4 bar less than this, in particular 0.7 bar less than this is generated.
  • the value of the negative pressure is changed in any case in the hood space with the drum during operation depending on the operating state.
  • a change in the negative pressure take place before, during or after a change in the operating state.
  • the change in the operating state which takes place before, during or after the change in the negative pressure, be a solids discharge.
  • the negative pressure can be slightly increased shortly before or at least during emptying (eg from 0.2 bar to 0.5 bar) and lowered again after emptying (eg back to 0, 2bar), so that there are no adverse effects during solids discharge due to the high negative pressure occur.
  • the change in the operating state before, during or after the change in the negative pressure takes place be a start-up or Abfahr- / phase-out.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for a separator arrangement with a separator with a drum with a vertical axis of rotation, which is rotatable on a spindle is mounted and surrounded by a hood, wherein the drums have a drum diameter greater than 500 mm, in particular 800 mm, most preferably greater than 900 mm and / or speeds, for example, greater 8000 U / min, 5000 U / min, 4000 U / min in operation exhibit.
  • the peripheral speed at the drum outer diameter is at least 100 m / s or more.
  • the surface of the drum is further preferably 0.5m 2 to 5m 2 , especially 1-3.5m 2 , so that the effect of supporting the generation of negative pressure has a particularly advantageous effect.
  • Fig. 1 shows a separator assembly 1 with a separator with a vertical axis of rotation D, which has a rotatable drum 2, which is mounted on a rotatable drive spindle 3.
  • the product feed of a processable product P in a continuous operation is preferably carried out from above through a supply pipe 4 (not shown here in detail).
  • This structure is preferred. But it is also a hanging drum with a drive above the drum feasible.
  • the product to be processed is continuously fed into the drum, continuously centrifuged, and at least one or all of those formed upon clarification and / or separation Phases are / are derived continuously.
  • Liquid phase (s) is / are continuously discharged.
  • a possibly also formed solid phase can be discharged continuously through nozzles or not continuously, for example with closable by piston valves openings.
  • the drum 2 is here designed to separate the product P to be processed into at least one liquid phase L or several liquid phases and a solid phase S. It points here like the drum of the EP 1 119 416 B1 or the pendant used in practice in the interior, preferably a separation plate stack of separation plates (not visible here).
  • the liquid phases L are discharged from the drum 2 via liquid outlets, in particular peeling disks in the manner of a centripetal pump.
  • the derivative of the solid phase S takes place either discontinuously at discontinuously closable solids discharge openings 5 in the drum shell or continuously through nozzles in the drum shell.
  • the drum 2 is inserted in a sealed against the environment hood space 6.
  • This hood space 6 is here by a hood 7, which is fixed to a foundation - here a machine frame 8 - a cover 9 below the drum, which is fixed to the hood 7 and a spindle housing 10 is limited, which is penetrated by the drive spindle 3 , set.
  • a solids catcher 11 is further formed, which serves to discharge solids emerging from the drum from the hood space by a solids discharge 12.
  • a pump 14 a (or other means for lowering the pressure in the hood space 6 relative to the environment), with which in the hood space 6, a negative pressure relative to the environment U outside of the hood space 6 can be generated ,
  • this vacuum port 13 is formed at a position which is relative to the rotation axis D at a relatively large radius R p , in particular at a radius which is equal to or greater than the largest radius R T of the drum second
  • the energy consumption of the separator assembly 1 is then further reduced by the fact that not only the hood space 6, in which the drum 2 is arranged, but also a drive space 15, in which one or more components of a Separatorantriebs 16 are arranged , Is designed so sealed that in him again with at least one other pump 14b or also with the pump 14a, a negative pressure, in particular a negative pressure of more than 0.2 bar, compared to the ambient pressure in the environment U can be generated or in operation is produced.
  • the drive space 15 is here limited to a drive housing 17, which is designed in accordance with the task of generating a negative pressure relative to the environment U in the drive chamber 15, again in accordance with sealed design. These are after Fig. 1 between elements of the drive housing 17 in turn suitable seals 18 are formed.
  • the drive space 15 is bounded by the machine frame 8 and closure plates 19, close the openings of the machine frame. At the top, it is bounded by the cover 9 below the drum 2 and the single or multi-part spindle housing 10.
  • the pump 14 b can be connected to a vacuum port 20 of the drive chamber 15.
  • the spindle bearing is wholly or partially - here both a neck bearing 21a and a predominantly larger 21b - arranged in the negative pressure region.
  • the neck bearing 21a it is also conceivable that one (in particular the neck bearing 21a) or both bearings 21a, b do not belong to this negative pressure region.
  • the spindle housing 10 rests on the machine frame 8 in a flange area supported by elastic elements 40.
  • the drive motor 22 is arranged, which is formed here directly in the axial extension of the drive spindle 3, so that a so-called direct drive for the drum 2 is formed.
  • the rotor 22a is here attached directly to the drive spindle 3 and the stator 22b is in a motor housing 23, which in turn is fixed to the side facing away from the hood space 6 side of the machine frame 8.
  • a direct drive is preferably accommodated in the drive space, wherein the electric drive motor 22 but also between the bearings 21 a, b could be arranged (the latter variant not shown here).
  • the drive motor in the negative pressure region of the drive chamber 15, which is connected via a coupling with the drive spindle 3 (also not shown here).
  • a lubrication system 24 is also arranged, which serves for lubrication of the spindle bearing 21 and / or for the lubrication of components on the engine.
  • the lubrication system here has a lubricant circuit, which the elements oil reservoir 25, pump 26, supply line 27a, b to the spindle bearing 21, oil collection container 28 which is rotatably connected to the spindle and in which a due to the cup-like design in a radius Oil level is formed, a peeling member 29, which discharges the oil in the collecting container, and a return line 27c, d in the oil tank 25 has.
  • all of these elements of the lubrication system are advantageous and compact in the vacuum region, i. in the drive room, housed.
  • one or more passage openings 34, 35, 36, 37 are further formed, which ensure that within the drive space 15 as possible no pressure gradients arise.
  • hood space 6 and the drive space 15 are not sealed against each other.
  • cover 9 is not sealed radially below the drum 2 inside the spindle housing 10 but that between these elements, a gap 42 is formed, which ensures a pressure equalization between the hood space 6 and the drive space 15.
  • no seal eg no mechanical seal is needed.
  • the pump 14a is arranged to generate the low pressure by suction on a large, in particular the largest radius / diameter of the hood 7.
  • the suction takes place at a radius of the hood 7, which is based on the axis of rotation on a radius which is greater than 80%, in particular more than 100%, of the largest drum radius.
  • the support by the drum differential pressure effect in particular has an advantageous effect.
  • Equally advantageous and structurally simple would be one or a further vacuum connection through the spindle 3 into the drive space 15 (for example a bore in machines with an external oil aggregate).
  • Particularly advantageous is a use of a fluid, especially oil or water cooled motor, since the cooling effect is reduced by air by the negative pressure in the drive chamber.
  • the pump (14a) is designed to generate the back pressure by suction on a large, in particular the largest diameter of the hood.
  • the suction takes place at a diameter of the hood, which is based on the axis of rotation on a larger radius than the largest drum radius.
  • the support by the drum differential pressure effect in particular has an advantageous effect.

Landscapes

  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
  • Rotary Pumps (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Installation de séparateur pour le traitement d'un produit en fonctionnement continu, avec
    a) un tambour (1) disposé avec possibilité de rotation dans un espace de hotte (6) avec un axe de rotation vertical (D) qui est posé sur une broche d'entraînement (3) rotative,
    b) un espace d'entraînement (15) qui contient un, plusieurs ou tous les composants d'un entraînement de séparateur (23),
    c) une conduite d'évacuation d'un piège à solides (11),
    d) un raccord de dépression (13) sur ou dans l'espace de hotte (6),
    e) l'espace de hotte (6) étant hermétique vis-à-vis de l'environnement (U),
    et
    une dépression pouvant être produite en fonctionnement dans l'espace de hotte (6) par rapport à l'environnement (U) à l'extérieur de l'espace de hotte (6) avec un dispositif produisant la dépression, en particulier une pompe (14a),
    caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend
    f) une rigole pour les solides,
    g) le raccord de dépression (13) étant formé en dessous de la rigole pour les solides et de la conduite d'évacuation (12) d'un piège à solides (11).
  2. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la construction de l'espace d'entraînement (15) est hermétique et en ce qu'elle comprend au moins un dispositif produisant une dépression, en particulier une pompe (14a) pour générer une dépression dans l'espace d'entraînement (15) hermétique vis-à-vis de l'environnement (U) à l'extérieur de espace d'entraînement (15).
  3. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que l'espace de hotte (6) et l'espace d'entraînement (17) sont hermétiques vis-à-vis l'un de l'autre, de sorte qu'une pression différente peut régner dans l'un et l'autre en fonctionnement.
  4. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins une liaison est formée entre l'espace de hotte (6) et l'espace d'entraînement (15) afin de créer un équilibrage de la pression entre ces espaces (6, 15).
  5. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 1 ou selon l'une des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisée en ce qu'il est prévu formé sur l'espace de hotte (6) un raccord de dépression qui se trouve sur un rayon de la hotte (7) par rapport à l'axe de rotation (D) du tambour (2) qui est plus grand que 80 % du rayon maximal du tambour (2).
  6. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 5, caractérisée en ce que le raccord de dépression se trouve sur un rayon de la hotte (7) par rapport à l'axe de rotation (D) du tambour (2) qui est plus grand que 100 % du rayon maximal du tambour (2).
  7. Installation de séparateur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la hotte (7) et le tambour (2) présentent une forme conique dans leur partie supérieure dans le sens vertical.
  8. Installation de séparateur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le tambour (2) présente un ou plusieurs disques racleurs servant de sortie de liquide et en ce qu'il présente en outre de préférence des ouvertures d'évacuation des solides qui évacuent les solides de façon continue ou discontinue.
  9. Installation de séparateur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins un ou tous les composants d'un système de lubrification à huile, en particulier d'un système de lubrification par circulation, sont disposés dans l'espace d'entraînement (15) pouvant être soumis à une dépression.
  10. Installation de séparateur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'un moteur d'entraînement (22) est disposé dans l'espace d'entraînement (15) pouvant être soumis à une dépression.
  11. Installation de séparateur selon la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce que le moteur d'entraînement (22) est refroidi par liquide.
  12. Procédé pour la conduite d'un séparateur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la dépression dans l'espace de hotte (6) est modifiée pendant le fonctionnement.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que la dépression dans l'espace de hotte (6) est modifiée pendant le fonctionnement en fonction de l'état de fonctionnement actuel ou attendu.
  14. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que la pression dans l'espace de hotte est augmentée avant les vidages des solides.
EP13714233.7A 2012-03-26 2013-03-22 Arrangement de séparateur Active EP2830777B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL13714233T PL2830777T3 (pl) 2012-03-26 2013-03-22 Układ separatora

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012102593 2012-03-26
DE102013100180A DE102013100180A1 (de) 2012-03-26 2013-01-09 Separatoranordnung
PCT/EP2013/056015 WO2013143985A2 (fr) 2012-03-26 2013-03-22 Arrangement de séparateur

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2830777A2 EP2830777A2 (fr) 2015-02-04
EP2830777B1 true EP2830777B1 (fr) 2018-04-25
EP2830777B2 EP2830777B2 (fr) 2024-01-10

Family

ID=49112330

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP13714233.7A Active EP2830777B2 (fr) 2012-03-26 2013-03-22 Arrangement de séparateur

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US10105717B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2830777B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN104271249B (fr)
AU (1) AU2013242071B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR112014023659B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102013100180A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK2830777T3 (fr)
NZ (1) NZ700141A (fr)
PL (1) PL2830777T3 (fr)
RU (1) RU2622946C2 (fr)
TR (1) TR201809513T4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013143985A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (12)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009022972A1 (de) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-02 Gea Westfalia Separator Gmbh Zentrifuge mit einem Schmiermittelsystem
DE102013100180A1 (de) 2012-03-26 2013-09-26 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Separatoranordnung
DE102012110846A1 (de) * 2012-11-12 2014-05-15 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Separator mit Direktantrieb
CN105107638A (zh) * 2015-08-27 2015-12-02 张家港市中南化工机械有限公司 一种卧式刮刀卸料离心机
RU2631951C1 (ru) * 2017-01-19 2017-09-29 Федеральное казенное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский институт "Геодезия" (ФКП "НИИ "Геодезия") Вакуумная центрифуга
DE102017114649A1 (de) 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Separator mit Direktantrieb
CN111526947B (zh) * 2017-12-22 2022-05-03 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 操作离心分离器的方法
DE102018108471A1 (de) * 2018-04-10 2019-10-10 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Verfahren, mit dem ein Schmiermitteldurchfluss an einer Zentrifuge überwacht wird
DE102018131956A1 (de) 2018-12-12 2020-06-18 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Separator und Verfahren zu dessen Betrieb
CN112170023B (zh) * 2020-09-18 2022-05-27 中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第二附属医院 一种离心机
EP4094839B1 (fr) * 2021-05-28 2024-01-31 Alfa Laval Corporate AB Séparateur centrifuge
CN116764824B (zh) * 2023-08-25 2023-11-07 山东万佳食品有限公司 一种味精生产用离心机

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EP2196266A2 (fr) 2008-12-12 2010-06-16 GEA Westfalia Separator GmbH Procédé et dispositif destinés à surveiller le vidage automatisé d'une centrifugeuse
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EP2830777A2 (fr) 2012-03-26 2015-02-04 GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH Arrangement de séparateur

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EP0411261A1 (fr) 1989-07-22 1991-02-06 Westfalia Separator AG Procédé pour la production continuée de fromage blanc et de fromage frais
JPH03258359A (ja) 1990-03-09 1991-11-18 Hitachi Koki Co Ltd 遠心機の排気構造
EP2196266A2 (fr) 2008-12-12 2010-06-16 GEA Westfalia Separator GmbH Procédé et dispositif destinés à surveiller le vidage automatisé d'une centrifugeuse
WO2010101524A2 (fr) * 2009-03-06 2010-09-10 Alfa Laval Corporate Ab Séparateur centrifuge
EP2830777A2 (fr) 2012-03-26 2015-02-04 GEA Mechanical Equipment GmbH Arrangement de séparateur

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"Operators Manual Tetra Centri® AirTight Separator", TETRA PAK PROCESSING COMPONENTS, October 2011 (2011-10-01), pages 1 - 5 , 30-31, 38 , 55-56 , 68-70, and 81, XP055555029
"Tetra Centri® AirTight Separator", TETRA PAK OPERATORS MANUAL, May 2010 (2010-05-01), pages 1-5, 19 - 32, 57-70, 77, XP055614740
"Tetra Centri® AirTight Separator", TETRA PAK OPERATORS MANUAL, October 2011 (2011-10-01), pages 1-5, 19 - 32, 38, 55-70, 81, XP055614728
"Tetra Pak launches Tetra Pak Launches Hermetic Direct Driven Dairy Separator", FOOD INGREDIENTS 1ST, 20 October 2009 (2009-10-20), XP055555040
TETRA PAK LAUNCHES HERMETIC DIRECT DRIVEN DIARY SEPARATOR, 20 October 2009 (2009-10-20), XP055555040, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.foodingredientsfirst.com/news/tetra-pak-launches-hermetic-direct-driven-dairy-separator.htm>

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CN104271249B (zh) 2016-07-06
US10105717B2 (en) 2018-10-23
TR201809513T4 (tr) 2018-07-23
WO2013143985A2 (fr) 2013-10-03
BR112014023659B1 (pt) 2020-06-30
DE102013100180A1 (de) 2013-09-26
PL2830777T3 (pl) 2018-09-28
AU2013242071B2 (en) 2017-07-06
AU2013242071A1 (en) 2014-10-09
EP2830777A2 (fr) 2015-02-04
RU2622946C2 (ru) 2017-06-21
US20150051059A1 (en) 2015-02-19
WO2013143985A3 (fr) 2014-06-26
CN104271249A (zh) 2015-01-07
EP2830777B2 (fr) 2024-01-10
RU2014142175A (ru) 2016-05-20
NZ700141A (en) 2016-07-29
DK2830777T3 (en) 2018-07-23

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