EP2743468B1 - Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils - Google Patents

Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2743468B1
EP2743468B1 EP13195119.6A EP13195119A EP2743468B1 EP 2743468 B1 EP2743468 B1 EP 2743468B1 EP 13195119 A EP13195119 A EP 13195119A EP 2743468 B1 EP2743468 B1 EP 2743468B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
valve
weight
corrosion protective
gas exchange
protective layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP13195119.6A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2743468A1 (de
Inventor
Torsten Häntzka
Dietmar Dr. Schlager
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
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Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
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Application filed by Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG filed Critical Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
Priority to EP13195119.6A priority Critical patent/EP2743468B1/de
Publication of EP2743468A1 publication Critical patent/EP2743468A1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02—Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • F01L3/04—Coated valve members or valve-seats

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a gas exchange valve for a reciprocating internal combustion engine, in particular exhaust valve for a longitudinally-flushed two-stroke large diesel engine, and a method for producing a gas exchange valve according to the preamble of the independent claim of the respective category.
  • Protective coatings against high temperature corrosion are well known in the art.
  • surface protective layers which offer high resistance to corrosion, in particular to oxidation or sulfidation at high temperatures and in chemically aggressive environments. They are produced, for example, by thermal spraying, with MCrAlY layers being widely used as high-temperature corrosion protection.
  • the metal M may be e.g. Iron, cobalt or nickel or an alloy of these or other metals.
  • Aluminum-chromium layers, which are formed for example by Chromalit Schl show in many applications, a more or less good resistance to high-temperature corrosion, especially in sulfate-containing media.
  • the phenomenon of high-temperature corrosion can occur wherever relatively high process temperatures of some 100 ° C to well over 1000 ° C prevail, often not only the high temperatures than are responsible for the occurrence of corrosive effects, but also chemically aggressive environmental conditions are encountered, for example, due to combustion products or other chemical reaction products or can be caused by admixtures in fuels, lubricants, etc.,
  • FR 1 394 167 A discloses a valve provided with a ceramic protective layer.
  • Exhaust valves of large diesel internal combustion engines often consist of nickel-based alloys (superalloys) z.
  • Nimonic 80 A which have a suitable corrosion resistance to the aggressive media that occur in the combustion of heavy oil.
  • a more cost-effective alternative compared to nickel-base alloys is the use of corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel steels for the production of valve bodies, whose corrosion-relevant properties, however, do not extend to those of nickel-based alloys.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a well-known from the prior art exhaust valve of a longitudinally purged two-stroke large diesel engine.
  • the exhaust valve 1 'of Fig. 1 comprises a valve body having a valve stem 2 'extending along an axial valve stem axis A' and a valve disc 3 'adjoining the valve stem 2' extending radially away from the valve stem 2 'and radial with respect to the valve stem axis A' extending outward.
  • a valve seat surface 32 'on the valve disk 3' is formed between a substantially orthogonal to the valve stem axis A 'formed foot surface 31' of the valve disk 3 'and the valve stem 2'.
  • a corrosion protection coating 5' in the form of successive welded corrosion protection layers 51 ', 52' is provided.
  • the corrosion protection coating 5 'of the outlet valve 1' of Fig. 1 is extended over the entire radius R1 'of the foot surface 31'.
  • the corrosion-resistant coating 5 ' which is welded onto the base surface 31' in multiple layers, frequently has approximately 6 to 9 layers in practice, which are welded one after the other, for reasons of clarity in FIG Fig. 1 only two layers, namely the two Corrosion protection layers 51 ', 52' are shown.
  • the introduced by the welding heat leads to strong residual stresses Z 'in the valve body, but especially not only in the Fig. 1 Z 'designated areas on the valve plate 3'.
  • These lead during welding to a component distortion W ', as indicated by the arrows W' in Fig. 1 is indicated, which in particular the risk of cracking in the valve body is massively increased.
  • the risk of formation of hot and re-melting cracks within the build-up weld increases with the heat introduced.
  • the valve disk 3' bulges so much in the direction of the valve stem 2 'due to the multilayer welding that the welding of an additional layer of a corrosion protection layer 52' in the center of the valve disk 3 'becomes necessary as a machining allowance in order to prevent the component distortion W 'compensate again, so that again a reasonably flat surface on the bottom surface 31' is guaranteed.
  • each additional layer increases the risk of hot and re-fusing cracking and can lead to further component distortion W '.
  • inherent tensile stresses Z ' especially in the critical region at the transition of the valve stem 2' onto the valve disk 3 ', arise due to the introduced welding heat.
  • the mechanical loads in the outlet valve 1 ' are here considerable and the tensile residual stresses Z' favor the formation of cracks.
  • the object of the invention is, therefore, the avoidance or a massive reduction of the component distortion during deposition welding and the inherent tensile stress in the valve body, in particular in the critical areas, where the valve stem merges into the valve plate, and the associated cracking in the welded corrosion protection layer avoid.
  • the invention thus relates to a gas exchange valve for a reciprocating internal combustion engine, in particular an outlet valve for a longitudinally purged two-stroke large diesel engine, wherein the gas exchange valve comprises a valve body having a valve stem extending along an axial valve stem axis, and a valve plate adjoining the valve stem, extending in the axial direction away from the valve stem, and extending radially outward with respect to the valve stem axis.
  • a valve seat surface is formed on the valve disk between a foot surface of the valve disk which is essentially orthogonal to the valve stem axis and the valve stem.
  • a recess in the form of a first coating trough is provided in the foot surface of the valve disk, in which a corrosion protection coating in the form of a first corrosion protection layer is provided.
  • the corrosion protection coating is not welded directly to the flat outer surface of the foot surface of the valve disk, but in a coating recess, which is incorporated into the bottom surface of the valve disk is welded, a component distortion during welding as far as possible, usually even completely prevented in terms of technically relevant standards.
  • the outer edge regions of Valve disk is less strongly burdened with heat absorbed during welding, so that a component distortion is thereby also significantly reduced or completely prevented.
  • the anticorrosive coating particularly preferably comprises at least one second anticorrosion layer, wherein the second anticorrosive layer may be provided in particular in a second coating trough.
  • the first anticorrosive layer is particularly preferably provided in a region between the valve stem and the second anticorrosion layer, wherein in practice often the second anticorrosive layer is welded directly onto the first anticorrosion layer.
  • the introduced welding heat can be reduced accordingly, which additionally reduces the known from the prior art harmful component distortion or substantially completely prevented.
  • a reduction of the total heat input into the valve disk can thus be advantageously achieved by reducing the number of welding layers and the welding area.
  • the corrosion at the foot surface of the valve disk for example, in the range to about 2/3 of the diameter of the foot surface of the valve disk is strongest and to about 3/4 of the diameter is smaller than in the aforementioned inner region.
  • the corrosion load is greatest in an annular area radially spaced from the central valve stem axis, and the corrosion load decreases radially inwardly and radially outside the aforementioned ring area. It is understood that the above information in practice may have different values or geometries and may be dependent on the engine, its load, etc.
  • an outer boundary line of the first anticorrosive layer is circular with an outer perimeter radius around the valve stem axis, for example, when the corrosion stresses are predominantly in a circular area of the root surface, which is often referred to as the valve underside,
  • the first anticorrosive layer may also be formed in an annular manner with a predeterminable inner boundary radius around the valve stem axis, or in principle also have any other suitable geometry.
  • the anticorrosion coating may of course also comprise at least one second anticorrosive layer or even several additional anticorrosive layers, wherein the second anticorrosive layer may preferably but not necessarily be provided in a second coating trough and any further anticorrosion layers may also be provided in corresponding coating troughs.
  • first corrosion protection layer is not necessary but particularly preferably provided in a region between the valve stem and the second corrosion protection layer, wherein an outer boundary line of the second corrosion protection layer may be formed, for example, circular with an outer boundary radius to the valve stem axis, but of course any other suitable geometry may have.
  • the first corrosion protection layer and / or the second corrosion protection layer can be provided in the manner known per se around a service bore provided in the valve disk.
  • the service bore may be e.g. have an internal thread into which a handling device for convenient handling of the gas exchange valve can be screwed. It is understood that the service hole is preferably introduced only when the corrosion protection coating is already welded.
  • the anticorrosive coating itself can be composed of any suitable material and the material to be used can be selected according to the requirements of the skilled person.
  • a nickel-based corrosion protection coating in particular a corrosion protection coating comprising a nickel-based alloy at least nickel and chromium is formed, the chromium content preferably between 10% by weight and 60% by weight of chromium, in particular between 15% by weight and 50% by weight of chromium, particularly preferably between 20% by weight and 45% by weight of chromium , eg 43% by weight.
  • the first corrosion protection layer may be made of the same material as the second corrosion protection layer, but in particular it is quite possible that two or more corrosion protection layers of different materials are used.
  • the valve body of the gas exchange valve can of course also be made of any suitable material, and is particularly preferably made of a chromium-nickel steel, wherein in particular an iron content of the anticorrosive coating less than 5 wt.%, Preferably between 0.5 wt.% And % By weight, in particular less than 3% by weight.
  • the invention further relates to a method for producing a gas exchange valve as described in detail above, in which method a valve body is provided and in a foot surface of a valve disk of the valve body of the gas exchange valve, a recess in the form of a first coating trough and / or a second coating trough is provided.
  • a corrosion protection coating in the form of a first corrosion protection layer and / or a second corrosion protection layer is provided in the first coating trough and / or in the second coating trough.
  • the first corrosion protection layer and / or the second corrosion protection layer is applied by welding, in particular by metal inert gas welding, wherein the corrosion protection coating of a nickel-based alloy comprising at least nickel and chromium is formed.
  • the chromium content can be particularly advantageous between 10 % By weight and 60% by weight of chromium, in particular between 15% by weight and 50% by weight of chromium, more preferably between 20% by weight and 45% by weight of chromium.
  • the metal inert gas welding is known per se in the prior art welding method, the principle of which is briefly outlined just for clarity in the following.
  • the metal inert gas welding which is often abbreviated simply as MSG, in its various variants, for example, as metal welding with inert gases as MIG welding or MAG welding, so metal welding with active reactive gases known and is basically an arc welding process in which a consumable welding wire is often automatically tracked automatically by a variable speed motor.
  • Frequently used welding wire diameters are, for example, between 0.6 mm and 2 mm or even up to 3 mm.
  • the welding point is supplied via a nozzle, the protective or mixed gas in a predetermined amount, which is of course defined by the specific application.
  • the supplied gas protects the liquid metal under the arc from chemical changes, in particular from oxidation, which would weaken the weld seam.
  • metal active gas welding MAG
  • MIG metal inert gas welding
  • the MAG process is used in practice primarily in steels, the MIG preferred method for non-ferrous metals or alloyed steels.
  • cored wires can of course also be used in metal inert gas welding. These can be provided internally with a slag former and, if appropriate, alloying additives. They serve the same purpose as the envelopes of the rod electrode. On the one hand, they carry On the other hand they form a slag and protect the welded part from oxidation.
  • the valve body of a gas exchange valve according to the invention can be produced, for example, from a chromium-nickel steel or from another material, wherein the welding process described above is particularly preferably the above-described metal inert gas welding is used such that in the metal inert gas an iron content of the anti-corrosion coating is less than 5 wt %, preferably between 0.5% by weight and 4% by weight, in particular less than 3% by weight.
  • Fig. 2a shows a first simple embodiment of an inventive gas exchange valve, which is hereinafter referred to in its entirety by the reference numeral 1.
  • the special embodiment of an inventive gas exchange valve 1 for a reciprocating internal combustion engine of Fig. 2a is an outlet valve for a longitudinally purged two-stroke large diesel engine.
  • the gas exchange valve 1 comprises a valve body with a valve stem 2 extending along an axial valve stem axis A, and a valve disk 3 adjoining the valve stem 2 which extends away from the valve stem 2 in the axial direction and in the radial direction with respect to the valve stem axis A. extending radially outward.
  • a valve seat surface 32 formed on the valve disk 3 which the skilled often referred to simply as the valve plate bottom.
  • a recess 4 in the form of a first coating recess 41 is provided in the foot surface 31 of the valve disk 3, in which a corrosion protection coating 5 in the form of a first corrosion protection layer 51 is provided.
  • the coating trough 41 may have been worked out by means of methods known per se prior to the application of the anticorrosion layer 51.
  • An outer boundary line of the first anticorrosion layer 51 is formed in the present example in a circular shape with an outer limiting radius R1 around the valve stem axis A.
  • the corrosion protection layer 51 was applied here by means of build-up welding, preferably by means of metal inert gas welding, as has already been described in more detail in various variants above.
  • Fig. 2b Based on Fig. 2b is a second embodiment of an inventive gas exchange valve 1 with two coating wells 41, 42 schematically shown, which has particular importance in practice.
  • the embodiment of Fig. 2b is different from the one of Fig. 2a in particular in that here the anticorrosive coating 5 comprises at least one second anticorrosion layer 52, wherein the second anticorrosion layer 52 is provided in a second coating trough 42 and the first anticorrosive layer 51 in a region between the valve stem 2 and the second anticorrosive layer 52 immediately below the second anticorrosion layer 52 is welded.
  • An outer boundary line of the second corrosion protection layer 52 is formed circularly with an outer limiting radius R2 around the valve stem axis A, the outer limiting radius R2 being smaller than the radius of the foot surface 31.
  • the outer limiting radius R2 is also possible for the outer limiting radius R2 to be substantially equal to the radius of the foot surface 31, as illustrated schematically by way of illustration Fig. 2c is shown. That is, in one embodiment of the Fig. 2c the second coating cavity 42 is actually identical to the surface of the first corrosion protection layer 51 and the remaining surface of the foot surface 31 not covered by the first corrosion protection layer 51.
  • a service hole 6 may be provided in the bottom surface 31, which preferably comprises an internal thread, so that for assembly and service work a handling tool in the service hole 6 can be screwed.
  • the Fig. 2e Finally shows another special embodiment of an inventive gas exchange valve 1 with an annular coating recess 41. That is, the first corrosion protection layer 51 is formed, for example, like an annular ring with an inner boundary radius R12 and an outer boundary radius R1 to the valve stem axis A.
  • Embodiments according to Fig. 2e can be used particularly advantageous when the corrosive stresses occur particularly strongly in the region of the annular corrosion protection layer 51 and are so little intense inside and outside the annular corrosion protection layer 51 that there can be dispensed with a corrosion protection coating.
  • a stress-resistant application of a highly corrosion-resistant layer by application welding with massively reduced heat input is proposed for the first time.
  • the corrosion layer can be applied in a previously provided in the foot surface of the valve disc coating recess preferably with a correspondingly large layer thickness and in areas of lower corrosion with a correspondingly lower layer thickness.
  • external areas which are, for example, a predetermined distance, for example more than 3/4 of the diameter of the foot surface of the valve stem axis, even without plating, so even without welded corrosion protection layer can be performed.
  • the plating geometry embodied according to the invention reduces the distortion to a minimum or even completely, so that it is no longer necessary to weld on several countermass layers to compensate for the component distortion on the foot surface. That is, by the massively minimized or substantially no longer existing delay can also very often on a finishing of the plating are dispensed with if the weld seam preparation, ie the inventive coating troughs are incorporated into the valve disc bottom prior to the welding process and the thickness of the weld corresponds to the depth of the coating trough.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
EP13195119.6A 2012-12-11 2013-11-29 Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils Revoked EP2743468B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP13195119.6A EP2743468B1 (de) 2012-12-11 2013-11-29 Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12196566 2012-12-11
EP13195119.6A EP2743468B1 (de) 2012-12-11 2013-11-29 Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2743468A1 EP2743468A1 (de) 2014-06-18
EP2743468B1 true EP2743468B1 (de) 2019-09-04

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EP13195119.6A Revoked EP2743468B1 (de) 2012-12-11 2013-11-29 Gaswechselventil, sowie verfahren zur herstellung eines gaswechselventils

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EP (1) EP2743468B1 (ru)
JP (1) JP6385671B2 (ru)
KR (1) KR102150124B1 (ru)
CN (1) CN103867248B (ru)
BR (1) BR102013021206A2 (ru)
RU (1) RU2013154782A (ru)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BR102013021206A2 (pt) 2012-12-11 2014-09-09 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Válvula de troca de gás bem como método para fabricação de válvula de troca de gás
DE102016207799A1 (de) 2016-05-04 2017-11-09 Mahle International Gmbh Gaswechselventil für eine Brennkraftmaschine
CN106077914B (zh) * 2016-07-15 2019-07-09 南京国际船舶设备配件有限公司 一种船用低速机气阀盘底及其焊接工艺
DE102019207536A1 (de) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 Mahle International Gmbh Gaswechselventil
WO2021180315A1 (en) * 2020-03-11 2021-09-16 Wärtsilä Finland Oy Method of configuring a gas exchange valve assembly in an internal combustion piston engine and a gas exchange valve

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US1628911A (en) 1926-11-05 1927-05-17 George R Rich Electrically-welded valve tappet
US2662011A (en) 1951-08-20 1953-12-08 Int Nickel Co Abrasion and corrosion resistant white cast iron
FR1394167A (fr) 1964-02-18 1965-04-02 Perfectionnements aux soupapes
US3408995A (en) 1967-05-22 1968-11-05 Thomas A. Johnson Combustion chamber design and material for internal combustion cylinders and engines
DE3125560A1 (de) 1980-07-02 1982-05-27 Dana Corp., 43697 Toledo, Ohio "isolation fuer hohen thermischen belastungen ausgesetzte teile einer brennkraftmaschine und verfahren zu seiner herstellung"
US4346870A (en) 1980-11-26 1982-08-31 Eaton Corporation Thermal barrier for poppet valve
DE8202802U1 (de) 1982-02-03 1983-03-03 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Auslassventil fuer brennkraftmaschinen
EP0049396B1 (en) 1980-10-03 1985-02-06 Eaton Corporation Poppet valve shield
JPS6040709A (ja) 1983-08-16 1985-03-04 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd 内燃機関の排気弁構造
DE3236354C2 (de) 1982-02-03 1985-12-05 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Von Verbrennungswärme unmittelbar beaufschlagtes, axial hin- und hergehend bewegtes Bauteil einer Hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine mit Hitzeschild
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GB2238349A (en) 1989-11-25 1991-05-29 T & N Technology Ltd Ceramic faced i.c. engine valves
DE4024084A1 (de) 1989-11-29 1991-06-06 Daimler Benz Ag Verfahren zum herstellen von hohlen gaswechselventilen fuer hubkolbenmaschinen
FR2666847A1 (fr) 1990-09-13 1992-03-20 Peugeot Moteur a allumage par compression a soupape d'admission perfectionnee.
US5441024A (en) 1994-05-09 1995-08-15 Val-Kro, Inc. Engine valve
JP2002018594A (ja) * 2000-07-06 2002-01-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 燃焼室構造物、腐食防止材コーティング方法
EP2743468A1 (de) 2012-12-11 2014-06-18 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Gaswechselventil, sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gaswechselventils
EP2743024A1 (de) 2012-12-11 2014-06-18 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gaswechselventils, sowie Gaswechselventil

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US1628911A (en) 1926-11-05 1927-05-17 George R Rich Electrically-welded valve tappet
US2662011A (en) 1951-08-20 1953-12-08 Int Nickel Co Abrasion and corrosion resistant white cast iron
FR1394167A (fr) 1964-02-18 1965-04-02 Perfectionnements aux soupapes
US3408995A (en) 1967-05-22 1968-11-05 Thomas A. Johnson Combustion chamber design and material for internal combustion cylinders and engines
DE3125560A1 (de) 1980-07-02 1982-05-27 Dana Corp., 43697 Toledo, Ohio "isolation fuer hohen thermischen belastungen ausgesetzte teile einer brennkraftmaschine und verfahren zu seiner herstellung"
EP0049396B1 (en) 1980-10-03 1985-02-06 Eaton Corporation Poppet valve shield
US4346870A (en) 1980-11-26 1982-08-31 Eaton Corporation Thermal barrier for poppet valve
DE3236354C2 (de) 1982-02-03 1985-12-05 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Von Verbrennungswärme unmittelbar beaufschlagtes, axial hin- und hergehend bewegtes Bauteil einer Hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine mit Hitzeschild
DE8202802U1 (de) 1982-02-03 1983-03-03 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 8900 Augsburg Auslassventil fuer brennkraftmaschinen
JPS6040709A (ja) 1983-08-16 1985-03-04 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd 内燃機関の排気弁構造
US4867116A (en) 1988-05-23 1989-09-19 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Aircraft exhaust valves
GB2238349A (en) 1989-11-25 1991-05-29 T & N Technology Ltd Ceramic faced i.c. engine valves
DE4024084A1 (de) 1989-11-29 1991-06-06 Daimler Benz Ag Verfahren zum herstellen von hohlen gaswechselventilen fuer hubkolbenmaschinen
FR2666847A1 (fr) 1990-09-13 1992-03-20 Peugeot Moteur a allumage par compression a soupape d'admission perfectionnee.
US5441024A (en) 1994-05-09 1995-08-15 Val-Kro, Inc. Engine valve
JP2002018594A (ja) * 2000-07-06 2002-01-22 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 燃焼室構造物、腐食防止材コーティング方法
EP2743468A1 (de) 2012-12-11 2014-06-18 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Gaswechselventil, sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gaswechselventils
EP2743024A1 (de) 2012-12-11 2014-06-18 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gaswechselventils, sowie Gaswechselventil

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Title
WOLFGANG WEISSBACH: "Werkstoffkunde Strukturen, Eigenschaften , Prüfung 17. Auflge", 2010, VIEWEG + TEUBNER, pages: 2pp, 304 - 305, XP055702648

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BR102013021206A2 (pt) 2014-09-09
JP6385671B2 (ja) 2018-09-05
EP2743468A1 (de) 2014-06-18
JP2014114817A (ja) 2014-06-26
CN103867248A (zh) 2014-06-18
KR20140075577A (ko) 2014-06-19
RU2013154782A (ru) 2015-06-20
KR102150124B1 (ko) 2020-09-01
CN103867248B (zh) 2017-07-14

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