Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/08—Solutions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/06—Ointments; Bases therefor; Other semi-solid forms, e.g. creams, sticks, gels
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
  • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Inflammation involves the activation of the immune system in response to harmful stimuli, such as, e.g., a pathogen, infection, irritant, or damage to cells.
• harmful stimuli such as, e.g., a pathogen, infection, irritant, or damage to cells.
• inflammation is a mechanism of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity, which is specific for each pathogen. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Generally speaking, acute inflammation is mediated by granulocytes, while chronic inflammation is mediated by mononuclear cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes.
• Acute inflammation is an initial protective response of the body to remove an injurious stimulus by maintaining tissue integrity and contributing to tissue repair. It a part of the body's natural defense system against injury and disease, and in the absence of acute inflammation, wounds and infections would never heal and progressive destruction of the tissue would compromise the survival of the organism.
• the process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes, Kupffer cells, mastocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells.
• these cells undergo activation and release inflammatory mediating and sensitizing molecules, such as, e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, proinflammatory prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, serotonin, neutral proteases, bradykinin and nitric oxide.
• inflammatory molecules modulate a complex series of biological events involving cellular and acellular components of the local vascular system, the immune system, and the injured tissue site to propagate and mature the inflammatory response. These events are responsible for eliciting an acute inflammatory response, typically characterized by 1 ) vasodilatation which increases blood flow into the tissue thereby causing erythema (redness and warmth), which may extend beyond this site (the flare response); 2) blood vessel permeability which increases plasma leakage into the tissue thereby causing edema (swelling); 3) alter the excitability of certain sensory neurons causing hypersensitivity and pain; 4) stimulate the release of inflammation inducing molecules such as, e.g., neuropeptides like substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), prostaglandins, and amino acids like glutamate, from the peripheral nerve endings; and 5) increase migration of leukocytes, mainly granulocytes, from the blood vessels into the tissue.
• Chronic inflammation may be characterized as the simultaneous destruction and healing of tissue from the inflammatory process, with the net result of provoking injury rather than mediating repair.
• chronic inflammation is a disease.
• an inflammatory response can occur anywhere in the body, chronic inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of seemingly unrelated disorders which underlay a large and varied group of human diseases.
• chronic inflammation is involved in diseases as diverse as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, allergies, obesity, diabetes, digestive system diseases, degenerative diseases, auto-immune disorders, and Alzheimer's disease.
• NSAIDs reduce inflammation by blocking the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase, a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Thus, NSAIDs reduce inflammation by preventing the synthesis of all prostaglandins.
• NSAIDs not only prevents the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins, these compounds also prevent the synthesis of anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. Hence, NSAIDs have limited success as they block endogenous anti-inflammatory response, which in some instances may prolong chronic inflammation. Therefore, compounds, compositions, uses, and methods preferentially inhibiting pro-inflammatory responses would be highly desirable for the treatment of chronic inflammation.
• the present specification discloses pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating an individual suffering from a chronic inflammation.
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are essentially a lipid delivery system that enables a therapeutic compound having anti-inflammatory activity to be delivered in a manner that more effectively inhibits a pro-inflammatory response. The end result is an improved treatment for chronic inflammation.
• aspects of the present specification disclose a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutic compound and a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a therapeutic compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity.
• Other aspects of the present specification disclose a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutic compound disclosed herein, a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein further comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent.
• aspects of the present specification disclose a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising the step of contacting a therapeutic compound with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• Other aspects of the present specification disclose a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition, the method comprising the steps: a) contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent with a therapeutic compound under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, thereby forming a solution, wherein the therapeutic compound has anti-inflammatory activity, and b) contacting the solution formed in step (a) with a pharmaceutically- acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• the method of preparing disclosed herein further comprises c) removing the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent from the pharmaceutical composition.
• compositions the pharmaceutical composition made according to a method comprising the step of contacting a therapeutic compound with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• a pharmaceutical composition the pharmaceutical composition made according to a method comprising the steps: a) contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent with a therapeutic compound under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, thereby forming a solution, wherein the therapeutic compound has anti-inflammatory activity, and b) contacting the solution formed in step (a) with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• the method of making a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein further comprises c) removing the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent from the pharmaceutical composition.
• FIG. 1 shows the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on survival against Influenza A/PR/8/34 lethal challenge.
• FIG. 2 shows the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of Th2 cytokines in the lungs of surviving mice.
• FIG. 2A shows a graph of the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of IL-10
• FIG. 2B shows a graph of the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of IL-4.
• FIG. 3 shows the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of Th2 cytokines in the lungs of surviving mice.
• FIG. 3A shows a graph of the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of IL-10;
• Figure 3B shows a graph of the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of TNF-a; and
• FIG. 3C shows a graph of the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on in vivo levels of IFN- ⁇ .
• FIG. 4 shows the effects of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein on arthritis using an o collagen antibody induced arthritis (ACAIA) murine model.
• compositions include any molecular entity or composition that does not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward or unwanted reaction when administered to an individual.
• pharmaceutically acceptable composition is synonymous with “pharmaceutical composition” and means a therapeutically effective concentration of an active ingredient, such as, e.g., any of the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is useful for medical and veterinary applications.
• a pharmaceutical composition may be administered to an individual alone, or in combination with other supplementary active ingredients, agents, drugs or hormones.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may optionally include a pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier that facilitates processing of an active ingredient into pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier is synonymous with “pharmacological carrier” and means any carrier that has substantially no long term or permanent detrimental effect when administered and encompasses terms such as "pharmacologically acceptable vehicle, stabilizer, diluent, additive, auxiliary or excipient.”
• Such a carrier generally is mixed with an active compound or permitted to dilute or enclose the active compound and can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid agent. It is understood that the active ingredients can be soluble or can be delivered as a suspension in the desired carrier or diluent.
• aqueous media such as, e.g., water, saline, glycine, hyaluronic acid and the like
• solid carriers such as, e.g., mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like
• solvents dispersion media; coatings; antibacterial and antifungal agents; isotonic and absorption delaying agents; or any other inactive ingredient.
• Selection of a pharmacologically acceptable carrier can depend on the mode of administration.
• any pharmacologically acceptable carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions is contemplated.
• Non-limiting examples of specific uses of such pharmaceutical carriers can be found in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 7th ed. 1999); REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 20th ed. 2000); Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Joel G.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can optionally include, without limitation, other pharmaceutically acceptable components (or pharmaceutical components), including, without limitation, buffers, preservatives, tonicity adjusters, salts, antioxidants, osmolality adjusting agents, physiological substances, pharmacological substances, bulking agents, emulsifying agents, wetting agents, sweetening or flavoring agents, and the like.
• buffers include, without limitation, acetate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers, neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline and borate buffers.
• antioxidants include, without limitation, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.
• Useful preservatives include, without limitation, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric nitrate, a stabilized oxy chloro composition and chelants, such as, e.g., DTPA or DTPA-bisamide, calcium DTPA, and CaNaDTPA-bisamide.
• Tonicity adjustors useful in a pharmaceutical composition include, without limitation, salts such as, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride, mannitol or glycerin and other pharmaceutically acceptable tonicity adjustor.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a salt and can be formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms. It is understood that these and other substances known in the art of pharmacology can be included in a pharmaceutical composition.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises a therapeutic compound having anti-inflammatory activity and a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises a therapeutic compound having anti-inflammatory activity, a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may further comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may further comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, a pharmaceutically-acceptable component, or both pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier and pharmaceutically-acceptable component.
• a therapeutic compound is a compound that provides pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animals.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be used in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or solvate of a salt, e.g. the hydrochloride. Additionally, therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be provided as racemates, or as individual enantiomers, including the R- or S-enantiomer.
• the therapeutic compound disclosed herein may comprise a R- enantiomer only, a S-enantiomer only, or a combination of both a R-enantiomer and a S-enantiomer of a therapeutic compound.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have anti-inflammatory activity.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation inducing molecule.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), glutamate, or a combination thereof.
• SP substance P
• CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of SP, CGRP, glutamate, or a combination thereof released from a sensory neuron by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of SP, CGRP, glutamate, or a combination thereof released from a sensory neuron in a range from, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
• Prostaglandins mediate a local inflammatory response and are involved in all inflammatory functions through action on prostaglandin receptors and mediate inflammatory signaling including chemotaxis (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils), vasodilation and algesia.
• chemotaxis macrophages
• neutrophils neutrophils
• eosinophils vasodilation
• algesia the PG- mediated inflammatory response is self-limiting (resolving).
• the principle resolution factor is a prostaglandin called 15dPGJ2, which is an endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPAR- ⁇ ) signaling.
• PPARy signaling pathway 1 induces apoptosis of Macrophage M1 cells, thereby reducing the levels of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines and 2) promotes differentiation of monocytes into Macrophage M2 cells. Macrophage M2 cells produce and release Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation inducing prostaglandin.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of a inflammation inducing prostaglandin released from a sensory neuron by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of a inflammation inducing prostaglandin released from a sensory neuron in a range from, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity substantially similar to 15dPGJ2.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein an anti-inflammatory activity that is, e.g., at least 5%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the activity observed for 15dPGJ2.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein an anti-inflammatory activity that is in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, about 25% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 80%, about 25% to about 70%, about 50% to about 70%, about 25% to about 60%, about 50% to about 60%, or about 25% to about 50% of the activity observed for 15dPGJ2.
• the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes. All PPARs are known to heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and bind to specific regions on the DNA of target genes called peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements (PPREs). PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), and tumorigenesis of higher organisms. The family comprises three members, PPAR-a, PPAR- ⁇ , and PPAR- ⁇ (also known as PPAR- ⁇ ).
• PPAR-a is expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, as well as other tissues.
• PPAR- ⁇ is expressed in many tissues but markedly in brain, adipose tissue, and skin.
• PPAR- ⁇ comprises three alternatively-spliced forms, each with a different expression pattern.
• PPAR- ⁇ is expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen.
• PPAR-y2 is expressed mainly in adipose tissue.
• PPAR-y3 is expressed in macrophages, large intestine, and white adipose tissue. Endogenous ligands for the PPARs include free fatty acids and eicosanoids.
• PPAR- ⁇ is activated by PGJ2 (a prostaglandin), whereas PPAR-a is activated by leukotriene B4.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating all PPAR signaling pathways.
• Such a therapeutic compound includes a PPAR pan-agonist.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating one or two of the PPAR signaling pathways.
• Such a therapeutic compound includes a selective PPAR agonist.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating a PPAR-a signaling pathway.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPAR-a signaling pathway by, e.g., at least 5%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPAR-a signaling pathway in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, about 25% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 80%, about 25% to about 70%, about 50% to about 70%, about 25% to about 60%, about 50% to about 60%, or about 25% to about 50%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating a PPAR- ⁇ signaling pathway.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPAR- ⁇ signaling pathway by, e.g., at least 5%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPAR- ⁇ signaling pathway in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, about 25% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 80%, about 25% to about 70%, about 50% to about 70%, about 25% to about 60%, about 50% to about 60%, or about 25% to about 50%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating a PPARy signaling pathway.
• a therapeutic compounds disclosed herein may be capable of binding to all isoforms of PPAR- ⁇ , or may be capable of selectively binding to either PPAR- ⁇ , PPAR-v2, PPAR-y3, or any combination of two thereof.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPARy signaling pathway by, e.g., at least 5%, at least 15%, at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein stimulates a PPARy signaling pathway in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 80% to about 90%, about 25% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 60% to about 80%, about 70% to about 80%, about 25% to about 70%, about 50% to about 70%, about 25% to about 60%, about 50% to about 60%, or about 25% to about 50%.
• Macrophages are activated and polarized into distinct phenotypes expressing unique cell surface molecules and secreting discrete sets of cytokines and chemokines.
• the classical M1 phenotype supports pro-inflammatory Th1 responses driven by cytokines such as, e.g., lnterleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-12 and IL-23, while the alternate M2 phenotype is generally supportive of anti-inflammatory processes driven by IL-10.
• M2 cells can be further classified into subsets, M2a, M2b, and M2c, based on the type of stimulation and the subsequent expression of surface molecules and cytokines.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of promoting the resolving phenotypic change of M1 to M2.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of inducing apoptosis of Macrophage M1 cells.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of promoting differentiation of Macrophage M2 cells.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of inducing apoptosis of Macrophage M1 cells and promoting differentiation of Macrophage M2 cells.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of modulating Th1 and Th2 cytokines.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of Interferon- gamma (IFNy), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), lnterleukin-12 (IL-12), or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell.
• IFNy Interferon- gamma
• TNF-a Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
• IL-12 lnterleukin-12
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFNy, TNF-a, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFNy, TNF-a, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an antiinflammatory activity capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an antiinflammatory activity capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an antiinflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFNy, TNF-a, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell and increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFNy, TNF-a, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%, and capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein has an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFNy, TNF-a, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%, and capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell in a range from, e
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value indicating that the compound is soluble in an organic solvent.
• log P value refers to the logarithm (base 10) of the partition coefficient (P) for a compound and is a measure of lipophilicity.
• P is defined as the ratio of concentrations of a unionized compound in the two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
• the log P value of a compound is constant for any given pair of aqueous and organic solvents, and its value can be determined empirically by one of several phase-partitioning methods known to one skilled in the art including, e.g., a shake flask assay, a HPLC assay, and an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) assay.
• phase-partitioning methods known to one skilled in the art including, e.g., a shake flask assay, a HPLC assay, and an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) assay.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value indicating that the compound is substantially soluble in an organic solvent.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value indicating that the compound is, e.g., at least 50% soluble in an organic solvent, at least 60% soluble in an organic solvent, at least 70% soluble in an organic solvent, at least 80% soluble in an organic solvent, or at least 90% soluble in an organic solvent.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value indicating that the compound is between, e.g., about 50% to about 100% soluble in an organic solvent, about 60% to about 100% soluble in an organic solvent, about 70% to about 100% soluble in an organic solvent, about 80% to about 100% soluble in an organic solvent, or about 90% to about 100% soluble in an organic solvent.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value of, e.g., more than 1.1 , more than 1 .2, more than 1.4, more than 1 .6, more than 1.8, more than 2.0, more than 2.2, more than 2.4, more than 2.6, more than 2.8, more than 3.0, more than 3.2, more than 3.4, or more than 3.6.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value in the range of, e.g., between 1.8 and 4.0, between 2.0 and 4.0, between 2.1 and 4.0, between 2.2 and 4.0, or between 2.3 and 4.0, between 2.4 and 4.0, between 2.5 and 4.0, between 2.6 and 4.0, or between 2.8 and 4.0.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value in the range of, e.g., between 3.0 and 4.0, or between 3.1 and 4.0, between 3.2 and 4.0, between 3.3 and 4.0, between 3.4 and 4.0, between 3.5 and 4.0, or between 3.6 and 4.0.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a log P value in the range of, e.g., between 2.0 and 2.5, between 2.0 and 2.7, between 2.0 and 3.0, or between 2.2 and 2.5.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a polar surface area that is hydrophobic.
• the term "polar surface area” refers to the surface sum over all of the polar atoms in the structure of a compound and is a measure of hydrophobicity. Typically, these polar atoms include, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, and their attached hydrogens.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a polar surface area of, e.g., less than 8.0 nm 2 , less than 7.0 nm 2 , less than 6.0 nm 2 , less than 5.0 nm 2 , less than 4.0 nm 2 , or less than 3.0 nm 2 .
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a polar surface area in the range of, e.g., between 3.0 nm 2 and 6.5 nm 2 , between 3.0 nm 2 and 6.0 nm 2 , between 3.0 nm 2 and 5.5 nm 2 , between 3.0 nm 2 and 5.0 nm 2 , between 3.0 nm 2 and 4.5 nm 2 , between 3.5 nm 2 and 6.5 nm 2 , between 3.5 nm 2 and 6.0 nm 2 , between 3.5 nm 2 and 5.5 nm 2 , between 3.5 nm 2 and 5.0 nm 2 , between 3.5 nm 2 and 4.5 nm 2 , between 4.0 nm 2 and 6.5 nm 2 , between 4.0 nm 2 and 6.0 nm 2 , between 4.0 nm 2 and 5.5 nm 2 , or between 4.0 nm 2 and 5.0 nm
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may have a polar surface area in the range of, e.g., between 2.0 nm 2 and 6.5 nm 2 , between 2.0 nm 2 and 6.0 nm 2 , between 2.0 nm 2 and 5.5 nm 2 , between 2.0 nm 2 and 5.0 nm 2 , between 2.0 nm 2 and 4.5 nm 2 , between 2.5 nm 2 and 6.5 nm 2 , between 2.5 nm 2 and 6.0 nm 2 , between 2.5 nm 2 and 5.5 nm 2 , between 2.5 nm 2 and 5.0 nm 2 , or between 2.5 nm 2 and 4.5 nm 2 .
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
• NSAIDs are a large group of therapeutic compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic properties. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase.
• NSAIDs include, without limitation, Aceclofenac, Acemetacin, Actarit, Alcofenac, Alminoprofen, Amfenac, Aloxipirin, Aminophenazone, Antraphenine, Aspirin, Azapropazone, Benorilate, Benoxaprofen, Benzydamine, Butibufen, Celecoxib, Chlorthenoxacin, Choline Salicylate, Clometacin, Dexketoprofen, Diclofenac, Diflunisal, Emorfazone, Epirizole; Etodolac, Etoricoxib, Feclobuzone, Felbinac, Fenbufen, Fenclofenac, Flurbiprofen, Glafenine, Hydroxylethyl salicylate, Ibuprofen, Indometacin, Indoprofen, Ketoprofen, Ketorolac, Lactyl phenetidin, Loxoprofen, Lumirac
• NSAIDs may be classified based on their chemical structure or mechanism of action.
• Non- limiting examples of NSAIDs include a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, and a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor.
• a NSAID may be a profen.
• Examples of a suitable salicylate derivative NSAID include, without limitation, Acetylsalicylic acid (asprin), Diflunisal, and Salsalate.
• Examples of a suitable p-amino phenol derivative NSAID include, without limitation, Paracetamol and Phenacetin.
• Examples of a suitable propionic acid derivative NSAID include, without limitation, Alminoprofen, Benoxaprofen, Dexketoprofen, Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, Indoprofen, Ketoprofen, Loxoprofen, Naproxen, Oxaprozin, Pranoprofen, and Suprofen.
• a suitable acetic acid derivative NSAID examples include, without limitation, Aceclofenac, Acemetacin, Actarit, Alcofenac, Amfenac, Clometacin, Diclofenac, Etodolac, Felbinac, Fenclofenac, Indometacin, Ketorolac, Metiazinic acid, Mofezolac, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Oxametacin, Sulindac, and Zomepirac.
• a suitable enolic acid (Oxicam) derivative NSAID examples include, without limitation, Droxicam, Isoxicam, Lornoxicam, Meloxicam, Piroxicam, and Tenoxicam.
• a suitable fenamic acid derivative NSAID examples include, without limitation, Flufenamic acid, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamic acid, and Tolfenamic acid.
• a suitable selective COX-2 inhibitors include, without limitation, Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, Firocoxib, Lumiracoxib, Meloxicam, Parecoxib, Rofecoxib, and Valdecoxib.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a PPARy agonist.
• a suitable PPARy agonist examples include, without limitation, Benzbromarone, a cannabidiol, Cilostazol, Curcumin, Delta(9)- tetrahydrocannabinol, glycyrrhetinic acid, Indomethacin, Irbesartan, Monascin, mycophenolic acid, Resveratrol, 6-shogaol, Telmisartan, a thiazolidinedione like Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, and Troglitazone, a NSAID, and a fibrate.
• Other suitable PPARy agonists are described in Masson and Caumont-Bertrand, PPAR Agonist Compounds, Preparation and Uses, US 201 1/0195993, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a nuclear receptor binding agent.
• suitable nuclear receptor binding agent include, without limitation, a Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) binding agent, a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) binding agent, a Liver X Receptor (LXR) binding agent and a Vitamin D binding agent.
• RAR Retinoic Acid Receptor
• RXR Retinoid X Receptor
• LXR Liver X Receptor
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be an anti-hyperlipidemic agent.
• anti-hyperlipidemic agents also known as hypolipidemic agents. They may differ in both their impact on the cholesterol profile and adverse effects. For example, some may lower low density lipoprotein (LDL), while others may preferentially increase high density lipoprotein (HDL).
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• HDL high density lipoprotein
• a suitable anti- hyperlipidemic agent examples include, without limitation, a fibrate, a statin, a tocotrienol, a niacin, a bile acid sequestrants (resin), a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, and a sympathomimetic amine.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a fibrate.
• Fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids with lipid level modifying properties. These therapeutic compounds are used for a range of metabolic disorders.
• One non-limiting use is as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent where it may lower levels of, e.g., triglycerides and LDL as well as increase levels of HDL.
• suitable fibrate include, without limitation, Bezafibrate, Ciprofibrate, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil, and Fenofibrate.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a statin.
• Statins or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are a class of therapeutic compounds used to lower LDL and/or cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
• HMG-CoA reductase a class of therapeutic compounds used to lower LDL and/or cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
• synthesis of hepatic LDL receptors is increased, resulting in an increased clearance of LDL particles from the blood.
• suitable statin include, without limitation, Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a tocotrienol.
• Tocotrienols are anotehr class of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and may be used to lower LDL and/or cholesterol levels by inducing hepatic LDL receptor up-regulation and/or decreasing plasma LDL levels.
• Examples of a suitable tocotrienol include, without limitation, a ⁇ -tocotrienol and a ⁇ - tocotrienol.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a niacin.
• Niacins are a class of therapeutic compounds with lipid level modifying properties.
• a niacin may lower LDL by selectively inhibiting hepatic diacyglycerol acyltransferase 2, reduce triglyceride synthesis, and VLDL secretion through a receptor HM74 and HM74A or GPR109A.
• These therapeutic compounds are used for a range of metabolic disorders.
• One non-limiting use is as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent where it may inhibit the breakdown of fats in adipose tissue.
• a niacin blocks the breakdown of fats, it causes a decrease in free fatty acids in the blood and, as a consequence, decreases the secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and cholesterol by the liver. By lowering VLDL levels, a niacin may also increase the level of HDL in blood.
• VLDL very-low-density lipoproteins
• a niacin may also increase the level of HDL in blood.
• suitable niacin include, without limitation, acipimox, niacin, nicotinamide, and vitamin B3.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a bile acid sequestrant.
• Bile acid sequestrants also known as resins
• Bile acid sequestrants are a class of therapeutic compounds used to bind certain components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract. They disrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by sequestering them and preventing their reabsorption from the gut. Bile acid sequestrants are particularly effective for lowering LDL and cholesterol by sequestering the cholesterol-containing bile acids released into the intestine and preventing their reabsorption from the intestine.
• a bile acid sequestrant may also raise HDL levels. Examples of a suitable bile acid sequestrant include, without limitation, Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, and Colestipol.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.
• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a class of therapeutic compounds that inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. Decreased cholesterol absorption leads to an upregulation of LDL-receptors on the surface of cells and an increased LDL-cholesterol uptake into these cells, thus decreasing levels of LDL in the blood plasma.
• a suitable cholesterol absorption inhibitor include, without limitation, Ezetimibe, a phytosterol, a sterol and a stanol.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a fat absorption inhibitor.
• Fat absorption inhibitors are a class of therapeutic compounds that inhibits the absorption of fat from the intestine. Decreased fat absorption reduces caloric intake.
• a fat absorption inhibitor inhibits pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Examples of a suitable fat absorption inhibitor include, without limitation, Orlistat.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be a sympathomimetic amine.
• Sympathomimetic amines are a class of therapeutic compounds that mimic the effects of transmitter substances of the sympathetic nervous system such as catecholamines, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and/or dopamine.
• a sympathomimetic amine may act as an oadrenergic agonist, a ⁇ - adrenergic agonist, a dopaminergic agonist, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, and a COMT inhibitor.
• Such therapeutic compounds are used to treat cardiac arrest, low blood pressure, or even delay premature labor.
• a suitable sympathomimetic amine examples include, without limitation, Clenbuterol, Salbutamol, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, cocaine, benzylpiperazine (BZP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4- methylaminorex, pemoline, phenmetrazine, and propylhexedrine.
• a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be an ester of a therapeutic compound.
• An ester of a therapeutic compound increases the logP value relative to the same therapeutic compound, but without the ester modification.
• An ester group may be attached to a therapeutic compound by, e.g., a carboxylic acid or hydroxyl functional group present of the therapeutic compound.
• An ester of a therapeutic compound may have an increased hydrophobicity, and as such, may be dissolved in a reduced volume of solvent disclosed herein.
• an ester of a therapeutic compound may be combined directly with an adjuvant disclosed herein, thereby eliminating the need of a solvent.
• An ester of a therapeutic compound may enable the making of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, in situations where a non-esterified form of the same therapeutic compound is otherwise immiscible in a solvent disclosed herein.
• An ester of a therapeutic compound may still be delivered in a manner that more effectively inhibits a pro-inflammatory response as long as the compound is combined with an adjuvant disclosed herein.
• a therapeutic compound may be reacted with ethyl ester in order to form an ethyl ester of the therapeutic compound.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein does not comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutic compound and a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant, but does not comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a therapeutic compound in an amount sufficient to allow customary administration to an individual.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be, e.g., at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 55 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 65 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, or at least 100 mg of a therapeutic compound.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be, e.g., at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 600 mg, at least 700 mg, at least 800 mg, at least 900 mg, at least 1 ,000 mg, at least 1 ,100 mg, at least 1 ,200 mg, at least 1 ,300 mg, at least 1 ,400 mg, or at least 1 ,500 mg of a therapeutic compound.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 5 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 150 mg to about 350 mg, about 250 mg to about 500 mg, about 350 mg to about 600 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 750 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 850 mg to about 1 ,200 mg, or about 1 ,000 mg to about 1 ,500 mg.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 10 mg to about 250 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 750 mg, about 10 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 50 mg to about 250 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about 750 mg, about 50 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 750 mg, about 100 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 200 mg to about 500 mg, about 200 mg to about 750 mg, about 200 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 200 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 5 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 5 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, or about 5 mg to about 250 mg.
• a solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous (the solute), resulting in a solution.
• Solvents useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include, without limitation, a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar aprotic solvent, a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar protic solvent and a pharmaceutically-acceptable non-polar solvent.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar aprotic solvent includes, without limitation, dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF), acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
• DCM dichloromethane
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• ethyl acetate acetone
• dimethylformamide DMF
• MeCN acetonitrile
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar protic solvent includes, without limitation, acetic acid, formic acid, ethanol, n-butanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1 ,2 propan-diol, methanol, glycerol, and water.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable non-polar solvent includes, without limitation, pentane, cyclopentane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, 1 ,4-Dioxane, chloroform, n-methyl-pyrrilidone (NMP), and diethyl ether.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent in an amount sufficient to dissolve a therapeutic compound disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent in an amount of, e.g., less than about 90% (v/v), less than about 80% (v/v), less than about 70% (v/v), less than about 65% (v/v), less than about 60% (v/v), less than about 55% (v/v), less than about 50% (v/v), less than about 45% (v/v), less than about 40% (v/v), less than about 35% (v/v), less than about 30% (v/v), less than about 25% (v/v), less than about 20% (v/v), less than about 15% (v/v), less than about 10% (v/v), less than about 5% (v/v), or less than about 1 % (v/v).
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a solvent in an amount in a range of, e.g., about 1 % (v/v) to 90% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 70% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 60% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 40% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 30% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 20% (v/v), about 1 % (v/v) to 10% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 40% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 30% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 20% (v/v), about 2% (v/v) to 10% (v/v), about 4% (v/v) to 50% (v/v), about 4% (v/v) to
• a solvent may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol.
• the term "alcohol” refers to an organic molecule comprising a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) bond to a carbon atom, where the carbon atom is saturated.
• the alcohol may be, e.g., a C 2 -4 alcohol, a Ci_ 4 alcohol, a Ci_ 5 alcohol, a Ci_ 7 alcohol, a Ci_i 0 alcohol, a Ci_i 5 alcohol, or a C-i-20 alcohol.
• an alcohol may be, e.g., a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, or a tertiary alcohol.
• an alcohol may be, e.g., an acyclic alcohol, a monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol (also known as a polyol or sugar alcohol), an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, an alicyclic alcohol, or a combination thereof.
• a monohydric alcohol include, without limitation, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and 1 -hexadecanol.
• Examples of a polyhydric alcohol include, without limitation, glycol, glycerol, arabitol, erythritol, xylitol, maltitol, sorbitol (gluctiol), mannitol, inositol, lactitol, galactitol (iditol), and isomalt.
• Examples of an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol include, without limitation, prop-2-ene-1-ol, 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol, and prop-2-in-1-ol.
• Examples of an alicyclic alcohol include, without limitation, cyclohexane-1 ,2,3,4,5,6- hexol and 2 - (2-propyl)-5-methyl-cyclohexane-1 -ol.
• a solvent may comprise an ester of pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol and an acid.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohols include the ones disclosed herein.
• Suitable acids include, without limitation, acetic acid, butaric acid, and formic acid.
• An ester of an alcohol and an acid include, without limitation, methyl acetate, methyl buterate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl buterate, ethyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl buterate, propyl formate, butyl acetate, butyl buterate, butyl formate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl buterate, isobutyl formate, pentyl acetate, pentyl buterate, pentyl formate, and 1-hexadecyl acetate, 1-hexadecyl buterate, and 1 -hexadecy I formate.
• a solvent may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer.
• PEG polymers also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers or polyoxyethylene (POE) polymers, are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 100 g/mol to 10,000,000 g/mol. PEG polymers with a low molecular mass are liquids or low-melting solids, whereas PEG polymers of a higher molecular mass are solids.
• a PEG polymer include, without limitation, PEG 100, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500, PEG 600, PEG 700, PEG 800, PEG 900, PEG 1000, PEG 1 100, PEG 1200, PEG 1300, PEG 1400, PEG 1500, PEG 1600, PEG 1700, PEG 1800, PEG 1900, PEG 2000, PEG 2100, PEG 2200, PEG 2300, PEG 2400, PEG 2500, PEG 2600, PEG 2700, PEG 2800, PEG 2900, PEG 3000, PEG 3250, PEG 3350, PEG 3500, PEG 3750, PEG 4000, PEG 4250, PEG 4500, PEG 4750, PEG 5000, PEG 5500, PEG 6000, PEG 6500, PEG 7000, PEG 7500, PEG 8000, PEG 8500, PEG 9000, PEG 9500, PEG 10,000, PEG 1 1 ,000, PEG 12,000, P
• a solvent may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable glyceride.
• Glycerides comprise a substituted glycerol, where one, two, or all three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol are each esterified using a fatty acid to produce monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, respectively. In these compounds, each hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified by different fatty acids. Additionally, glycerides may be acetylated to produce acetylated monoglycerides, acetylated diglycerides, and acetylated triglycerides.
• a solvent may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable solid solvent.
• Solid solvents may be useful in the manufacture of a solid dose formulation of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. Typically, a solid solvent is melted in order to dissolve a therapeutic compound.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable solid solvent includes, without limitation, Menthol and PEG polymers above about 20,000 g/mol.
• An adjuvant is a pharmacological agent that modifies the effect of other agents, such as, e.g., a therapeutic compound disclosed herein.
• an adjuvant disclosed herein may be used as a solvent that dissolves a therapeutic compound disclosed herein, forming a adjuvant solution.
• An adjuvant disclosed herein facilitates delivery of a therapeutic compound in a manner that more effectively inhibits a proinflammatory response.
• an adjuvant disclosed herein facilitates the delivery of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein into macrophages.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant in an amount sufficient to mix with a solution disclosed herein or an emulsion disclosed herein.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise an adjuvant in an amount of, e.g., at least 10% (v/v), at least 20% (v/v), at least 30% (v/v), at least 35% (v/v), at least 40% (v/v), at least 45% (v/v), at least 50% (v/v), at least 55% (v/v), at least 60% (v/v), at least 65% (v/v), at least 70% (v/v), at least 75% (v/v), at least 80% (v/v), at least 85% (v/v), at least 90% (v/v), at least 95% (v/v), or at least 99% (v/v).
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise an adjuvant in an amount in a range of, e.g., about 30% (v/v) to about 99% (v/v), about 35% (v/v) to about 99% (v/v), about 40% (v/v) to about 99% (v/v), about 45% (v/v) to about 99% (v/v), about 50% (v/v) to about 99% (v/v), about 30% (v/v) to about 98% (v/v), about 35% (v/v) to about 98% (v/v), about 40% (v/v) to about 98% (v/v), about 45% (v/v) to about 98% (v/v), about 50% (v/v) to about 98% (v/v), about 30% (v/v) to about 95% (v/v), about 35% (v/v) to about 95% (v/v), about 40% (v/v) to about 95% (v/v), about 45% (v/v) to about 95% (
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise an adjuvant in an amount in a range of, e.g., about 70% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 75% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 80% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 85% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 88% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 89% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 90% (v/v) to about 97% (v/v), about 75% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 80% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 85% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 88% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 89% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 90% (v/v) to about 96% (v/v), about 96% (v/v),
• an adjuvant may be a pharmaceutically-acceptable lipid.
• a lipid may be broadly defined as a hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecule. The amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment.
• Non-limiting examples, of lipids include fatty acids, glycerolipids (like monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides), phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a lipid such as, e.g.
• a lipid useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be a pharmaceutically- acceptable fatty acid.
• a fatty acid comprises a carboxylic acid with a long unbranched hydrocarbon chain which may be either saturated or unsaturated. Thus arrangement confers a fatty acid with a polar, hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar, hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water.
• Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a hydrocarbon chain of an even number of carbon atoms, typically between 4 and 24 carbons, and may be attached to functional groups containing oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur.
• Synthetic or non-natural fatty acids may have a hydrocarbon chain of any number of carbon atoms from between 3 and 40 carbons.
• fatty acids include, without limitation, Capryllic acid (8:0), pelargonic acid (9:0), Capric acid (10:0), Undecylic acid (1 1 :0), Erasmus acid (12:0), Tridecylic acid (13:0), Myristic acid (14:0), Myristoleic acid (14:1 ), Pentadecyclic acid (15:0), Palmitic acid (16:0), Palmitoleic acid (16: 1 ), Sapienic acid (16: 1 ), Margaric acid (17:0), Stearic acid (18:0), Oleic acid (18:1 ), Elaidic acid (18: 1 ), Vaccenic acid (18: 1 ), Linoleic acid (18:2), Linoelaidic acid (18:2), oLinolenic acid (18:3), ⁇ -Linolenic acid (18:3), Stearidonic acid (18:4), Nonadecylic acid (19:0), Arachidic acid (20:0), Eicosenoic acid (20: 1 ), Dihomo-
• an adjuvant may be a pharmaceutically-acceptable saturated or unsaturated fatty acid.
• a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid comprises, e.g., at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 22, at least 24, at least 26, at least 28, or at least 30 carbon atoms
• a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid comprises, e.g., between 4 and 24 carbon atoms, between 6 and 24 carbon atoms, between 8 and 24 carbon atoms, between 10 and 24 carbon atoms, between 12 and 24 carbon atoms, between 14 and 24 carbon atoms, or between 16 and 24 carbon atoms, between 4 and 22 carbon atoms, between 6 and 22 carbon atoms, between 8 and 22 carbon atoms, between 10 and 22 carbon atoms, between 12 and 22 carbon atoms, between 14 and 22 carbon atoms, or between 16 and 22 carbon atoms, between 4 and 20 carbon atoms, between 6 and 22 carbon atoms, between 8 and 22 carbon
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable saturated or unsaturated fatty acid is liquid at room temperature.
• the melting point of a fatty acid is largely determined by the degree of saturation/unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain.
• a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid has a melting point temperature of, e.g., 20°C or below, 15°C or below, 10°C or below, 5°C or below, 0°C or below, -5°C or below, -10°C or below, -15°C or below, or -20°C or below.
• a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid has a melting point temperature in the range of, e.g., about -20°C to about 20°C, about -20°C to about 18°C, about -20°C to about 16°C, about -20°C to about 12°C, about -20°C to about 8°C, about -20°C to about 4°C, about -20°C to about 0°C, about -15°C to about 20°C, about -15°C to about 18°C, about -15°C to about 16°C, about -15°C to about 12°C, about -15°C to about 8°C, about -15°C to about 4°C, about -15°C to about 0°C.
• an adjuvant may comprise one kind of pharmaceutically-acceptable fatty acid.
• an adjuvant may comprise only palmitic acid, only stearic acid, only oleic acid, only linoleic acid, or only linolenic acid.
• an adjuvant may comprise a plurality of different pharmaceutically- acceptable fatty acids.
• an adjuvant may comprise, e.g., two or more different fatty acids, three or more different fatty acids, four or more different fatty acids, five or more different fatty acids, or six or more different fatty acids.
• an adjuvant may comprise two or more different pharmaceutically-acceptable fatty acids including at least palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and/or linolenic acid, and any combination thereof.
• an adjuvant may comprise a ratio of palmitic acid and/or stearic acid and/or oleic acid:linolenic acid and/or linoleic acid of, e.g., at least 2: 1 , at least 3: 1 , at least 4:1 , at least 5:1 , at least 6: 1 , at least 7:1 , at least 8:1 , at least 9: 1 , at least 10:1 , at least 15:1 , or at least 20: 1.
• an adjuvant may comprise a ratio of palmitic acid and/or stearic acid and/or oleic acid:linolenic acid and/or linoleic acid in a range of, e.g., about 1 :1 to about 20: 1 , about 2:1 to about 15:1 , about 4: 1 to about 12:1 , or about 6: 1 to about 10:1 .
• an adjuvant may comprise four or more different pharmaceutically-acceptable fatty acids including at least palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and/or linolenic acid, and any combination thereof.
• an adjuvant may comprise a ratio of palmitic acid;stearic acid:linolenic acid:linoleic acid of, e.g., 10: 10:1 :1 , 9:9: 1 : 1 , 8:8: 1 : 1 , 7:7: 1 :1 , 6:6:1 : 1 , 5:5:1 : 1 , 4:4: 1 : 1 , 3:3:1 : 1 , 2:2:1 :1 , or 1 : 1 : 1 :1.
• an adjuvant may comprise a ratio of palmitic acid;stearic acid:linolenic acid:linoleic acid in a range of, e.g., about 10:10: 1 : 1 to about 6:6: 1 : 1 , about 8:8: 1 : 1 to about 4:4: 1 :1 , or about 5:5: 1 : 1 to about 1 :1 : 1 :1 .
• a lipid useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be a pharmaceutically- acceptable omega fatty acid.
• an omega fatty acid include omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9.
• Omega-3 fatty acids also known as n-3 fatty acids or ⁇ -3 fatty acids
• Omega-3 fatty acids are a family of essential unsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-3 position, that is, the third bond, counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
• the omega-3 fatty acids are "essential" fatty acids because they are vital for normal metabolism and cannot be synthesized by the human body.
• An omega-3 fatty acid includes, without limitation, Hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3), oLinolenic acid (18:3), Stearidonic acid (18:4), Eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), Eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4), Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), Heneicosapentaenoic acid (21 :5), Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), Clupanodonic acid (22:5), Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5), Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid) (24:6).
• Omega-6 fatty acids also known as n-6 fatty acids or ⁇ -6 fatty acids
• Omega-6 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
• An omega-6 fatty acid includes, without limitation, Linoleic acid (18:2), Gamma-linolenic acid (18:3), Calendic acid (18:3), Eicosadienoic acid (20:2), Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3), Arachidonic acid (20:4), Docosadienoic acid (22:2), Adrenic acid (22:4), Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), Tetracosatetraenoic acid (24:4), and Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5).
• Omega-9 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-9 position, that is, the ninth bond, counting from the methyl end of the fatty acid.
• An omega-9 fatty acid includes, without limitation, oleic acid (18: 1 ), Elaidic acid (18:1 ), Eicosenoic acid (20: 1 ), Mead acid (20:3), Erucic acid (22:1 ), and Nervonic acid (24:1 ).
• a lipid useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be a pharmaceutically- acceptable oil.
• An oil includes any fatty acid that is liquid at normal room temperature, such as, e.g. about 20°C.
• a fat includes any fatty acid that is solid at normal room temperature, such as, e.g. about 20°C.
• An oil suitable as a lipid useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be a natural oil or a vegetable oil. Examples of suitable natural oils include, without limitation, mineral oil, triacetin, ethyl oleate, a hydrogenated natural oil, or a mixture thereof.
• suitable vegetable oils include, without limitation, almond oil, arachis oil, avocado oil, canola oil, castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, hemp oil, linseed oil (flax seed oil), olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, or a mixture thereof.
• An oil is typically a mixture of various fatty acids.
• Rapeseed oil obtained from the seeds of Brassica napus, includes both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in a ratio of about 2:1 .
• linseed oil obtained from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum, includes abut 7% palmitic acid, about 3.4-4.6% stearic acid, about 18.5-22.6% oleic acid, about 14.2-17% linoleic acid, and about 51.9-55.2% olinolenic acid.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprises an oil including at least two different fatty acids, at least three different fatty acids, at least four different fatty acids, at least five different fatty acids, or at least six different fatty acids.
• a lipid useful in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be a pharmaceutically- acceptable glycerolipid.
• Glycerolipids are composed mainly of mono-, di-, and tri-substituted glycerols.
• One group of glycerolipids is the glycerides, where one, two, or all three hydroxyl groups of glycerol are each esterified using a fatty acid to produce monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, respectively.
• each hydroxyl groups of glycerol may be esterified by different fatty acids.
• glycerides may be acetylated to produce acetylated monoglycerides, acetylated diglycerides, and acetylated triglycerides.
• One group of glycerolipids is the glycerides, where one, two, or all three hydroxyl groups of glycerol have sugar residues attached via a glycosidic linkage.
• a stabilizing agent reduces or eliminates formation of esters of a therapeutic compound that may result as a unwanted reaction with the particular solvent used.
• a stabilizing agent include, without limitation, water, a sacrificial acid comprising a fatty acid component and acetic acid, ethyl acetate, a sodium acetate/acetic acid (E262), a monoglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, a diglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, an acetylated diglyceride, a fatty acid, and a fatty acid salt.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent may comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsifying agent.
• An emulsifying agent also known as an emulgent
• An emulsifying agent is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion comprising a liquid dispersed phase and a liquid continuous phase by increasing its kinetic stability.
• an emulsifying agent disclosed herein is used to create a homogenous and stable emulsion.
• An emulsifying agent includes, without limitation, a surfactant, a polysaccharide, a lectin, and a phospholipid.
• an emulsifying agent may comprise a surfactant.
• surfactant refers to a natural or synthetic amphiphilic compound.
• a surfactant can be non-ionic, zwitterionic, or ionic.
• Non-limiting examples of surfactants include polysorbates like polysorbate 20 (TWEEN ® 20), polysorbate 40 (TWEEN ® 40), polysorbate 60 (TWEEN ® 60), polysorbate 61 (TWEEN ® 61 ), polysorbate 65 (TWEEN ® 65), polysorbate 80 (TWEEN ® 80), and polysorbate 81 (TWEEN ® 81 ); poloxamers (polyethylene-polypropylene copolymers), like Poloxamer 124 (PLURONIC ® L44), Poloxamer 181 (PLURONIC ® L61 ), Poloxamer 182 (PLURONIC ® L62), Poloxamer 184 (PLURONIC ® L64), Poloxamer 188 (PLURONIC ® F68), Poloxamer 237 (PLURONIC ® F87), Poloxamer 338 (PLURONIC ® L108), Poloxamer 407 (PLURONIC ® F127), poly
• surfactant excipients can be found in, e.g., Ansel, supra, (1999); Gennaro, supra, (2000); Hardman, supra, (2001 ); and Rowe, supra, (2003), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• an emulsifying agent may comprise a polysaccharide.
• polysaccharides include guar gum, agar, alginate, calgene, a dextran (like dextran 1 K, dextran 4K, dextran 40K, dextran 60K, and dextran 70K), dextrin, glycogen, inulin, starch, a starch derivative (like hydroxymethyl starch, hydroxyethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch, hydroxybutyl starch, and hydroxypentyl starch), hetastarch, cellulose, FICOLL, methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC); polyvinyl acetates (PVA); polyvinyl
• an emulsifying agent may comprise a lectin.
• Lectins are sugar- binding proteins that are highly specific for their sugar moieties. Lectins may be classified according to the sugar moiety that they bind to, and include, without limitation, mannose-binding lectins, galactose/N- acetylgalactosamine-binding lectins, N-acetylgluxosamine-binding lectins, N-acetylneuramine-binding lectins, N-acetylneuraminic acid-binding lectins, and fucose-binding lectins.
• Non-limiting examples of surfactants include concanavain A, lentil lectin, snowdrop lectin, Roin, peanut agglutinin, jacain, hairy vetch lectin, wheat germ agglutinin, elderberry lectin, Maackia anurensis leukoagglutinin, Maackia anurensis hemoagglutinin, Ulex europaeus agglutinin, and Aleuria aurantia lectin.
• an emulsifying agent may comprise a phospholipid.
• the structure of the phospholipid generally comprises a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head and is amphipathic in nature.
• Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from sphingosine instead of glycerol.
• Phospholipids include, without limitation, diacylglycerides and phosphosphingolipids.
• Non-limiting examples of diacylglycerides include a phosphatidic acid (phosphatidate) (PA), a phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) (PE), a phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) (PC), a phosphatidylserine (PS), and a phosphoinositide including phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol triphosphate (PIP3).
• PA phosphatidic acid
• PE phosphatidylethanolamine
• PC phosphatidylcholine
• PS a phosphatidylserine
• PI phosphatidylinositol
• PIP2 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
• PIP3 phosphatidylinositol
• Non-limiting examples of phosphosphingolipids include a ceramide phosphorylcholine (sphingomyelin) (SPH), ceramide phosphorylethanolamine (sphingomyelin) (Cer-PE), and ceramide phosphorylglycerol.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent does not comprise a pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsifying agent.
• a pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a pharmaceutically- acceptable emulsifying agent.
• compositions disclosed herein act as a delivery system that enable a therapeutic compound disclosed herein to be more effectively delivered or targeted to a cell type, tissue, organ, or region of the body in a manner that more effectively inhibits a pro-inflammatory response. This inhibition results in an improved treatment of a chronic inflammation.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may facilitate the delivery of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein into macrophages.
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be designed to take advantage of the activity of chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are relatively large lipoprotein particles having a diameter of 75 nm to 1 ,200 nm.
• Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons are one of the five major groups of lipoproteins, the others being VLDL, IDL, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream.
• fatty acids and cholesterol undergo processing in the gastrointestinal tract by the action of pancreatic juices including lipases and emulsification with bile salts to generate micelles. These micelles allow the absorption of lipid as free fatty acids by the absorptive cells of the small intestine, known as enterocytes. Once in the enterocytes, triglycerides and cholesterol are assembled into nascent chylomicrons. Nascent chylomicrons are primarily composed of triglycerides (85%) and contain some cholesterol and cholesteryl esters. The main apolipoprotein component is apolipoprotein B- 48 (APOB48).
• APOB48 apolipoprotein B- 48
• nascent chylomicrons are released by exocytosis from enterocytes into lacteals, lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine, and are then secreted into the bloodstream at the thoracic duct's connection with the left subclavian vein.
• chylomicrons While circulating in lymph and blood, chylomicrons exchange components with HDL.
• the HDL donates apolipoprotein C-ll (APOC2) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) to the nascent chylomicron and thus converts it to a mature chylomicron (often referred to simply as "chylomicron”).
• APOC2 is the cofactor for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity.
• LPL lipoprotein lipase
• APOB48 and APOE are important to identify the chylomicron remnant in the liver for endocytosis and breakdown into lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL and HDL). These lipoproteins are processed and stored by competent cells, including, e.g., hepatocytes, adipocytes and macrophages.
• competent cells including, e.g., hepatocytes, adipocytes and macrophages.
• a method disclosed herein comprises the step of contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant disclosed herein with a therapeutic compound disclosed herein under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant, thereby forming a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• a method disclosed herein comprises the steps of a) contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent disclosed herein with a therapeutic compound disclosed herein under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, thereby forming a solution; and b) contacting the solution formed in step (a) with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant disclosed herein under conditions which allow the formation of a pharmaceutical composition.
• the methods of preparing disclosed herein may further comprise a step (c) of removing the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent from the pharmaceutical composition.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound that is contacted with the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent in step (a) of the method may be in any amount desired.
• Factors used to determine the amount of a therapeutic compound used include, without limitation, the final amount the therapeutic compound desired in the pharmaceutical composition, the desired concentration of a therapeutic compound in the solution, the hydrophobicity of the therapeutic compound, the lipophobicity of the therapeutic compound, the temperature under which the contacting step (a) is performed, and the time under which the contacting step (a) is performed
• the volume of a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent used in step (a) of the method may be any volume desired.
• Factors used to determine the volume of a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent used include, without limitation, the final amount of a pharmaceutical composition desired, the desired concentration of a therapeutic compound in the solution, the hydrophobicity of the therapeutic compound, and the lipophobicity of the therapeutic compound.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound that is contacted with the solvent in step (a) may be, e.g., at least 10 mg, at least 20 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 40 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 70 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 100 mg, at least 200 mg, at least 300 mg, at least 400 mg, at least 500 mg, at least 600 mg, at least 700 mg, at least 800 mg, at least 900 mg, at least 1 ,000 mg, at least 1 ,100 mg, at least 1 ,200 mg, at least 1 ,300 mg, at least 1 ,400 mg, or at least 1 ,500 mg.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound that is contacted with the solvent in step (a) may be in the range of, e.g., about 10 mg to about 100 mg, about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 150 mg to about 350 mg, about 250 mg to about 500 mg, about 350 mg to about 600 mg, about 500 mg to about 750 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 750 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 850 mg to about 1 ,200 mg, or about 1 ,000 mg to about 1 ,500 mg.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound that is dissolved in the solvent in step (a) may be in the range of, e.g., about 10 mg to about 250 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, about 10 mg to about 750 mg, about 10 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 50 mg to about 250 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, about 50 mg to about 750 mg, about 50 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 50 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 100 mg to about 250 mg, about 100 mg to about 500 mg, about 100 mg to about 750 mg, about 100 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, about 100 mg to about 1 ,500 mg, about 200 mg to about 500 mg, about 200 mg to about 750 mg, about 200 mg to about 1 ,000 mg, or about 200 mg to about 1 ,500 mg.
• Step (a) may be carried out at room temperature, in order to allow a therapeutic compound to dissolve fully in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent.
• step (a) may be carried out at a temperature that is greater than room temperature, e.g., greater than 21 °C, greater than 25°C, greater than 30°C, greater than 35°C or greater than 37°C.
• Step (a) may be carried out at temperatures below room temperature, in order to allow a therapeutic compound to dissolve fully in solvent.
• step (a) may be carried out at a temperature that is less than room temperature, e.g., less than 10°C, greater than 5°C, greater than 0°C, greater than -10°C or greater than -20°C.
• the contacting in Step (a) may comprise mixing the therapeutic compound and the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, e.g., by stirring, inversion, sonication, or vortexing.
• the mixing may be carried out for, e.g., at least 1 second, at least 5 seconds, at least 10 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 30 seconds, at least 45 seconds, at least 60 seconds, or more, until the therapeutic compound is fully dissolved in the solvent.
• the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be in any concentration desired.
• the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be, e.g., at least 0.00001 mg/mL, at least 0.0001 mg/mL, at least 0.001 mg/mL, at least 0.01 mg/mL, at least 0.1 mg/mL, at least 1 mg/mL, at least 10 mg/mL, at least 25 mg/mL, at least 50 mg/mL, at least 100 mg/mL, at least 200 mg/mL, at least 500 mg/mL, at least 700 mg/mL, at least 1 ,000 mg/mL, or at least 1 ,200 mg/mL.
• the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be, e.g., at most 1 ,000 mg/mL, at most 1 , 100 mg/mL, at most 1 ,200 mg/mL, at most 1 ,300 mg/mL, at most 1 ,400 mg/mL, at most 1 ,500 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, or at most 3,000 mg/mL.
• the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be in a range of, e.g., about 0.00001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.0001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.01 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1 ,000 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 1 ,000 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 750
• the volume of a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant used in step (b) of the method may be any volume desired.
• Factors used to determine the volume of a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant used include, without limitation, the final amount of a pharmaceutical composition desired, the desired concentration of a therapeutic compound in the pharmaceutical composition, the ratio of solvent:adjuvant used , and the miscibility of solvent and adjuvant.
• the ratio of solution:adjuvant may be, e.g., at least 5:1, at least 4:1, at least 3:1, at least 2:1, at least 0:1, at least 1:1, at least 1:2, at least 1:3, at least 1:4, at least 1:5, at least 1:6, at least 1:7, at least 1:8, at least 1:9, at least 1:10, at least 1:15, at least 1:20, or at least 1:25.
• the ratio of solution:adjuvant may be in a range of, e.g., about 5:1 to about 1:25, about 4:1 to about 1:25, about 3:1 to about 1:25, about 2:1 to about 1:25, about 0:1 to about 1:25, about 1:1 to about 1:25, about 1:2 to about 1:25, about 1:3 to about 1:25, about 1:4 to about 1:25, about 1:5 to about 1:25, about 5:1 to about 1:20, about 4:1 to about 1:20, about 3:1 to about 1:20, about 2:1 to about 1:20, about 0:1 to about 1:20, about 1:1 to about 1:20, about 1:2 to about 1:20, about 1:3 to about 1:20, about 1:4 to about 1:20, about 1:5 to about 1:20, about 5:1 to about 1:15, about 4:1 to about 1:15, about 3:1 to about 1:15, about 0:1 to about 1:15, about 2:1 to about 1:15, about 1:1 to about 1:15, about 1:2 to about 1:15, about 1:3 to about 1:15, about 1:4 to about 1:15,
• Step (b) may be carried out at room temperature, in order to allow the solution comprising the therapeutic compound to form the pharmaceutical composition.
• step (b) may be carried out at a temperature that is greater than room temperature, e.g., greater than 21 °C, greater than 25°C, greater than 30°C, greater than 35°C or greater than 37°C.
• Step (b) may be carried out at temperatures below room temperature, in order to allow a therapeutic compound to dissolve fully in a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent.
• step (b) may be carried out at a temperature that is less than room temperature, e.g., less than 10°C, greater than 5°C, greater than 0°C, greater than -10°C or greater than - 20°C.
• the contacting in Step (b) may comprise mixing the solution and the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant, e.g., by stirring, inversion, sonication, or vortexing.
• the mixing may be carried out for, e.g., at least 1 second, at least 5 seconds, at least 10 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 30 seconds, at least 45 seconds, at least 60 seconds, or more, until the pharmaceutical composition is formed.
• Step (c) the solvent removal from a pharmaceutical composition may be accomplished using one of a variety of procedures known in the art, including, without limitation, evaporation, dialyzation, distillation, lypholization, and filtration. These removal procedures may be done under conditions of ambient atmosphere, under low pressure, or under a vacuum.
• Step (c) may result in the complete removal of a pharmaceutically- acceptable solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• Step (c) may result in, e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, or at least 99% removal of a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• Step (c) is conducted at a temperature that allows for the evaporation of a pharmaceutically- acceptable solvent disclosed herein, and as such, an evaporation temperature is solvent dependant.
• Factors which influence an evaporation temperature of a solvent disclosed herein include, without limitation, the particular solvent used, the amount of solvent present, the particular therapeutic compound present, the particular adjuvant present, the stability of the therapeutic compound present, the reactivity of the therapeutic compound present, the particular atmospheric pressure used, the time desired for complete evaporation.
• a pharmaceutical composition will require heating if the evaporation step is conducted at ambient pressure, e.g., 1 atm. However, under high vacuum conditions, the evaporation step may be conducted at temperatures below ambient temperature, e.g., less than 22 °C.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out at ambient atmospheric pressure and at a temperature above ambient temperature.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out at ambient atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of, e.g., more than 25°C, more than 30°C, more than 35°C, more than 40°C, more than 45°C, more than 50°C, more than 55°C, more than 60°C, more than 65°C, more than 70°C, more than 80°C, or more than 25°C.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out at ambient atmospheric pressure and at a temperature in a range of, e.g., about 25°C to about 100°C, about 25°C to about 95°C, about 25°C to about 90°C, about 25°C to about 85°C, about 25°C to about 80°C, about 25°C to about 75°C, about 25°C to about 70°C, about 25°C to about 65°C, or about 25°C to about 60°C.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out under vacuum and at a temperature below ambient temperature.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out under vacuum and at a temperature of, e.g., less than 20°C, less than 18°C, less than 16°C, less than 14°C, less than 12°C, less than 10°C, less than 8°C, less than 6°C, less than 4°C, less than 2°C, or less than 0°C.
• removal of solvent from the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be carried out under vacuum and at a temperature in a range of, e.g., about -20°C to about 20°C, about -20°C to about 18°C, about -20°C to about 16°C, about -20°C to about 14°C, about - 20°C to about 12°C, about -20°C to about 10°C, about -20°C to about 8°C, about -20°C to about 6°C, about -20°C to about 4°C, about -20°C to about 2°C, about -20°C to about 0°C, about -15°C to about 20°C, about -10°C to about 20°C, about -5°C to about 20°C, about 0°C to about 20°C, about -10°C to about 20°C, about -10°C to about 18°C, about -10°C to about 16°C, about -10°C to about 14°C, about - 10
• the final concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be of any concentration desired.
• the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be a therapeutically effective amount.
• the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be, e.g., at least 0.00001 mg/mL, at least 0.0001 mg/mL, at least 0.001 mg/mL, at least 0.01 mg/mL, at least 0.1 mg/mL, at least 1 mg/mL, at least 10 mg/mL, at least 25 mg/mL, at least 50 mg/mL, at least 100 mg/mL, at least 200 mg/mL, at least 500 mg/mL, at least 700 mg/mL, at least 1 ,000 mg/mL, or at least 1 ,200 mg/mL.
• the concentration of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in the solution may be, e.g., at most 1 ,000 mg/mL, at most 1 , 100 mg/mL, at most 1 ,200 mg/mL, at most 1 ,300 mg/mL, at most 1 ,400 mg/mL, at most 1 ,500 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, at most 2,000 mg/mL, or at most 3,000 mg/mL.
• the final concentration of a therapeutic compound in a pharmaceutical composition may be in a range of, e.g., about 0.00001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.0001 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.01 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 0.1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 1 ,000 mg/mL to about 3,000 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 250 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 500 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 750 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 1 ,000 mg/mL to about 2,000 mg/mL, about 750
• a pharmaceutical composition produced using the methods disclosed herein may be a liquid formulation or a solid or semi-solid formulation.
• a liquid formulation can be formed by using various lipids like oils of other fatty acids that remain as liquids in the temperature range desired.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is liquid at room temperature.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be formulated to be a liquid at a temperature of, e.g., about 25°C or higher, about 23°C or higher, about 21 °C or higher, about 19°C or higher, about 17°C or higher, about 15°C or higher, about 12°C or higher, about 10°C or higher, about 8°C or higher, about 6°C or higher, about 4°C or higher, or about 0°C or higher.
• a solid or semi-solid formulation disclosed herein takes advantage of the different melting point temperatures of the various adjuvants like fatty acids. Formation of a solid or semi-solid dosage form can be by modifying the respective concentrations of the fatty acids comprising a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• linolenic acid has a melting point temperature (T m ) of about -1 1 °C
• linoleic acid has a T m of about -5°C
• oleic acid has a T m of about 16°C
• palmitic acid has a T m of about 61-62°C
• Stearic acid has a T m of about 67-72°C.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be made that is substantially solid or semi-solid at room temperature, but melts when it is ingested, and reaches body temperature.
• the resulting melted composition readily forms micelles which are absorbed by the intestine, assembled into chylomicrons, and ultimately absorbed by macrophages.
• the solid dosage form may be a powder, granule, tablet, capsule or suppository.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is solid at room temperature.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may be formulated to be a solid at a temperature of, e.g., about 35°C or lower, about 33°C or lower, about 31 °C or lower, about 29°C or lower, about 27°C or lower, about 25°C or lower, about 23°C or lower, about 21 °C or lower, about 19°C or lower, about 17°C or lower, about 15°C or lower, about 12°C or lower, about 10°C or lower, about 8°C or lower, about 6°C or lower, about 4°C or lower, or about 0°C or lower.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed has a melting point temperature of, e.g., 5 °C or higher, 10 °C or higher, 15 °C or higher, 22°C or higher, 23°C or higher, 24°C or higher, 25°C or higher, 26°C or higher, 27°C or higher, 28°C or higher, 29°C or higher, 30°C or higher, 31°C or higher, 32°C or higher, 33°C or higher, 34°C or higher, or 35°C or higher.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed has a melting point temperature in the range of, e.g., about 5°C to about 24°C, about 10°C to about 24°C.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed has a melting point temperature in the range of, e.g., about 22°C to about 26°C, about 24°C to about 28°C, about 26°C to about 30°C, about 28°C to about 32°C, or about 30°C to about 34°C.
• aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a method of treating an individual with a chronic inflammation.
• the method comprises the step of administering to an individual in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, wherein administration reduces a symptom associated with the chronic inflammation, thereby treating the individual.
• aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, treating an individual suffering from a chronic inflammation.
• treating refers to reducing or eliminating in an individual a clinical symptom of a chronic inflammation; or delaying or preventing in an individual the onset of a clinical symptom of a chronic inflammation.
• the term "treating" can mean reducing a symptom of a condition characterized by a chronic inflammation by, e.g., at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% at least 95%, or at least 100%.
• the actual symptoms associated with chronic inflammation are well known and can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art by taking into account factors, including, without limitation, the location of the chronic inflammation, the cause of the chronic inflammation, the severity of the chronic inflammation, and/or the tissue or organ affected by the chronic inflammation. Those of skill in the art will know the appropriate symptoms or indicators associated with a specific type of chronic inflammation and will know how to determine if an individual is a candidate for treatment as disclosed herein.
• Chronic inflammation symptoms include, without limitation, edema, hyperemia, erythema, bruising, tenderness, stiffness, swollenness, fever, chills, stuffy nose, stuffy head, breathing problems, fluid retention, blood clots, loss of appetite, increased heart rate, formation of granulomas, fibrinous, pus, non-viscous serous fluid, or ulcer and pain.
• the actual symptoms associated with a chronic inflammation are well known and can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art by taking into account factors, including, without limitation, the location of the inflammation, the cause of the inflammation, the severity of the inflammation, the tissue or organ affected, and the associated disorder.
• granulomatous inflammation is an inflammation resulting from the formation of granulomas arising from a limited but diverse number of diseases, include, without limitation, tuberculosis, leprosy, sarcoidosis, and syphilis.
• Purulent inflammation is an inflammation resulting in large amount of pus, which consists of neutrophils, dead cells, and fluid. Infection by pyogenic bacteria such as staphylococci is characteristic of this kind of inflammation.
• Serous inflammation is an inflammation resulting from copious effusion of non-viscous serous fluid, commonly produced by mesothelial cells of serous membranes, but may be derived from blood plasma. Skin blisters exemplify this pattern of inflammation. Ulcerative inflammation is an inflammation resulting from the necrotic loss of tissue from the epithelial surface, exposing lower layers and forming an ulcer.
• a chronic inflammation symptom can be associated with a large, unrelated group of disorders which underlay a variety of diseases and disorders.
• the immune system is often involved with chronic inflammatory disorders, demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation.
• Non-immune diseases with etiological origins in chronic inflammatory processes include cancer, atherosclerosis, and ischaemic heart disease.
• Non-limiting examples of disorders exhibiting chronic inflammation as a symptom include, without limitation, acne, acid reflux/heartburn, age related macular degeneration (AMD), allergy, allergic rhinitis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anemia, appendicitis, arteritis, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune disorders, balanitis, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, a bullous pemphigoid, burn, bursitis, cancer, cardiac arrest, carditis, celiac disease, cellulitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chorioamnionitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cirrhosis, colitis, congestive heart failure, conjunctivitis, cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis, cystic fibrosis, cystitis, common cold, dacryoadenitis
• a chronic inflammation comprises a tissue inflammation.
• Tissue inflammation is a chronic inflammation that is confined to a particular tissue or organ.
• a tissue inflammation comprises, e.g., a skin inflammation, a muscle inflammation, a tendon inflammation, a ligament inflammation, a bone inflammation, a cartilage inflammation, a lung inflammation, a heart inflammation, a liver inflammation, a pancreatic inflammation, a kidney inflammation, a bladder inflammation, a stomach inflammation, an intestinal inflammation, a neuron inflammation, and a brain inflammation.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a systemic inflammation.
• systemic inflammation is not confined to a particular tissue but in fact overwhelms the body, involving the endothelium and other organ systems.
• sepsis is applied, with the terms bacteremia being applied specifically for bacterial sepsis and viremia specifically to viral sepsis.
• Vasodilation and organ dysfunction are serious problems associated with widespread infection that may lead to septic shock and death.
• a chronic inflammation comprises an arthritis.
• Arthritis includes a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body due to the inflammation of the synovium including, without limitation osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple disease and Behcet disease, septic arthritis, gout (also known as gouty arthritis, crystal synovitis, metabolic arthritis), pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease), and Still's disease. Arthritis can affect a single joint (monoarthritis), two to four joints (oligoarthritis) or five or more joints (polyarthritis) and can be either an auto-immune disease or a non- autoimmune disease.
• a chronic inflammation comprises an autoimmune disorder.
• Autoimmune diseases can be broadly divided into systemic and organ-specific autoimmune disorders, depending on the principal clinico-pathologic features of each disease.
• Systemic autoimmune diseases include, without limitation, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, Scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis.
• Local autoimmune diseases may be endocrinologic (Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 , Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease etc.), dermatologic (pemphigus vulgaris), hematologic (autoimmune haemolytic anemia), neural (multiple sclerosis) or can involve virtually any circumscribed mass of body tissue.
• endocrinologic Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 , Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease etc.
• dermatologic pemphigus vulgaris
• hematologic autoimmune haemolytic anemia
• neural multiple sclerosis
• Types of autoimmune disorders include, without limitation, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, an allergy or sensitivity, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, autoimmune pancreatitis, bullous pemphigoid, celiac disease, Chagas disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM), endometriosis, fibromyalgia, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hidradenitis suppurativa, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial cystitis, lupus (including discoid lupus erythematosus, drug- induced l
• a chronic inflammation comprises a myopathy.
• Myopathies are caused when the immune system inappropriately attacks components of the muscle, leading to inflammation in the muscle.
• a myopathy includes an inflammatory myopathy and an auto-immune myopathy.
• Myopathies include, without limitation, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, and polymyositis.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a vasculitis.
• Vasculitis is a varied group of disorders featuring inflammation of a vessel wall including lymphatic vessels and blood vessels like veins (phlebitis), arteries (arteritis) and capillaries due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage.
• the inflammation may affect any size blood vessel, anywhere in the body. It may affect either arteries and/or veins.
• the inflammation may be focal, meaning that it affects a single location within a vessel; or it may be widespread, with areas of inflammation scattered throughout a particular organ or tissue, or even affecting more than one organ system in the body.
• Vasculitis include, without limitation, Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans), cerebral vasculitis (central nervous system vasculitis), Churg- Strauss arteritis, cryoglobulinemia, essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, giant cell (temporal) arteritis, Golfer's vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hypersensitivity vasculitis (allergic vasculitis), Kawasaki disease, microscopic polyarteritis/polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), rheumatoid vasculitis, Takayasu arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and vasculitis secondary to connective tissue disorders like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), relapsing polychondritis, Behget
• a chronic inflammation comprises a skin disorder.
• Skin disorders include, without limitation, an acne, including acne vulgaris, a bullous phemigoid, a dermatitis, including atopic dermatitis and chronic actinic dermatitis, an eczema like atopic eczema, contact eczema, xerotic eczema, seborrhoeic dermatitis, dyshidrosis, discoid eczema, venous eczema, dermatitis herpetiformis, neurodermatitis, and autoeczematization, and statis dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen planus, psoriasis including plaqure psoriasis, nail psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, pustular
• a chronic inflammation comprises a gastrointestinal disorder.
• a gastrointestinal disorder includes, without limitation, irritable bowel disease, an inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and an ulcerative colitis like ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, pancolitis and fulminant colitis.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a cardiovascular disease. When LDL cholesterol becomes embedded in arterial walls, it can invoke an immune response. Chronic inflammation eventually can damage the arteries, which can cause them to burst. Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart.
• cardiovascular disorders including, without limitation, a hypertension, endocarditis, myocarditis, heart valve dysfunction, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, a diabetic cardiac conditions, blood vessel inflammation like arteritis, phlebitis, vasculitis; arterial occlusive disease like arteriosclerosis and stenosis, inflammatory cardiomegaly, a peripheral arterial disease; an aneurysm; an embolism; a dissection; a pseudoaneurysm; a vascular malformation; a vascular nevus; a thrombosis; a thrombphlebitis; a varicose veins; a stroke.
• a hypertension endocarditis, myocarditis, heart valve dysfunction, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, a diabetic cardiac conditions, blood vessel inflammation like arteritis, phlebitis, vasculitis; arterial occlusive disease like arteriosclerosis and steno
• Symptoms of a cardiovascular disorder affecting the heart include, without limitation, chest pain or chest discomfort (angina), pain in one or both arms, the left shoulder, neck, jaw, or back, shortness of breath, dizziness, faster heartbeats, nausea, abnormal heartbeats, feeling fatigued .
• Symptoms of a cardiovascular disorder affecting the brain include, without limitation, sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg , especially on one side of the body, sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes, sudden dizziness, difficulty walking , or loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause.
• Symptoms of a cardiovascular disorder affecting the legs, pelvis and/or arm include, without limitation, claudication, which is a pain, ache, or cramp in the muscles, and cold or numb feeling in the feet or toes, especially at night.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a cancer.
• Inflammation orchestrates the microenvironment around tumors, contributing to proliferation, survival and migration.
• fibrinous inflammation results from a large increase in vascular permeability which allows fibrin to pass through the blood vessels.
• an appropriate procoagulative stimulus such as cancer cells, a fibrinous exudate is deposited. This is commonly seen in serous cavities, where the conversion of fibrinous exudate into a scar can occur between serous membranes, limiting their function.
• a cancer is an inflammatory cancer like a NF-KB-driven inflammatory cancer.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a pharmacologically-induced inflammation.
• Certain drugs or exogenic chemical compounds are known to affect inflammation.
• Vitamin A deficiency causes an increase in an inflammatory response.
• Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy may exert some of their detrimental effects by activating transcription factors intimately involved with inflammation (e.g. NF-KB).
• a chronic inflammation comprises an infection.
• An infectious organism can escape the confines of the immediate tissue via the circulatory system or lymphatic system, where it may spread to other parts of the body. If an organism is not contained by the actions of acute inflammation it may gain access to the lymphatic system via nearby lymph vessels.
• An infection of the lymph vessels is known as lymphangitis, and infection of a lymph node is known as lymphadenitis.
• lymphadenitis An infection of the lymph vessels is known as lymphangitis, and infection of a lymph node is known as lymphadenitis.
• a pathogen can gain access to the bloodstream through lymphatic drainage into the circulatory system. Infections include, without limitation, bacterial cystitis, bacterial encephalitis, pandemic influenza, viral encephalitis, and viral hepatitis (A, B and C).
• a chronic inflammation comprises a tissue or organ injury.
• Tissue or organ injuries include, without limitation, a burn, a laceration, a wound, a puncture, or a trauma.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a transplant rejection.
• Transplant rejection occurs when a transplanted organ or tissue is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient because the immune system of the recipient attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.
• An adaptive immune response, transplant rejection is mediated through both T cell mediated and humoral immune (antibodies) mechanisms.
• a transplant rejection can be classified as a hyperacute rejection, an acute rejection, or a chronic rejection.
• Chronic rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue is where the rejection is due to a poorly understood chronic inflammatory and immune response against the transplanted tissue.
• GVHD graft-versus-host disease
• GVHD is a common complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in which functional immune cells in the transplanted marrow recognize the recipient as "foreign" and mount an immunologic attack. It can also take place in a blood transfusion under certain circumstances. GVHD is divided into acute and chronic forms. Acute and chronic GVHD appear to involve different immune cell subsets, different cytokine profiles, somewhat different host targets, and respond differently to treatment.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a Th1-mediated inflammatory disease.
• an immune response should result in a well balanced proinflammatory Th1 response and anti-inflammatory Th2 response that is suited to address the immune challenge.
• Th2 type cytokines such as, e.g., IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 which are associated with the promotion of IgE and eosinophilic responses in atopy, and also IL-10, which has an anti-inflammatory response.
• Th1-mediated inflammatory disease involves an excessive pro-inflammatory response produced by Th1 cells that leads to chronic inflammation.
• the Th1 -mediated disease may be virally, bacterially or chemically (e.g. environmentally) induced.
• a virus causing the Th1 -mediated disease may cause a chronic or acute infection, which may cause a respiratory disorder or influenza.
• a chronic inflammation comprises a chronic neurogenic inflammation.
• Chronic neurogenic Inflammation refers to an inflammatory response initiated and/or maintained through the release of inflammatory molecules like SP or CGRP which released from peripheral sensory nerve terminals (i.e., an efferent function, in contrast to the normal afferent signaling to the spinal cord in these nerves).
• Chronic neurogenic inflammation includes both primary inflammation and secondary neurogenic inflammation.
• primary neurogenic inflammation refers to tissue inflammation (inflammatory symptoms) that is initiated by, or results from, the release of substances from primary sensory nerve terminals (such as C and A-delta fibers).
• secondary neurogenic inflammation refers to tissue inflammation initiated by non-neuronal sources (e.g., extravasation from vascular bed or tissue interstitium-derived, such as from mast cells or immune cells) of inflammatory mediators, such as peptides or cytokines, stimulating sensory nerve terminals and causing a release of inflammatory mediators from the nerves.
• inflammatory mediators such as peptides or cytokines
• the net effect of both forms (primary and secondary) of chronic neurogenic inflammation is to have an inflammatory state that is maintained by the sensitization of the peripheral sensory nerve fibers.
• the physiological consequence of the resulting chronic neurogenic inflammation depends on the tissue in question, producing, such as, e.g., cutaneous pain (allodynia, hyperalgesia), joint pain and/or arthritis, visceral pain and dysfunction, pulmonary dysfunction (asthma, COPD), and bladder dysfunction (pain, overactive bladder).
• a composition or compound is administered to an individual.
• An individual is typically a human being.
• any individual who is a candidate for a conventional chronic inflammation treatment is a candidate for a chronic inflammation treatment disclosed herein.
• Pre-operative evaluation typically includes routine history and physical examination in addition to thorough informed consent disclosing all relevant risks and benefits of the procedure.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein may comprise a therapeutic compound in a therapeutically effective amount.
• the term "effective amount” is synonymous with “therapeutically effective amount", “effective dose”, or “therapeutically effective dose” and when used in reference to treating a chronic inflammation refers to the minimum dose of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein necessary to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and includes a dose sufficient to reduce a symptom associated with a chronic inflammation.
• the effectiveness of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein in treating a chronic inflammation can be determined by observing an improvement in an individual based upon one or more clinical symptoms, and/or physiological indicators associated with the condition. An improvement in a chronic inflammation also can be indicated by a reduced need for a concurrent therapy.
• the appropriate effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein to be administered to an individual for a particular chronic inflammation can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art by taking into account factors, including, without limitation, the type of chronic inflammation, the location of the chronic inflammation, the cause of the chronic inflammation, the severity of the chronic inflammation, the degree of relief desired, the duration of relief desired, the particular therapeutic compound used, the rate of excretion of the therapeutic compound used, the pharmacodynamics of the therapeutic compound used, the nature of the other compounds to be included in the composition, the particular route of administration, the particular characteristics, history and risk factors of the patient, such as, e.g., age, weight, general health and the like, or any combination thereof.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound will further depend upon factors, including, without limitation, the frequency of administration, the half-life of the therapeutic compound, or any combination thereof.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein can be extrapolated from in vitro assays and in vivo administration studies using animal models prior to administration to humans.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces a symptom associated with a chronic inflammation by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 100%.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces a symptom associated with a chronic inflammation by, e.g., at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30%, at most 35%, at most 40%, at most 45%, at most 50%, at most 55%, at most 60%, at most 65%, at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 90%, at most 95% or at most 100%.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein reduces a symptom associated with a chronic inflammation by, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 20%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 30% to about 100%, about 30% to about 90%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, or about 30% to about 50%.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein generally is in the range of about 0. 001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be, e.g., at least 0.001 mg/kg/day, at least 0.01 mg/kg/day, at least 0.1 mg/kg/day, at least 1.0 mg/kg/day, at least 5.0 mg/kg/day, at least 10 mg/kg/day, at least 15 mg/kg/day, at least 20 mg/kg/day, at least 25 mg/kg/day, at least 30 mg/kg/day, at least 35 mg/kg/day, at least 40 mg/kg/day, at least 45 mg/kg/day, or at least 50 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 1 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 5 mg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 15 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 25 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 35 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 40 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 45 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 50 mg/kg/day, about 5 mg/kg/day to about 75 mg/kg/day, or about 5 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day.
• Dosing can be single dosage or cumulative (serial dosing), and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.
• treatment of a chronic inflammation may comprise a one-time administration of an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• treatment of a chronic inflammation may comprise multiple administrations of an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition carried out over a range of time periods, such as, e.g., once daily, twice daily, trice daily, once every few days, or once weekly.
• the timing of administration can vary from individual to individual, depending upon such factors as the severity of an individual's symptoms.
• an effective dose of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered to an individual once daily for an indefinite period of time, or until the individual no longer requires therapy.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the condition of the individual can be monitored throughout the course of treatment and that the effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein that is administered can be adjusted accordingly.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutic compound disclosed herein results in a bio-distribution of the therapeutic compound different than a bio-distribution of the therapeutic compound included in the same pharmaceutical composition, except without an adjuvant disclosed herein.
• a therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein upon administration to an individual, is delivered to a macrophage.
• Macrophages are one of the key cell types believed to be involved in the control of the inflammation response.
• the resultant high level of a therapeutic compound having anti-inflammatory activity present in the macrophages results in a clinically effective treatment of chronic inflammation.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein upon administration to an individual, is preferentially delivered to a macrophage.
• a therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein upon administration to an individual, is substantially delivered to a macrophage.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein delivered to a macrophage is, e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100% of the total amount of the therapeutic compound contained in the administered pharmaceutical composition.
• the amount of a therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein delivered to a macrophage is in a range of, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 15% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 25% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 35% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 45% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 90%, about 15% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 35% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 45% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 5% to about 80%, about 10% to about 80%, about 15% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 35% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 45% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 5% to about 70%, about
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein upon administration to an individual, reduces gastric irritation. In an aspect of this embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein substantially reduces gastric irritation. In yet another embodiment, upon administration to an individual, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces gastric irritation when compared to the same pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant. In an aspect of this embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein substantially reduces gastric irritation when compared to the same pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces gastric irritation by, e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100%.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces gastric irritation in a range of, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 15% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 25% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 35% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 45% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 90%, about 15% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 35% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 45% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 5% to about 80%, about 10% to about 80%, about 15% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 35% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 45% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 5% to about 70%, about 10% to about 70%, about 15% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70% 70%, about 30% to about
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein upon administration to an individual, reduces intestinal irritation. In an aspect of this embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein substantially reduces intestinal irritation. In yet another embodiment, upon administration to an individual, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces intestinal irritation when compared to the same pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant. In an aspect of this embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein substantially reduces intestinal irritation when compared to the same pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces intestinal irritation by, e.g., at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 100% when compared to the same pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduces intestinal irritation by, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 15% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 25% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 35% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 45% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 5% to about 90%, about 10% to about 90%, about 15% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 35% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 45% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 5% to about 80%, about 10% to about 80%, about 15% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 25% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 35% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 45% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, about 5% to about 70%, about 10% to about 70%, about 15% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 25% to about 70%, about 30% to about
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can also be administered to an individual in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect of the treatment.
• the use of multiple compounds to treat an indication can increase the beneficial effects while reducing the presence of side effects.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a therapeutic compound, wherein the therapeutic compound has an anti-inflammatory activity; and b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 1 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a therapeutic compound, wherein the therapeutic compound has an anti-inflammatory activity; b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent; and c) a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising: a) a therapeutic compound, wherein the therapeutic compound has an anti-inflammatory activity; b) a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent; and c) a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent to pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant is in a range from about 0: 1 to about 1 :25.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-5, wherein the anti-inflammatory activity reduces the level of an inflammation inducing molecule.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 6, wherein the inflammation inducing molecule comprises substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), glutamate, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 7, wherein the anti-inflammatory activity reduces the level of SP, CGRP, glutamate, or a combination thereof by at least 10%.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-8, wherein the anti-inflammatory activity reduces the level of an inflammation inducing prostaglandin.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-10, wherein the anti-inflammatory activity stimulates a PPAR signaling pathway.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 1 1 wherein the PPAR signaling pathway is stimulated by at least 10%.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-12, wherein the anti-inflammatory activity induces apoptosis of Macrophage M1 cells, promotes differentiation of Macrophage M2 cells, or both.
• IFNy Interferon-gamma
• TNF-a Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
• IL-12 lnterleukin-12
• NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• the NSAID comprises a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor or a combination thereof.
• COX non-selective cyclo-oxygenase
• COX 1 selective cyclooxygenase 1
• COX 2 selective cyclooxygenase 2
• RAR Retinoic Acid Receptor
• RXR Retinoid X Receptor
• LXR Liver X Receptor
• Vitamin D binding agent or a combination thereof.
• the anti-hyperlipidemic agent comprises a fibrate, a statin, a tocotrienol, a niacin, a bile acid sequestrants (resin), a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, a sympathomimetic amine, or a combination thereof.
• the fibrate comprises Bezafibrate, Ciprofibrate, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate, or a combination thereof.
• statin comprises Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, or a combination thereof.
• niacin comprises acipimox, niacin, nicotinamide, vitamin B3, or a combination thereof.
• bile acid sequestrant comprises Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol, or a combination thereof.
• cholesterol absorption inhibitor comprises Ezetimibe, a phytosterol, a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof.
• the fat absorption inhibitor comprises Orlistat
• the sympathomimetic amine comprises Clenbuterol, Salbutamol, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, cocaine, benzylpiperazine (BZP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4- methylaminorex, pemoline, phenmetrazine, propylhexedrine, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-41 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable solvent comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 42 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable alcohol comprises an acyclic alcohol, a monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol, an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, an alicyclic alcohol, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 42, wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, 1-hexadecanol, or a combination thereof.
• composition according to embodiment 46 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable ester comprises methyl acetate, methyl buterate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl buterate, ethyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl buterate, propyl formate, butyl acetate, butyl buterate, butyl formate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl buterate, isobutyl formate, pentyl acetate, pentyl buterate, pentyl formate, and 1-hexadecyl acetate, 1-hexadecyl buterate, and 1-hexadecyl formate, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 51 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable glyceride comprises a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a triglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, an acetylated diglyceride, an acetylated triglyceride, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-52 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable solvent is a liquid at 20°C.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-52, wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable solvent is a solid at 20°C.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 54, wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable solid solvent comprises menthol.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 61 wherein the two or more saturated or unsaturated fatty acids includes palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 60-62 wherein the unsaturated fatty acid has a melting point temperature of 20°C or below.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 60-62, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid is a solid at 20°C.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 60-62, wherein the unsaturated fatty acid comprises an omega fatty acid.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 66 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable oil comprises almond oil, arachis oil, avocado oil, canola oil, castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, hemp oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-67 wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiment 68 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable stabilizing agent comprises water, a sacrificial acid comprising a fatty acid component and acetic acid, ethyl acetate, a sodium acetate/acetic acid, a monoglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, a diglyceride, an acetylated diglyceride, a fatty acid, a fatty acid salt, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically- acceptable stabilizing agent comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsifying agent.
• composition according to embodiment 70 wherein the pharmaceutically- acceptable emulsifying agent comprises a surfactant, a polysaccharide, a lectin, a phospholipid, or a combination thereof.
• a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the step of contacting a therapeutic compound with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the steps: a) contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent with a therapeutic compound under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, thereby forming a solution, wherein the therapeutic compound has anti-inflammatory activity, and b) contacting the solution formed in step (a) with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition.
• a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the steps: a) contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent with a therapeutic compound under conditions which allow the therapeutic compound to dissolve in the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent, thereby forming a solution, wherein the therapeutic compound has anti-inflammatory activity, and b) contacting the solution formed in step (a) with a pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant under conditions which allow the formation of the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the ratio of the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent to pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant is in a range from about 0: 1 to about 1 :25.
• NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
• the NSAID comprises a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a combination thereof.
• COX non-selective cyclo-oxygenase
• the PPARy agonist comprises Monascin, Irbesartan, Telmisartan, mycophenolic acid, Resveratrol, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabidiol, Curcumin, Cilostazol, Benzbromarone, 6-shogaol, glycyrrhetinic acid, a thiazolidinedione, a NSAID, a fibrate, or a combination thereof.
• the nuclear receptor binding agent comprises a Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) binding agent, a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) binding agent, a Liver X Receptor (LXR) binding agent, a Vitamin D binding agent, or a combination thereof.
• RAR Retinoic Acid Receptor
• RXR Retinoid X Receptor
• LXR Liver X Receptor
• Vitamin D binding agent or a combination thereof.
• the anti-hyperlipidemic agent comprises a fibrate, a statin, a tocotrienol, a niacin, a bile acid sequestrants (resin), a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, a sympathomimetic amine, or a combination thereof.
• the fibrate comprises Bezafibrate, Ciprofibrate, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Fenofibrate, or a combination thereof.
• the statin comprises Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Lovastatin, Pitavastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, or a combination thereof.
• niacin comprises acipimox, niacin, nicotinamide, vitamin B3, or a combination thereof.
• bile acid sequestrant comprises Cholestyramine, Colesevelam, Colestipol, or a combination thereof.
• the cholesterol absorption inhibitor comprises Ezetimibe, a phytosterol, a sterol, a stanol, or a combination thereof.
• the sympathomimetic amine comprises Clenbuterol, Salbutamol, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, phenylephrine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, cocaine, benzylpiperazine (BZP), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4- methylaminorex, pemoline, phenmetrazine, propylhexedrine, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar aprotic solvent, a pharmaceutically-acceptable polar protic solvent, a pharmaceutically-acceptable non-polar solvent, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol comprises an acyclic alcohol, a monohydric alcohol, a polyhydric alcohol, an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol, an alicyclic alcohol, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol comprises a C-
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, 1-hexadecanol, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable ester of pharmaceutically-acceptable alcohol and an acid.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable ester comprises methyl acetate, methyl buterate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl buterate, ethyl formate, propyl acetate, propyl buterate, propyl formate, butyl acetate, butyl buterate, butyl formate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl buterate, isobutyl formate, pentyl acetate, pentyl buterate, pentyl formate, and 1-hexadecyl acetate, 1-hexadecyl buterate, and 1-hexadecyl formate, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable glyceride is a monoglyceride, a diglyceride, a triglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, an acetylated diglyceride, an acetylated triglyceride, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable lipid comprises two or more pharmaceutically-acceptable saturated or unsaturated fatty acids.
• the method according to embodiments 120 wherein the two or more pharmaceutically-acceptable saturated or unsaturated fatty acids include palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or a combination thereof.
• the method according to embodiments 1 19-121 wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable unsaturated fatty acid has a melting point temperature of 20°C or below.
• the method according to embodiments 1 19-121 wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable unsaturated fatty acid is a solid at 20°C.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable unsaturated fatty acid comprises an omega fatty acid.
• the method according to embodiment 125, wherein the pharmaceutically-acceptable oil comprises almond oil, arachis oil, avocado oil, canola oil, castor oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil, hemp oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, rice bran oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, wheat germ oil, or a combination thereof.
• step (a) further comprising contacting a pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent with the pharmaceutically-acceptable solvent and the therapeutic compound.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable stabilizing agent comprises water, a sacrificial acid comprising a fatty acid component and acetic acid, ethyl acetate, a sodium acetate/acetic acid, a monoglyceride, an acetylated monoglyceride, a diglyceride, an acetylated diglyceride, a fatty acid, a fatty acid salt, or a combination thereof.
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsifying agent comprises a surfactant, a polysaccharide, a lectin, a phospholipid, or a combination thereof.
• a method of treating an individual with a chronic inflammation comprising the step of: administering to the individual in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1 -72, wherein administration results in a reduction in a symptom associated with the chronic inflammation, thereby treating the individual.
• arthritis is an osteoarthritis, a rheumatoid arthritis, a juvenile idiopathic arthritis, a septic arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy, a gout, a pseudogout, or Still's disease.
• spondyloarthropathy is an ankylosing spondylitis, a reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), a psoriatic arthritis, an enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, a Whipple disease or a Behcet disease.
• autoimmune disorder is a systemic autoimmune disorder or an organ-specific autoimmune disorder.
• the autoimmune disorder is an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), an Addison's disease, an allergy, an anti- phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune hepatitis, an autoimmune inner ear disease, a bullous pemphigoid, a celiac disease, a Chagas disease, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a diabetes mellitus type 1 (IDDM), an endometriosis, a Goodpasture's syndrome, a Graves' disease, a Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), a Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a hidradenitis suppurativa, an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an inflammatory bowel disease, an interstitial cystitis, a lupus (including a discoid lupus ery
• ADAM acute disseminated encephalomy
• vasculitis is a Buerger's disease, an arteritis, a cerebral vasculitis, a Churg-Strauss arteritis, a cryoglobulinemia, an essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, a giant cell arteritis, a Golfer's vasculitis, a Henoch- Schonlein purpura, a hypersensitivity vasculitis, a Kawasaki disease, a phlebitis, a microscopic polyarteritis/polyangiitis, a polyarteritis nodosa, a polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a rheumatoid vasculitis, a Takayasu arteritis, a thrombophlebitis, a Wegener's granulomatosis, or a vasculitis secondary to connective
• the skin disorder is a dermatitis, an eczema, a statis dermatitis, a hidradenitis suppurativa, a psoriasis, a rosacea or a scleroderma.
• eczema is an atopic eczema, a contact eczema, a xerotic eczema, a seborrhoeic dermatitis, a dyshidrosis, a discoid eczema, a venous eczema, a dermatitis herpetiformis, a neurodermatitis, or an autoeczematization.
• psoriasis is a plaqure psoriasis, a nail psoriasis, a guttate psoriasis, a scalp psoriasis, an inverse psoriasis, a pustular psoriasis, or an erythrodermis psoriasis.
• the cardiovascular disease is a hypertension, heart valve dysfunction, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, a diabetic cardiac conditions, a blood vessel inflammation, arterial occlusive disease, a peripheral arterial disease, an aneurysm, an embolism, a dissection, a pseudoaneurysm, a vascular malformation, a vascular nevus, a thrombosis, a thrombphlebitis, a varicose veins, or a stroke.
• the cardiovascular disease is a hypertension, heart valve dysfunction, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, a diabetic cardiac conditions, a blood vessel inflammation, arterial occlusive disease, a peripheral arterial disease, an aneurysm, an embolism, a dissection, a pseudoaneurysm, a vascular malformation, a vascular nevus, a thrombosis, a thrombphlebitis, a varicose veins, or
• the infection is a bacterial cystitis, a bacterial encephalitis, a pandemic influenza, a viral encephalitis, a viral hepatitis A, a viral hepatitis B, or a viral hepatitis C.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising the therapeutic compound according to embodiments 1-72 results in a bio-distribution of the therapeutic compound different than a bio-distribution of the therapeutic compound included in the same pharmaceutical composition, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• the amount of the therapeutic compound of the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1 -72 delivered to a macrophage is at least 5% of the total amount of the therapeutic compound contained in the administered pharmaceutical composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1 -72 reduces intestinal irritation by at least 5% when compared to the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-72, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-72 reduces gastric irritation by at least 5% when compared to the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments 1-72, except without the pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant.
• This example illustrates how to make a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein as a liquid formulation.
• ibuprofen remained insoluble in the oil and did not dissolve to substantially measureable degree. Ibuprofen remained insolubility even if the mixture was mixed by vortexing for 20 seconds, the contacting was done at 20°C or 37°C, and/or the mixture was allowed to incubate for 24 hours at 20°C or 37°C.
• ibuprofen has a logP value of 3.6; such a high logP value is indicative of a compound that would readily soluble in an adjuvant like oil.
• a therapeutic compound may be having some effect on the manner in which an adjuvant and solvent interact with each other, such that a homogeneous mixture is formed in a way that does not occur when the therapeutic compound is absent.
• the results indicate that a therapeutic compound can be formulated at clinically useful concentrations.
• This example illustrates how to make a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein as a liquid formulation.
• HM Clear homogeneous mixture.
• CR Crystallization.
• This example illustrates how to make a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein as a liquid formulation.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein using ibuprofen the following formulation was performed.
• 4 g ibuprofen was contacted with 3.6 mL of ethyl acetate, as the solvent, and the resulting solution was then contacted with 76.4 mL of rapeseed oil, as the adjuvant.
• the resulting pharmaceutical composition had a solvent:adjuvant ratio of about 1 :21.
• This pharmaceutical composition was then placed in a round bottom flask and subjected to low pressure on a rotary evaporator. The temperature was kept low and evaporation continued to constant weight. The total volume lost was 3.65% of the total weight.
• the resulting liquid no longer retained the characteristic ethyl acetate odor/taste, indicating that there was a substantial removal of ethyl acetate form the pharmaceutical composition.
• This example illustrates how to make a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein as a solid formulation.
• Formulation 2 was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of Ibuprofen into 400 mg of menthol, and the resulting solution was then mixed with 200 mg of palmitic acid (T m of about 61-62°C) and heated at 60°C for 30 minutes to form a homogeneous solution.
• T m palmitic acid
• Formulation 2 solidified about 1 hour after cooling to 22°C. Incubating at 37°C overnight cause Formulation 2 to completely melt into a clear homogenous liquid. However, Formulation 2 once again solidified about 1 hour after cooling to 22°C.
• Formulation 3 was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of Ibuprofen into 400 mg of menthol, and the resulting solution was then mixed with 200 mg of linoleic acid (T m of about -5°C) and heated at 37°C for 2 hours to form a homogeneous solution. Formulation 3 remained a liquid, even after cooling to 22°C for 72 hours.
• Formulation 4 was prepared by dissolving 200 mg of Ibuprofen into 400 mg of menthol, and the resulting solution was then mixed with 200 mg of linolenic acid (T m of about -1 1 °C) and heated at 37°C for 2 hours to form a homogeneous solution. Formulation 4 remained a liquid, even after cooling to 22°C for 72 hours.
• a solid dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be made.
• a pharmaceutical composition will be formulated to be solid or semi-solid at 22°C, but melt into a proper clear solution (and not a suspension) at 37°C (Table 5).
• Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven experimental groups containing five animals each. After fasting overnight, the animals were challenged with one with one of seven different treatments.
• Group A was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 1 % methylcellulose/0.5% polysorbate 80 vehicle only.
• Group B was a control in which each mouse was orally administered solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (gavage of 10% ethanol and 90% linseed oil).
• Group C was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 150 mg/kg aspirin.
• Group D was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 100 mg/kg ibuprofen suspended in 1 % methylcellulose/0.5% polysorbate 80.
• Group E was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054-100) comprising 100 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil.
• Group F was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 100 mg/kg ibuprofen suspended in 1 % methylcellulose/0.5% polysorbate 80.
• Group G was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054-200) comprising 200 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil. Animals were sacrificed 4 hours after treatment and the stomachs were examined for degree of hemorrhage and severity of mucosal erosive lesions.
• Gastric irritation was scored as follows: 0, no lesions; 1 , hyperemia; 2, one or two slight lesions; 3, more than two slight lesions or severe lesions; and 4, very severe lesions. A score of 50% or more relative to Group C (aspirin-treated control group), which was set to 100%, was considered a positive score for gastric irritation.
• Results are shown in Table 6.
• Group D 100 mg/kg of ibuprofen-treated control group
• Group F 200 mg/kg of ibuprofen-treated control group
• Group E BC1054-100-treated experimental group
• Group G BC1054-200-treated experimental group
• results demonstrate that that a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein reduced the extent to which a therapeutic compound may cause mucosal lesions and cause gastric irritation.
• mice C57BLK/6 female mice (6-7 weeks old) were divided into three experimental groups containing ten animals each.
• animals received an intranasal lethal dose (50 [it total, 25 ⁇ / ⁇ ) of Influenza A/PR/8/34 under halothane-induced anaesthesia.
• Group A was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 335.6 ⁇ g of ibuprofen dissolved in 10 pL DMSO (no adjuvant).
• Group B was a control in which each mouse was orally administered solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (gavage of 10% ethanol and 90% linseed oil).
• Group C was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 335.6 ⁇ g of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil.
• a dose of 335.6 ⁇ g of ibuprofen in the mouse is equivalent to 20mg/kg/day, or 1200 mg/day for a human (the maximum standard dose for ibuprofen).
• Animals were weighed, and monitored for signs of infection daily for up to day 6 when all animals were culled.
• Figure 1 clearly shows that oral administration of the solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (Group B) had an 80% mortality rate and that oral administration of ibuprofen only (Group A) exhibited a mortality rate of 60%.
• a single oral administration of BC1054 reduced the mortality rate to only 20%.
• IL-10 60 [it of detection antibody was diluted in assay diluent to each well. Plates were washed and 60 ⁇ of SAv-HRP enzyme was diluted in assay diluent and added to the plate. The plate was sealed and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature. Plates were then washed ten times. 60 [it of substrate solution were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature in the dark. 60 [it of stop solution was added to each well and absorbance was read at 450 nm. IL-10 and IL-4 concentrations were expressed as pg/mg of lung tissue. These results indicate that a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein was effective in treating a respiratory inflammation.
• Results show that animals from the Group A (ibuprofen-treated control group) and Group B (solvent/adjuvant vehicle-treated control group) controls exhibited 2600 pg/mg and 2000 pg/mg of IL-10, respectively (FIG. 2A). However, Group C (BC1054-treated experimental group) revealed an IL-10 concentration of 6000 pg/mg, 3-fold higher than that seen in the control animals.
• Group B was a control in which each mouse was orally administered solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (gavage of 10% ethanol and 90% linseed oil) (no ibuprofen).
• Group C was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 335.6 ⁇ g of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil. Lungs collected from fatally- infected mice were homogenized at 4°C, and the supernatant collected, stored, and IL-10, TNFa and IFNy levels measured using an ELISA.
• TNFa which is macrophage-related cytokine
• IFNy which is a lymphocyte-derived cytokine
• FIG. 3C This cytokine release pattern was associated with a poor outcome.
• TNFa levels were markedly lowered (FIG 3B), while IFNy levels were largely unaffected (FIG 3C).
• mice C57BI/6 male mice (6-7 weeks old) were divided into seven experimental groups containing at least ten animals each. On day 0, colitis was induced in mice from Groups B-G by intrarectal administration of 100 [it of TNBS (4 mg) in 50% ethanol under isoflurane anesthesia. Animals were dosed either once or three times a day from day -1 to day 5 with one of seven different treatments.
• Group A was a control in which each mouse was orally administered ethanol vehicle only.
• Group B was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 1 % methylcellulose vehicle only.
• Group C was a control in which each mouse was orally administered solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (gavage of 10% ethanol and 90% linseed oil).
• Group D was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 3 mg/kg of Prednisolone.
• Group E was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen suspended in 1 % methylcellulose (1 mL/kg) (no adjuvant).
• Group F was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054- 20) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil.
• Group G was the experimental group in which each mouse was administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054- 30) comprising 30 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil.
• Results from these experiments are shown in Table 7.
• Group B TNBS-treated control group
• Group A untreated ethanol control group
• All other group comparisons showed no difference in mean weight change.
• Group B TNBS-treated control group
• Group D Prednisolone-treated control group
• Group F Group F
• Group G Group G (BC1054-30-treated experimental group) all showed a statistically significant increase in mean colon length when compared to Group B (TNBS-treated control group).
• Group B TNBS-treated control group
• Group A untreated ethanol control group
• All other group comparisons showed no difference in mean colon weight.
• Group D Prednisolone-treated control group
• Group G Group G
• both Group F BC1054-20-treated experimental group
• Group G BC1054-30-treated experimental group
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein was effective in treating an inflammatory bowel disease.
• mice on day 0, were intravenously injected with a single inoculation with 2 mg/200 [it of an ⁇ -collagen II monoclonal antibody, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 50 ⁇ g/200 [it of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) at day 3. From day 3 and daily until day 8 and then on days 10 and 12, paw volumes (plethysmography) and arthritis scores were taken. The same animals were also treated daily from days 0 to day 1 1 , the animals received one of six treatments. Group A was a control in which each mouse was orally administered phosphor-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle only.
• PBS phosphor-buffered saline
• Group B was a control in which each mouse was intraperitoneally administered 10 mg/kg of Enbrel in PBS.
• Group C was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 1 % methylcellulose vehicle only.
• Group D was a control in which each mouse was orally administered 40 mg/kg of ibuprofen suspended in 1 % methylcellulose (1 mL/kg) (no adjuvant).
• Group E was a control in which each mouse was orally administered solvent/adjuvant vehicle only (gavage of 10% ethanol and 90% linseed oil).
• Group F was the experimental group in which each mouse was orally administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054-20) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil.
• Group G was the experimental group in which each mouse was orally administered a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054-30) comprising 30 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% linseed oil. Through the entire experiment (12 days), animals were checked daily for clinical signs (general observations of the health of the animal) and body weights.
• the negative control Group A PBS vehicle-treated control group
• Group C methoxycellulose vehicle-treated control group
• Group E solvent/adjuvant vehicle-treated control group
• Group D ibuprofen-treated control group
• a 47 year old female was diagnosed with reactive arthritis in one knee was treated with a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% rapeseed oil (1200 mg uid) over a 3 day period and found that the swelling and pain started to go away after 1 day and was completely better after 3 days. Ineffective standard ibuprofen treatment was subsequently ceased. At a 3 month follow up, no signs of the reactive arthritis have been observed.
• BC1054 a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein
• a 50 year old male was diagnosed with a chronically inflamed ankle after a Hyundai neuve fracture in the ankle.
• the patient was taking 30 mg codeine with 500 mg paracetamol bid, along with 10 mg diclofenac tid for 8 months to control pain.
• He took a 5 day course of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% rapeseed oil (600 mg bid) and after 2 days reported a significant improvement in his pain, and then after 3 days he reported that the pain was completely controlled. He has subsequently ceased the codeine, paracetamol and diclofenac, and after a 2 month follow the patient is still pain free.
• a 33 year old female diagnosed with stress related eczema had an acute flare of moderate eczema on arms and chest.
• a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% rapeseed oil (1200 mg uid) was administered for 7 days. After a couple of hours the lesion ceased itching, after 1 day a noticeable improvement in lesion swelling was reported. 2-3 days later the eczema lesions erythema had resolved and after 7 days the lesions had completely disappeared. In the past the patient had used emollients and hydrocortisone creams, which made the lesions worse and would often lead to a course of antibiotics. The patient commented that her response to the BC1054 treatment was quick and complete, and was a marked improvement on previously pharmacological therapies.
• the patient experienced a flare of the reactive arthritis and commenced a 4 day course of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% rapeseed oil (600 mg bid), experiencing complete remission of the arthritis.
• BC1054 a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein
• the arthritis began to flare again and the patient was put on another 4 day treatment of BC1054, again experiencing complete remission. This time the arthritis flared again 1 week later. To account for this, the patient was given a final 10 day course of BC1054. Subsequently, the arthritis remained in remission for 1 1 months, as per the last examination.
• a 49 year old male diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia (LDL of 4.35 mmol/L) was placed on a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein (BC1054) comprising 20 mg/kg of ibuprofen, 10% ethanol, and 90% rapeseed oil (600 mg bid) for 7 days. After 5 days of treatment the patient's LDL levels had normalized to 3.89 mmol/L. The normalization of LDL level persisted for 2 months after cessation of BC1054 dosing, as determined at the last examination.
• a 62 year old female complains of joint stiffness and swelling and is diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.
• a physician determines that the joint stiffness and swelling is due to chronic inflammation.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the woman indicates there is reduced joint stiffness and swelling. At one and three month check-ups, the woman indicates that she continues to have reduced joint stiffness and swelling in the area treated.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with any monoarthritis, oligoarthritis, or polyarthritis, such as, e.g., osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, septic arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy (including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple disease or Behcet disease), a synovitis, gout, pseudogout, or Still's disease, as well as, a bursitis, a rheumatic fever, or a tenosynovitis.
• any monoarthritis such as, e.g., osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, septic arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy (including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 58 year old male complains of breathing difficulty and is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• a physician determines that the breathing difficulty is due to chronic inflammation.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the man indicates there is improvement in his ability to breath. At one and three month check-ups, the man indicates that he continues to have improved breathing.
• This reduction in a chronic inflammation symptom indicates successful treatment with the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with an asthma, a bronchiolitis, a bronchitis, an emphysema, a laryngitis, a pharyngitis, a pleuritis, a pneumonitis, a rhinitis, a sinusitis, or any other type of chronic respiratory disorder.
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a nonselective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a nonselective cycl
• a 67 year old male complains of muscle soreness and is diagnosed with dermatomyositis.
• a physician determines that the soreness is due to chronic inflammation.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the man indicates there is reduced soreness.
• a chronic inflammation symptom indicates successful treatment with the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with an inclusion body myositis, a myasthenia gravis, a polymyositis or any other type of inflammatory myopathy, as well as, a fasciitis, a fibrositis, a myositis, a neuromyotonia, a tendinosis, or a tendonitis.
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 73 year old female complains of wheezing when she breathes and is diagnosed with Churg- Strauss arteritis. A physician determines that the wheezing is due to chronic inflammation.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the woman indicates that she no longer is wheezing. At one and three month check-ups, the woman indicates that she still does not wheeze when she breathes.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with any vasculitis, such as, e.g., a Buerger's disease, a cerebral vasculitis, a cryoglobulinemia, an essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, a giant cell arteritis, a Golfer's vasculitis, a Henoch-Schonlein purpura, a hypersensitivity vasculitis, a Kawasaki disease, a microscopic polyarteritis/polyangiitis, a polyarteritis nodosa, a polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a rheumatoid vasculitis, a Takayasu arteritis, or a Wegener's granulomatosis, as well as, an arteritis, a cardit
• vasculitis such as, e.g., a Buer
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 37 year old male complains of skin redness and is diagnosed with rosacea.
• a physician determines that the redness is due to chronic inflammation.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the man indicates there is reduced skin redness. At one and three month check-ups, the man indicates that he continues to have improved skin tone and reduced redness This reduction in a chronic inflammation symptom indicates successful treatment with the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with an acne, a cervicitis, a dermatitis, an eczema (including an atopic eczema, a contact eczema, a xerotic eczema, a seborrhoeic dermatitis, a dyshidrosis, a discoid eczema, a venous eczema, a dermatitis herpetiformis, a neurodermatitis, or an autoeczematization), an endometritis, a gingivitis, a glossitis, a hidradenitis suppurativa, a keratitis, a keratoconjunctivitis, a mastitis, a psoriasis (including a plaqure psoriasis, a nail
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 33 year old female complains of abdominal pain and diarrhea and is diagnosed with Crohn's disease. A physician determines that the abdominal pain and diarrhea is due to chronic inflammation.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the woman indicates that there is a reduction in abdominal pain and she no longer has diarrhea. At one and three month check-ups, the woman indicates that she continues to have reduced abdominal pain and diarrhea.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from neurogenic inflammation associated with any inflammatory bowel disease, such as, e.g., an ulcerative colitis (including ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, pancolitis and fulminant colitis), any irritable bowel disease, as well as, a colitis, an enteritis, an enterocolitis, a gastritis, a gastroenteritis, a metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), a spastic colon, or any other gastrointestinal disorder.
• any inflammatory bowel disease such as, e.g., an ulcerative colitis (including ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, pancolitis and fulminant colitis), any irritable bowel disease, as well as, a colitis, an enteritis, an enterocolitis, a gastritis, a gastroenteritis, a metabolic syndrome (syndrome X), a spastic colon, or
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 46 year old male complains of fever, joint pains, and fatigue and is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. A physician determines that these symptoms are due to chronic inflammation.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the man indicates there is improvement in his health, his fever is gone, the pain in his joints is reduced and his is not as tired.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with any other systemic autoimmune disorder, including, without limitation, an anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), a bullous pemphigoid, a Chagas disease, a discoid lupus erythematosus, a drug-induced lupus erythematosus, a Goodpasture's syndrome, a Guillain-Barre syndrome, an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a myasthenia gravis, a neonatal lupus, a pernicious anemia, a polymyalgia rheumatica, a rheumatoid arthritis, a scleroderma,
• APS anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
• APS anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
• Chagas disease a discoid lupus erythematosus
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 58 year old male complains of depression, sensitivity to cold, weight gain, forgetfulness, and constipation and is diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A physician determines that these symptoms are due to chronic inflammation.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the man is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the man's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the man indicates there is reduction in all the symptoms complained of.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with any other local autoimmune disorder, including, without limitation, an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), an Addison's disease, an autoimmune hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune hepatitis (including primary biliary cirrhosis), an autoimmune inner ear disease, a celiac disease, a Crohn's disease, a diabetes mellitus type 1 , an endometriosis, a giant cell arteritis, a Graves' disease, an interstitial cystitis, a lupus nephritis, a multiple sclerosis, a morphea, a pemphigu
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective
• a 59 year old female complains of joint stiffness and swelling and is diagnosed with reactive arthritis. A physician determines that the joint stiffness and swelling is due to chronic inflammation.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising ibuprofen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising aspirin as disclosed herein taken thrice daily.
• the woman is treated by oral administration a pharmaceutical composition comprising naproxen as disclosed herein taken twice daily.
• the woman's condition is monitored and after about 3 days of treatment the woman indicates there is reduced joint stiffness and swelling. At one and three month check-ups, the woman indicates that she continues to have reduced joint stiffness and swelling in the area treated.
• a similar type of oral administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein will be used to treat a patient suffering from chronic inflammation associated with any monoarthritis, oligoarthritis, or polyarthritis, such as, e.g., osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, septic arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy (including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), psoriatic arthritis, enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple disease or Behcet disease), a synovitis, gout, pseudogout, or Still's disease, as well as, a bursitis, a rheumatic fever, or a tenosynovitis.
• any monoarthritis such as, e.g., osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, septic arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy (including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome
• any of the therapeutic compounds such as, e.g., a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 1 (COX 1 ) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2) inhibitor, or a fibrate, will be formulated into a pharmaceutical composition and administered to the patient as described above.
• a salicylate derivative NSAID e.g., a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non-selective

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