EP2548248A1 - Système de piles à combustible et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner un système de piles à combustible - Google Patents

Système de piles à combustible et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner un système de piles à combustible

Info

Publication number
EP2548248A1
EP2548248A1 EP10795221A EP10795221A EP2548248A1 EP 2548248 A1 EP2548248 A1 EP 2548248A1 EP 10795221 A EP10795221 A EP 10795221A EP 10795221 A EP10795221 A EP 10795221A EP 2548248 A1 EP2548248 A1 EP 2548248A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
storage volume
burner
anode
cell system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10795221A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Meenakshi Sundaresan
Steffen Dehn
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mercedes Benz Group AG
Original Assignee
Daimler AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Daimler AG filed Critical Daimler AG
Publication of EP2548248A1 publication Critical patent/EP2548248A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04111—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
    • H01M8/04231—Purging of the reactants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel cell system according to the closer defined in the preamble of claim 1 and a method for operating a fuel cell system according to the closer defined in the preamble of claim 5 Art.
  • Fuel cell systems are for the production of electrical energy from the
  • the fuel cell or the fuel cell stack typically always has a cathode region, which is supplied with oxygen, for example in supplied air. Furthermore, the fuel cell has an anode region, which is supplied with a fuel, typically a hydrogen-containing gas or hydrogen, in gaseous form.
  • the design can be chosen such that only a minimal amount of fuel exits the anode region, while the greater part of the fuel in the anode region is used up. This is referred to as a "near-dead-end stack.”
  • the alternative would be a fuel cell without an exit in the anode area, a so-called “dead-end stack,” in which all the fuel supplied is used up.
  • it may also be provided to apply a large excess of fuel to the anode region. Then, a comparatively large amount of fuel as exhaust gas from the Outflow anode area. In order not to waste this fuel, this is then in the circulation, in a so-called "anode loop", back to the entrance of the
  • a similar structure is also known from US 2005/0214617 A1.
  • a collecting tank or storage volume for the exhaust gas from the anode area is used.
  • the delivery to the environment is also carried out continuously and comparatively slowly, so that a corresponding mixture with the exhaust gas from the cathode region provides for a total exhaust gas, which is at all times below a critical fuel-oxygen mixture and can be delivered unburned to the environment ,
  • Fuel cell can be burned in a burner.
  • the afterburned Exhaust gases or the hot exhaust gas of this afterburning can then be used in an expansion device, such as a turbine.
  • an expansion device such as a turbine.
  • the cited patent describes the construction of a turbocharger, in which this turbine drives a compressor or compressor for the supply air to the cathode region.
  • an electric machine may be provided which provides additional drive power for the compressor when needed, and which at a
  • Excess energy at the turbine can also be operated as a generator.
  • the electrical energy thus generated can then be stored or otherwise used.
  • This structure is also called electric turbocharger or ETC.
  • DE 103 25 452 A1 also describes the possibility of a "Boosf" operation, in which additional fuel is supplied to the burner, which then provides additional energy to the expansion device, if necessary, and so can either improve the air supply to the cathode area or directly generates electrical energy via the electric machine.
  • this boost mode can be used, for example, to quickly provide a large amount of electrical energy in the event of an acceleration request of the vehicle in the short term until its dynamics
  • the present invention has now set itself the task of a
  • a procedural solution for operating such a fuel cell system results from the features in the characterizing part of claim 5.
  • the solution according to the invention provides that a fuel cell system is constructed in which the exhaust gases from the region of the anode are temporarily stored in a storage volume before they reach the area of a burner from there. In the burner they are then implemented accordingly and the hot exhaust gases of the burner drive an expansion device, in which the hot exhaust gases are relaxed.
  • the expansion device the energy content in the exhaust gases from the region of the anode by combustion, for example, together with the exhaust gases from the cathode, which contain residual oxygen, are used.
  • the expansion device is designed as a turbine in a turbocharger. If, in addition, a valve device for controlling or regulating the volume flow emerging from the storage volume, according to a very favorable development of the expansion device
  • the fuel cell system according to the invention is provided, then the combustion of the exhaust gases from the anode region can always take place via the turbine as an expansion device in a very targeted manner, when the energy for conveying supply air to the cathode is required in any case.
  • the method according to the invention for operating a fuel cell system thereby provides a valve device according to the storage volume.
  • Anode exhaust gas from the storage volume can be influenced. Particularly preferably, this can be adjusted depending on the degree of filling in the storage volume.
  • a corresponding collection of the discontinuously flowing exhaust gas in the storage volume From there it can then be continuously or with a corresponding energy requirement via a be continuously supplied to the burner for a certain period of time so as to be able to provide the requested performance in the area of the expansion device.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a possible structure of a
  • Fig. 2 is a flowchart for operating the illustrated in Fig. 1
  • FIG. 1 shows a fuel cell system 1 by way of example.
  • This consists in the core of a fuel cell 2, which should be constructed as a stack of PEM fuel cells by way of example.
  • This stack 2 or stack of individual fuel cells has an anode region 3 and a cathode region 4.
  • the anode region 3 is supplied with hydrogen from a hydrogen storage device 5, in which case pressure reducers, valves and the like have been dispensed with in the illustration of FIG. Regardless, these are present in the manner known per se.
  • the cathode region 4 of the fuel cell 2 is supplied via a compressor 6, which is designed here as part of an electric turbocharger 7 (ETC) described in more detail later, air.
  • ETC electric turbocharger 7
  • the hydrogen in the anode region is reacted in a conventional manner with the oxygen in the cathode region 4 air, wherein water and electrical power is generated.
  • From the cathode region 4 then flows an exhaust gas, which in
  • an oxygen-depleted exhaust air together with a certain proportion of water and water vapor.
  • This comparatively cool exhaust air in turn flows through the charge air cooler 8 and cools there after the compressor. 6 heated supply air on its way to the cathode region 4. After the intercooler 8, the air flows into a mixer 9 and from there into a burner 10, which
  • a pore burner for example, as a pore burner, but in particular as a catalytic burner is formed.
  • the mixer 9 In order to produce a combustible mixture in the mixer 9, the mixer 9 also flows to an exhaust gas from the anode region 3 of the fuel cell in a manner to be described later. If required, optional hydrogen can also be passed to the mixer 9 via a valve device 1, so that in each case a mixture is produced in the mixer 9, which can be burned in the burner 10. The hot exhaust gases of the burner 10 then flow into an expansion device 12, which in turn is formed here as part of the electric turbocharger 7.
  • Expansion device 12 is typically formed as a turbine, which is arranged on a common shaft with the compressor 6.
  • an electric machine 13 is also arranged on the common shaft.
  • Expansion device 2 the electric machine 3 can be operated as a generator. Then, additional electrical energy can be generated via the expansion device 12 and the electric machine 13, which is available as an alternative or in addition to the electrical energy from the fuel cell 2.
  • additional electrical energy can be generated via the expansion device 12 and the electric machine 13, which is available as an alternative or in addition to the electrical energy from the fuel cell 2.
  • the expansion device 12 is not the entire for the fuel cell.
  • Compressor 6 can provide needed energy, the electric machine 13 can also be operated by a motor, so as to compensate for the required energy difference.
  • the anode region 3 should now be formed as a so-called “near-dead-end" anode region 3. This means that the
  • Anode region 3 is flowed through by hydrogen and is designed so that only a very small proportion of hydrogen and optionally diffused through the membranes nitrogen and a certain amount of product water is obtained as the exhaust gas.
  • Such near-dead-end anode regions are typically constructed as cascaded anode regions 3, that is to say that from section to section in FIG.
  • the available active area of the anode region 3 decreases, in particular to a similar extent as the hydrogen in the anode region 3 is consumed. This ensures that approximately the same amount or concentration of hydrogen per active unit area, which is covered by the hydrogen, is available.
  • Such structures allow the abandonment of a complex anode loop, which typically has a
  • Conveyor such as a hydrogen circulation fan or the like, is operated to lead unused hydrogen back to the anode inlet.
  • a near-dead-end anode region 3 can manage with a hydrogen excess of a few percent in a cascaded configuration.
  • This gas is discharged from the fuel cell 2.
  • This can be done with a continuous flow, for example through a diaphragm or the like.
  • it can also be done via a valve device 14, a so-called purge valve, the purge valve 14 in a clocked manner, so that the exhaust gas from the
  • Anoden Club 3 is discharged discontinuously or intermittently. This generally allows a better discharge of the product water occurring in the anode region 3, since then there is always a greater pressure difference for blowing off this product water, than with a continuous outflow of the exhaust gases from the anode region 3.
  • the anode exhaust gases then reach the valve device 14 by way of example in a water separator 15, which is designed as a simple water trap. From the water separator 15, the water passes through a valve device 16 and a corresponding line element in the region of the exhaust air after the
  • Expansion device 12 The exhaust gas freed from the liquid water passes through a check valve in a storage volume 17 and from there via a valve means 18 to the mixer 9, together with the exhaust gas from the cathode region 4 and optionally via the valve means 11 optionally supplied hydrogen from the hydrogen storage device 5 mixed and the burner 10 to be supplied. These streams are shown in the representation of Figure 1 as solid lines.
  • Pressure sensor 19 is arranged in the region of the storage volume 17.
  • a hydrogen concentration sensor 20 is located in the region of the flow between the mixer 9 and the burner 10.
  • a flow sensor 21 for hydrogen is also located in the line member which connects the valve means 11 to the mixer 9. The sensors deliver their values, as shown by the dashed lines, to an electronic control unit 22. From this control electronics 22, the existing in the fuel cell system 1 valve devices 11, 14, 16 and 18 are controlled accordingly or the flow rates through these valve devices 11, 14th , 16 and 18 regulated.
  • the structure according to the invention thus provides a storage volume 17 together with the burner 10, the hot exhaust gases are used in an expansion device 12 in addition to the generation of energy.
  • This structure allows a very efficient operation of the burner 10, as this, the hydrogen from the storage volume 17 can be continuously or continuously supplied as needed.
  • the storage volume 17 allows a discontinuous discharge of the anode exhaust gases via the valve device 14. This is preferable due to the higher pressure difference compared to conceivable fading over a fixed aperture, as due to the higher pressure difference more water is discharged from the anode region 3. As a result, the system performance of the fuel cell 2 is improved.
  • Storage volume 17 can in particular via the pressure sensor 19 and the
  • Valve means 18 are controlled so that the outflow of the exhaust gas from the storage volume 17, for example, as a function of the pressure and thus in
  • Control electronics 22 may also be stored in the discontinuous discharge of exhaust gas from the anode region 3, the frequency of this intermittent delivery via the valve device 14. Depending on the load condition of the
  • Fuel cell 2 can be selected as a suitable strategy for discharging the exhaust gas from the anode region 3. At the same time, the amount of exhaust gas which flows into the region of the storage volume 17 can be detected via the frequency and the amount of exhaust gases produced corresponding to the load point. That way, without that a pressure sensor 19 is absolutely necessary, also the degree of filling of
  • Storage volume can be determined and so the continuation of the from the
  • Storage volume of outflowing gas can be adjusted based on the degree of filling.
  • this structure with the storage volume 17 can play its special advantages.
  • the hydrogen concentration of the gas flowing to the burner 10 can be determined.
  • an expected temperature during combustion in the burner 10 via the control electronics 22 can be predicted. If this calculation indicates that a permissible maximum temperature threatens to be exceeded, then the flow rate of hydrogen detected via the flow sensor 21 can be correspondingly restricted or regulated to a lower flow rate via the valve device 11. This can ensure that the expected temperature in the burner 10 does not exceed the maximum permissible temperature.
  • the requirement for the power to the boost operation up to a system-related upper limit can be met. This is at relatively low demand for additional hydrogen from the
  • the size of the storage volume 17 is of crucial importance to the functionality. It may well be appropriate to choose the storage volume comparatively large. However, in particular when using the fuel cell system 1 in a motor vehicle, the size is to be minimized by space limitations and the desire for a low weight of the fuel cell system 1. Taking a fuel cell 2 in a typically used for motor vehicles
  • Fuel cell system 1 for example, a PEM fuel cell with a power in the order of 50 to 90 kW, so there are per second, depending on the load case of the fuel cell 2 exhaust gas volumes from the anode area 3, if this is operated as a near-dead end stack, which are in the order of 0.2 to about 10 liters. Now it is that, in particular for the operation at low load one
  • Caching of the anode exhaust gas 3 should be possible over several seconds. At full load, in addition to the anode exhaust gas 3, a comparatively large amount of water is also produced. which must be discharged to maintain the functionality of the anode region 3. In this constellation, the caching of the
  • Anode exhaust gases 3 therefore only take place for a rather short period.
  • the result is an optimized storage volume in the order of 1 to 3 liters, especially in the Order of about 2 liters for the above system.
  • the structure can thus be optimized with respect to the functionality and the space with a storage volume 7 with a storage capacity of about 2 liters.
  • step A1 the pressure in the storage volume 17 is detected.
  • Process step A2 is compared with this pressure, referred to below as P17, with a predetermined reference pressure.
  • the reference pressure typically indicates the pressure value for the full storage volume 17. As soon as the pressure P17 reaches or exceeds this reference pressure, the storage volume 17 is filled. If the pressure P17 detected in the storage volume 17 is above the predetermined reference pressure, the step A3 is triggered, in which the flow through the valve device 18 is increased, the storage volume 17 thus empties or the fill level increases less rapidly. If the pressure P17 in the storage volume 17 is smaller than the predetermined reference pressure, the selection jumps to method step A4 and the valve device 18 of the storage volume 17 is closed. After step A4, the process is completed and can be restarted directly or after a short wait.
  • step A5 the operating point of the fuel cell is then detected. Based on the operating point of the fuel cell can then be determined in step A6, whether a discharge of anode exhaust gas is required. If this is not the case, the valve device 14 is closed in step A8. If deflation is required, step A7 is initiated after step A6, in which via the valve device 14th From the anode region 3 exhaust gas is discharged into the storage volume 17. In the following step A9 is then questioned whether the fuel cell system 1 is currently in boost mode. If this is not the case, the system jumps back to the start or to method step A1. Is it against that
  • Fuel cell system 1 immediately in boost mode, so will continue to
  • Step A10 jumped and with the hydrogen sensor 20 is the
  • Process step A11 is then calculated or detected hydrogen flow rate through the valve device 11 to the mixer 9 and influenced accordingly in the method step A12, typically throttled. Then the process ends in the end labeled oval box. The procedure can then be restarted directly or after a short waiting time.
  • the fuel efficiency of the fuel cell system 1 can be increased by a storage volume 17 for intermediate storage of the exhaust gas from the anode area 3 and an expansion device 12 downstream of the burner 10, in particular if it is an anode area 3 in near-dead space. End execution is.
  • a storage volume 17 for intermediate storage of the exhaust gas from the anode area 3 and an expansion device 12 downstream of the burner 10, in particular if it is an anode area 3 in near-dead space. End execution is.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de pile à combustible (1) présentant les éléments suivants : au moins une pile à combustible (2) qui présente une zone anode (3) et une zone cathode (4); un brûleur (10) servant à la combustion des gaz brûlés dégagés de la pile à combustible (2) ainsi qu'éventuellement à la combustion de combustible supplémentaire pouvant y être acheminé; un volume de stockage (17) servant au stockage intermédiaire des gaz brûlés qui s'écoulent de manière continue ou discontinue hors de la zone anode (3) de la pile à combustible (2) par l'intermédiaire d'un ensemble soupape (14), le volume de stockage (17) étant agencé entre la zone anode (3) et le brûleur (10). Selon l'invention, les gaz brûlés chauds du brûleur (10) sont détendus dans un dispositif d'expansion (12). Une solution conforme au procédé consiste en ce qu'un tel système de piles à combustible fonctionne avec un ensemble soupape supplémentaire (18) derrière le volume de stockage (17).
EP10795221A 2010-03-16 2010-12-08 Système de piles à combustible et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner un système de piles à combustible Withdrawn EP2548248A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010011559A DE102010011559A1 (de) 2010-03-16 2010-03-16 Brennstoffzellensystem und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Brennstoffzellensystems
PCT/EP2010/007453 WO2011113460A1 (fr) 2010-03-16 2010-12-08 Système de piles à combustible et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner un système de piles à combustible

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2548248A1 true EP2548248A1 (fr) 2013-01-23

Family

ID=43598146

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10795221A Withdrawn EP2548248A1 (fr) 2010-03-16 2010-12-08 Système de piles à combustible et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner un système de piles à combustible

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20130036749A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2548248A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2013522828A (fr)
CN (1) CN103109406A (fr)
DE (1) DE102010011559A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011113460A1 (fr)

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DE102014103724A1 (de) * 2014-03-19 2015-09-24 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Brennstoffzellenvorrichtung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennstoffzellenvorrichtung
DE102020109892B3 (de) 2020-04-08 2021-08-05 Inhouse Engineering Gmbh Brennstoffzellsystem zur Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben des Brennstoffzellsystems
CN114899450A (zh) * 2022-04-08 2022-08-12 海德韦尔(太仓)能源科技有限公司 一种带燃气涡轮增压器的燃料电池系统

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2011113460A1 (fr) 2011-09-22
CN103109406A (zh) 2013-05-15
JP2013522828A (ja) 2013-06-13
DE102010011559A1 (de) 2011-09-22
US20130036749A1 (en) 2013-02-14

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