EP2575963A2 - Stimulateurs de nerf à laser pour restaurer l'audition dans des prothèses cochléaires, par exemple - Google Patents

Stimulateurs de nerf à laser pour restaurer l'audition dans des prothèses cochléaires, par exemple

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Publication number
EP2575963A2
EP2575963A2 EP11787567.4A EP11787567A EP2575963A2 EP 2575963 A2 EP2575963 A2 EP 2575963A2 EP 11787567 A EP11787567 A EP 11787567A EP 2575963 A2 EP2575963 A2 EP 2575963A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
signal
optical
stimulation
signals
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11787567.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2575963A4 (fr
Inventor
Jonathon Wells
Andrew Xing
Mark Bendett
Matthew Keller
Bryan Norton
James Owen
Shuming Yuan
Robert Royse
Charles Lemaire
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lockheed Martin Corp
Original Assignee
Lockheed Corp
Lockheed Martin Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lockheed Corp, Lockheed Martin Corp filed Critical Lockheed Corp
Publication of EP2575963A2 publication Critical patent/EP2575963A2/fr
Publication of EP2575963A4 publication Critical patent/EP2575963A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0613—Apparatus adapted for a specific treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
    • A61N1/0541—Cochlear electrodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36036—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of the outer, middle or inner ear
    • A61N1/36038—Cochlear stimulation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0601—Apparatus for use inside the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0601—Apparatus for use inside the body
    • A61N5/0603—Apparatus for use inside the body for treatment of body cavities
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0613—Apparatus adapted for a specific treatment
    • A61N5/0622—Optical stimulation for exciting neural tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/067—Radiation therapy using light using laser light
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/36036—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation of the outer, middle or inner ear
    • A61N1/36038—Cochlear stimulation
    • A61N1/36039—Cochlear stimulation fitting procedures
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
    • A61N1/361—Phantom sensations, e.g. tinnitus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N2005/002—Cooling systems
    • A61N2005/005—Cooling systems for cooling the radiator
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N5/0601—Apparatus for use inside the body
    • A61N5/0603—Apparatus for use inside the body for treatment of body cavities
    • A61N2005/0605—Ear
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/063—Radiation therapy using light comprising light transmitting means, e.g. optical fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/063—Radiation therapy using light comprising light transmitting means, e.g. optical fibres
    • A61N2005/0631—Radiation therapy using light comprising light transmitting means, e.g. optical fibres using crystals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/065—Light sources therefor
    • A61N2005/0651—Diodes
    • A61N2005/0652—Arrays of diodes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/0658—Radiation therapy using light characterised by the wavelength of light used
    • A61N2005/0659—Radiation therapy using light characterised by the wavelength of light used infrared
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/0664—Details
    • A61N2005/0665—Reflectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
    • A61N5/06—Radiation therapy using light
    • A61N2005/0664—Details
    • A61N2005/0665—Reflectors
    • A61N2005/0666—Reflectors for redirecting light to the treatment area

Definitions

  • the present invention is related to optical waveguides and tissue electro-optics (interactions of electricity and light with human or non-human animal tissue), and in particular, to systems that include optical waveguides (such as one or more optical fibers in a bundle) or focussing/guiding interfaces at the light-exit port of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) that are especially suited to propagating light pulses (e.g., ones suitable for eliciting a nerve action potential (NAP) response when directed to nerve tissue) from an optical source (e.g., a source having at least one infrared (IR) semiconductor laser such as an array of VCSELs) to a destination tissue in a living animal, in particular to tissue in the cochlea of the inner ear of the animal for restoring hearing; in some embodiments, an electrical signal is also applied in a manner that reduces the amount of light in a pulse that is otherwise needed to elicit a NAP; in some embodiments, a heat dis
  • a person's two inner-ear organs each include the labyrinth, a delicate membranous system of fluid passages that includes both the cochlea (which is part of the auditory system), and the vestibular system (which provides part of the sense of balance).
  • Each inner-ear includes a tympanic membrane (eardrum) that receives sounds from the environment and conducts the resulting vibrations to the cochlea via the three auditory ossicles (the tympanic membrane connects to the malleus (hammer), which articulates with the incus (anvil), which is attached to stapes (stirrup), which is attached to the membrane of the fenestra ovalis, the oval membrane between the middle ear and the vestibule of the inner ear).
  • the Organ of Corti which converts sound vibrations into nerve action potentials (NAPs) that convey auditory information to the person's brain.
  • Each inner-ear also includes three semicircular canals and a vestibule, the region where the semicircular canals converge, and which is close to the cochlea (the hearing organ).
  • the vestibular system also works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving.
  • the person's eyes also provide signals used for balance, as do joint and muscle receptors and the cerebellum.
  • a bundle of nerves carries NAP signals from the inner ear organs to the brain.
  • the brain specifically the vestibular nuclear complex, receives and analyzes the information from these systems, and generates signals that control a person's balance.
  • hypofunction and/or malfunction which includes sensors of sound and head movement, processing circuitry, a power source, and an implantable electrical stimulator capable of stimulating areas of the cochlea and areas of the vestibular system.
  • a nerve will be defined as a collection of individual nerve fibers (i.e., axons) of individual nerve cells (neurons) that together form a set of nerve pathways (an integrated set of pathways for signal propagation within the nervous system). Subsets of the individual nerve fibers are each bundled into one of a plurality of fascicles that together form the nerve. Action potentials can occur in the axon portion of individual nerve cells.
  • a series of individual nerve fibers that together form an integrated signal pathway starting at a sensory-receptor nerve ending and extending to the brain will be referred to as a sensory- nerve pathway
  • a series of individual nerve fibers that together form an integrated signal pathway starting at the brain and extending to a muscle cell will be referred to as a motor-nerve pathway.
  • a sensory-nerve pathway that carries auditory signals will be referred to as an auditory -nerve pathway
  • a sensory-nerve pathway that carries signals from the sense-of- balance organs e.g., the vestibular organs of the inner ear, or perhaps the eyes
  • the auditory nerve pathways extend from spiral ganglion nerves (ganglion of Corti) in the organ of Corti of the cochlea, through the auditory nerve (also called the cochlear nerve, which, when joined with the vestibular nerve (for the sense of balance) becomes part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (also called cranial nerve VIII)) that extends to the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem, midbrain and then to the auditory cortex.
  • the auditory nerve also called the cochlear nerve, which, when joined with the vestibular nerve (for the sense of balance) becomes part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (also called cranial nerve VIII)
  • each fascicle of a nerve there will typically be a plurality of sensory-nerve pathways and a plurality of motor-nerve pathways, wherein the number of sensory-nerve pathways will typically be about fifteen times as many as the number of motor- nerve pathways.
  • a series of individual nerve fibers may together form an integrated pathway starting at one of various internal organs and ending in the brain, with then other series of individual nerve fibers together forming an integrated pathway starting at the brain and extending to some internal end organ (such as the digestive tract, the heart, or blood vessels) as part of the autonomic nervous system; and a series of individual nerve fibers may together form an integrated pathway within the brain referred to as a tract.
  • a nerve bundle or fascicle refers to a collection of nerve fibers that subserve a like function (e.g., a fascicle may support a plurality of different motor-nerve pathways and thus motor-control signals needed for the muscles for a hand grasp, for example; similarly the same and/or a nearby fascicle may support a plurality of corresponding sensory-nerve pathways and thus sensory signals that provide the brain with feedback for the hand grasp).
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • CNAP compound nerve action potential
  • U.S. Patent Application No. 12/018,185 (Attorney Docket No. 5032.027US1) filed January 22, 2008 by Mark P. Bendett and James S. Webb, titled “Hybrid Optical-Electrical Probes,” which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes an optical-signal vestibular-nerve stimulation device and method that provides different nerve stimulation signals to a plurality of different vestibular nerves, including at least some of the three semicircular canal nerves and the two otolith organ nerves.
  • balance conditions of the person are sensed by the implanted device, and based on the sensed balance conditions, varying infrared (IR) nerve- stimulation signals are sent to a plurality of the different vestibular nerves.
  • IR infrared
  • a method that includes obtaining light from an optical source; transmitting the light through an optical fiber between a tissue of an animal and an optical transducer, and detecting electrical signals using conductors attached to the optical fiber.
  • the application also describes an apparatus that includes an optical source, an optical transmission medium operatively coupled to the optical source and configured to transmit light from the optical source to respective nerves of each of one or more organs of an animal, an electrical amplifier, and an electrical transmission medium integral with the optical transmission medium and operatively coupled to the electrical amplifier, wherein the electrical transmission medium is configured to transmit an electrical signal from the respective nerves to the electrical amplifier.
  • cochlear- stimulation device commonly called a cochlear implant
  • senses sound in the environment e.g., using a microphone
  • a cochlear implant that senses sound in the environment (e.g., using a microphone) and then generates a combination of different electrical signals in different locations in the person's cochlear inner-ear structure.
  • a cochlear- stimulation device commonly called a cochlear implant
  • a cochlear implant that senses sound in the environment (e.g., using a microphone) and then generates a combination of different electrical signals in different locations in the person's cochlear inner-ear structure.
  • N is the number of the light sources, and delivering means placeable in the cochlea and optically coupled to the plurality of light sources, ⁇ Li ⁇ , such that in operation, the optical energies ⁇ E; ⁇ generated by the plurality of light sources ⁇ Li ⁇ are delivered to target sites, ⁇ Gi ⁇ , of auditory neurons, respectively, wherein the target sites Gi and G of auditory neurons are substantially proximate to the apical end and the basal end of the cochlea, respectively.
  • Micromirror array assembly with in-array pillars is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Patel et al. describe a microstructure device comprising multiple substrates with the components of the device formed on the substrates.
  • a plurality of pillars is provided and distributed in the gap so as to prevent decrease of the gap size.
  • the increase of the gap size can be prevented by bonding the pillars to the components of the microstructure.
  • the increase of the gap size can be prevented by maintaining the pressure inside the gap below the pressure under which the microstructure will be in operation.
  • Electrical contact of the substrates on which the micromirrors and electrodes are formed can be made through many ways, such as electrical contact areas, electrical contact pads and electrical contact springs.
  • Chatterjee et al. describe a device having changeable topography.
  • the device can have a shape-changeable surface that can selectively alter according to an input so as to provide changeable topography of the user interface.
  • the surface can include individual nodes that can raise above or lower below the initial surface.
  • the surface can include a shape changeable material that can change the shape of portions thereof into discrete shapes above or below the initial surface.
  • the surface can include a deformable material that can deform portions thereof into discrete forms above or below the initial surface.
  • the changeable topography can define different user interface layouts.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • CNAP compound nerve action potential
  • Optical or electrical-and-optical stimulation of neurons can provide more precision in terms of stimulating a particular nerve pathway than is possible using only electrical stimulation.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus and a method for optically, or optically and electrically, stimulating neurons (e.g., auditory neurons, and in particular cells in the spiral ganglion) within the cochlea to treat deafness or other hearing loss.
  • the apparatus includes a cochlear implant is placed within the cochlea and emits light inside the cochlea from a plurality of independently controlled light emitters (e.g., in some embodiments, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)) that are deployed along a curled substrate surgically placed within the cochlea.
  • a cochlear implant is placed within the cochlea and emits light inside the cochlea from a plurality of independently controlled light emitters (e.g., in some embodiments, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)) that are deployed along a curled substrate surgically placed within the cochlea.
  • VCSELs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
  • the apparatus includes an implant that is placed outside but immediately adjacent the cochlea and emits light that penetrated into the cochlea from a plurality of independently controlled light emitters (e.g., in some embodiments, VCSELs) that are deployed along a substrate surgically placed against the outside of the cochlea.
  • VCSELs independently controlled light emitters
  • one or more electrodes are placed inside or adjacent the cochlea to provide a sensitizing stimulation signal that, by itself, would not be sufficient to, with high probability, trigger a NAP, but when combined with an optical stimulation signal applied in temporal proximity, enhances the probability of triggering a desired NAP.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus and a method for optically, or optically and electrically, stimulating neurons (e.g., auditory neurons) in the brainstem or midbrain (e.g., central auditory system) and/or brain tissue of a living animal (e.g., a human) to obtain a physiological response in the animal (e.g., a sense of hearing).
  • stimulating neurons e.g., auditory neurons
  • midbrain e.g., central auditory system
  • brain tissue of a living animal e.g., a human
  • the simultaneous application of both an optical stimulation signal and an electrical stimulation signal provides more efficacious generation of NAP responses in the animal than either optical or electrical stimulation alone.
  • the much higher precision possible when using optical stimulation permits many more channels of cochlear nerve pathways (also called auditory nerve pathways) to be individually and distinctly stimulated than is possible using electrical stimulation alone.
  • the application of an electrical field before or during the application of the optical stimulation pulse permits more reliable generation of nerve-action-potential signals than
  • the present invention includes an audio-signal analyzer (such as a digital- signal-processor (DSP) chip or a microprocessor that performs spectral analysis (e.g., using a fast Fourier transform (FFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), or other suitable digital-signal-processing means), or a set of frequency filters or other analog circuitry, or the like) that receives an audio signal (e.g., in some embodiments, the "audio signal” includes an electrical signal representative of a sound, pressure or sound signal that was sensed by a microphone or other pressure sensor, and optionally pre-amplified to a usable signal strength) and that outputs a plurality of analyzed-audio (AA) signals that are based on the frequency and loudness content of the audio signal.
  • DSP digital- signal-processor
  • DCT discrete cosine transform
  • AA analyzed-audio
  • the AA signals include a plurality of narrow-band frequency- filtered signals, wherein the amplitude of each represents the magnitude of the spectrum of the audio signal at each of a plurality of frequencies.
  • the AA signals are used to generate stimulation-control signals that control the electrical and optical stimulation pulses.
  • the AA signals further include one or more signals that represent certain broadband content of the audio signal (e.g., that a plurality (or a particular set) of the frequency bands each contain spectral content, such as when a three (or more)-part harmony is sensed, or a dissonance, or a sudden impulse (such as a snare drum or gun shot), or white noise is sensed).
  • a threshold-level electrical-stimulation signal is activated to simultaneously (or sequentially in a very short time period) trigger NAPs in a plurality of audio- nerve pathways.
  • such an arrangement saves power relative to using electrical and optical signals to trigger the NAPs individually in each the plurality of audio- nerve pathways.
  • optical stimulation pulses are also provided at short repeated intervals (called "spikes") shortly after the threshold-level electrical stimulation signal, delivered to certain frequency- specific audio-nerve pathways in order to enhance the delivery of particular frequency information.
  • the auditory nerve pathways extend from spiral ganglion nerves in the organ of Corti of the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem, midbrain and then to the auditory cortex. It is believed that various amounts and kinds of physiological processing of the audio information take place in various parts of the nerve pathways between the cochlea and the auditory cortex. In the portions of the auditory nerve pathways that are closer to the auditory cortex, the NAPs represent this physiologically early-processed audio information.
  • the present invention includes electronically pre-processing the frequency and intensity information derived from the received audio signal (the signal from the microphone) to obtain information corresponding to the physiologically early-processed audio information that would have been present in a normally hearing person, and applying optical and/or electrical stimulation that represents this pre-processed information to those portions of the auditory nerve pathways (e.g., in the brainstem or midbrain) that are closer to the auditory cortex.
  • some embodiments selectively use electrical-only stimulation to represent broadband content of an audio signal, and electrical-optical stimulation to trigger NAPs that produce a sensation to the patient that reproduces narrow-band content (e.g., the sensation of hearing one or more particular audio frequencies, for example a single sine- wave tone, a set of harmonic frequencies, or the like).
  • Some such embodiments use electrical sources where appropriate for widespread stimulation (to simultaneously trigger NAPs in a plurality of audio frequency channels for hearing sensation) and utilize supplemental optical stimulation sources for the frequency-specific "spikes" in the hearing sensation.
  • the electrical and optical stimulation sources are connected to the signal processor whose input comes from an acoustic detector (e.g., microphone) device typically used for conventional electrical-stimulation-only cochlear implants.
  • an acoustic detector e.g., microphone
  • the device of the present invention processes the acoustic information and separates the signals into two or more groups with at least a first group having one or more signals representative of broadband characteristics, and a second group having a plurality of signals each representing different narrow-band characteristics.
  • the device of the present invention then selectively activates the electrical and optical sources based on the broadband and narrowband groups.
  • One purpose of the present nerve-pathway e.g., neurons in the cochlea, cochlear nerve, auditory-brainstem and/or -midbrain optical stimulator or hybrid stimulator (wherein the hybrid stimulator uses both optical and electrical stimulation) is to provide auditory sensations for patients who are otherwise deaf (and who are not, or may not be, candidates for cochlear implants due to injured or absent auditory nerves, for example, patients with neurofibromatosis type 2, cochlear ossification and/or labyrinthitis ossificans, severe cochlear hypoplasia, traumatic bilateral auditory nerve injury and the like).
  • the hybrid stimulator uses both optical and electrical stimulation
  • Another use of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for conducting basic and clinical research on how to improve the performance of auditory brainstem implants (ABIs)) using infrared laser technology, optionally also using simultaneous electrical stimulation.
  • the optical auditory-brainstem or -midbrain stimulator can also be used as a powerful research tool to stimulate discrete regions and neuronal populations without the concerns of shock artifact, a phenomenon that is inherent to electrical-stimulation paradigms.
  • the present invention provides apparatus and methods for optical stimulation or optical-and-electrical stimulation of auditory nerve pathways and/or brain tissue.
  • Peripheral neural stimulation using infrared lasers has been demonstrated in several systems; however, to the inventors' knowledge, optical stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) has not been previously described.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • radiant energy exposure of the cochlear nucleus using a mid-wavelength infrared laser generates optically-evoked auditory brainstem responses (oABRs).
  • oABRs optically-evoked auditory brainstem responses
  • the cochlear nuclei of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed using a suboccipital craniotomy approach.
  • Different regions of left cochlear nucleus were acutely stimulated, using a 200- or 400- ⁇ - diameter (depending on the embodiment) optical fiber placed on the surface of the brainstem, with 50- ⁇ 8 to 750- ⁇ 8 pulses of 1849-nm- wavelength to 1865-nm-wavelength radiation at a rate of 10 Hz to 40 Hz and power levels ranging from 10% to 80% of a 5-W maximum power.
  • oABRs were recorded during the period of optical stimulation. Post-experiment histology was performed to assess the extent of any tissue damage to the brainstem.
  • oABRs were observed during surface exposure of the cochlear nucleus to infrared radiation. Reproducible oABRs were seen at radiant energy levels (1849 nm) as low as 30% of a 5-W maximum power (i.e., 1.5 watts), with a 150- ⁇ 8 pulse width, and 10-Hz pulse repetition rate. No thermal tissue damage was seen in the cochlear nucleus following these acute experiments when pulse widths were less than 1 ms and power levels did not exceed 80% of a 5- W maximum power (i.e., 4 watts).
  • the present invention provides apparatus and methods for optical stimulation or optical-and-electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue of sensory modalities other than audition.
  • apparatus and methods are provided for optical stimulation or optical-and-electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue involved in vision.
  • apparatus and methods are provided for optical- or optical-and-electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue involved in olfaction.
  • apparatus and methods are provided for optical- or optical-and-electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue involved in balance.
  • apparatus and methods are provided for optical- or optical-and- electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue involved in tactile sense.
  • apparatus and methods are provided for optical- or optical-and-electrical stimulation of nerve pathways and/or brain tissue involved in taste.
  • one or more of the apparatus as described in the related provisional patent applications, patent applications and/or patents incorporated by reference above are used to generate and/or deliver the optical-stimulation signals and optionally the electrical-stimulation signals that are delivered to the brainstem or the midbrain of the patient using methods and apparatus of the present invention.
  • Mid-wavelength infrared lasers are capable of generating oABRs during acute stimulation of the cochlear nucleus without tissue damage and may provide the basis for novel auditory brainstem implant stimulation paradigms in the future.
  • an “optrode” is the light-emitting end from which a light signal is emitted to assist in, or by itself cause, stimulation of a nerve action potential (NAP).
  • an “electrode” is an end of a conductor through which an electrical signal is transmitted to assist in, or by itself cause, stimulation of a nerve action potential (NAP).
  • an optrode is the light-emitting end of an optical fiber or similar waveguide that couples light from a light source (such as a laser, particularly a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), or light-emitting diode (LED) or the like) connected to an electrical controller (e.g., an implanted battery-operated device) to a location at a distance from the controller (i.e., the light is coupled from where it is generated in or near the controller to the nerve to be stimulated, which is at a distance from the controller), while in other embodiments, the VCSEL is located proximate to the nerve to be stimulated, and is electrically coupled to the distal controller (i.e., the electrical signal is coupled from the controller to a VCSEL located proximate to the nerve to be stimulated, wherein the VCSEL and the nerve are at a distance from the controller).
  • a light source such as a laser, particularly a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL),
  • a sub-threshold optical signal is emitted from an optrode (wherein the optical signal by itself has a low probability of triggering a NAP), and at approximately the same time or slightly before, a sub-threshold electrical signal is applied from an electrode (wherein the electrical signal by itself has a low probability of triggering a NAP), but that such signals applied together in time are sufficient to have a high probability of triggering a NAP.
  • a plurality of the optical- stimulation optrodes are associated with each of one or more electrical- stimulation electrodes (e.g., in some
  • a plurality of separately and independently activatable electrodes are provided, wherein each one of the plurality of electrodes has a plurality of associated optrodes).
  • a ring electrode is provided, wherein one or more optrodes are within the ring.
  • the ring electrode also serves as one of the electrical connections to one or more VCSELs that serve as the optrodes.
  • the electrical-stimulation signal (which is started slightly earlier than the optical signal activation) serves as at least part of the bias used to activate the VCSEL so it can emit light. See Figures 25A-25E, which show optical and electrical sources adjacent to each other, wherein optionally all optrodes are paired with an electrode, and all electrodes are paired with an optrode and optionally additional optrodes added between the pairs
  • the controller is reprogrammable to compensate for movement of the optrodes and electrodes relative to the nerves to be stimulated. For example, if some time (days, weeks or years) after the device is implanted, the patient thinks that the hearing restoration is not as it should be, she can return to the hearing specialist, who then causes a series of test signals to be applied through the implanted device and either through a response reported by the patient or by some other measurement of a physiological response, the various frequencies or other hearing parameters that are evoked by each of a plurality of optical and/or electrical signals is mapped and the map stored in a memory device. The map is then used to assist in performing the conversion of a sound signal (received by a microphone) to the proper corresponding optical and electrical stimulation signals that trigger the appropriate NAPs in the appropriate nerves.
  • a heat spreader that thermally couples a first region having a relatively lower density of optical emitters to a second region having a relatively higher density of optical emitters, in order to even out the heat load between the two regions.
  • FIG. 1A is a generic block diagram of implantable or partially implantable functional elements for an electrical-optical nerve-stimulator-implant system 100.
  • FIG. IB is a more-detailed block diagram of an implantable or partially implantable system 100.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram of the general nerve-stimulation-implant method 200 concept, according to some embodiments.
  • FIG. 2B is a cross-section diagram of the organs of the inner ear of a person 99.
  • FIG. 2C is a cross-section diagram of the cochlea 78 of the inner ear of a person 99.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of general functional elements for a nerve-stimulator- implant system 300.
  • FIG. 4 is a specification of a plurality of light-delivery options 400 from fiber optics / waveguides.
  • FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a VCSEL-based system 500 for insertion into the scala tympani.
  • FIG. 5B is a schematic diagram of VCSEL-based system 500 inserted into the scala tympani.
  • FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an implant system 600 for insertion into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of implant system 600 that has been inserted into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7A is a block diagram of an implant system 700 for insertion into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7B is a schematic diagram of implant system 700 that has been inserted into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a system 800 for resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8B is a schematic diagram of a system 800 that is resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram of a system 900 resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGs. 10A, 10B, and IOC are diagrams of 3D VCSEL-array system 1000A, 1000B, and lOOOC, respectively, resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGs. 11A, 1 IB, and 11C are diagrams of system 1100A, 1100B, and 1 lOOC, respectively, implanted and resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light that propagates through bone according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1201 in a folded configuration 1201-1 that would be seen before implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1201 in a partially unfolded configuration 1201-2 that would be during implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 12C is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1201 in a unfolded and curled deployed configuration 1201-3 that would be after implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1301 in a straight configuration 1301-1 that would be seen before implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1301 in a partially curled configuration 1301-2 that would be during implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 13C is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation system 1301 in a curled deployed configuration 1301-3 that would be after implantation, according to some
  • FIG. 14A is a stimulation system 1400 configured to be implanted within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human).
  • a living subject e.g., a human
  • FIG. 14B is a plan view of an individual optical-emitter array 1405.
  • FIG. 15A is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1500 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15B is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1501 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 15C is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1502 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16A is a side view of a stimulation system 1600.
  • FIG. 16B is a perspective cross-section view of stimulation system 1600.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-section view of a waveguide-light-delivery system 1700 that is wavelength encoded with mirrors.
  • FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a wavelength-light-delivery system 1800 that is wavelength encoded with mirrors.
  • FIG. 19 is a diagram of a plurality of low-order fiber modes 1900 encoded by some embodiments of the waveguide light-delivery systems of the present invention.
  • FIG. 20 is a schematic cross-section view of a waveguide light-delivery system 2000.
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-section view of a high-order fiber- mode waveguide- light-delivery system 2100.
  • FIG. 22 is a schematic cross-section view of a high-order fiber-mode waveguide- light-delivery system 2200.
  • FIG. 23A is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a single fiber ribbon 2300 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 23B is a side-view schematic diagram of single fiber ribbon 2300 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24A is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a fiber ribbon assembly 2410 having a plurality of fiber ribbons 2300 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24B is a plan- view schematic diagram of a VCSEL-array assembly 2420 having a plurality of VCSELs 2421 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 24C is a plan- view schematic diagram of a VCSEL-ribbon-fiber array assembly 2400 having a fiber ribbon assembly 2410 and a VCSEL-array assembly 2420 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25 A is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2501 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25B is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2502 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25C is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2503 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25D is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2504 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25E is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2505 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25F is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2506 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 26 is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2600 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 27 A is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2701, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 27B is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2702, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 27C is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2703, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 28 is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a heat-spreader extension design 2800 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a hybrid implantable substrate 2900 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 30 is a flow diagram of methods to physically secure implant to the cochlea 3000 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 31 is a block diagram of beam pointing control system 3100, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 32 is a perspective view of a cochlear implant system 3200 designed for improved cooling, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of methods of substrate-level packaging 3000 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 34 is a stimulation system 3400 configured to be implanted within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human) according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a living subject e.g., a human
  • FIG. 35 is a perspective- view of a variable-curvature lens design 3500 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 36 is a flow diagram 3600 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 37 is a block diagram of leak testing system 3700, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 38 is a stimulation system 3800 configured to be implanted within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human) according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a living subject e.g., a human
  • FIG. 39 is a diagram of methods 3900 to physically secure an implant to the cochlea according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the present invention uses a light-propagating transmission medium to carry optical signals between a light source and the tissue (e.g., neurons) of the patient, in order to stimulate a nerve action potential.
  • the light source includes a VCSEL that outputs its light directly onto the tissue being stimulated.
  • a focussing element such as a lens or graded-index (GRIN) fiber
  • GRIN graded-index
  • the transmission medium includes one or more optical fibers (e.g., a bundle of optical fibers, each of which includes a waveguide (e.g., the core of the fiber, which has a higher index of refraction than the cladding).
  • the light-propagating medium includes a plurality of side-by- side longitudinal (parallel-like) waveguides formed in an optical fiber or optical "ribbon".
  • a planar substrate is used, wherein the planar substrate includes a plurality of waveguides, and optionally includes other optical components such as filters, evanescent couplers, optical-fiber interfaces, selective gates that control the amplitude of light output, focusing elements, light-output ports (e.g., gratings that allow light to exit the waveguides toward the tissues of interest) and the like.
  • a tapered silicon substrate is used, the substrate having a plurality of waveguides formed by three-dimensional (3D) etching at the light-output tip (and optionally also at an input interface that receives light (e.g., from a plurality of optical fibers).
  • the output end of such an optical element is called a "probe" and allows a large number of light-output ports, such that after implantation inside the cochlea, outside but adjacent the cochlea, adjacent the auditory nerve leaving the cochlea, or adjacent to the brainstem or midbrain of the patient, individual ones of the output ports are individually activatable to determine which ports stimulate which nerve pathways. A mapping of which port is coupling light to which nerve pathway is then programmed into the controller that drives a particular optical signal to the desired nerve pathway to be stimulated.
  • the implanted device can be programmed to send the appropriate signals to each of a plurality of nerve pathways, greatly simplifying placement of the output probe (as compared to having to individually place each of a plurality of separate fibers). Further, at a later time, the implanted device can be recalibrated, remapped and reprogrammed to compensate for movement of the probe relative to the tissue to be stimulated. In addition, refinements based on later- discovered principles can be reprogrammed into the implanted device to provide a better sense of hearing for audio implants. Of course, other embodiments include implanted devices that provide other sensations, such as vision, olfaction, touch (some embodiments including sexual sensations), temperature, pressure, and the like.
  • Various embodiments of the present invention set forth novel design permutations of a practical cochlear-implant system using a combination of electrical and laser technology to stimulate nerves, and the details of system subcomponents, as well as surgical approaches for how these devices are implanted and used in a practical manner in people.
  • the laser sources and optical delivery waveguides and tissue interfaces of present invention use connections to an implanted sound sensor and controller (such as an existing cochlear-implant device (which includes microphone(s), power supply, audio processor and the like)), but replaces the conventional electric stimulator portion with an optical (e.g., laser)-stimulation system to provide higher-precision stimulation to smaller subsets of the excitable tissues in the cochlea (e.g., in some embodiments, providing precision stimulation of hair cells and/or spiral-ganglion cells). In some embodiments this allows for improved performance (a higher-quality hearing sensation for the user) in existing cochlear implants by allowing greater hearing fidelity in noisy environments and more frequency bands for improved speech intelligibility.
  • an existing cochlear-implant device which includes microphone(s), power supply, audio processor and the like
  • an optical (e.g., laser)-stimulation system to provide higher-precision stimulation to smaller subsets of the excitable tissues in the cochlea (e.g.,
  • the present invention utilizes three unique approaches for the practical implementation of these systems: (1) implanting the VCSELs directly into the cochlea in a sealed package, (2) using waveguides to shine individual lasers to specific sites within the cochlea, or (3) using a gratings approach to use a single source outside the cochlea to stimulate multiple points within the cochlea.
  • Each of these various embodiments of the present invention has multiple permutations and different subcomponents, which are described in detail below and in the accompanying figures.
  • Neural prosthetic devices are artificial extensions of the body that restore or supplement nervous-system functions that were lost due to disease or injury. Particular success has been realized in the cochlear-prostheses development (which is approximately a $500- million market, with a 25% compound-growth rate (CGR) predicted over the next decade, and an estimated 3% total market penetration to date). Certain conventional cochlear- implant devices bypass damaged hair cells in the auditory system by instead providing coarse direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. The cochlear implants stimulate discrete spiral ganglion cell populations in the user's ears, which is similar to the encoding of small acoustic frequency bands in a normal-hearing person's ear.
  • CGR compound-growth rate
  • a conventional implanted 16-channel electrode can be used to provide pulsed current stimulation of excitable cells in the cochlea.
  • the discrete coarse functional channels available with this type of implant are unable to provide true hearing restoration for existing cochlear-implant users.
  • These devices could be improved by combination with the present invention to allow for enhanced hearing intelligibility in noisy environments, hearing of music, or hearing of multiple voices in speech.
  • Infrared nerve stimulation may dramatically improve the function of auditory prosthetics.
  • the number of frequency bands required to transmit speech information accurately is an important measurement used in the optimization of multiple-electrode cochlear stimulation.
  • Previous work with cochlear implants demonstrated that speech-recognition scores increase with the number of electrodes.
  • the use of laser light to stimulate spiral-ganglion cells enables a more precise stimulation of the auditory system (as experimentally verified by the inventors' collaborators at Northwestern University). Development of these light-based systems can provide high-fidelity cochlear implants by enabling stimulation of an increased number of independent sub-populations of spiral-ganglion cells for speech processing.
  • the present invention relates to laser stimulation of animal tissues and more particularly to lasers and methods for making and using devices that generate optical signals, and optionally also electrical signals in combination with the optical signals, to stimulate and/or simulate an auditory signal in nerve and/or brain tissue of a living animal (e.g., a human) to treat deafness or hearing loss and provide sensations related to hearing, and/or to stimulate and/or simulate other "sensory" signals in nerve and/or brain tissue of a living animal (e.g., a human) to treat other sensory deficiencies (e.g., balance, visual or olfactory) and provide sensations related to those sensory deficiencies.
  • a living animal e.g., a human
  • other sensory deficiencies e.g., balance, visual or olfactory
  • the light signal used to stimulate a nerve action potential includes wavelengths in the range of 1800 nm to 2100 nm, and in some particular embodiments, wavelengths between 1830 nm and 1870 nm.
  • the stimulation light signal includes wavelengths in the range of 1400 nm to 1500 nm, the range of 1500 nm to 1600 nm, or other suitable light wavelength in the range of 300 nm to 10,000 nm.
  • Figure 1A is a generic block diagram of an implantable or partially implantable system 100 that uses both electrical stimulation and light stimulation of neuronal tissue in the brainstem and/or midbrain nerves such as the auditory brainstem to obtain an auditory brainstem response (ABR) for patient 99.
  • system 100 includes an external portion 130 and an implanted portion 120 that is within patient 99.
  • Figure IB is a more-detailed block diagram of an implantable or partially
  • implantable system 100 uses both electrical stimulation and a VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser) array for light stimulation of neuronal tissue 98 in the cochlea, in the cochlear nerve (also called the auditory nerve) and/or in the brainstem and/or midbrain nerves such as the auditory brainstem to obtain an auditory brainstem response (ABR) (e.g., some embodiments use a VCSEL array such as described by U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/964,634 filed August 13, 2007, titled "VCSEL Array Stimulator Apparatus and Method for Light Stimulation of Bodily Tissues").
  • VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
  • System 100 represents one embodiment of the present invention, wherein an external portion 130 (located outside the body of the user) receives sound signals with a microphone 141 that generates an analog electrical signal 142, preamplifies the analog signal with preamplifier 143 and converts the pre-amplified analog signal 144 to a digital signal 146 using an analog-to- digital converter (ADC) 145, performs digital signal processing using a digital signal processor (DSP) 147 on the digital signal 146 to obtain processed digital information 148, modulates an RF (radio-frequency) signal with the processed digital information using modulator 149, to obtain a modulated RF signal 150, power amplifies the modulated RF signal using power amplifier 151 and transmits that power- amplified modulated RF signal 152 from an antenna or transmitting coil 153 outside the body of patient or user 99 to an internal receiving antenna (e.g., a receiving coil) 161 that is part of circuitry 120 that is implanted within the body of user 99.
  • ADC analog-to- digital
  • circuitry 120 receives the modulated RF signal using its receiving coil 161, and uses much of the received RF signal 162 to power the rest of circuitry 120 (e.g., by rectifying the RF signal 162 to a DC voltage 164 and then regulating that DC voltage using rectifier- and-regulator unit 163 to obtain energy (from DC voltage 164) to power the circuitry 120 and/or recharge any internal battery source).
  • a demodulator 165 is used to demodulate the RF signal to retrieve the already processed digital information 166, then a decoder-DAC 167 decodes and optionally converts the digital result 166 to analog 168 (called digital-analog conversion (DAC)), uses that resulting analog signal 168 to generate pulse information or data (e.g., in some embodiments, generating bi-phasic pulses 170 having both a positive excursion and a negative excursion using bi-phasic pulse generator 169), which are demultiplexed using demultiplexer 171 and used to drive the electrical-current drivers 175 (for electrical-stimulation pulses 116 to the electrodes) that electrically stimulate or pre-condition the neuron(s) for triggering a NAP.
  • DAC digital-analog conversion
  • demultiplexer 171 also drives one or more laser drivers 113 (to drive the lasers 112 that output optical-stimulation signals 111 (delivered by any suitable optical delivery means, such as optical delivery means 400 described in Figure 4 below) which combine with the electrical stimulation 116 to trigger the desired fine- grain precise NAPs for the desired sensory response for user 99).
  • laser drivers 113 to drive the lasers 112 that output optical-stimulation signals 111 (delivered by any suitable optical delivery means, such as optical delivery means 400 described in Figure 4 below) which combine with the electrical stimulation 116 to trigger the desired fine- grain precise NAPs for the desired sensory response for user 99).
  • electrical preconditioning/stimulation from the electrical- stimulation portion applies electrical current 116 to the nerve tissue to be stimulated using an electrode array (in some embodiments, the electrical signal 116 is sub-threshold relative to triggering a NAP in the neuron(s), meaning that when applied by itself, it has a low probability of triggering a NAP), and a low-power, low-lasing-threshold (i.e., efficient diode lasers having a low threshold for lasing (i.e., requiring little electrical current to initiate lasing)) VCSEL array 112 (in the lower-right-hand portion of Figure 1) is selectively activated by electrical current from drivers 113.
  • a low-power, low-lasing-threshold i.e., efficient diode lasers having a low threshold for lasing (i.e., requiring little electrical current to initiate lasing
  • the VCSEL array selectively emits laser light from each of a plurality of VCSELs 112, for example VCSELs implemented as an array of separately activatable lasers formed in a monolithic semiconductor chip, in order that the optical energy combines with the electrical preconditioning to trigger NAPs with fine-grained and precise accuracy not available if using electrode stimulation alone, and with lower optical power than if using optical stimulation alone.
  • the lower-power optical output provides at least some of the following advantages: it reduces the power needed from the battery, it reduces the amount of heat generated by the VCSEL or other optical source, and it reduces the possibility of tissue damage from the optical signal.
  • each laser beam is separately controlled by laser-and-power controller 113 that drives the laser-diode VCSELs under control of a processor or circuitry 109 that generates combined electrical signals 116 and optical signals 111 that are configured to stimulate the nerve tissue as desired.
  • the light signals 111 are collimated, focused and/or guided by optics 103 (e.g., a lens or other suitable optical device; see Figure 3) within device enclosure 110 into delivery medium 107 (e.g., a bundle of optical fibers), which extends from the enclosure 110 to a remote location such as in the cochlea, cochlear nerve, brainstem or midbrain (any one or more of which can comprise the appropriate neuronal tissue 98 of the desired auditory nerve pathways) of patient 99.
  • the system includes an internal transmitter/receiver 180 that obtains data and power signals 181; e.g., in some embodiments, wirelessly using RF signals to and from an external
  • transmitter/receiver 130 and that optionally sends data (on signals 181) to external
  • transmitter/receiver 180 includes instructions that program and map the relationship between sensed signals and the desired NAPs to be stimulated, and the data sent by internal
  • transmitter/receiver 180 includes data that is usable for diagnostics and for testing (e.g., to determine the proper mapping between analyzed audio signals and the particular ones of the auditory nerve pathways to be stimulated to obtain the desired auditory sensation by the person having the implant (and, accordingly, the optical emitters and electrodes to activate to trigger NAPs in those auditory nerve pathways).
  • the system also uses a visible laser and/or LED array that are selectively activated to produce visible light signals to help align the VCSEL laser array signals 111 with optics (e.g., the lens array / beam coupler /combiner optics) 103 during the VCSEL laser array signals 111 with optics (e.g., the lens array / beam coupler /combiner optics) 103 during the VCSEL laser array signals 111 with optics (e.g., the lens array / beam coupler /combiner optics) 103 during the
  • one or more sensors are used to obtain the above-described audio information, balance or orientation information, temperature information, and/or other information that is to be converted to nerve- stimulation signals (e.g., optical signals and optionally also electrical signals) to deliver to patient 99 via stimulation of NAPs in the cochlea, the cochlear nerve, and/or through the patient's brainstem or midbrain neurons 98.
  • the sensors are implanted inside the patient 99.
  • one or more sensors are part of an external unit 130 that is wirelessly coupled to the implanted device 120.
  • electrical nerve-stimulation signals 116 are generated by stimulation-calculation processor or circuitry 109, and are delivered to the stimulation site using a series of spaced electrodes (e.g., a bundle having a plurality of electrical conductors and a plurality of optical fibers), such as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/018,185 (Attorney Docket No. 5032.027US1) filed January 22, 2008, titled "Hybrid Optical-Electrical Probes", U.S. Patent Application No. 12/191,301 (Attorney Docket No.
  • the electrical signals 116 are used to sensitize the neuronal tissue 98 (as opposed to being sufficient to trigger a nerve action potential using only the electrical signal) in order that a lower-power optical stimulation signal is sufficient to trigger the desired nerve action potential (NAP) in one or more neurons via stimulation of NAPs in the cochlea, the cochlear nerve, and/or in the brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the optical (and optional electrical) signals are delivered and directed upon the auditory brainstem nerves, i.e., Cranial Nerve VIII (the cranial nerve for hearing and balance), or other brainstem or midbrain tissue 98 of a patient 99.
  • the end of delivery medium that is distal to optics (e.g., beam combiner) 103 includes a plurality of optical fibers that are configured to output light in a plurality of different locations and/or different directions from a single location.
  • the optical-electrical delivery medium (e.g., beam combiner 809 and waveguide unit 807 of Figure 8) also includes a plurality of electrical conductors that are configured to output electrical signals in a plurality of different locations (e.g., to one or more of those locations at any one time (e.g., from a point-type exposed electrode to a general ground voltage) and/or different directions (e.g., to one or more of those directions at any one time) from a single location.
  • the electrical signals are used to precondition the neurons to be stimulated such that a lower-intensity optical signal can be used to trigger the desired nerve-action-potential pulse.
  • the optical (and optional electrical) signals are delivered and directed upon other brainstem nerves, for instance, Cranial Nerve II (the cranial nerve for vision), Cranial Nerve I (the cranial nerve for olfaction), or the like.
  • suitable external sensors 108 or internal sensors 108' for sensing environmental parameters that are external to the person) for the necessary input data (sensors such as, for example,
  • microphones pressure sensors, vibration sensors, gyroscopes, accelerometers, gravity-direction sensors, electromagnetic-radiation sensors such as imaging devices, light sensors and color sensors, chemical sensors (i.e., for odors and/or taste), and the like) are used to obtain data that can be used to generate the stimulation signals (optical and/or electrical) of device 300 (referring to Figure 3) used to trigger NAPs in the nerve pathways of person 99.
  • the data from such external sensors 108 are transmitted in signals 181.
  • an imaging device is used as a sensor (or as part of an external sensor- transmitter 120) to obtain image data, this image data is processed to detect vision aspects of the image data such as patterns (e.g., vertical objects, horizontal objects, diagonal objects, curved objects and the like), color (e.g., hue, saturation, brightness, contrast and the like with regard to various objects and patterns), motion (direction, speed, enlargement, and the like) and the processed image data is used to generate stimulation signals used to drive optical and/or electrical probes that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portion of Cranial Nerve II (the cranial nerve for vision) in order to provide a simulated vision sensation for the patient.
  • electromagnetic-radiation sensors that do not generate image data as such, for example light sensors and color sensors, are used to obtain more generic
  • electromagnetic -radiation data from the environment (such as the color of an object), and this generic electromagnetic-radiation data is processed to provide optical- and/or electrical- stimulation signals that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portion of Cranial Nerve II to provide more fundamental sensations (such as the color of whatever the color sensor is aimed at).
  • one or more chemical sensors are used to obtain chemical data (e.g., data relating to gasses or particulates from the atmosphere, or materials such as salts, sugars and the like dissolved in a liquid), this chemical data is processed to detect odor aspects of the chemical data, and the processed odor data is used to generate stimulation signals used to drive optical and/or electrical probes that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portion of Cranial Nerve I (the cranial nerve for olfaction) in order to provide a simulated smell and/or taste sensation for the patient.
  • chemical data e.g., data relating to gasses or particulates from the atmosphere, or materials such as salts, sugars and the like dissolved in a liquid
  • this chemical data is processed to detect odor aspects of the chemical data
  • the processed odor data is used to generate stimulation signals used to drive optical and/or electrical probes that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portion of Cranial Nerve I (the cranial nerve for olfaction) in order to provide a
  • one or more pressure, texture, vibration, weight and/or similar sensors are used to obtain touch-and-feel data, this touch-and-feel data is processed to detect mechanical-touch aspects of an object, and the processed mechanical-touch data is used to generate stimulation signals used to drive optical and/or electrical probes that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portion of other nerve pathways in order to provide a simulated touch-and-feel sensation for the patient.
  • one or more nerve-action-potential (NAP) sensors are used to obtain nerve-and-movement-disorder data, this nerve-and-movement- disorder data is processed to detect nerve-signal patterns that are indicative of Parkinson's Disease or other movement disorders, and the processed nerve-signal data is used to generate stimulation signals used to drive optical and/or electrical probes that stimulate the midbrain or brainstem portions (such as the red nucleus and substantia nigra) of affected nerve pathways in order to treat or inhibit the movement disorder of the patient.
  • NAP nerve-action-potential
  • the optical-fiber bundle end of device 100 is situated in or along the brainstem (the medulla, pons and/or midbrain), or along the cranial nerves, or even, in some embodiments, in or along side of the higher brain centers such as the cerebral cortex. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the optical-fiber bundle end of device 100 is situated in or along the spinal cord of the patient, further from the brain than the brainstem. In some embodiments, the optical-fiber bundle end of device 100 is situated in or along the limbic system (e.g., thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and/or hippocampus), or the pituitary gland, cerebellum, or corpus callosum.
  • the limbic system e.g., thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and/or hippocampus
  • the human brain has twelve pairs of special nerves called the cranial nerves. These are specific bundles of neurons and axons which transmit special information to and from the brain, without going through the spinal cord.
  • the cranial nerves each provide highly specific functions (sensory or motor).
  • the cranial nerves all exit from the bottom of the brain and brainstem and exit the skull through various foramina to reach their sources or targets.
  • the optical-fiber-bundle light-delivery (and optionally electrical- stimulation) end of device 120 is situated in or along one or more of the cranial nerves to obtain one or more of the following responses of Table 1 :
  • Figure 2A is a block diagram of the general nerve- stimulation-implant method 200 concept, according to some embodiments.
  • some embodiments of the present invention include invasive insertion of one or more electro-optical stimulation probes 202 through the round window of the cochlea, or an anteroinferior insertion of one or more electro-optical stimulation probes 201.
  • the implantation is minimally invasive and does not break the bone-cochlea barrier, but instead applies the electrical and light stimulation signals across tissue boundaries (e.g., implanting the one or more electro-optical stimulation probes in the bone behind the ear and leaving a thin layer of bone through which the electrical and optical signals are applied to the organs of the inner ear or to the nerves that connect those organs to the brain (e.g., in some embodiments, optical signals are transmitted through the round window of the cochlea without requiring invasive insertion of the electro-optical probe through the round window)).
  • each of the permutations of the present invention will connect to the electronics and sensors of a conventional cochlear implant system except that the electrical signal generator and electrodes of the conventional cochlear implant system are replaced by the laser and electrical driver electronics of the present invention, which drive the fiber-optics-electrode-combination probes (called "optrodes") of the present invention.
  • Figure 2B is a cross-section diagram of the organs of the inner ear of a person 99. Shown is the external auditory canal leading to the tympanic membrane. Sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea 78 by the ossicles. Nerve action potentials (NAPs) generated by neurons in the cochlea 78 travel through the auditory nerve 76 to the auditory cortex (not shown) via a plurality of auditory nerve pathways (which each carry different information indicative to frequency and intensity in the received sound).
  • NAPs Nerve action potentials
  • FIG. 2C is a cross-section diagram of the cochlea 78 of the inner ear of a person 99.
  • Cochlea 78 includes three primary fluid-filled channels: the scala vestibuli 71, the cochlear duct 72 and the scale tympani 73.
  • Hair cells in the organ of Corti 74 receive vibrations and generate NAPs in the spiral ganglion cells 75 that extend to or through the cochlear nerve 76.
  • the device of the present invention delivers light stimulation pulses and/or electrical stimulation pulses to the organ of Corti, the spiral ganglion cells and/or the cochlear nerve in and around the cochlea 78 (the inset box shows the cochlea 78 from the outside and shows the cut line 2C for the representation in the main Figure 2C).
  • some or all of the stimulation part(s) of the device of the present invention are implanted and located in the scala tympani 73, the cochlear duct 72, and/or the scala vestibuli 71.
  • some or all of the stimulation part(s) of the device of the present invention are implanted and located outside the cochlea, e.g., in the bone surrounding the cochlea 78.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of general functional elements for a nerve-stimulator- implant system 300.
  • System 300 includes an external unit 130, such as shown in Figure 1, and internal unit 120 that includes implant housing heatsink 131, laser drivers 133 that drive lasers 132.
  • the light from lasers 132 is shaped by shaping optics 135, guided by waveguide 136, and delivered towards the nerves 98 of patient 99.
  • the implant housing heatsink 131 is made of a heat-conducting bio-compatible material that has a relatively large thermal mass that readily absorbs short heat spikes from the laser-diode drivers 133 and the laser diodes 132 and then dissipates the heat over a longer period of time to the body of patient 99.
  • the inner surface of implant housing heatsink 131 includes an inside layer of very-high thermal-conductivity material (e.g., in some embodiments, a layer of copper that is 0.5 mm to 3 mm thick) that readily absorbs short heat spikes from the pulsed signals (which can be 1 microsecond to 0.01 seconds or somewhat longer in duration), and an outer layer of thinner biocompatible material such as titanium or a polymer, which has a lower (but not too low) thermal conductivity to dissipate the heat over a longer period of time (e.g., 10 to 100 seconds) in order to prevent thermal damage to the tissue surrounding implant housing heatsink 131.
  • a layer of very-conductivity material e.g., in some embodiments, a layer of copper that is 0.5 mm to 3 mm thick
  • an outer layer of thinner biocompatible material such as titanium or a polymer
  • Some embodiments include a heat sink for a cochlear implant that extends outside of the cochlea or that is placed outside of the cochlea.
  • the light from lasers 132 is shaped and inserted into waveguide(s) 136 by light-shaping element 135, and delivered by light waveguide 136 to light-delivery control optics 133, which control the final propagation of the light to the nerve bundle 98 in the patient 99 (which can be a human or other animal).
  • some embodiments include an external-to-the-body portion 130 that includes sensors (e.g., microphones, accelerometers, gyroscopes and the like), electrical power, programming, input/output signals, transmitter/receiver and/or other devices.
  • Figure 4 is a specification of a plurality of light-delivery options 400 from fiber optics / waveguides.
  • one or more of the light-delivery options is used in a system 100 as described above for Figure IB.
  • a waveguide 411 ends in an angled facet and/or fiber-Bragg grating that reflects or diffracts the light out in a radial or side ("side firing") direction of the waveguide as laser beam 81, and such a waveguide can be implanted such that the length of the end of fiber 411 is parallel to the nerve to be stimulated.
  • a waveguide 412 ends in an end facet that transmits the light out in an axial direction of the waveguide as laser beam 82, and such a waveguide can be implanted such that the length of the end of fiber 412 is perpendicular or at some other steep angle to the nerve to be stimulated.
  • a waveguide 413 ends in a conical (as shown), rough or ground “frosted” end that diffuses the light out in both axial and radial directions of the waveguide as laser pattern 83.
  • a waveguide 414 ends in a lens-type end facet that transmits and diverges the light out in an axial direction of the waveguide as laser beam 84.
  • a waveguide 415 ends in a lens-type end facet that transmits and focusses the light out in an axial direction of the waveguide as laser beam 85.
  • a waveguide 416 ends in a lens-type end facet that transmits and collimates the light out in a parallel beam in an axial direction of the waveguide as laser beam 86.
  • a waveguide 417 ends in an annular lens-type end facet that transmits and focus ses the light out in a radially and axially extending conical ring centered about an axial direction of the waveguide as laser beam 87.
  • the very end facet is polished and coated with a metallic or dielectric- layered reflective structure to better facilitate the ring-shaped output beam 87.
  • a combination of two or more of such features as shown in fiber ends 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, and/or 417 are applied to a single fiber tip to provide a hybrid beam shape combining some aspects of light beams and/or patterns 81-87.
  • a bundle having a plurality of such fibers and ends are used in combination to get a plurality of beams and/or a plurality of beam shapes in a small area.
  • the ends of the plurality of fibers terminate at a plurality of different axial lengths to provide output beams that leave the bundle at different points along the length of the fiber bindle.
  • FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a VCSEL-based system 500 designed to be inserted (as a biocompatible, sealed package (in some embodiments, a hermetically sealed package)) into the scala tympani.
  • VCSEL system 500 includes a flexible substrate 501, onto which a plurality of VCSEL arrays 502 are affixed and electrically connected.
  • a plurality of electrical signals 503 from diode driver(s) 133 drive the various VCSELs to emit light, and, in some embodiments, a plurality of other electrical signals is passed in electrical conductors on substrate 501 that are connected to exposed electrodes along the length of substrate 501, such that combined electrical and optical stimulation signals can be applied to each of a plurality of neurons.
  • the laser source includes a single VCSEL, having a light output beam in a single direction with the beam oriented towards the excitable tissue.
  • the laser source includes a plurality of VCSELs each oriented in the same direction (i.e., with their optical axes substantially parallel), and optionally with overlapping spots on the excitable tissue.
  • the laser source includes a plurality of VCSELs oriented in many directions (i.e., with their optical axes directed in a plurality of different directions (e.g., in some embodiments, radially outward from a central axis)).
  • the laser source has no lens (since in some cases, the VCSEL is pressed against or located immediately next to the tissue it will be stimulating), while in other embodiments, the VCSEL is coupled to one or more micro-lenses that either: disperse the light over a larger area than the area of the emitter VCSEL, collimate the light (forming a beam of parallel rays), or focus the light to a smaller spot (having a smaller area than the area of the emitter) on excitable tissue (in some embodiments, the tissue includes the hair cells of the organ of Corti or spiral ganglion nerve cells).
  • the number of channels ranges from one to a hundred or more, and the number of VCSELs per channel ranges from one to five or more.
  • 32 to 256 or more channels are used (each channel corresponding to a row of VCSELs across the width of substrate at a particular length location along the length of substrate 501, and thus to a location in the cochlea that corresponds to a particular frequency detection and sensation), wherein the pitch (spacing) between adjacent channels may be varied along the substrate length (providing a finer resolution in certain frequency ranges (e.g., frequencies needed for understanding speech) and coarser resolution for other frequencies (to reduce power and heat, and/or to reduce extraneous audio stimulation (background noise) to, for example, enhance speech understanding)).
  • each VCSEL will have two electrical leads to provide power, such that a linear array will grow in diameter as the electrical leads are twisted; thus in some embodiments, very thin wires are required (e.g., in some embodiments, carbon-nanotube conductors or other suitable high- conductivity electrical wires).
  • device 500 is enclosed in a biocompatible external package having a natural affinity to bend in the shape of cochlear spiral, and is soft and flexible so no damage is occasioned during insertion.
  • the materials on the outside include Kapton ® brand polyimide flex circuits, and/or a polyimide coating.
  • Figure 5B is a schematic diagram of a VCSEL-based system 500 that is coiled from a base end (that is electrically connected to a driver circuit 133) to an apex end, such that the coiling of system 500 matches the coiling of the cochlea and is inserted into the cochlea.
  • system 500 is configured to be inserted within the cochlea, while in other embodiments, system 500 is configured to be placed outside and along the exterior of the cochlea.
  • each VCSEL source 502 includes a single VCSEL, while in other embodiments, each VCSEL source 502 includes a plurality of individually activatable lasers oriented to emit light along substantially parallel axes with somewhat overlapping spots of illumination (such that, in some embodiments, one or more of the group of VCSELs can be individually activated at a succession of different times after implantation, in order to dynamically determine which of the plurality of VCSELs in a single array 502 is best suited to stimulate one or more nerves that are very near to one another, but for which it is desired to selectively stimulate one or more individually without stimulating the adjacent neighboring nerves).
  • each group of VCSELs 502 are configured to emit laser light beams in a plurality of non-parallel directions to stimulate nerves that are not right next to one another.
  • each group of VCSELs 502 have an associated one or more lenses to focus the light (e.g., graded-index-fiber (GRIN) lenses or other suitable microlenses that either disperse the light in some embodiments, or in other embodiments, focus the light to a small spot of excitable tissue such as hair cells in the cochlea or spiral ganglion cells (SGCs)), while in other embodiments, no lenses are used.
  • GRIN graded-index-fiber
  • a plurality of channels each have one or more VCSELs (e.g., in some embodiments, 1 to 5 VCSELs per channel), such that one or more of the VCSELs on a given channel can be selectively activated to stimulate nerves associated with that channel.
  • VCSELs e.g., in some embodiments, 1 to 5 VCSELs per channel
  • a plurality of VCSELs are each activated to trigger NAPs in additional neighboring spiral ganglion cells, and/or to increase the pulse repetition rate of NAPs in a particular set of nerve pathways in order to provide loudness control, as mentioned earlier.
  • each VCSEL is connected to two electrical conductors (namely, its individual signal conductor and a common or ground conductor that is shared with other VCSEL emitters).
  • an array of VCSELs will be arranged such that all VCSELs in any one row share an anode connection and all VCSELs in any one column share a cathode connection, and such that each VCSEL emitter is uniquely addressed by electrically driving its row anode and its column cathode (of course, the terms row and column can be interchanged).
  • the "rows" and “columns” and the conductors to each extend across a plurality of the VCSEL groups labeled 502 in Figure 5 A and Figure 5B.
  • an array of ten rows and ten columns needs only twenty conductors to individually address one-hundred VCSEL emitters, and if each VCSEL group 502 includes five individual emitters, and there are twenty VCSEL groups 502, a single first column conductor can connect to the cathodes of all VCSELs on the first and second VCSEL group 502, while the first five row conductors connect to five respective VCSELs in the first VCSEL group 502, and the second five row conductors connect to five respective VCSELs in the second VCSEL group 502. The first column conductor thus does not need to extend beyond the second VCSEL group 502.
  • a single second column conductor can connect to the cathodes of all VCSELs on the third and fourth VCSEL group 502, while the first five row conductors connect to five respective VCSELs in the third VCSEL group 502, and the second five row conductors connect to five respective VCSELs in the fourth VCSEL group 502.
  • the second column conductor thus does not need to extend beyond the fourth VCSEL group 502.
  • a similar pattern then extends to the other sixteen VCSEL groups 502.
  • the optical pulse to trigger a NAP can be very short (e.g., about 1 to 10 microseconds in duration, in some embodiments), up to all one-hundred emitters can be successively activated in a single millisecond interval, and for physiological effects, may appear for all intents and purposes to have all been substantially simultaneous.
  • the implanted device of the present invention includes a sound sensor (microphone; not shown) that, upon activation by an external sound (pressure wave), generates one or more electrical signals.
  • a computerized sound analyzer decomposes the audio signal (e.g., using a fast Fourier transform (FFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), or other suitable digital signal processor (DSP) or analog means) to output time-varying frequency components.
  • FFT fast Fourier transform
  • DCT discrete cosine transform
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the optical stimulation signals from VCSEL arrays 502 and electrical stimulation signals are generated based on the outputted time- varying frequency components signals.
  • the electrical stimulation portions (electrode driver 175, conductors 505 and 506 and electrodes 504 and 508) and are omitted and only the optical stimulation portions are implemented.
  • device 500 further includes electrical stimulation and/or sensitization functionality, as provided by electrode drivers (current sources) 175 that, for example, drive electrical conductors 505 that connect to a plurality of ring electrodes 504, each of which is on a surface of substrate 501 and surrounds a corresponding one the plurality of VCSEL arrays 502, and that faces the excitable tissue 98 (e.g., the spiral ganglion cells and the hair cells inside the cochlea) from inside the cochlea 78 (e.g., in some embodiments, substrate 501 extends inside the scala tympani 79 (the lower channel) in the cochlea 78 from near the base to near the apex, such that each VCSEL array 502 emits light toward the excitable tissue 98, and each electrode 504 creates an electric field and current that is most concentrated on the subportion of tissue 98 to which the light is directed.
  • electrode drivers current sources
  • each VCSEL array has a plurality of emitters that emit light for one or more sensory frequency channels (each sensory frequency channels being the nerve pathway from hair cells located to respond to a particular audio frequency and to initial NAPs in one of the auditory nerve pathways associated with that frequency).
  • each sensory frequency channels being the nerve pathway from hair cells located to respond to a particular audio frequency and to initial NAPs in one of the auditory nerve pathways associated with that frequency.
  • two rows of five VCSEL emitters extend across a width of each VCSEL array 502, while in other embodiments, other numbers of rows and other numbers of VCSEL emitters per row are provided.
  • one or more of the VCSEL emitters in one row is mapped and used to stimulate NAPs for one sensory frequency channel, while one or more of the VCSEL emitters in another row is mapped and used to stimulate NAPs for another sensory frequency channel.
  • Multiple VCSELs are provided in each row (e.g., in some embodiments, many more than end up actually being used) in order that, to accommodate placement errors, testing of all or most of the stimulation sources, and then mapping of which stimulation causes each of a plurality of sensory responses or perceptions so that only the subset of stimulation sources that are most effective in causing a response are used to generate NAPs based on the information content of the audio signal.
  • a second substrate 507 is placed in the scala vestibuli channel 77 and/or cochlear channel (see Figure 26) in the cochlea 78, wherein the second substrate 507 includes one or more counter electrodes 508 that provide a return path for electrical current from the one or more electrodes 504 on substrate 501 located in the scala tympani channel 79 in the cochlea 78.
  • a single counter electrode 508 is used (equivalent to electrically connecting all the counter electrodes 508 of Figure 5A together) and a single electrode 504 is used (equivalent to electrically connecting all the ring electrodes 504 of Figure 5A together), which greatly reduces the wiring (the number of parallel conductors) needed for the electrical stimulation, but increased the current needed since much of the current is applied to tissue that is not going to be optically stimulated.
  • a single counter electrode 508 is used (equivalent to electrically connecting all the counter electrodes 508 of Figure 5A together), but a plurality of electrodes 504 are used (such that each of a plurality of electrodes 504 of Figure 5A are independently activatable), which still reduces the wiring needed for the electrical stimulation somewhat, but substantially reduces the electrical current used since current flows from one electrode to the portion of the counter electrode immediately opposite through only the subportion of excitable tissue that is to be optically stimulated (thus much less current is used stimulating tissue that is not to be optically stimulated).
  • a single electrode 504 is used (equivalent to electrically connecting all the electrodes 504 of Figure 5A together), but a plurality of counter electrodes 508 is used (such that each of a plurality of counter electrodes 508 of Figure 5A are independently activatable), which also reduces the wiring needed for the electrical stimulation, and also substantially reduces the electrical current used since current flows from one electrode to the portion of the counter electrode immediately opposite through only the subportion of excitable tissue that is to be optically stimulated.
  • a plurality of electrodes 504 is used (equivalent to electrically connecting all the electrodes 504 of Figure 5A together), but a plurality of counter electrodes 508 are used (such that each of a plurality of counter electrodes 508 of Figure 5A are independently activatable), which increases (as compared to the approaches described in the prior paragraph) the wiring needed for the electrical stimulation, but also substantially reduces the electrical current used and increases the granularity of stimulation since current flows from one electrode to the portion of the counter electrode immediately opposite through only the subportion of excitable tissue that is to be optically stimulated.
  • the plurality of electrodes 504 and the plurality of electrodes 508 are arranged in a cross-hatched pattern (e.g., with one or more groups of the electrodes 504 elongated in one direction (e.g., the X direction) and one or more groups of the counter electrodes 508 elongated in a perpendicular direction (e.g., the Y direction), such that when one of the X electrodes 504 is activated and one of the Y counter electrodes is activated (i.e., one to supply electrons and the other to provide a return path for the electrons), primarily only the tissue between the selected X electrode 504 and the selected Y counter electrode is stimulated (e.g., having a plurality of X-direction elongated electrodes in the scala tympani channel 79 and a plurality of Y-direction elongated electrodes in the scala vestibuli channel 77 and/or cochlear channel (see
  • the optical stimulation portions of device 500 are omitted and electrical-only stimulation using a plurality of electrodes 504 and a plurality of electrodes 508 is used, wherein the improvement over conventional electrical-only stimulation devices is reduced power consumption and/or a finer granularity of stimulation that is obtained by using crossed elongated electrodes located on opposite sides of the excitable tissue (e.g., having a plurality of X-direction elongated electrodes in the scala tympani channel 79 and a plurality of Y-direction elongated electrodes in the scala vestibuli channel 77 and/or cochlear channel (see Figure 26), wherein the X direction can be parallel or perpendicular, or at an oblique relative to the longest- length axis of the 501 substrate and the Y direction can be perpendicular to the X direction or at some other non-parallel angle to the X direction).
  • crossed elongated electrodes located on opposite sides of the excitable
  • FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an implant system 600 for insertion into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • system 600 includes a plurality of light and electrical sources 602 that are outside the cochlea, connected via waveguides 604 to a combined waveguide 607 that conducts light of different wavelengths as separate signals in a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) manner, such that the different-colored light is extracted by, e.g., gratings 623, 626, and 629, or by tuned wavelength filters.
  • WDM wavelength-division-multiplexing
  • a first light signal having a first wavelength is emitted through window 622 as a first beam 621 and focussed on a first area of excitable tissue (e.g., cochlear hair cells for a first audio frequency)
  • a second light signal having a second wavelength is emitted through window 625 as a second beam 624 and focussed on a second area of excitable tissue (e.g., cochlear hair cells for a second audio frequency)
  • a third light signal having a third wavelength is emitted through window 628 as a third beam 627 and focussed on a third area of excitable tissue (e.g., cochlear hair cells for a third audio frequency).
  • a plurality of electrical signals is also generated by sources 602 and electrically conducted (e.g., by conductors applied to the outside of optical waveguides 604 and 607), and applied to pre-sensitize the excitable tissue 98 such that a lower-powered optical signal beam (e.g., 621) can be used to trigger a NAP.
  • the optical windows 622, 625, and 628 include microlenses between the gratings and the target tissue in collimated, diverging, or converging patterns.
  • the microlenses direct light in circular path, or disperse light from 0 to 360 degrees in a radial pattern perpendicular to fiber with set area and divergence angle.
  • the window is hermetically sealed to the waveguide for output, and optionally may have a shape configured to shape the optical beam, while in other embodiments, there may be no window.
  • a MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) device having a plurality of movable mirrors (e.g., see U.S. Patent 4,596,992 to Hornbeck and U.S. Patent 7,787,170 to Patel et al., which are both incorporated herein by reference) is activated to switch or move the mirrors into or out of the beam path, or otherwise deflect the optical signals to selectively stimulate neurons that lie along the path of the waveguide.
  • the device controls mirrors with piezoelectric material to 'move' the mirrors, while in other embodiments, electrostatic or other means are used.
  • Figure 6B is a schematic diagram of implant system 600 that has been inserted into the cochlea 97 for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 7A is a block diagram of an implant system 700 for insertion into the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • system 700 uses a plurality of sources 702 that each emit a different wavelength of light and that generate coordinated electrical stimulation signals to sensitize the excitable tissue.
  • all of the light signals have substantially the same wavelength, since each signal is carried by a separate waveguide 704, 705, ... 706 from the sources 702 to their respective ends where they emit the respective light beams 714, 715, ... 716, each directed at a different target of excitable tissue 98.
  • the wavelength is matched to the desired penetration depth.
  • the sources 702 include VCSEL arrays.
  • each waveguide 704, 705, ... 706 includes one or more electrical conductors that carry the electrical stimulation signals used to sensitize the excitable tissue of interest. In some embodiments, each waveguide 704, 705, ... 706 includes one or more of the optical tips as described in Figure 4 above.
  • Figure 7B is a schematic diagram of implant system 700 that has been inserted into the cochlea 97 for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention, such that the plurality of waveguides 704, 705, ... 706 and the respective electrical conductors are inserted in a spiral geometry inside the cochlea of the patient.
  • FIG 8A is a block diagram of a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system 800 for resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • System 800 is much the same as system 600 at the block-diagram level, but is configured to be implanted in the inner-ear region but outside the cochlea (e.g., in some embodiments, system 800 is imbedded in the temporal bone and light signals are transmitted through the temporal bone to the target).
  • WDM wavelength-division multiplexing
  • system 800 includes a plurality of light and electrical sources 802 that are outside the cochlea, connected via waveguides 804-806 to a combined waveguide 807 (also outside the cochlea) that conducts light of different wavelengths as separate signals in a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) manner, such that the different-colored light is extracted by, e.g., gratings 823, 826, and 829.
  • WDM wavelength-division-multiplexing
  • a first light signal having a first wavelength is emitted through window 822 as a first beam 821 and focussed on a first area of excitable tissue (e.g., through the cochlea wall to cochlear hair cells for a first audio frequency)
  • a second light signal having a second wavelength is emitted through window 825 as a second beam 824 and focussed on a second area of excitable tissue (e.g., cochlear hair cells for a second audio frequency)
  • a third light signal having a third wavelength is emitted through window 828 as a third beam 827 and focussed on a third area of excitable tissue (e.g., cochlear hair cells for a third audio frequency).
  • a plurality of electrical signals is also generated by sources 802 and electrically conducted (e.g., by conductors applied to the outside of optical waveguides 804-806 and 807), and applied to pre-sensitize the excitable tissue 98 such that a lower-powered optical signal beam (e.g., 821) can be used to trigger a NAP.
  • the optical windows 822, 825, and 828 include microlenses between the gratings and the target tissue in collimated, diverging, or converging patterns.
  • the microlenses direct light in a circular path, or disperse light from 0 to 360 degrees in a radial pattern perpendicular to the fiber with a set area and divergence angle.
  • the window is hermetically sealed to the waveguide for output, and optionally may have a shape configured to shape the optical beam, while in other embodiments, there may be no window.
  • system 800 is oriented in parallel to the cochlea, is situated in the temporal bone, and is shaped in the geometry of the cochlear target.
  • light signals are transmitted from system 800 through the round window of the cochlea and to the basal turn of the cochlea.
  • gratings 823, 826, and 829 are arranged in a linear array. In some embodiments, gratings 823, 826, and 829 are arranged in a three-dimensional array. In some embodiments, the invention includes multiple arrays of system 800 arranged in a parallel configuration.
  • Figure 8B is a schematic diagram of implant system 800 that is placed outside but adjacent the cochlea 97 for stimulating nerve cells with light, according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 9 is a diagram of a system 900 resting in the temporal bone outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • This system 900 is much the same as system 500 described in Figure 5A above, except that system 900 is designed to be implanted within the temporal bone behind the ear and includes optical elements configured to focus the stimulation light through the inner surface of the temporal bone towards the plurality of areas of the cochlea to be stimulated.
  • system 900 is designed to be implanted within the temporal bone behind the ear and includes optical elements configured to focus the stimulation light through the inner surface of the temporal bone towards the plurality of areas of the cochlea to be stimulated.
  • VCSEL system 900 includes a flexible substrate 901, onto which a plurality of VCSEL arrays 902 are affixed and electrically connected.
  • a plurality of electrical signals 903 drive the various VCSELs to emit light, and, in some embodiments, a plurality of other electrical signals is passed in electrical conductors on substrate 901 that are connected to exposed electrodes along the length of substrate 901, such that combined electrical and optical stimulation signals can be applied to each of a plurality of neurons.
  • the light output beam 910 of a VCSEL array 902 propagates in a single direction with the beam 910 oriented towards the excitable tissue 98.
  • Figures 10A, 10B, and IOC are diagrams of embodiments of three-dimensional (3D) VCSEL-array system 1000 resting outside the cochlea for stimulating nerve cells with light according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • System lOOOC of Figure IOC can be used for system 1008 that emits light beams 1009 through the round window or oval window into the cochlea (excitable tissue 98) of the inner ear as shown in Figure 10A, or for system 1006 that emits light beams 1007 through the inner surface of temporal bone towards the cochlea 97 of the inner ear as shown in Figure 10B.
  • system lOOOC includes a hermetically sealed package 1001 having a heat- sink structure 1012 having an outer surface that conducts heat to the body of the patient 99, and an inner surface onto which is mounted VCSEL array 1013, which is facing and emitting light towards and through lens array 1002 to output a plurality of N output beams 1003 that are collimated in some embodiments, and focussed in other embodiments, to stimulate cochlea excitable tissue.
  • electrical signals are also applied to sensitize the excitable tissue.
  • Figures 11A, 11B, and 11C are diagrams of system 1100 (shown as system 1100A in Figure 11A, which can be used to excite through bone (e.g., system 1100B as shown in Figure 1 IB) or through the round or oval window of the inner ear (e.g., system 1 lOOC as shown in Figure 11C), implanted and resting outside of the cochlea for stimulating auditory nerve cells with light that propagates through bone (of the embodiment of Figure 1 IB) according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • system 1100A in Figure 11A which can be used to excite through bone (e.g., system 1100B as shown in Figure 1 IB) or through the round or oval window of the inner ear (e.g., system 1 lOOC as shown in Figure 11C), implanted and resting outside of the cochlea for stimulating auditory nerve cells with light that propagates through bone (of the embodiment of Figure 1 IB) according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • system 1100A is much the same as system 700 of Figure 7A, and includes a plurality of sources 1120 that each emit a different wavelength of light and that (in some embodiments) generate coordinated electrical stimulation signals to sensitize the excitable tissue.
  • all of the light signals have substantially the same wavelength, since each signal is carried by its own separate waveguide 1140 from the sources 1120 to their respective ends where they emit the respective light beams 1111, 1112, ... 1113, each directed at a different target of excitable tissue 98.
  • the wavelength is matched to the desired penetration depth.
  • the sources 1120 include VCSEL arrays. In some embodiments, the sources 1120 include edge emitters. In some embodiments, each waveguide 1140 includes one or more electrical conductors that carry the electrical stimulation signals used to sensitize the excitable tissue of interest. In some embodiments, each separate waveguide 1140 includes one or more of the optical tip designs as described in Figure 4 above.
  • Figure 1 IB shows a system 1100B in which the source array of VCSELs 1150 (e.g., in some embodiments, source array of VCSELs 1150 is such as a system lOOOC described in Figure IOC) is connected to a plurality of waveguides 1113, each of which is outside and adjacent the cochlea and emits light towards the cochlea.
  • source array of VCSELs 1150 e.g., in some embodiments, source array of VCSELs 1150 is such as a system lOOOC described in Figure IOC
  • different wavelengths in the various waveguides 1113 are used to obtain different penetration depths, and thus allow selective excitation of different nerves.
  • Figure 11C shows a system 1 lOOC in which the source array of VCSELs 1151 (e.g., in some embodiments, source array of VCSELs 1150 is such as a system lOOOC described in Figure IOC) is connected to a plurality of waveguides 1114, each of which is outside and terminates at the round window or the oval window of the cochlea and emits light towards and into the cochlea.
  • source array of VCSELs 1151 e.g., in some embodiments, source array of VCSELs 1150 is such as a system lOOOC described in Figure IOC
  • waveguides 1114 each of which is outside and terminates at the round window or the oval window of the cochlea and emits light towards and into the cochlea.
  • different wavelengths in the various waveguides 1114 are used to obtain different penetration depths, and thus allow selective excitation of different nerves.
  • the stimulation sources are distributed non-uniformly to optimize hearing perception (having a higher density of excitation units where a higher resolution (more different frequency channels) is desired and a lower density in other areas.
  • some embodiments have a first mode of operation that uses a sub-threshold electrical stimulation (also called electrical sensitization), wherein the electrical stimulation alone is not enough (i.e., it is sub-threshold) to cause triggering of a NAP, but the electrical stimulation causes a sensitization that reduces the threshold for optical stimulation to cause a NAP.
  • the electrical stimulation cooperates with the optical stimulation together to cause one or more NAPs.
  • the device also has a second mode that increases the electrical current such that the electrical stimulation alone is sufficient to trigger one or more NAPs. In some embodiments, this second mode is used to trigger NAPs to represent a wideband audio signal, while the first mode is used to trigger NAPs representing narrow-band audio signals having discrete frequencies, to which the small-spot-size optical stimulation is directed.
  • FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1201 in a folded configuration 1201-1 that would be seen before implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • device 1201 starts in a folded-up configuration having a plurality of stimulation units 1212 (e.g., each having a plurality of optical stimulation emitters and one or more electrical stimulation electrodes) located on the top side (the side that would face the organ of Corti and/or the spiral ganglion cells if implanted in the scale tympani) of substrate 1210.
  • a plurality of stimulation units 1212 e.g., each having a plurality of optical stimulation emitters and one or more electrical stimulation electrodes located on the top side (the side that would face the organ of Corti and/or the spiral ganglion cells if implanted in the scale tympani) of substrate 1210.
  • Substrate 1210 extends from a first end 1211 (that would end up near the base of the cochlear channels) to a distal end (that would end up near the apex of the cochlear channels).
  • a second plurality of stimulation units 1213 is located on an opposite face of substrate 1210.
  • the second plurality of stimulation units 1213 include electrodes only, and are used to provide a return electrical path for electrodes that surround or is adjacent the optical emitters in stimulation units 1212.
  • the stimulation units 1212 and stimulation units 1213 both emit light towards the target tissues from opposite sides and one or both are used to direct the electrical current from their electrodes.
  • substrate 1210 is made of a shape-memory metal or similar material that when deployed returns to a desired spiral shape as shown in Figure 12B and 12C.
  • Figure 12B is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1201 in a partially unfolded configuration 1201-2 that would be during implantation, according to some
  • device has partially unfolded along a path and shape that permits easier insertion into the cochlea (e.g., into the scala tympani channel).
  • FIG 12C is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1201 in a unfolded and curled deployed configuration 1201-3 that would exist after implantation in the cochlea (e.g., into the scala tympani channel), according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • the resulting shape has a spring tension that presses the emitting elements against the tissue to be stimulated (e.g., the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion cells) (see also Figure 30).
  • the sides of substrate 1210 include one or more tiny hooks that hold device 1201 in place by hooking into edges of the tissue of the cochlea.
  • FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1301 in a straight configuration 1301-1 that would be seen before implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • this device 1301 is the converse of device 1201, in that it starts out straight and as it is inserted, the shape-memory metal returns to the curled-up state.
  • device 1301 includes a substrate 1310 having a plurality of stimulation units 1312 (e.g., each having a plurality of optical stimulation emitters and one or more electrical stimulation electrodes) located on the top side (the side that would face the organ of Corti and/or the spiral ganglion cells if implanted in the scale tympani) of substrate 1310.
  • stimulation units 1312 e.g., each having a plurality of optical stimulation emitters and one or more electrical stimulation electrodes located on the top side (the side that would face the organ of Corti and/or the spiral ganglion cells if implanted in the scale tympani) of substrate 1310.
  • Substrate 1310 extends from a first end 1311 (that would end up near the base of the cochlear channels) to a distal end (that would end up near the apex of the cochlear channels).
  • a second plurality of stimulation units 1313 is located on an opposite face of substrate 1310.
  • the second plurality of stimulation units 1313 include electrodes only, and are used to provide a return electrical path for electrodes that surround or is adjacent the optical emitters in stimulation units 1312.
  • the stimulation units 1312 and stimulation units 1313 both emit light towards the target tissues from opposite sides and one or both are used to direct the electrical current from their electrodes.
  • substrate 1310 is made of a shape-memory metal or similar material that when deployed returns to a desired spiral shape as shown in Figure 13B and 13C.
  • Figure 13B is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1301 in a partially curled configuration 1301-2 that would be during implantation, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 12C is a cross-sectional diagram of a stimulation device 1301 in a curled deployed configuration 1301-3 that would be after implantation, according to some
  • the non-uniform distribution includes a logarithmic spatial distribution to correlate optical-stimulation-source spatial distribution with frequency spatial distribution in the cochlea.
  • optical sources are distributed in a nonuniform pattern with a higher density of sources in the area of the cochlea to optimize hearing and/or music (e.g., fewer stimulation sources at high frequencies (above 3000 Hz) and/or fewer sources at low frequencies (those below about 300 Hz), such that a concentration of independent stimulation channels or optical sources are in the central portion of cochlea such that more channels are associated with respective frequencies that are most important for the type of hearing needed (e.g., in some embodiments, speech comprehension, then perhaps music and/or danger recognition or the like).
  • channels are added that are associated with frequencies most critical to speech comprehension (e.g., the 500 Hz to 3 kHz region of the cochlea (in other embodiments, other suitable frequency ranges are used)).
  • the optical and electrical sources are adjacent to each other.
  • any or all optrodes are paired with an electrode.
  • any or all electrodes are paired with an optrode and additional optrodes added between the pairs.
  • an optrode is located inside a ring electrode.
  • the VCSEL housing is made of an electrically conductive material to be used as an electrode.
  • the implant of the present invention has a non-uniform spacing of stimulation optrodes and/or electrodes, and in some embodiments, the non-uniform spacing includes a logarithmic spacing for at least a plurality of the excitation units.
  • the implant of the present invention includes a heat spreader strip in the cochlea on which lasers (e.g., VCSELs or edge-emitting semiconductor devices) are mounted (and, in some embodiments, extending outside of the cochlea to dissipate heat out of the patient).
  • lasers e.g., VCSELs or edge-emitting semiconductor devices
  • the implant of the present invention includes reprogrammable hearing mapping, such that the controller can be reprogrammed after implantation to stimulate each nerve pathway using the stimulation optrodes and electrodes that are most effective in obtaining the desired sensation for the patient.
  • the optrodes include a VCSEL array having emitters distributed along both a width and a length of the cochlear implant substrate (e.g., providing individually addressable VCSEL patterns in X and Y dimensions in the cochlea).
  • the stimulation and/or sensitization electrode serves as one electrical connection to neighboring VCSELs.
  • loudness compensation is achieved by adjusting which VCSELs are activated to recruit additional spiral ganglion cells, and/or increasing the pulse repetition rate of NAPs in a particular set of nerve pathways.
  • MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems
  • MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems
  • having a plurality of electrically activatable or controllable mechanical actuators that adjust positions of light emitters or light-guiding elements (moving optical fibers, lenses, mirrors or other light- guiding elements) in the array.
  • the present invention includes an apparatus and method of shining through the round window of the cochlea in a plurality of directions in combination with selective electrical sensitization to achieve finely selective NAP triggering.
  • the present invention includes controlling the VCSEL array to provide benefits including optimizing spatial location to stimulate intended frequency area in the cochlea, adjusting stimulation location to compensate for movement of the implant after implantation, or to adjusting for biological changes in excitability of tissue in the cochlea, and using the VCSEL as a means for loudness adjustment by activating adjacent VCSELS to recruit additional hair cells in the cochlea.
  • the present invention provides a method and apparatus for electronically addressing an optical-emitter array.
  • microprocessor-controlled multiplexers are used to select optical channels to be activated.
  • the microprocessor-controlled multiplexers are substantially similar to a row/column dot-matrix controller.
  • the present invention includes optrodes connected in series. In some embodiments, the present invention includes optrodes connected in parallel.
  • Figure 14A is a stimulation system 1400 configured to be implanted within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human).
  • system 1400 is inserted into the scala tympani 79 of the cochlea 78.
  • system 1400 includes a flexible substrate 1401, onto which a plurality of optical-emitter arrays 1405 are affixed and electrically connected.
  • system 1400 is substantially similar to system 500 of Figure 5A.
  • substrate 1401 tapers from a first end 1415 to a second end 1416 such that substrate 1401 has a shape that conforms to the inner surface area of the cochlea.
  • each one of the plurality of optical-emitter arrays 1405 include a plurality of individually controlled optical emitters 1406 (see Figure 14B).
  • the plurality of optical emitters 1406 is vertical-cavity-surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs).
  • VCSELs vertical-cavity-surface-emitting lasers
  • the optical-emitter arrays 1405 are arranged in an
  • addressable laser pattern to facilitate locality identification and/or selection for optimal stimulation.
  • Figure 14B is a plan view of an individual optical-emitter array 1405.
  • optical-emitter array 1405 includes a plurality of optical emitters 1406 and a plurality of electrical contacts 1407.
  • optical-emitter array 1405 includes five columns of one-by-three (1 x 3) optical emitters 1406 (in other embodiments, each optical- emitter array 1405 includes five columns of one-by-four (1x4) optical emitters 1406, in still other embodiments, five columns of one-by-five (1 x 5) optical emitters 1406, or, in other embodiments, any other suitable number and arrangement of optical-emitters 1406).
  • a plurality of electrical signals are passed in electrical conductors on substrate 1401 and are connected to exposed electrical contacts 1407 along the length of substrate 1401, such that combined electrical and optical stimulation signals can be applied to each of a plurality of neurons.
  • the present invention includes VCSELs placed on substrate in a shape optimized to conform to the inner surface area of the cochlea, e.g., radially pointing in a plurality of different angles in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis extending the longest dimension of the cochlear emitter array, as shown in Figure 15A and Figure 15B.
  • FIG. 15A is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1500 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • each of a plurality of optical emitters 1511 of each of the plurality of radial emitter sets 1510 of array 1500 are radially pointing in one of a plurality of different angles, with the optical axis of each optical beam being substantially in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis extending the longest dimension of the optical-emitter array 1500, while in other embodiments, the light is directed at other angles (e.g., in some embodiments, the optical axes of the beams lie in a cone or other configuration) relative to the longitudinal axis.
  • optical-emitter array 1500 includes a plurality of (e.g., four) adjacent one-by-eight (1 x 8) emitter sets 1510 of optical emitters 1511 (in other embodiments, other numbers of emitter sets 1510 per array 1500 (e.g., integer values between 2 and 512, or more, emitter sets 1510 per array 1500) are provided, and other numbers of optical emitters 1511 per emitter set 1510 (e.g., integer values between 2 and 64, or more, optical emitters 1511 per emitter set 1510) are provided).
  • other numbers of emitter sets 1510 per array 1500 e.g., integer values between 2 and 512, or more, emitter sets 1510 per array 1500
  • other numbers of optical emitters 1511 per emitter set 1510 e.g., integer values between 2 and 64, or more, optical emitters 1511 per emitter set 1510 are provided.
  • each individual 1 x 8 emitter set 1510 is arranged such that the angle of the light propagation (i.e., the optical axis of the light beam) of an individual emitter differs by 45 degrees with the optical axis of adjacent light emitters (e.g., in some embodiments, each 1 x 8 emitter set 1510 of system 1500 forms an octagonal shape).
  • optical- emitter array 1500 includes a plurality of (e.g., four) adjacent one-by-six (1 x 6) emitter sets 1510 of optical emitters 1511.
  • each individual 1 x 6 emitter set 1510 is arranged such that the angle of the light propagation (i.e., the optical axis of the light beam) of an individual emitter differs by 60 degrees with the optical axis of adjacent light emitters (e.g., in some embodiments, each 1 x 6 emitter set 1510 of system 1500 forms a hexagonal shape).
  • array 1500 includes a plurality of emitter sets, at least some of which have a larger number of optical emitters 1511 than other emitter sets have (for example, at the larger end of a cochlear implant, there may be one or more emitter sets each having sixteen emitters per emitter set, and then next to those are one or more emitter sets each having twelve emitters per emitter set, then one or more emitter sets each having ten emitters per emitter set, then one or more emitter sets each having eight emitters per emitter set, then one or more emitter sets each having six emitters per emitter set, and then one or more emitter sets each having four emitters per emitter set).
  • optical-emitter arrays include any other suitable number and configuration of optical emitters 1511 per emitter set 1510, or emitter sets 1510 per array 1500.
  • the device 1500 can be implanted in the cochlea in approximately the position needed, and then its controller can be programmed to use the emitters that stimulate NAPs in particular nerve pathways, and not to use emitters that do not stimulate NAPs in those particular nerve pathways.
  • Figure 15B is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1501 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • optical-emitter array 1501 includes a plurality (e.g., four) of one-by-three (1 x 3) emitter sets 1512 of optical emitters 1511, wherein each individual 1 x 3 emitter set 1512 is arranged such that the angle of light propagation of an individual emitter differs by 45 degrees with the light-propagation angle of adjacent light emitters.
  • each individual 1 x 3 emitter set 1512 is arranged such that the angle of light propagation of an individual emitter differs by any other suitable angle with the light-propagation angle of adjacent light emitters.
  • Figure 15C is a perspective view of a portion of an optical-emitter array 1502 used in some embodiments of the present invention.
  • optical- emitter array 1502 includes a plurality (e.g., three) of one-by-three (1 x 3) planar emitter sets 1513 of optical emitters 1511.
  • the plurality of emitter sets 1513 are arranged on a first surface of a three-dimensional chip such that the optical axis of each optical beam from each emitter 1511 is substantially in a plane perpendicular to the first surface (i.e., all of the optical emitters 1511 propagate light in a substantially parallel direction).
  • FIG 16A is a side view of a stimulation system 1600.
  • stimulation system 1600 includes a plurality of optical emitters 1621 located on a flexible heat- sink spine 1611.
  • the plurality of optical-emitters 1621 includes VCSELs.
  • heat-sink spine 1611 is configured to coil such that it can be implanted inside a cochlea (e.g., in some embodiments, substrate system 1600 is implanted in the scala tympani 79 of a cochlea 78).
  • Figure 16B is a perspective cross-section view of stimulation system 1600.
  • heat-sink spine 1611 is configured to remove excess heat generated by optical emitters 1621.
  • heat-sink spine 1611 extends outside of the cochlea when system 1600 is implanted in the cochlea.
  • heat-sink spine 1611 includes very-high thermal-conductivity material (e.g., in some embodiments, a layer of copper that is 0.5 mm to 3 mm thick) that readily absorbs short heat spikes from the pulsed signals (which can be 1 microsecond to 0.01 seconds or somewhat longer in duration).
  • system 1600 includes an encapsulant 1615 configured to encapsulate at least the portion of system 1600 that is implanted within the cochlea.
  • encapsulant 1615 has a lower (but not too low) thermal conductivity to dissipate the heat over a longer period of time (e.g., 10 to 100 seconds) in order to prevent thermal damage to the tissue surrounding system 1600.
  • the encapsulant includes a biocompatible material such as polyanhydride, silicon, or any other suitable biocompatible material.
  • electrical power is provided to system 1600 along a conduit 1606 (shown as dark line in Figure 16B) that is located on heat- sink spine 1611.
  • Figure 17 is a schematic cross-section view of a waveguide-light-delivery system 1700 that is wavelength encoded with mirrors.
  • light 1799 enters waveguide 1701 at a first end, passes through a plurality of electrically controlled dielectric mirrors 1702, and exits at a second end of waveguide 1701.
  • light 1799 includes a plurality of wavelengths when it enters waveguide 1701, and light-delivery system
  • the 1700 is configured such that only a single wavelength of light 1799 is propagated down the entire length waveguide 1701.
  • a different wavelength of light 1799 is reflected out of the side of the waveguide 1701 at each different dielectric mirror 1702.
  • the plurality of dielectric mirrors 1702 includes a first mirror 1702 that reflects light of a first wavelength ⁇ 1; a second mirror 1702 that reflects light of a second wavelength ⁇ 2 , and an nth mirror 1702 reflects light of a wavelength ⁇ .
  • all channels can be serviced with one laser.
  • mirrors 1702 reflect light 1799 from the core 1707 out to the side of waveguide
  • Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of a wavelength-light-delivery system 1800 that is wavelength encoded with mirrors.
  • system 1800 includes a waveguide 1810 that has one or more dielectric -mirror stacks configured to selectively reflect desired wavelengths of light passing through waveguide 1810.
  • waveguide 1810 has an index of refraction 3 ⁇ 4.
  • the one or more dielectric-mirror stacks include a plurality of transparent conductors having a first index of refraction n 1; wherein the transparent conductors are interleaved with a plurality of dielectric layers having a second index of refraction n 2 .
  • the one or more dielectric-mirror stacks include seven successively alternating layers of positively charged transparent conductors 1816, negatively charged transparent conductors 1812, and dielectric layers 1814 (e.g., a first positively charged transparent conductor 1816, followed by a first dielectric layer 1814, followed by a first negatively charged transparent conductor 1812, followed by a second dielectric layer 1814, followed by a second positively charged transparent conductor 1816, followed by a third dielectric layer 1814, followed by a second negatively charged transparent conductor 1812).
  • a voltage is applied to the transparent conductors 1816 and 1812 from voltage supply 1826 to stress the dielectric stack and thus change the wavelength of light to be reflected out of waveguide 1810.
  • the application of voltage across the dielectric-mirror stack is controlled by a controller 1820 that connects to the voltage supply 1826 via a transistor 1824 (e.g., in some embodiments, as shown in Figure 18, each pair of positively charged conductor 1816 and negatively charged conductor 1812 has a voltage supply 1826 controlled by the controller 1820 via a transistor 1824).
  • transistor 1824 is a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).
  • Figure 19 is a diagram of a plurality of low-order fiber modes 1900 encoded by some embodiments of the waveguide light-delivery systems of the present invention.
  • the set of solutions to a cylindrical waveguide form an orthogonal set of modes 1900, namely the LP LM modes.
  • the LP LM modes 1900 include LP 01 mode 1912, LPn mode 1914, LP 2 i mode 1916, and LPo 2 mode 1918.
  • light launched into the LPoi will not couple into any other mode.
  • light for each channel of the implanted waveguide light-delivery system is launched into a unique mode (e.g., in some embodiments, channel A is launched in LPoi mode 1912, channel B is launched in LPn mode 1914, and channel C is launched in LP 21 mode 1916).
  • the invention includes a mechanism for filtering modes.
  • Figure 20 is a schematic cross-section view of a waveguide light-delivery system 2000.
  • LP LM modes 1910 are launched into waveguide system 2000 and a unique LP LM mode is reflected out of waveguide system 2000 at each of a plurality of dielectric mirrors.
  • LP 01 mode 1912 is reflected out by dielectric mirror 2022
  • LPn mode 1914 is reflected out by dielectric mirror 2024
  • LP 21 mode 1916 is reflected out by dielectric mirror 2026.
  • Figure 21 is a schematic cross-section view of a high-order fiber-mode waveguide- light-delivery system 2100.
  • system 2100 includes a waveguide 2110.
  • higher-order modes are treated with ray tracing, unlike the low-order modes discussed in the description of Figure 19 and Figure 20 above.
  • channels e.g., channels 2112, 2114, ... 2116) are encoded by launching light at different angles and/or locations.
  • a single laser 2109 with a mirror 2111, or other pointing adjustment element is used to launch light at different angles.
  • Figure 22 is a schematic cross-section view of a high-order fiber-mode waveguide- light-delivery system 2200.
  • system 2200 includes a waveguide 2210.
  • system 2200 is substantially similar to system 2100 except that in system 2200, multiple lasers 2207, 2208, ... 2209, one for each channel 2212, 2214, ... 2216, are positioned at different angles and create an effect substantially similar to mirror 2111 of system 2100.
  • Figure 23A is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a single fiber ribbon 2300 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • fiber ribbon 2300 includes a plurality of parallel waveguides 2310, each of which has a notch (e.g., notches 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314 and 2315) cut into it, wherein a face of the notch is highly reflective of the signal light in its waveguide 2310.
  • a notch e.g., notches 2311, 2312, 2313, 2314 and 2315
  • Figure 23B is a side-view schematic diagram of single fiber ribbon 2300 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the light in at the left includes a separate signal for each waveguide 2310, wherein the light in a first waveguide 2310 is reflected as LIGHT OUTi by a reflector in notch 2311, the light in a second waveguide 2310 is reflected as LIGHT OUT 2 by a reflector in notch 2312, the light in a third waveguide 2310 is reflected as LIGHT OUT 3 by a reflector in notch 2313, the light in a fourth waveguide 2310 is reflected as LIGHT OUT 4 by a reflector in notch 2314.
  • Figure 24A is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a fiber-array ribbon assembly 2410 having a plurality of fiber ribbons 2300 (including ribbon 2301, ribbon 2302, ribbon 2303) such as described above for Figure 23A and Figure 23B, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • ribbon 2301 is shorter than ribbon 2302, which is shorter than ribbon 2303 (as shown in Figure 24C).
  • Figure 24B is a plan-view schematic diagram of a VCSEL- array assembly 2420 having a plurality of VCSELs 2421 according to some embodiments of the present invention. While a four-by-four VCSEL array is shown here, the numbers of rows and columns corresponds to the numbers of ribbons 2300 and the number of waveguides 2310 per ribbon 2300, in some embodiments.
  • Figure 24C is a plan-view schematic diagram of a VCSEL-ribbon-fiber array assembly 2400 having a fiber ribbon assembly 2410 and a VCSEL-array assembly 2420 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the successive ribbons 2301, 2302, and 2303 are longer than the ribbon inside it, thus providing a long extent of emitters on fine pitches, to provide fine granularity of frequency sensations.
  • Figure 25 A is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2501 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2501 includes an electrode- op trode device 120A having a single VCSEL 2520 surrounded by a ring electrode 2512 that, in some embodiments, is exposed on more than half its circumference at the tip of device 120A, but covered by an insulator 2515 for the rest of its circumference.
  • ring electrode 2512 is the exposed end of an electrical conductor 2513 (such as silver, copper, or other metal) that substantially surrounds the length of device 120A in a cylindrical manner, and is itself surrounded by a bio-compatible electrical insulator 2511 for the length of device 120A.
  • an electrical conductor 2513 such as silver, copper, or other metal
  • a second exposed electrode 2514 at or near the tip provides an electrical return path such that an electrical field (between electrode 2512 and electrode 2514 and extending into the nearby tissue of the patient) can be generated directly over the optical output face of VCSEL 2520.
  • the electrical connections to VCSEL 2520 are made using suitable connections to the ring electrode 2512 and auxiliary electrode 2516.
  • ring electrode 2512 provides both an electrical-stimulation electrode as well as an electrical contact to drive the optical signal from VCSEL 2520 (which, in some embodiments, is connected using flying- wire bonds 2517 and 2518 to electrical connections 2512 and 2516).
  • the additional electrical connection(s) 2516 and electrode(s) 2514 are connected to insulated conductors located inward from the circumferential conductor 2513 that connects to electrode 2512 and that provides shielding for the conductors within it.
  • the core of device 120A is a glass or polymer fiber 2510
  • conductor 2513 is a metal film that is evaporated or plated or otherwise deposited on the circumference surface of fiber 2510, and then in turn coated with insulator 2511.
  • conductor 2513 does not completely surround the inner conductors that connect to electrode 2514 and VCSEL connection 2516, but has one or more lengthwise gaps.
  • the conductor connected to electrode 2514 is also a film deposited on fiber 2510 and separated from conductor 2513 by electrical insulation. In some such embodiments, the conductor connected to electrode 2514 is a film deposited concentrically, either inside or outside of conductor 2513 and separated therefrom by an insulator film.
  • the VCSEL 2520 mounted with its major face (its top in Figure 25 A) oriented perpendicular to the axis of fiber 2510, emits its optical stimulation signal in an axial direction (upward in Figure 25 A) from the end of fiber 2510, while in other embodiments, VCSEL 2520 is mounted at a non-perpendicular angle to the longitudinal axis of fiber 2510 (e.g., in some embodiments, at 45 degrees) such that it emits its light at a non-parallel angle (e.g., radially) to the axis of fiber 2510.
  • device 120A is used for the electrical-optical stimulation device 120 described in Figure 1A and Figure IB.
  • Figure 25B is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2502 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2502 includes electrode-optrode device 120B that includes a plurality of electrode-optrode devices 120A (such as described above for Figure 25 A), each of which is exposed at their ends but covered by an electrical insulator or one or more conductor-insulator pairs of films for the rest of the circumference of device 120B.
  • each of a plurality of electrode-optrode devices 120 A have their operative stimulation ends at a common axial termination location, while in other embodiments, each of a plurality of electrode-optrode devices 120A have their operative stimulation ends at different axial termination locations (e.g., terminating and providing their respective stimulation at different longitudinal distances along the length of device 120B).
  • each VCSEL 2520 mounted with its major face (its top in Figure 25B) oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of device 120B, emits its optical stimulation signal in an axial direction (upward in Figure 25B) from the end of device 120B, while in other embodiments, each VCSEL 2520 is mounted at a non-perpendicular angle to the axis of device 120B (e.g., in some embodiments, at 45 degrees) such that it emits its light at a non-parallel angle (e.g., radially) to the axis of fiber 2510.
  • FIG. 25C is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2503 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2503 includes electrode-optrode device 120C that includes a plurality of VCSEL emitters 2530, and an inner ring electrode 2534 and an outer ring electrode 2532 each of which is exposed at its end but covered by an electrical insulator 2531 and separated from one another by insulating layer 2535.
  • each of a plurality of VCSELs 2530 are mounted between electrodes 2532 and 2534, and use one or both electrodes 2532 and 2534 as electrical connections to receive electrical power to activate the VCSEL.
  • a plurality of signal connections (not shown) is used to turn on each VCSEL independently.
  • a central insulating fiber core 2536 is used, wherein a metal conductor (e.g., a film) 2534 is plated or otherwise deposited on the fiber core 2536, then an insulating layer 2533 is deposited and another metal conductor (e.g., a film) 2532 is plated or otherwise deposited on the insulator 2532, then an outer bio-compatible insulating layer 2531 is deposited.
  • the electric sensitization field is formed between the exposed ends (electrodes) 2532 and 2534.
  • FIG. 25D is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2504 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2504 includes electrode-optrode device 120D that includes a plurality of VCSEL emitters 2540, and split outer ring electrode including half ring electrode 2544 and half ring electrode 2542 each of which is exposed at its end but covered by an outer electrical insulator and separated from one another by insulating layer 2549.
  • each of a plurality of VCSELs 2540 are mounted in a central area between electrodes 2542 and 2544, and use one or both electrodes 2542 and 2544 as one of their electrical connections to receive electrical power to activate the VCSEL.
  • a plurality of signal connections 2516 (the ends of which are shown) is used to turn on each VCSEL independently.
  • a central insulating fiber core 2536 (as in Figure 25C) is used, wherein a metal conductors (e.g., a film) 2544 is plated or otherwise deposited on the right-hand half of fiber core 2536, another metal conductor (e.g., a film) 2542 is plated or otherwise deposited on the left-hand half of fiber core 2536, then an outer bio-compatible insulating layer 2531 (not labeled here, but as shown in Figure 25C) is deposited. The electric sensitization field is formed between the exposed ends (electrodes) 2542 and 2544.
  • Figure 25E is a perspective-view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2505 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2505 includes a plurality of VCSELs 2540 in a configuration such as shown in Figure 25D, but at the distal end of the device relative to the light-emitting ends of optical fibers 2550, which transport light from the emitting ends of VCSELs 2540 to the tissue being stimulated.
  • Figure 25F is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a subsystem 2506 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2506 includes a ribbon substrate 2570 on which a plurality of VCSEL assemblies 2560 are placed in an array (the array extending for a length and across a width of substrate 2570.
  • each assembly 2560 includes a mounting surface 2510 having one or more VCSELs 2520, and surrounded by a ring electrode 2512.
  • Each VCSEL 2520 has a wire 2517 to an electrical connection 2516 to activate it (in some embodiments, each uses the ring electrode 2512, connected by wire 2518, as the other electrical contact)
  • Figure 26 is a perspective-view cross-section schematic diagram of a subsystem 2600 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • subsystem 2600 includes an electrical-optical stimulation system (such as subsystem 2506 of Figure 25F) having a first substrate 2670 (like ribbon substrate 2570 of Figure 25F) on which a plurality of electro-optical stimulation units (2622, 2628, 2623, each substantially like VCSEL assemblies 2560 of Figure 25F) are located.
  • first substrate 2670 is located in the scala tympani of the cochlea.
  • a soft pliable assembly 2624 presses substrate 2670 and its stimulation units (2622, 2628, 2623) against the excitable tissue (comprised of the organ of Corti and/or the spiral ganglion cells that extend from it to the filaments of the cochlear nerve).
  • a soft pliable assembly 2634 presses substrate 2630 against the opposite side of the excitable tissue (e.g., against the neurons extending from the organ of Corti to the filaments of the cochlear nerve), and/or a soft pliable assembly 2644 presses substrate 2640 against the opposite side of the excitable tissue (e.g., against the organ of Corti and/or the neurons extending from the organ of Corti to the filaments of the cochlear nerve).
  • a second substrate 2630 located in the scala vestibuli and/or third substrate 2640 located in the cochlear duct are used to support the electrodes providing an electrical return path for the electrical signal provided by the ring electrodes of stimulation units (2622, 2628, 2623).
  • a plurality of return electrodes e.g., striped across a width of the respective substrates 2630 and 2640 are provided.
  • a substrate is used as a heat sink.
  • the substrate/heat sink extends outside of the round window.
  • heat generated by optical source is used to power electronics (e.g., a pyro-electric thin film).
  • electricity is possibly generated by a device that interacts with its surrounding biological tissue (e.g., extracting energy from ATP).
  • a substrate-extension design is used to spread heat out of cochlear so as to implement maximum amount of channels without exceeding the temperature rise limit (e.g., 2° Celsius).
  • this includes application of high thermal conductivity materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and unique insulation/coating design (e.g., see Figure 3's implant housing heatsink 131).
  • the substrate design converts heat to electricity to power up electrodes (full or partially) for hybrid integrated nerve- stimulator implant (see Figure 29).
  • the micro-lens and sub-mount design to allow wafer-level packaging and dicing of a hermetically-sealed package.
  • anti-reflective (AR) coatings are used on at least a portion of the hermetically-sealed package (see Figure 37) to ensure 95% or better transmittance (e.g., coatings on optical window 628 of Figure 6).
  • the hermetically-sealed packaging design includes sub-mount and micro-lens features/fiducials/cross hairs to allow precise passive alignment (under microscope) or active alignment (see the description of Figure 36).
  • the hermetically-sealed packaging design allows fast heraieticity examination by optical leak testing, mainly by unique wall thickness, package aspect ratio, or necessary features such as “testing windows” (see the description of Figure 37)
  • the present invention provides an optical- simulation device that includes a digital light projector chip (many individually tiltable mirrors) to steer and/or shape the optical beam (e.g., DLP®-type projection system).
  • a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) device having a plurality of movable mirrors (such as described in, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,596,992 to Hornbeck and U.S. Patent 7,787,170 to Patel et al., which are both incorporated herein by reference) is activated to switch or move the mirrors into or out of the beam path, or otherwise deflect the optical signals to selectively stimulate neurons.
  • MEMS units having a plurality of electrically activatable or controllable mechanical actuators are use to adjust positions of light emitters or light-guiding elements (moving optical fibers, lenses, mirrors or other light-guiding elements) in the array.
  • the device controls mirrors with piezoelectric material to 'move' the mirrors, while in other embodiments, electrostatic or other means are used.
  • the MEMS actuators are used to change the relative position of the VCSEL and/or the lens/mirror. In some embodiments, the MEMS actuators are used to change mechanical positioning of lenses. In some embodiments, the MEMS actuators are used to change mechanical positioning of the VCSEL. In some embodiments, piezo material is used to electrically control beam direction. In some such embodiments, the piezo material is embedded in substrate.
  • one or more lenses are used to shape optical beam (e.g., collimated, focused, unfocussed/divergent).
  • the lens is intrinsic to VCSEL.
  • the lens is extrinsic to VCSEL.
  • Some embodiments use a biocompatible silicon coating shaped to be a lens to enclose the VCSEL (i.e., transparent to wavelength for stimulation - e.g., 1850 nm).
  • FIG. 27A is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2701, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • nerve stimulator 2701 includes package 2710.
  • nerve stimulator 2701 steers and/or shapes the VCSEL beam 2740 to a selected nerve external to the package 2710 to increase effectiveness (i.e., its effectiveness in obtaining triggering of NAPs in a particular nerve pathway; note that identifying which nerve pathway need not be physically measured, since it is the resulting sensation that is important to the patient, and the sensation can be stimulated and detected or reported by the patient, so it will then be assumed that the appropriate NAP was triggered in one or more neurons of the appropriate nerve pathway).
  • the VCSEL beam generator 2720 is movable in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • a MEMS activator 2761 is used to move the VCSEL beam generator 2720 in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions.
  • the lens 2730 is movable in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • a MEMS activator 2762 is used to move the lens 2730 in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions.
  • both the VCSEL beam generator 2720 and the lens 2730 are movable in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • FIG. 27B is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2702, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • nerve stimulator 2702 includes package 2710.
  • nerve stimulator 2702 steers and/or shapes the VCSEL beam 2740 on a nerve external to the package 2710 to increase effectiveness.
  • a mirror 2750 is rotatable to change the angle ⁇ to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • a MEMS activator 2763 is used to rotate the mirror 2750.
  • the lens 2730 is movable in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • a MEMS activator 2764 is used to move the lens 2730 in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions.
  • both the mirror 2750 is rotatable and the lens 2730 are movable in one or more of the X, Y, and Z directions to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740.
  • Figure 27C is a schematic block diagram of nerve stimulator 2703, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • nerve stimulator 2703 includes package 2710.
  • nerve stimulator 2703 steers and/or shapes the VCSEL beam 2740 on a nerve external to the package 2710 to increase effectiveness.
  • a mirror 2750 is rotatable (using MEMS 2765) to change the angle ⁇ to steer and/or shape the VCSEL beam 2740 toward one or more lens of an array of lens 2732.
  • FIG. 28 is a perspective- view schematic diagram of a heat- spreader extension device 2800 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • device 2800 includes a plurality of heat- generating electrical and optical components on the active portion 2801 (e.g., the portion that would be implanted inside or adjacent the cochlea), and a heat- spreading highly thermally conductive portion 2801 (e.g., a ribbon that extends 10 cm or longer) to dissipate the heat over a greater volume of the patient's body, in order to minimize the temperature rise.
  • the highly thermally conductive portion 2801 is implanted next to the skin under the scalp of the patient to readily dissipate heat external to the patient's body.
  • FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a hybrid implantable substrate 2900 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • hybrid implantable substrate 2900 includes a plurality of heat-to-electricity transducers 2901 that convert body heat (e.g., a temperature difference between the body's core temperature on the inside face of device 2900 (facing the core of the body) and the opposite outer face of device 2900 (facing the skin of the body).
  • electrode contacts 2902 are provided (in some embodiments, used to provide one or more of the electrodes for electrical stimulation).
  • a plurality of VCSEL arrays 1405 such as described above in Figure 14A and Figure 14B are used.
  • FIG. 30 is a flow diagram of methods to physically secure implant to the cochlea 3000 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the methods 3000 include obtaining an implant device (i.e., the stimulation device to be implanted), implanting the device (placing it where desired) and then securing it in place (e.g., via a spring- loaded substrate that presses the active emitters against the tissue to be stimulated, or via a biocompatible resilient and/or compressible material on the "back side" of implant substrate (against cochlear wall opposite the excitable tissue (e.g., soft medical-grade silicone (either pre- cured in the desired shape, or injected as a gel or liquid to cure in place) that presses against an opposite wall so the side facing the active substrate presses it against the excitable tissue), or a balloon or other expandable material that is expanded after implant (e.g., in some embodiments, balloon (similar to balloon angioplasty) or stent (similar to arterial pressure).
  • Figure 31 is a block diagram of beam pointing control system 3100.
  • beam pointing control system 3100 includes substrate 3110 with integrated shape changing material (or smart material) 3120 so that it manipulates beam pointing to maximize stimulation after implant insertion.
  • integrated shape changing material or smart material
  • TOPOGRAPHY (incorporated herein by reference) describes a shape-shifting device.
  • a shape-shifting device such as described by
  • Chatterjee et al. is used in the present invention, which provides a substrate 3110 (that is shape- changed as per Chatterjee et al.), and that has a plurality of optical emitters 3130, each optionally and controllably emitting light 3140.
  • the substrate 3110 is also with embedded piezoelectric fiber strands 3120 that, by applying a voltage, will curl the substrate to conform to the shape of the cochlea of the patient 99. This makes it possible to produce the substrate in a flat form, easing fabrication and/or implantation in the patient 99.
  • a layer of piezoelectric material is deposited on the substrate to accomplish the function of shaping the substrate to maintain beam-pointing
  • the length of the flexible region of the substrate 3110 is minimized to limit twisting.
  • FIG 32 is a perspective view of a cochlear implant system 3200 designed for improved cooling of the active devices.
  • substrate 3210 includes integrated graphite fibers or carbon-nanotube-based fibers to spread the heat from the substrate 3210, including up to the tip 3212, from inside cochlea 78 to outside of cochlea 78.
  • carbon fiber is molded in biocompatible material such as polyimide, and/or coated with biocompatible coating such as thin film, pin-hole free parylene conformal coatings.
  • the carbon fiber is also laminated in layers.
  • the heat spreading materials is extended outside of cochlear to meet the cooling needs.
  • the substrate 3240 is, in some embodiments, spread over a larger area to maximize its cooling area.
  • the heat spreading area is further increased by separating the carbon fibers from each other (each with a biocompatible coating, such as thin- film pin-hole-free parylene conformal coatings).
  • Figure 33 is a flow diagram of methods of substrate-level packaging 3000 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the substrate is designed to ensure short distance between laser source and cochlear nerve bundle for all lasers consistently, which will result in lower laser energy requirement, and still achieve adequate stimulation. For safety and thermal management consideration, close proximity minimizes laser energy needed to stimulate NAPs.
  • the substrate topology design is "cone" shaped to maintain close proximity to the excitable tissue
  • Figure 34 is a plan view of a stimulation system 3400 (having a plurality of opto- electrical stimulations units 3420, each configured to selectively activate and emit a laser beam, and optionally also provide electrical sensitization) configured to be implanted, and secured using hooks 3410, within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human) according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a stimulation system 3400 having a plurality of opto- electrical stimulations units 3420, each configured to selectively activate and emit a laser beam, and optionally also provide electrical sensitization
  • a living subject e.g., a human
  • Figure 35 is a perspective- view of a variable-curvature lens design 3500 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • the lens 3500 includes a plurality of lens surfaces 3510, 3511, and 3512, each of which emits a light beam or pattern 3520 (e.g., conically and/or axially for lens surfaces 3512 and 3510, and radially for lens surface 3511.
  • a light beam or pattern 3520 e.g., conically and/or axially for lens surfaces 3512 and 3510, and radially for lens surface 3511.
  • FIG. 36 is a flow diagram 3600 according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a VCSEL wafer 3602 having a plurality of VCSELS implemented there on is joined (optionally using spacers 3603) to a wafer-like array of lenses 3604 (aligned, e.g., using a microscope 3610) to form a VCSEL-lens assembly 3605.
  • This is then diced into a plurality of VCSEL-lens units 3606, each including one or more independent VCSELs and one or more lenses.
  • Figure 37 is a block diagram of leak testing system 3700, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • device 3720 is tested in a sealed pressurized helium-filled chamber, and a laser beam 3701 is directed against a mirror 3710 to reflect from device 3720. If helium has leaked (in or out of the device 3720), the index of refraction changes and the beam will deflect from its normal path. This allows manufacturing to distinguish devices that are not hermetically sealed from those that are hermetically sealed. This data is used to select good devices and/or to adjust the manufacturing process to fix the problem.
  • Figure 38 is a stimulation system 3800 configured to be implanted within the cochlea of a living subject (e.g., a human) according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • Some embodiments include a plurality of optical- stimulation light emitters 3810 distributed in a non-uniform linear pattern on the substrate of device 3800, wherein some emitters are spaced nearer to their nearest neighbors and others of the emitters are spaced further from their nearest neighbors.
  • a substantially logarithmic spacing pattern is used such that the spacings between nearest-neighbor emitters differ and the spacing distances follow a logarithmic curve.
  • some embodiments include a first emitter- spacing density in a first hearing-frequency range that is relatively less necessary for speech
  • the electrodes are spaced with a uniform spacing (the center-to-center and the edge-to-edge spacing between each electrode and its nearest neighboring electrodes is substantially constant for all electrodes.
  • Such conventional multiple-electrode cochlear-stimulation devices use a constant electrode-electrode spacing due to constraints imposed by electric field or electrical current spreading (if different edge-to-edge spacings were to be used, the electric fields would have different (volts-per-mm) values).
  • One goal of conventional devices is to place as many electrical-stimulation channels as possible to increase the number of frequency bands the device can stimulate; however if too many channels are located along a length, they will be too close to one another and the electric signal between adjacent electrodes will overlap to the extent that the channels will not be capable of independently stimulating closely spaced frequency bands resulting in a loss of resolution frequency and/or loudness content of the audio signal.
  • the spacing in such conventional devices is constrained in order to achieve the highest number of stimulation areas, while limiting the detrimental effect caused by electrical spreading as the electrodes are positioned closer together.
  • Figure 39 is a diagram of methods 3900 to physically secure an implant to the cochlea according to some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a stent- like device 3910 SEMS (self expandable metal stent) to fix a fiber or VCSEL substrate 3920 to the cochlear wall.
  • the fiber/substrate is oriented for light delivery to the nerve being stimulated.
  • the present invention provides a method for stimulating neurons (central or peripheral projections) of the cochlea or the auditory brainstem or midbrain of a patient to provide auditory sensations for the patient.
  • This method includes delivering light signals to a plurality of neurons of the auditory brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • a concurrent application of electrical stimulation sensitizes the nerves in order that a smaller amount of optical energy can be used to still obtain a NAP that otherwise would require a larger amount of optical energy.
  • the delivering of light signals includes delivering the light signals to peripheral projections of the neurons. In some embodiments, the delivering of light signals includes delivering the light signals to central portions of the neurons.
  • the delivering of light signals includes delivering infrared light from a laser. In some embodiments, the delivering of light signals includes delivering infrared light from a VCSEL.
  • Some embodiments further include delivering an electrical signal to a plurality of neurons of the auditory brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • the delivering of the light signals includes obtaining a plurality of light signals from one or more laser light sources and delivering the obtained light signals to discrete portions of excitable tissues, wherein the responses triggered by the light signals are interpretable by the patient's brain as sensory responses.
  • the delivering of the light signals further includes selectively controlling the light signals to optically stimulate the neurons in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the one or more nerves.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse width of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse repetition rate of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse shape of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a DC background amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a precharge amount of light intensity followed by a trigger amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals. In some embodiments, the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling the light signals to increase a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals. [00232] In some embodiments, the method further includes applying a precharge current of electrical energy that is followed by a trigger amount of pulsed light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the obtaining the plurality of light signals includes implanting a self-contained battery-powered laser-light-generation device and obtaining the plurality of light signals from the battery-powered laser-light-generation device.
  • the delivering the plurality of light signals to the plurality of neurons of the auditory brainstem or midbrain includes positioning a delivery end of one or more fibers against one or more neurons of the auditory brainstem or midbrain and using one or more optical fibers to guide the light signals from a laser source to the one or more neurons.
  • the one or more laser light sources include a first light source and a second light source, wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the first light source to send a first series of pulses during a first period of time and controlling the second light source to send a second series of pulses during the first period of time, and wherein the first series of pulses differs from the second series of pulses in repetition rate.
  • Some embodiments further include sensing one or more conditions that affect balance, and wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to the brainstem or midbrain includes controlling the light signals, at least partly based on the sensed one or more conditions that affect balance, to provide a sense- of-balance nerve stimulation.
  • the sensing of the one or more conditions that affect balance includes monitoring eye movements.
  • Some embodiments further include sensing one or more sounds, and wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the light signals to the brainstem or midbrain, at least partly based on the sensed sounds, to provide a sense-of-hearing nerve stimulation.
  • the present invention provides a method that includes obtaining a plurality of light signals from one or more laser light sources; delivering the plurality of light signals to a plurality of nerve pathways in the brainstem or midbrain of a living animal; and selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate the plurality of nerve pathways in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the plurality of nerve pathways.
  • the plurality of nerve pathways in the brainstem or midbrain includes auditory nerve pathways.
  • the plurality of nerve pathways in the brainstem or midbrain includes sense-of-balance nerve pathways.
  • the living animal is a human person. In some embodiments, the living animal is a large non-human animal, e.g., a race horse or dairy cow. In some embodiments, the living animal is a small non-human animal, e.g., a dog, cat, rodent or the like.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse width of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a duty cycle of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling an on-time and an off-time of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a wavelength of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse repetition rate of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a pulse shape of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a minimum light intensity and a maximum light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the present invention provides a combination of electrical and optical stimulation.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a DC background amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the present invention provides a combination of electrical and optical stimulation.
  • the method further includes selectively controlling and applying to one or more tissues of the animal one or more electrical signals (i.e., hybrid electrical and optical stimulation of one or more tissues).
  • the selectively controlling and applying the electrical signal(s) includes controlling and applying a DC background amount of electrical signal.
  • the selectively controlling and applying the electrical signal(s) includes applying electrical pulses.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling a precharge amount of light intensity followed by a trigger amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling the light signals to delay at least some of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling the light signals to increase a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals includes controlling the light signals to decrease a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the obtaining the plurality of light signals includes implanting a self-contained battery-powered laser-light-generation device.
  • the plurality of light signals includes implanting self- contained infrared (IR) laser device.
  • IR infrared
  • the delivering the plurality of light signals to one or more nerves of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs includes using one or more optical fibers to guide the light signals.
  • the delivering the plurality of light signals to one or more nerves of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs includes positioning a delivery end of one or more fibers against a vestibular organ and using the one or more optical fibers to guide the light signals from a laser source to the vestibular organ.
  • the one or more laser light sources include a first light source and a second light source, wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the first light source to send a first series of pulses during a first period of time and controlling the second light source to send a second series of pulses during the first period of time, and wherein the first series of pulses differs from the second series of pulses in repetition rate.
  • the present invention provides a method further including sensing one or more conditions that affect balance, and wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the light signals, at least partly based on the sensed one or more conditions that affect balance, to provide a sense-of-balance nerve stimulation.
  • the sensing of the one or more conditions that affect balance includes sensing motion and orientation.
  • the sensing the one or more conditions that affect balance includes monitoring muscular stimulation.
  • electrical stimulation delivered via nerves connected to muscles is sensed.
  • the result of the muscular movement is sensed.
  • monitoring muscular stimulation includes monitoring eye movements.
  • electrical stimulation delivered via nerves connected to eye muscles is sensed.
  • the eye movement is sensed to indirectly sense eye muscle stimulation.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes one or more laser light sources configured to generate a plurality of light signals; and a transmission medium configured to transmit the plurality of light signals from the one or more laser light sources to one or more nerves of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs of a living animal; a controller to selectively control the plurality of light signals from each of the one or more infrared-laser light sources such that the light signals provide controlled optical stimulation to the one or more nerves in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the one or more nerves.
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • the living animal is a human person. In some embodiments, the living animal is a large non-human animal, e.g., a race horse or dairy cow. In some embodiments, the living animal is a small non-human animal, e.g., a dog or cat.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a pulse width of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a duty cycle of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of an on-time and an off-time of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a wavelength of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a pulse repetition rate of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a pulse shape of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a minimum light intensity and a maximum light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a DC background amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a precharge amount of light intensity followed by a trigger amount of light intensity amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of the plurality of light signals to delay at least some of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of the plurality of light signals to increase a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of the plurality of light signals to decrease a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur.
  • the apparatus includes an implanted a self-contained battery- powered laser light- generation device.
  • the obtaining the plurality of light signals includes implanting self-contained infrared (IR) laser device.
  • IR infrared
  • the a transmission medium configured to transmit light signals from the one or more laser light sources to one or more nerves of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs of a living animal includes one or more optical fibers configured to guide the light signals.
  • the one or more laser light sources include a first light source and a second light source, wherein the control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of the first light source to send a first series of pulses during a first period of time and selective control of the second light source to send a second series of pulses during the first period of time, and wherein the first series of pulses differs from the second series of pulses in repetition rate.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus further including at least one sensor configured to sense one or more conditions that affect balance, and wherein the control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of the light signals to provide a sense-of-balance nerve stimulation at least partly based on a signal from the at least one sensor.
  • the at least one sensor includes a motion sensor.
  • the at least one sensor includes an orientation sensor.
  • the at least one sensor includes a muscular stimulation monitor.
  • electrical stimulation carried via efferent nerves to muscles is sensed.
  • the result of the muscular movement is sensed.
  • the muscular stimulation monitor includes a sensor that monitors eye movements.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes means for obtaining a plurality of light signals from one or more laser light sources; means for delivering the plurality of light signals to one or more nerve pathways of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs of a living animal; and means for selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate the one or more nerves in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) or compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) produced in the one or more nerve pathways.
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • CNAPs compound nerve action potentials
  • the living animal is a human person. In some embodiments, the living animal is a large non-human animal, e.g., a race horse or dairy cow. In some embodiments, the living animal is a small non-human animal, e.g., a dog or cat.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a pulse width of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a duty cycle of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling an on-time and an off-time of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a wavelength of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a pulse repetition rate of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a pulse shape of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a minimum light intensity and a maximum light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a DC background amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling a precharge amount of light intensity followed by a trigger amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling the light signals to delay at least some of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling the light signals to increase a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for selectively controlling the light signals includes means for controlling the light signals to decrease a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more nerves that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the means for obtaining the plurality of light signals includes implanting a self-contained battery-powered laser-light-generation device.
  • the obtaining the plurality of light signals includes implanting self-contained infrared (IR) laser device.
  • IR infrared
  • the means for delivering the plurality of light signals to one or more nerves of each of one or more inner-ear vestibular organs includes using one or more optical fibers to guide the light signals.
  • the one or more laser light sources include a first light source and a second light source
  • the means for selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes means for controlling the first light source to send a first series of pulses during a first period of time and means for controlling the second light source to send a second series of pulses during the first period of time, and wherein the first series of pulses differs from the second series of pulses in repetition rate.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus further including means for sensing one or more conditions that affect balance, and wherein the means for selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes means for controlling the light signals, at least partly based on the sensed one or more conditions that affect balance, to provide a sense-of-balance nerve stimulation.
  • the means for sensing of the one or more conditions that affect balance includes means for sensing motion and orientation.
  • the means for sensing the one or more conditions that affect balance includes means for monitoring muscular stimulation.
  • electrical stimulation delivered via nerves connected to muscles is sensed.
  • the result of the muscular movement is sensed.
  • the means for monitoring muscular stimulation includes means for monitoring eye movements.
  • electrical stimulation delivered via nerves connected to eye muscles is sensed.
  • the eye movement is sensed to indirectly sense eye muscle stimulation.
  • the present invention provides a method that includes obtaining light from an optical source; and transmitting the light to respective nerves of each of a plurality of inner-ear balance organs of an animal.
  • the animal can either be a human or be some other animal.
  • the transmitting includes transmitting different amounts of the light through optical fibers to stimulate respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs.
  • the transmitting includes transmitting different wavelengths of the light to stimulate respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs.
  • various parameters are adjusted and/or controlled, such as the pulse repetition rate or pattern, the pulse width, the pulse intensity, the wavelength(s), the amount of background constant (DC) optical level, and/or selected multiple simultaneous wavelengths.
  • Multiple wavelengths are provided, in some embodiments, by using a plurality of lasers having different wavelengths.
  • a plurality of fibers is used to deliver the stimulation light to a plurality of stimulation sites.
  • the present invention includes triggers and sensors that generate signals that are input to software of the present invention, wherein the software analyzes the signals and based on the analysis, generates control signals that control the parameters, such as frequency and intensity of light output (e.g., laser pulses) for each of one or more channels that communicate with the vestibular nucleus.
  • the software analyzes the signals and based on the analysis, generates control signals that control the parameters, such as frequency and intensity of light output (e.g., laser pulses) for each of one or more channels that communicate with the vestibular nucleus.
  • the parameters such as frequency and intensity of light output (e.g., laser pulses) for each of one or more channels that communicate with the vestibular nucleus.
  • some embodiments use sensors such as described in U.S. Patent No. 6,546,291 issued to Merfeld et al. on April 8, 2003, which was described above and which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • some embodiments include sensors for detecting characteristics of the patient's head, eyes, posture and
  • Some embodiments use one or more implanted VCSEL arrays to directly stimulate the desired nerves, while in other embodiments, one or more implanted VCSELs are optically coupled using one or more optical fibers leading to the stimulation sites.
  • one or more VCSEL arrays are located external to the patient's body and use transcutaneous coupling to one or more implanted fiber arrays.
  • the implanted fiber arrays provide one or more feedback loops (e.g., a fiber having both of its ends facing outwards from the body) in order to assist coupling alignment.
  • permanent magnets are used on the implanted fiber arrays and external VCSEL stimulator to maintain coupling and assist in coupling alignment.
  • the implanted fiber arrays have a bulbous head on each fiber to collect and direct laser light into the fiber core.
  • the controller is implanted in the body, and in some other embodiments, the controller is located external to the body and coupled to an implanted fiber array using transcutaneous coupling (e.g., some embodiments use a VCSEL array to provide light from the stimulator.
  • electrical signals of the nerves are sensed and used to provide feedback to the controller, in order to better control the laser stimulation signal.
  • the optical nerve stimulation is used to supplement or override the nerve responses generated by the inner ear organs.
  • Some conditions e.g., Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), result from over-stimulation of nerves in a normally resting position.
  • BPPV Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
  • wider pulse width optical nerve stimulations are used to override or reduce the frequency of natural nerve responses to treat some inner ear conditions.
  • the obtaining light includes implanting a self-contained infrared laser device.
  • the obtaining light includes implanting a self-contained battery-powered device.
  • the animal is a human person. In some embodiments, the animal is not human. Some embodiments further include sensing a condition that affects balance, and wherein the transmitting includes transmitting different light signals to each of a plurality of different balance-sense organs to provide the person sense-of-balance nerve stimulation.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes an optical source; and a transmission medium configured to transmit light from the optical source to respective nerves of each of a plurality of inner-ear balance organs of an animal.
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of optical fibers, and the optical source couples different amounts of the light through the plurality of optical fibers to stimulate different respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs.
  • the optical source couples different wavelengths of the light to stimulate different respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs.
  • the optical source includes a self-contained implantable infrared laser device.
  • the optical source includes a self-contained battery-powered device.
  • the animal is a human person.
  • Some embodiments further include at least one sensor configured to sense a condition that affects balance, and wherein the transmission medium transmits different light signals, based on the sensed condition, to each of a plurality of different balance-sense organs to provide the person sense-of-balance nerve stimulation.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes means for obtaining light from an optical source; and means for transmitting the light to respective nerves of each of a plurality of inner-ear balance organs of an animal.
  • the means for transmitting includes means for transmitting different amounts of the light through optical fibers to stimulate respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs. In some embodiments, the means for transmitting includes means for transmitting different wavelengths of the light to stimulate respective nerves of each of the plurality of inner-ear balance organs. In some embodiments, the means for obtaining light includes a self-contained infrared laser implantable device. In some embodiments, the means for obtaining light includes a self-contained battery-powered implantable device.
  • the animal is a human person
  • the apparatus further includes means for sensing a condition that affects balance
  • the means for transmitting includes means for transmitting different light signals, based on the sensed condition, to each of a plurality of different balance-sense organs to provide the person sense-of- balance nerve stimulation.
  • the cochlear nucleus is an important first relay station for all auditory information that originates in the ear and travels along the auditory nerve. This target is very small, however, and after conventional electrical auditory-brainstem-implant electrodes are placed, many patients experience non-auditory sensations because non-auditory neurons nearby are being stimulated.
  • the fundamental advantage of optical stimulation is that only neurons that are located in the path of the radiant energy are excited, and so one can achieve far greater selectivity when targeting neural tissues optically rather than electrically. As a result, one could use many more point sources of stimulation (optical-signal fibers) and have enhanced channel selectivity using optical stimulation.
  • an optical auditory brainstem or midbrain implant or a hybrid stimulator that uses both optical and electrical stimulation (either applied on the surface or when penetrated into the brainstem or midbrain), uses more stimulation channels (optical-signal fibers or electrical- signal electrodes) to provide improved auditory performance compared with a conventional electrical stimulator.
  • the present invention provides a method for stimulating triggering of NAPs in neurons in the cochlea, in the cochlear nerve, and/or nerves of the brainstem or midbrain of a patient to provide sensations (e.g., auditory and/or balance sensations) for the patient.
  • This method includes generating a plurality of light signals that, when applied to a neuron of a person, can stimulate a nerve action potential in the neuron;
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • Some embodiments further include receiving (or measuring or sensing or obtaining) an audio signal; and processing the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • the method further includes delivering an electrical signal to the plurality of neurons of the auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient, such that a combination of the electrical signal and the light signals stimulate the nerve action potentials in the plurality of neurons.
  • the present invention uses electrical sources where appropriate for widespread stimulation (either using a higher- signal- strength electrical stimulation alone to trigger widespread NAPs in surrounding tissue, and/or using a lower- signal- strength electrical stimulation signal to sensitize the nearby tissue in order to reduce the optical power needed to trigger NAPs) and utilizes optical signal sources for triggering the frequency- specific "spikes".
  • This allows for power-supply savings by limiting (i.e., reducing) the use of the optical sources for triggering NAPs in response to sensed broadband audio signals (audio signals having many different frequency components), and better replication (improved fidelity of the hearing sensation of the patient) of the audio signal content by using the characteristics of both electrical and optical stimulation when only one or just a few frequency components are sensed.
  • the electrical and optical stimulation sources are connected to and driven by the output of a signal processor whose input is coupled to signals from a acoustic- detector device (e.g., in some embodiments, a device such as are typically used for electrical- stimulation cochlear implants).
  • a acoustic- detector device e.g., in some embodiments, a device such as are typically used for electrical- stimulation cochlear implants.
  • the signal-processor device processes the acoustic information and separates the signals into two or more groups, including at least one with broadband characteristics and at least one with narrow band characteristics. The device then selectively activates the electrical and optical sources based at least in part on the broadband and narrow-band groups.
  • the present invention provides a method for stimulating neurons of a brainstem or midbrain of a patient to provide sensations for the patient.
  • This method includes generating a plurality of light signals that have different wavelengths and that, when applied to a neuron of a person, can stimulate a nerve action potential in the neuron;
  • sensitizing signals that, when applied to a neuron of a person, can sensitize the neuron to trigger a nerve action potential in the neuron upon an additional application of light to the neuron; delivering the sensitizing signals to a plurality of neurons of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient; delivering the generated light signals to a plurality of neurons of the cochlea, the cochlear nerve, the auditory brainstem, or the midbrain of the patient; and selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate the plurality of neurons in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the plurality of neurons.
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • the sensitizing signals include sub-threshold electrical signals (signals that alone have a low probability (e.g., in some embodiments, less than 25% probability of triggering a NAP from one such sub-threshold electrical signal, or in other embodiments, less than 33%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 2% probability of triggering a NAP from one such sub-threshold electrical signal) that reduce the amount of optical energy needed to reliably trigger a NAP.
  • a low probability e.g., in some embodiments, less than 25% probability of triggering a NAP from one such sub-threshold electrical signal, or in other embodiments, less than 33%, 20%, 10%, 5% or 2% probability of triggering a NAP from one such sub-threshold electrical signal
  • the present invention provides a method for stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways, of a person to provide sensations for the person, the plurality of auditory nerve pathways including a first auditory nerve pathway and a second auditory nerve pathway.
  • This method includes generating a plurality of light signals, including a first light signal and a second light signal, that, when applied to a neuron of the person while the neuron is sensitized, each will stimulate a nerve action potential (NAP) in the neuron; generating a plurality of sensitizing signals, including a first sensitizing signal and a second sensitizing signal, that, when applied to the neuron of the person, will sensitize the neuron to trigger a NAP in the neuron upon application of one or more of the plurality light signals to the neuron; delivering the first sensitizing signal to a plurality of neurons of the auditory nerve pathway of the person; delivering the first light signal to one or more neurons of a first auditory nerve pathway of the person; delivering the second light signal to one or more neurons of a second auditory nerve pathway of the person; and selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate the one or more neurons in order to control NAPs triggered in the one or more neurons in the first auditory nerve pathway independently from N
  • Some embodiments of the method further include further comprising sensing one or more conditions that affect balance, and wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the light signals, at least partly based on the sensed one or more conditions that affect balance, to provide a sense- of-balance nerve stimulation to the brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • Some embodiments of the method further include receiving image data; and processing the received image data to obtain vision information, wherein the delivering of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to a vision portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • Some embodiments of the method further include receiving an audio signal; and processing the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, and electronically pre-processing the frequency and intensity information derived from the received audio signal (the signal from the microphone) to obtain information corresponding to the physiologically early-processed audio information that would have been present in a normally hearing person, and applying optical and/or electrical stimulation that represents this pre- processed information to those portions of the auditory nerve pathways (e.g., in the brainstem or midbrain) that are closer to the auditory cortex, and wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals includes delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the brainstem or midbrain of the person based on the pre-processed information.
  • the delivering of the plurality of light signals includes delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the person
  • Some embodiments of the method further include receiving an audio signal; and processing the received audio signal to obtain audio frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to the cochlea of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the cochlea of the person based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • the sensitizing signals include electrical signals that are applied to the tissue to which the optical signal is directed.
  • the method further includes applying the electrical signal between one electrode located in the scala vestibuli 77 and/or cochlear channel (see Figure 26) of the cochlea 78 and another electrode located in the scala tympani 79 of the cochlea 78.
  • a first electrode (one of a plurality of electrodes in the scala vestibuli) is selectively activated simultaneously with a second electrode (one of a plurality of electrodes in the scala tympani) being selectively activated, such that only a subportion of the organ of Corti that is located between the first electrode in the scala vestibuli and the second electrode in the scale tympani is sensitized.
  • a first optical emitter (such as a VCSEL) located next to the second electrode is selectively activated to emit a light signal to trigger one or more NAPs in one or more neurons in a first auditory nerve pathway that is sensitized by the electrical signal between the first electrode and the second electrode (e.g., in some embodiments, the light signal triggers a NAP in one or more hair cells or one or more nerve cells of the spiral ganglion).
  • the second electrode surrounds the first optical emitter (e.g., as a ring electrode). In some embodiments, the second electrode acts as an electrical-signal connection to the first optical emitter.
  • Some embodiments of the method include receiving an audio signal, processing the audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, and using the frequency and intensity information to control the electrical sensitization and optical stimulation signals.
  • the density of optical emitters is non-uniform (e.g., the density of optical emitters is higher in some areas of the cochlea than in other areas of the cochlea). In some such embodiments, a logarithmic density distribution is used.
  • many more optical emitters are provided than are used, in order that the placement of the optical emitters is less critical, and such that testing (emitting optical signals from selected ones of the optical emitters and determining whether an auditory sensation was triggered and, if so, which audio frequency corresponds to the auditory sensation that was triggered) determines a mapping between those optical emitters that trigger an auditory sensation and which audio sensation (e.g., which audio frequency perception) is stimulated. Thereafter, the implanted device is programmed to trigger appropriate NAPs in the selected ones of the plurality of auditory nerve pathways based on the processed frequency and intensity information derived from the received audio signal.
  • the method further includes receiving an audio signal; and processing the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the brainstem or midbrain of the person based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • the method further includes receiving an audio signal; and processing the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the cochlea of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the cochlea of the person based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • the delivering of the first light signal occurs inside a cochlea of the person and the delivering the second light signal to one or more neurons occurs inside the cochlea of the person.
  • the delivering of light signals further includes delivering infrared light from a laser.
  • the delivering of light signals further includes delivering infrared light from a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).
  • VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
  • the generating of the plurality of sensitizing signals includes generating electrical sensitizing signals and the delivering of the first sensitizing signal to a plurality of neurons of the auditory nerve pathway of the person.
  • the delivering of light signals further includes delivering the light signals to central portions of the neurons.
  • the delivering of the light signals further includes obtaining a plurality of light signals from one or more laser light sources and delivering the obtained light signals to discrete portions of excitable tissues, said signals being interpretable by the person's brain as sensory responses.
  • the delivering of the light signals further includes selectively controlling the light signals to optically stimulate the plurality of neurons in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the plurality of neurons.
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • the delivering of light signals further includes delivering the light signals to peripheral projections of the neurons.
  • the delivering of light signals further includes delivering the light signals to central portions of the neurons.
  • the delivering of the light signals further includes obtaining a plurality of light signals from one or more laser light sources and delivering the obtained light signals to discrete portions of excitable tissues, said signals being interpretable by the patient's brain as sensory responses.
  • the delivering of the light signals further includes selectively controlling the light signals to optically stimulate the one or more neurons in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the one or more neurons.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling a pulse width of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling a pulse repetition rate of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling a pulse shape of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling a DC background amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling a precharge amount of light intensity followed by a trigger amount of light intensity of the plurality of light signals. In some embodiments of the method, the selectively controlling the light signals further includes controlling the light signals to increase a frequency of the NAPs produced by the one or more neurons that would otherwise occur without the plurality of light signals.
  • the obtaining of the plurality of light signals further includes implanting a self-contained battery-powered laser-light-generation device.
  • the delivering of the light signals to the plurality of neurons of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient includes positioning a delivery end of a plurality of optical fibers in a probe end placed against the brainstem or midbrain of the patient and using the plurality of optical fibers to guide the light signals from a laser source to the brainstem or midbrain of the patient.
  • the generating of the light signals includes providing a first laser source and a second laser source, wherein the selectively controlling the plurality of light signals includes controlling the first laser source to send a first series of pulses during a first period of time and controlling the second laser source to send a second series of pulses during the first period of time, and wherein the first series of pulses differs from the second series of pulses in repetition rate.
  • the sensing of the one or more conditions that affect balance includes monitoring eye movements.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes a plurality of independently controllable light sources that are configured to generate a plurality of light signals, including a first light signal and a second light signal, that, when applied to a neuron of the person while the neuron is sensitized, each will stimulate a nerve action potential (NAP) in the neuron; a sensitizing- signal generator that generates a plurality of sensitizing signals, including a first sensitizing signal and a second sensitizing signal, that, when applied to the neuron of the person, will sensitize the neuron to trigger a NAP in the neuron upon application of one or more of the plurality light signals to the neuron; a transmission medium configured to transmit the first light signal from the plurality of light sources to one or more neurons of a first auditory nerve pathway of the person, and to transmit the second light signal from the plurality of light sources to one or more neurons of a second auditory nerve pathway of the person; and a controller operatively coupled to the plurality of light signals, including a first light
  • Some embodiments of the apparatus further include an audio-signal processor; and an audio-signal processor that processes the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the brainstem or midbrain of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the brainstem or midbrain of the person based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a wavelength of the plurality of light signals.
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of parallel optical- signal-transmission channels.
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of optical fibers each of which carries a different signal.
  • the transmission medium includes an optical fiber.
  • Some embodiments of the apparatus further include a microphone having a signal output operatively coupled to a wireless transmitter that is configured to transmit information based on the microphone signal to the controller.
  • the microphone further includes a processor that is configured to receive a sound signal and based on the sound signal to generate
  • controller to generate stimulation pulses configured to be interpretable by the living animal's brain as having one or more frequency components and an intensity, in order to encode hearing.
  • the one or more light sources includes a plurality of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs).
  • VCSELs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
  • the present invention provides an apparatus for stimulating neurons of a plurality of auditory nerve pathways, of a person to provide sensations for the person, the plurality of auditory nerve pathways including a first auditory nerve pathway and a second auditory nerve pathway.
  • This apparatus includes means for generating a plurality of light signals, including a first light signal and a second light signal, that, when applied to a neuron of the person while the neuron is sensitized, each will stimulate a nerve action potential (NAP) in the neuron; means for generating a plurality of sensitizing signals, including a first sensitizing signal and a second sensitizing signal, that, when applied to the neuron of the person, will sensitize the neuron to trigger a NAP in the neuron upon application of one or more of the plurality light signals to the neuron; means for delivering the first sensitizing signal to a plurality of neurons of the auditory nerve pathway of the person; means for delivering the first light signal to one or more neurons of a first auditory nerve pathway of the person; means for delivering the second light signal to one or more neurons of a second auditory nerve pathway of the person; and means for selectively controlling the plurality of light signals to optically stimulate the one or more neurons in order to control NAPs triggered in the one or
  • Some embodiments of the apparatus further include means for receiving an audio signal; and means for processing the received audio signal to obtain frequency and intensity information, wherein the delivering of the plurality of light signals comprises delivering the light pulses to an auditory portion of the cochlea of the person, and wherein the selectively controlling of the light signals includes selectively controlling the light signals to emit light pulses to selected locations of the cochlea of the person based on the frequency information and at selected pulse-repetition rates based on the intensity information.
  • Some embodiments of the apparatus further include means for determining whether a first temporal period of the received audio signal includes a wideband audio-spectral content; and means for, based on the determination of the wideband audio- spectral content, delivering an electrical signal corresponding to the first temporal period to both the first audio pathway and the second audio pathway of the person simultaneously, with sufficient current to trigger NAPs in both the first audio pathway and the second audio pathway of the person without use of the light signals.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes one or more light sources that are configured to generate a plurality of light signals; a transmission medium configured to transmit the plurality of light signals from the one or more light sources to triggering NAPs in neurons in the cochlea, in the cochlear nerve, and/or nerves of the brainstem or midbrain of a patient to provide sensations (e.g., auditory and/or balance sensations in a living animal to provide auditory sensations for the living animal; and a controller operatively coupled to the one or more light sources to selectively control the plurality of light signals from each of the one or more light sources such that the light signals provide controlled optical stimulation to the plurality of neurons in order to control nerve action potentials (NAPs) produced by the plurality of neurons.
  • NAPs nerve action potentials
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a duty cycle of the plurality of light signals.
  • control of the light signals provided by the controller includes selective control of a wavelength of the plurality of light signals.
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of data channels (i.e., input and/or output channels (called "I/Os")).
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of optical fibers, each having a conductive material (e.g., a metal film) applied to a surface of the optical fiber, wherein the conductive material is in turn covered with an insulator (e.g., a polymer coating, and/or a silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride insulator layer), and optionally one or more additional conductive layers further coated by additional insulator layers to provide a coaxially shielded electrical conductor that is formed directly on the optical fiber, and wherein the optical fiber is used to deliver the optical stimulation pulses and the one or more electrical conductors are used to transmit electrical stimulation or pre-conditioning electrical energy to the tissue being stimulated.
  • an insulator e.g., a polymer coating, and/or a silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride insulator layer
  • additional conductive layers further coated by
  • the electrical conductors are also used to carry electrical signals sensed from the neurons of the patient (e.g., NAP signals in the nerve pathways are detected electrically using the conductors formed on the optical fibers).
  • each of a plurality of the optical fibers have a metallic coating that has an insulator formed over the metallic coating, and a bundle of such fibers deliver a plurality of different optical signals (e.g., the optical-stimulation pulses are individually controlled) in parallel and a plurality of different stimulation electrical signals (e.g., the electrical-stimulation or -preconditioning pulses are individually controlled) in parallel such that different areas of the brainstem or midbrain of the patient are stimulated in different manners (e.g., different frequencies of sensed audio are used to calculate the various streams of pulse data (the streams being the time- sequenced pulses for each channel of data that are each sent to different respective nerve pathways (wherein the different nerve pathways each initially represent nerve signals for different frequencies, but it is believed that perhaps during transmission
  • the transmission medium includes a plurality of optical fibers each of which carries a different signal.
  • the plurality of optical fibers each have one or more electrical conductors formed thereon, wherein each of a plurality of the electrical conductors carry a different signal.
  • the transmission medium includes an optical fiber. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the transmission medium includes a lens. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the transmission medium delivers the light signals from the one or more light sources without using an optical fiber or a lens.
  • Some embodiments of the apparatus further includes a microphone having a signal output operatively coupled to a wireless transmitter that is configured to transmit information based on the microphone signal to the controller.
  • the microphone further includes a processor that is configured to receive a sound signal and based on the sound signal to generate information used by the controller to generate stimulation pulses configured to be interpretable by the living animal's brain as having one or more frequency components and an intensity, in order to encode hearing.
  • the one or more light sources further include one or more lasers. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more light sources further include at least one tunable laser. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about one micron and about five microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about one micron and about two microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.8 microns and about 1.9 microns.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 0.7 microns and about 0.8 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 0.8 microns and about 0.9 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 0.9 microns and about 1.0 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.0 microns and about 1.1 microns.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.1 microns and about 1.2 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.2 microns and about 1.3 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.3 microns and about 1.4 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.4 microns and about 1.5 microns.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.5 microns and about 1.6 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.6 microns and about 1.7 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.7 microns and about 1.8 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 1.9 microns and about 2.0 microns.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 2.0 microns and about 2.1 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 2.1 microns and about 2.3 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 2.3 microns and about 2.5 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 2.5 microns and about 5 microns. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength between about 5 microns and about 10 microns.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of about 1540 nanometers (1.54 microns). In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of about 1800 nanometers. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of about 1849 nanometers. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of 1849 nanometers. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of about 1470 nanometers. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a wavelength of 1470 nanometers.
  • the present invention further includes applying a precharge amount of stimulation electrical current to the neuronal tissue of the patient that is to be stimulated (e.g., to a plurality of nerve pathways the brainstem or midbrain of the patient), which is then followed by a trigger amount of pulsed light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • a precharge amount of stimulation electrical current to the neuronal tissue of the patient that is to be stimulated (e.g., to a plurality of nerve pathways the brainstem or midbrain of the patient), which is then followed by a trigger amount of pulsed light intensity of the plurality of light signals.
  • the nerve stimulation includes an electrical current of about
  • the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.01 mA to about 0.02 mA between closely spaced electrodes (in some embodiments, the closely spaced electrodes include a metallization layer on each of two optical fibers that are both in one fiber-optic bundle; while in other embodiments, the closely spaced electrodes include separated portions of a metallization layer on a single optical fiber (e.g., wherein the metallization has been etched into a plurality of separate longitudinal conductors, and, in some embodiments, wherein the etching is helical around the optical fiber such that a twisted pair of conductors (or a plurality of such pairs) is formed, while in other embodiments, coaxial metallization layers are formed using an insulating layer to separate each pair of conduction layers).
  • the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.02 mA to about 0.05 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.025 mA to about 0.035 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.035 mA to about 0.05 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.025 mA between closely spaced electrodes.
  • the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.035 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.05 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.1 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.05 mA to about 0.1 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.1 mA to about 0.2 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.2 mA to about 0.5 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.5 mA to about 1 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments,
  • the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 1 mA to about 2 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 2 mA to about 5 mA between closely spaced electrodes. In some embodiments, the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 5 mA to about 10 mA between closely spaced electrodes.
  • the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 1 to 2 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 2 to 5 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 5 to 10 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 10 to 20 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 20 to 50 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 50 to 100 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 100 to 200 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 200 to 500 pulses per second.
  • the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 500 to 1000 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is about 1000 to 2000 pulses per second. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition rate of the optical signal is more than about 2000 pulses per second. [00392] In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of no more than 4 J/cm per nerve-action-potential (NAP) response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of no more than 3 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of no more than 2 J/cm per NAP response generated.
  • NAP nerve-action-potential
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 5 J/cm and about 6 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 4 J/cm and about 4 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 3 J/cm and about 4 J/cm per NAP response generated.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 3 J/cm and about 3.5 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 2.5 J/cm and about 3 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 2 J/cm and about 2.5 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 1.5 J/cm and about 2 J/cm per NAP response generated.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 1 J/cm and about 1.5 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 0.5 J/cm and about 1 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 0.2 J/cm and about 0.5 J/cm per NAP response generated. In some embodiments of the apparatus, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a radiant exposure of between about 0.1 J/cm and about 0.2 J/cm per NAP response generated.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having and energy of less than about 2 mJ per pulse.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about ten microseconds (10 ⁇ 8) and about five milliseconds (5 ms).
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 1 ⁇ 8 and about 10 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 10 ⁇ 8 and about 20 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 20 ⁇ 8 and about 50 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 20 ⁇ 8 and about 40 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 40 ⁇ 8 and about 80 ⁇ 8.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 80 ⁇ 8 and about 160 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 50 ⁇ 8 and about 100 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 100 ⁇ 8 and about 200 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 200 ⁇ 8 and about 500 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 200 ⁇ 8 and about 400 ⁇ 8.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 400 ⁇ 8 and about 800 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 800 ⁇ 8 and about 1600 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 500 ⁇ 8 and about 1000 ⁇ 8. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 1 millisecond (ms) and about 2 ms. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 2 ms and about 5 ms.
  • ms millisecond
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 2 ms and about 5 ms.
  • the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 2 ms and about 4 ms. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 4 ms and about 8 ms. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 8 ms and about 16 ms. In some embodiments, the one or more lasers output an infrared signal having a pulse width of between about 5 ms and about 10 ms.
  • the present invention delivers a pulse of electrical current (as in existing devices called auditory brainstem implants) to the same site as light pulses.
  • the electrical pulses are below the threshold for neural excitation and the electric field spreads to a larger area than required for the region of interest (the area of specific nerve pathways to be stimulated).
  • the light pulse from the apparatus of the present invention is delivered to match the exact volume of tissue that is to be stimulated:
  • the stimulation includes an electrical current of about 0.1 mA to about 10 mA, plus an optical energy of about 0.01 J/cm 2 to about 1 J/cm 2. Other parameters are determined by empirical experimentation, wherein the pulse repetition rate is generally about 10 to 1000 pulses per second.
  • the present invention provides a method that includes applying a combination of both an electrical stimulation signal and an optical stimulation signal to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the brainstem or midbrain of an animal.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the optical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the optical signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • the electrical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the electrical signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • the electrical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the electrical signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • Some embodiments of this method further include also selectively applying a visible-indication light signal that indicates a location that the optical stimulation signal is to be applied.
  • Some embodiments of this method further include using a hybrid probe having an optical fiber inserted an electrically conductive cannula; applying the optical-stimulation signal through the optical fiber; and applying the electrical-stimulation signal through the cannula. Some embodiments further include delivering a fluid through the cannula to enhance the electrical interface for the electrical- stimulation signal and/or to enhance the optical interface for the optical- stimulation signal and/or to deliver one or more drugs to the stimulation site. Some embodiments further include withdrawing a fluid through the cannula to diagnose a condition. Some embodiments of this method further include using a second probe to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • Some embodiments of this method further include the hybrid probe further includes an electrode that is electrically separate from the cannula, and the method further includes using the electrode to obtain an electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP. Some embodiments of this method further include using the cannula to obtain an electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • a signal representative of the electrical stimulation signal is subtracted from a signal obtained using the cannula to obtain the electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • Some embodiments of this method further include using a hybrid probe having an optical fiber that has a metallization layer applied to the optical fiber; applying the optical- stimulation signal through the optical fiber; and applying the electrical-stimulation signal through the metallization layer. Some embodiments of this method further include using a second probe to obtain an electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • the hybrid probe further includes an electrode that is electrically separate from the metallization layer, and the method further includes using the electrode to obtain an electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • Some embodiments of this method further include using the metallization layer to obtain an electrical response signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes an electrical-stimulation-signal source configured to selectively output an electrical stimulation signal; an optical- stimulation- signal source configured to selectively output an optical stimulation signal; and a controller and delivery medium operatively coupled to the electrical- stimulation- signal source and to the optical-stimulation-signal source and configured to control them and deliver the optical and electrical signals to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the brainstem or midbrain of an animal.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the optical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the optical stimulation signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • the electrical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the electrical stimulation signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • the electrical stimulation signal is of a nature such that if applied alone the electrical stimulation signal has a low probability to trigger a NAP, the probability being no more than 25%.
  • the optical stimulation signal is infrared
  • the apparatus further includes a visible-indication-light-signal source configured to project visible light to indicate a location that the optical stimulation signal is to be applied.
  • Some embodiments of this apparatus further include a hybrid probe having an optical fiber inserted an electrically conductive cannula, wherein the optical- stimulation signal is applied through the optical fiber and the electrical-stimulation signal is applied through the cannula.
  • Some embodiments further include a second probe configured to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • the hybrid probe further includes an electrode that is electrically separate from the cannula, wherein the electrode is configured to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • the cannula is used to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • the apparatus is configured to subtract a signal representative of the electrical stimulation signal from a signal obtained using the cannula to obtain the electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • Some embodiments further include a hybrid probe having an optical fiber that has a metallization layer applied to the optical fiber, wherein the optical-stimulation signal is applied through the optical fiber and the electrical-stimulation signal is applied through the metallization layer. Some embodiments further include a second probe configured to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP. In some embodiments, the hybrid probe further includes an electrode that is electrically separate from the metallization layer, and is configured to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP. In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to use the metallization layer to obtain an electrical signal representative of the triggered NAP.
  • a plurality of optrodes are each located next to, or surrounded by, a respective sensitization and/or stimulation-signal electrode (thus forming an array of optrodes and first electrodes).
  • one or more second electrodes is/are located on an opposite side of the neuronal tissue to be stimulated, such that the amount of electrical current needed for sensitization is significantly reduced (e.g., minimized), and the optical stimulation signal is emitted substantially in the middle of the electrical field and current.
  • the optical stimulation signals are each generated by a VCSEL located within a respective ring electrode.
  • a carrier or substrate has a plurality of such VCSEL-and-ring-electrode structures and is inserted into and along a length of the scala tympani of the person's cochlea, such that a plurality of rows of individually and independently activatable VCSEL-and-ring-electrode structures extend across the width of the substrate and are spread along the length of the substrate, which is curled to fit in the scala tympani along a substantial portion of its length, while a corresponding substrate having one or more individually and independently activatable second-electrode structures is curled to fit in the scala vestibuli along a substantial portion of its length, such that the ring electrodes and the second electrodes are across from one another with the organ of Corti between these electrodes, and such that selective ones of the electrode pairs and corresponding optical emitters can be activated to stimulate and trigger NAPs in the desired nerve pathways (either at the Organ of Corti or the nerves leading from it
  • the present invention provides a method that includes obtaining a signal (such as an audio signal, a video signal, a gravitational orientation, an acceleration signal, a rotation signal, a temperature signal, a pressure signal or the like), and based on the sensed signal applying a combination of both an electrical stimulation signal and an optical stimulation signal to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the cerebral cortex of an animal.
  • a signal such as an audio signal, a video signal, a gravitational orientation, an acceleration signal, a rotation signal, a temperature signal, a pressure signal or the like
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes an electrical-stimulation-signal source configured to selectively output an electrical stimulation signal; an optical- stimulation- signal source configured to selectively output an optical stimulation signal; and a controller and delivery medium operatively coupled to the electrical- stimulation- signal source and to the optical-stimulation-signal source and configured to control them and deliver the optical and electrical signals to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the cerebral cortex of an animal.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the present invention provides a method that includes receiving a signal, and based on the received signal applying a combination of both an electrical stimulation signal and an optical stimulation signal to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the spinal cord of an animal.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes an electrical-stimulation-signal source configured to selectively output an electrical stimulation signal; an optical- stimulation- signal source configured to selectively output an optical stimulation signal; and a controller and delivery medium operatively coupled to the electrical- stimulation- signal source and to the optical-stimulation-signal source and configured to control them and deliver the optical and electrical signals to trigger a nerve action potential (NAP) in vivo in the spinal cord of an animal.
  • NAP nerve action potential
  • the present invention delivers light pulses from vertical surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs).
  • VCSELs vertical surface-emitting lasers
  • electrical pulses are also delivered at below threshold for neural excitation and spread to larger area than required for the region of interest (the area to be stimulated).
  • the light pulse is delivered to match the exact volume that is to be stimulated:
  • frequency is generally about 10 to 1000 pulses per second.
  • the present invention provides, in combination with others of the other embodiments described herein, one or more of the following: a method that includes emitting pulsed light having a wavelength in a range of 1.8 microns to 2 microns and having a pulse duration from each of a plurality of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) including a first VCSEL and a second VCSEL, directing the light from the first VCSEL onto a first tissue to stimulate the first tissue but substantially not onto a second tissue, and directing the light from the second VCSEL onto the second tissue to stimulate the second tissue but substantially not onto the first tissue; such a method but further including emitting pulsed light having a wavelength in a range of 650 nm to 850 nm and having a pulse duration from each of a plurality of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) including a third VCSEL and a fourth VCSEL, directing the light from the third VCSEL onto the first tissue and
  • VCSELs vertical cavity surface-
  • the first VCSEL and the second VCSEL are located on a single semiconductor substrate. In some such embodiments, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are located on a single semiconductor substrate. In some such embodiments, the first VCSEL, the second VCSEL, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are located on a single
  • Some embodiments further include integrating a first microlens with the first VCSEL and focusing the pulsed light from the first VCSEL onto the first tissue, integrating a second microlens with the second VCSEL and focusing the pulsed light from the second VCSEL onto the second tissue, integrating a third microlens with the third VCSEL and focusing the pulsed light from the third VCSEL onto the first tissue, and integrating a fourth microlens with the fourth VCSEL and focusing the pulsed light from the fourth VCSEL onto the second tissue.
  • Some embodiments further include providing a fiber optic bundle including a plurality of optical fibers, integrating a first optical fiber with the first VCSEL and directing the pulsed light from the first VCSEL onto the first tissue, integrating a second optical fiber with the second VCSEL and directing the pulsed light from the second VCSEL onto the second tissue, integrating a third optical fiber with the third VCSEL and directing the pulsed light from the third VCSEL onto the first tissue, and integrating a fourth optical fiber with the fourth VCSEL and directing the pulsed light from the fourth VCSEL onto the second tissue.
  • each optical fiber in the plurality of optical fibers includes a lens.
  • the first VCSEL and the third VCSEL are integrated into a first flex-cuff ring and the second VCSEL and the third VCSEL are integrated into a second flex-cuff ring.
  • the first VCSEL, the second VCSEL, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are mounted in a biocompatible housing having an optical feed through.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus that includes a plurality of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) including a first VCSEL and a second VCSEL; a control circuit configured to control generation of pulsed light from the first and second VCSELs; and a light-delivery system configured to direct the light from the first VCSEL onto a first tissue but substantially not onto a second tissue in order to stimulate the first tissue; wherein the light-delivery system is further configured to direct the light from the second VCSEL onto the second tissue but substantially not onto the first tissue in order to stimulate the second tissue.
  • VCSELs vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers
  • the apparatus further includes a plurality of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) including a third VCSEL and a fourth VCSEL.
  • the control circuit is further configured to control generation of pulsed light from the third and fourth VCSELs;
  • the light delivery system is further configured to direct the light from the third VCSEL onto a first tissue but substantially not onto a second tissue in order to illuminate the first tissue;
  • the light delivery system is further configured to direct the light from the fourth VCSEL onto the second tissue but substantially not onto the first tissue in order to illuminate the second tissue;
  • a plurality of detectors including a first detector and a second detector; the first detector is configured to detect reflected light from the first tissue to determine a first physiological activity in the first tissue; and the second detector is configured to detect reflected light from the second tissue to determine a second physiological activity in the second tissue.
  • the first VCSEL and the second VCSEL are provided on a single semiconductor substrate. In some embodiments, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are provided on a single semiconductor substrate. In some embodiments, the first VCSEL, the second VCSEL, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are provided on a single semiconductor substrate.
  • Some embodiments further include a first microlens integrated with the first VCSEL to focus the pulsed light from the first VCSEL onto the first tissue; a second microlens integrated with the second VCSEL to focus the pulsed light from the second VCSEL onto the second tissue; a third microlens integrated with the third VCSEL to focus the pulsed light from the third VCSEL onto the first tissue; and a fourth microlens integrated with the fourth VCSEL to focus the pulsed light from the fourth VCSEL onto the second tissue.
  • Some embodiments further include a fiber optic bundle including a plurality of optical fibers, each optical fiber having a first end and a second end; a first optical fiber operatively coupled at the first end of the first optical fiber to the first VCSEL to direct the pulsed light from the first VCSEL through the first optical fiber and the second end of the first optical fiber onto the first tissue; a second optical fiber operatively coupled at the first end of the second optical fiber to the second VCSEL to direct the pulsed light from the second VCSEL through the second optical fiber and the second end of the second optical fiber onto the second tissue; a third optical fiber operatively coupled at the first end of the third optical fiber to the third VCSEL to direct the pulsed light from the third VCSEL through the third optical fiber and the second end of the third optical fiber onto the first tissue; and a fourth optical fiber operatively coupled at the first end of the fourth optical fiber to the fourth VCSEL to direct the pulsed light from the fourth VCSEL through the fourth optical fiber and the second end of the fourth optical fiber onto the second tissue
  • each optical fiber in the plurality of optical fibers includes a lens.
  • the first VCSEL and the third VCSEL are integrated into a first flex-cuff ring and the second VCSEL and the third VCSEL are integrated into a second flex-cuff ring.
  • the first VCSEL, the second VCSEL, the third VCSEL and the fourth VCSEL are mounted in a biocompatible housing having an optical feed through.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé de stimulation optique ou optique/électrique de voies nerveuses auditives, par exemple du ganglion spiral de la cochlée ou de neurones du nerf cochléaire. Plusieurs configurations de guidage et de commande de la stimulation optique sont décrites, ainsi que plusieurs configurations de guidage et de commande du champ électrique (utilisé, dans certaines formes de réalisation, pour la sensibilisation) dans et à travers le tissu de destination, vers lequel la stimulation optique est dirigée. Dans certaines formes de réalisation, un réseau de lasers VCSEL IR émettent une lumière de stimulation, en particulier vers du tissu de la cochlée en vue de restaurer l'audition. Dans certaines formes de réalisation, un signal électrique est également appliqué afin de réduire la quantité de lumière d'une impulsion normalement requise pour produire un NAP. Dans certaines formes de réalisation, un dissipateur thermique est utilisé pour disperser la chaleur produite par le fonctionnement des lasers et de leurs circuits afin d'éviter de produire des lésions thermiques sur le tissu.
EP11787567.4A 2010-05-28 2011-05-31 Stimulateurs de nerf à laser pour restaurer l'audition dans des prothèses cochléaires, par exemple Withdrawn EP2575963A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

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US34981010P 2010-05-28 2010-05-28
US34981310P 2010-05-28 2010-05-28
US38193310P 2010-09-10 2010-09-10
US38646110P 2010-09-24 2010-09-24
US12/890,602 US8792978B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2010-09-24 Laser-based nerve stimulators for, E.G., hearing restoration in cochlear prostheses and method
US13/117,122 US8652187B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2011-05-26 Cuff apparatus and method for optical and/or electrical nerve stimulation of peripheral nerves
US13/117,121 US20110295345A1 (en) 2010-05-28 2011-05-26 Implantable infrared nerve stimulation devices for peripheral and cranial nerve interfaces
US13/117,118 US8864806B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2011-05-26 Optical bundle apparatus and method for optical and/or electrical nerve stimulation of peripheral nerves
US13/117,125 US8968376B2 (en) 2010-05-28 2011-05-26 Nerve-penetrating apparatus and method for optical and/or electrical nerve stimulation of peripheral nerves
PCT/US2011/038650 WO2011150429A2 (fr) 2010-05-28 2011-05-31 Stimulateurs de nerf à laser pour restaurer l'audition dans des prothèses cochléaires, par exemple

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EP2575963A2 true EP2575963A2 (fr) 2013-04-10
EP2575963A4 EP2575963A4 (fr) 2014-04-30

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EP11787567.4A Withdrawn EP2575963A4 (fr) 2010-05-28 2011-05-31 Stimulateurs de nerf à laser pour restaurer l'audition dans des prothèses cochléaires, par exemple
EP11787568.2A Not-in-force EP2575964B1 (fr) 2010-05-28 2011-05-31 Dispositifs de stimulation nerveuse à infrarouges implantables pour interfaces de nerfs périphériques et crâniens

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EP (2) EP2575963A4 (fr)
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US8792978B2 (en) 2014-07-29
EP2575964B1 (fr) 2015-11-25
US8652187B2 (en) 2014-02-18
WO2011150430A2 (fr) 2011-12-01
US20110295346A1 (en) 2011-12-01
EP2575964A2 (fr) 2013-04-10
AU2011258001A1 (en) 2013-01-17
WO2011150429A2 (fr) 2011-12-01
US20110295331A1 (en) 2011-12-01
US20110295347A1 (en) 2011-12-01
WO2011150429A3 (fr) 2012-01-19
EP2575963A4 (fr) 2014-04-30
EP2575964A4 (fr) 2013-12-04
WO2011150430A3 (fr) 2012-02-23
US8968376B2 (en) 2015-03-03
US20110295345A1 (en) 2011-12-01
US8864806B2 (en) 2014-10-21
US20110295344A1 (en) 2011-12-01

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