EP2529928A1 - Printer - Google Patents

Abstract

The element (1) has a form cylinder (4) e.g. plate cylinder, coupled/uncoupled to/from a driving end of a main drive over a closed/opened switchable clutch (21). An inking unit (5) is coupled/uncoupled to/from the end of the drive over another closed/opened switchable clutch (27). The inking unit is stopped with the latter opened clutch. The inking unit is coupled to an inking unit auxiliary drive with the latter opened clutch. The inking unit is coupled to a form cylinder auxiliary drive (20) with the latter opened clutch over a third switchable clutch. The inking unit is designed as a roller-type inking unit or an anilox short inking unit.

Description

The invention relates to a printing unit of a printing press according to the preamble of claim 1.

A sheetfed press has several printing units for printing on a sheet-shaped substrate with printing ink. From the practice known printing units of a sheet-fed press have a form cylinder, a transfer cylinder, a printing cylinder, an inking unit and optionally a dampening unit. At least one printing forme, for example a printing plate, is arranged on the forme cylinder of a printing unit, wherein dampening means can be applied to the or each printing form positioned on the forme cylinder with the aid of the inking unit. The forme cylinder rolls off the transfer cylinder, on which at least one transfer mold is positioned. The transfer cylinder rolls off to form a printing nip for a sheet-shaped printing material to be printed on the printing cylinder, which leads to the printing material to be printed. The form cylinder of a printing unit is also referred to as a plate cylinder and the transfer cylinder as a rubber cylinder.

In sheetfed presses, which have at least one main drive but no direct drives for self-propelled cylinders of the printing units, all cylinders of a printing unit, so the form cylinder, the transfer cylinder and the printing cylinder, as well as all the rollers of the inking unit of the printing unit from the main drive in printing operation driven. The present invention relates to a printing unit in which all cylinders of the printing unit and rollers of the inking unit are driven by the main drive during printing operation.

In such a printing unit, the minimization of set-up time required to carry out set-up work presents difficulties. To increase the effectiveness of sheet-fed presses, however, it is necessary to shorten the set-up time required to carry out set-up work. There is therefore a need for a novel printing unit, with the help of which set-up times can be shortened in order to increase the effectiveness of a sheet-fed press.

On this basis, the present invention seeks to provide a novel printing unit, with the help of the set-up times can be minimized. This object is achieved by a printing unit according to claim 1. The printing unit according to the invention comprises at least the following features: the form cylinder is coupled via a first switchable coupling on the drive side of the main drive and coupled to the same, namely such that when the first clutch is closed, the forme cylinder is coupled via the switchable first clutch to the main drive, and that when open first clutch of the form cylinder decoupled from the main drive and can be coupled to a form cylinder auxiliary drive; the inking unit is coupled via a second switchable coupling on the drive side of the main drive and coupled to the same, namely such that when the second clutch is closed, the inking unit is coupled via the switchable second clutch to the main drive, and that when the second clutch is open, the inking unit is decoupled from the main drive ,

The printing unit of a sheet-fed printing press according to the invention has a forme cylinder which can be disengaged from the main drive of the printing press and also an inking unit which can likewise be disengaged from the main drive. In printing operation, all cylinders of the printing unit, so the printing cylinder, the transfer cylinder and the forme cylinder, and the rollers of the inking unit are coupled to the main drive and are driven by the same. To carry out set-up work, on the one hand, the forme cylinder can be decoupled from the main drive, furthermore, the rollers of the inking unit can be decoupled from the main drive, namely via a switchable coupling.

Thus, the first switchable coupling is used for uncoupling or coupling the forme cylinder to the main drive, the second switchable coupling is used for coupling or uncoupling of the inking unit to the main drive. In such a printing setup times can be shortened by parallelization of set-up operations or set-up. Thus, in the printing unit according to the invention, it is in particular possible to parallelize a printing plate change in the forme cylinder of the printing unit as well as inking unit washing of the inking unit and / or monitoring of the transfer mold positioned on the transfer cylinder and / or washing of the printing cylinder. As a result, set-up time can be saved.

Another advantage of the printing unit according to the invention is that the energy consumption of a printing unit can be reduced by the selective and individual stopping of the forme cylinder and / or inking unit. Thus, when not using the forme cylinder, the forme cylinder can be shut down. When not using the inking unit, the inking unit can be set to stand still. As a result, the energy consumption can be reduced and wear in the printing unit can be minimized.

Fig. 1

einen Ausschnitt aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Druckwerk nach einem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung;

Fig. 2:

einen Ausschnitt aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Druckwerk nach einem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung; und

Fig. 3:

einen Ausschnitt aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Druckwerk nach einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung.

Preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and the description below. Embodiments of the invention will be described, without being limited thereto, with reference to the drawings. Showing:

Fig. 1

a section of a printing unit according to the invention according to a first embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 2:

a section of a printing unit according to the invention according to a second embodiment of the invention; and

3:

a section of a printing unit according to the invention according to a further embodiment of the invention.

The invention relates to a printing unit of a sheet-fed printing machine. The following will be with reference to Fig. 1 to 3 different embodiments of the invention described in detail.

Fig. 1 shows a section of a first printing unit 1 for printing an arcuate substrate with ink. The printing unit 1 of Fig. 1 has a printing cylinder 2, a rolling on the printing cylinder 2 transfer cylinder 3, a rolling on the transfer cylinder 3 form cylinder 4 and a plurality of rollers of an inking unit 5 and preferably dampening unit, wherein in Fig. 1 a roller 7 of an inking unit 5 is shown. As already stated, the printing cylinder 2 and the transfer cylinder 3 roll on each other, namely to form a printing gap 8 for a printing material to be printed.

On the transfer cylinder 3 is at least one transmission form, such as a blanket, positioned, which is why the transfer cylinder 3 is also referred to as a rubber cylinder. Similarly, the transfer cylinder 3 and the forme cylinder 4 roll off each other, wherein on the forme cylinder 4 at least one printing plate, such as a printing plate is positioned, which is why the forme cylinder 4 is also referred to as a plate cylinder.

All cylinders 2, 3, 4 and rollers 7 of the inking unit 5 are in printing operation when printing a print job of a in Fig. 1 not shown main drive of the sheet-fed printing press driven by a plurality of gears.

The forme cylinder 4 of the printing unit 1 can be decoupled from the main drive via a first switchable coupling 21, in particular for the execution of set-up work, such as, for example, for the execution of a printing plate change. About the first switchable coupling 21 of the forme cylinder 4 can also be coupled to the main drive.

When the first clutch 21 is closed, the forme cylinder 4 is coupled to the main drive via the first clutch 21. When the first clutch 21 is open, however, the forme cylinder 4 is decoupled from the main drive and can be coupled to a forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20. To perform set-up work, for example to carry out a printing plate change, then the forme cylinder 4 can be driven by the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 when the first clutch 21 is open.

In addition to the first switchable coupling 21, via which the forme cylinder 4 can be decoupled from the main drive and coupled to the same, a second switchable coupling 27 is provided, via which the inking unit 5 can be decoupled on the drive side from the main drive and the same can be coupled.

When the second clutch 27 is closed, the inking unit 5 is coupled via the switchable second clutch 27 to the main drive and can be driven by the main drive. When the second clutch 27 is open, however, the inking unit 5 is decoupled from the main drive and can thereby be shut down.

Accordingly, the invention proposes a printing unit 1 of a sheet-fed printing press, which comprises at least one printing cylinder 2, a transfer cylinder 3, a forme cylinder 4 and an inking unit 5, wherein in the printing operation of the printing cylinder 2, the transfer cylinder 3, the forme cylinder 4 and the rollers of the inking unit. 5 driven by the main drive. To perform set-up work on the forme cylinder 4 and / or inking unit 5 can be individually and selectively disconnected from the main drive via separate, switchable couplings 21 and 27 of the forme cylinder 4 and the inking unit 5. Thus, the first switchable coupling 21 is used for coupling and uncoupling the forme cylinder 4 from the main drive. The second switchable coupling 27 is used for uncoupling and coupling the inking unit 5 from or to the main drive.

In a printing press comprising a plurality of such printing units, this coupling or decoupling of the respective forme cylinder and the respective inking unit to or from the main drive for each printing unit can be done individually, and implemented or executed by the control console of the printing machine from the control center of the printing machine becomes.

In the printing unit 1 according to Fig. 1 are gears, namely a fixed to a shaft 9 of the printing cylinder 2 fixed wheel 10, a positioned on a shaft 11 of the transfer cylinder 3 fixed gear 12, a positioned on a shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 idler gear 14 and a positioned on a shaft 6 of the inking unit 5 idler gear 16, positioned in a first gear level 17, wherein these gears of the first gear level 17 mesh with each other to form a closed Räderzugs. Thus, the fixed wheel 10 positioned on the shaft 9 of the printing cylinder 2 meshes with the fixed wheel 12 positioned on the shaft 11 of the transfer cylinder 3. The fixed on the shaft 11 of the transfer cylinder 3 fixed gear 12 meshes with the positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 idler gear 14 a. This idler gear 14 continues to mesh with the idler gear 16 positioned on the shaft 6. The positioned in the first gear level 17 gears 10, 12, 14 and 16 thus form a closed gear train within the first gear level 17 from.

On the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4, a gearwheel 19 designed as a fixed gearwheel 19 is positioned in a second gearwheel plane 18. The first switchable coupling 21 is connected between these arranged on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 14 gears 14 and 19, wherein the forme cylinder 4 via the switchable coupling 21 on the drive side can be decoupled from the main drive or coupled to the main drive. In the open state of the first switchable clutch 21, the forme cylinder 4 can be coupled to the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 and can be driven by it in order not to drive the forme cylinder 4 over the main drive but via the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 in order to parallelize setup work.

Regardless of whether the forme cylinder 4 is decoupled via the first switchable coupling 21 on the drive side from the main drive or coupled to the same, all the gears 10, 12, 14 and 16 of the first gear level 17 are always coupled to the drive on the drive side.

In the printing unit 1 according to Fig. 1 the first switchable coupling 21 is assigned to the forme cylinder 4 and is formed between the loose wheel 14 positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 and the fixed wheel 19 likewise positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4. A first coupling half of the first switchable coupling 21 is accordingly assigned to the idler gear 14 positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 and a second coupling half of the first switchable coupling 21 to the fixed gear 19 positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4, wherein when both coupling halves of the first switchable coupling 21 mesh with each other, the first switchable coupling 21 is closed, and then when the two coupling halves thereof are disengaged, the first switchable coupling 21 is opened. Then, when the first shiftable clutch 21 is closed, the forme cylinder 4 is coupled via the first shiftable clutch 21 on the drive side to the main drive, not shown. Then, however, when the first shiftable clutch 21 is opened, the forme cylinder 4 is decoupled on the drive side from the main drive and can be coupled to the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20. The Formzylinderhilfsantrieb 20 is associated with a further gear 22 which is mounted on a drive shaft 23 of the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 and is arranged together with the fixed on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 fixed gear 19 in the second gear plane 18.

Between the drive shaft 23 of the Formzylinderhilfsantriebs 20 and the gear 22, a clutch 24 is formed, wherein when the clutch 24 is closed, the auxiliary drive 20 is coupled via the gear 22 on the drive side to the fixed gear 19 of the forme cylinder 4, and wherein, if this clutch 24 is open, the auxiliary drive 20 is disconnected on the drive side from the forme cylinder 4.

In addition to the gear wheels 10, 12, 14 and 16 positioned in the first gear plane 17 and the gear wheels 19 and 22 positioned in the second gear plane 18, there is a third gear plane 25. So can Fig. 1 It can be seen that on the shaft 6 of the inking unit 5, on which the idler gear 16 positioned in the first gear plane 17 is arranged, a gear wheel positioned in a third gear plane 25 and designed as a fixed wheel 26 is positioned, wherein the second shiftable clutch 27, the the coupling and uncoupling of the inking unit 5 from or to the main drive is used, between these on the shaft 6 positioned gears 16 and 26 is connected.

A first coupling half of the second switchable coupling 27 is assigned to the idler gear 16 of the first gear plane 17 positioned on the shaft 6 and a second coupling half of the second shiftable clutch 27 to the fixed wheel 26 of the third gear plane 15 positioned on the shaft 6, in which case both coupling halves the second switchable coupling 27 engage each other, the second switchable coupling 27 is closed, and then when the two coupling halves thereof are disengaged, the second switchable coupling 21 is opened.

Then, when the switchable clutch 27 is closed, the inking unit 5 is coupled to the main drive. Then, however, when this second, switchable coupling 27 is opened, the inking unit 5 is disconnected from the main drive and in the embodiment of Fig. 1 set still.

As Fig. 1 can be removed drives the positioned in the third gear level 25 and arranged on the shaft 6 fixed wheel 26 in a fixed wheel 28, which is positioned on a shaft 15 of a roller 7 of the inking unit 5.

In the printing unit 1 according to Fig. 1 is the inking unit 5, then, when the switchable, second clutch 27 is opened, set still.

In contrast, shows Fig. 2 an embodiment of a printing unit 1 ', wherein the inking unit 5 with open second clutch 27 can be coupled via a third shiftable clutch 30 to the form cylinder auxiliary drive 20 so as to drive the inking unit 5 starting from the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20, for example, to carry out set-up. So is in Fig. 2 shown that in the printing unit 1 'in the second gear plane 18 designed as a loose wheel gear 29 is positioned, which is positioned on the shaft 6 of the inking unit 5 and in the fixed wheel 19, which is positioned on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 meshes.

A first coupling half of the third shiftable clutch 30 is assigned to the idler gear 29 of the second gear plane 18 positioned on the shaft 6 and a second clutch half of the third shiftable clutch 30 to the fixed gear 26 of the third gear plane 25 positioned on the shaft 6, in which case both coupling halves the third shiftable clutch 30 mesh, the third shiftable clutch 30 is closed, and then, when the two clutch halves thereof are disengaged, the third shiftable clutch 30 is opened.

Then, when the second shiftable clutch 27 is opened and the third shiftable clutch 30 is closed, the inking unit 5 can be driven by the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 from. The third switchable coupling 30 is connected between the gears 26 and 29 of the shaft 6, which are positioned in the second gear level 18 and third gear level 25. Thus, the third shiftable clutch 30 is connected between the idler gear 29 positioned in the second gear plane 18 and the fixed wheel 26 positioned in the third gear plane 25, both of which are positioned on the shaft 6 of the inking unit 5.

Unlike the in Fig. 1 and 2 shown embodiments of the printing units 1 and 1 ', it is also possible that the inking unit 5 is assigned its own, separate auxiliary drive.

In this case, the inking unit 5 is independent of the forme cylinder 4 decoupled from the main drive to drive over a separate inking auxiliary drive to perform setup work. However, this variant is not shown in the figures.

Fig. 3 shows a section of another printing unit according to the invention 1 ", which as above in connection with the printing units 1 and 1 'of Fig. 1 and 2 may be executed, which is different from the printing units 1 and 1 'of Fig. 1 and 2 However, differs in that on the shaft 11 of the transfer cylinder 3, a loose wheel 31 is present, which is positioned in the second gear plane 18, in which also positioned in the second gear plane 18, arranged on the shaft 13 of the forme cylinder 4 fixed wheel 19 drives, wherein according to Fig. 3 the form cylinder auxiliary drive 20 cooperates with this idler gear 31 and drives it via the gear 22 into this idler gear 31. In this case, then the first switchable coupling 21 is connected between the gears 12 and 31, which are positioned in the first gear plane 17 and second gear plane 18 on the shaft 11 of the transfer cylinder 3. Then, when in Fig. 3 the switchable coupling 21 is closed, the forme cylinder 4 is coupled on the drive side via the switchable coupling 21 to the main drive. If, on the other hand, the shiftable clutch 21 is open, then the forme cylinder 4 is decoupled on the drive side from the main drive and coupled to the forme cylinder auxiliary drive 20 so as to be able to carry out setup work in parallel again during setup time minimization.

With regard to the remaining details, the printing unit 1 "of the Fig. 3 , as in Fig. 1 and 2 shown to be trained.

The illustrated, preferred embodiments of the printing units 1, 1 'and 1 "according to the invention preferably also have a dampening unit, wherein a dampening unit comprises at least one roller, by means of which dampening solution can be applied to a printing forme positioned on the forme cylinder 4.

Preferably, all rollers of the dampening unit are driven by the main drive in the printing operation. The dampening unit is preferably coupled via a transmission to the main drive, wherein the transmission can be associated with a further switchable coupling, namely such that with closed switchable coupling the dampening unit coupled the same to the main drive and the dampening unit is disconnected from the main drive with open switchable coupling , In this case, the dampening unit can then be shut down to carry out set-up work.

In contrast, it is also possible not to drive the rollers of the dampening unit in the printing operation from the main drive, but from a dampening unit associated with the direct drive or direct drive or single drive.

All existing drives, so the main drive and the or each auxiliary drive and optionally a single drive for the rolls of dampening can be monitored in terms of their operating condition. Likewise, all existing clutches, ie the first shiftable clutch 21 and the second shiftable clutch 27 as well as possibly the third shiftable clutch 30 as well as optionally existing further clutches, can be monitored with regard to their operating state. All set-up operations, coupling operations and positioning operations for the engagement of the inking unit 5 and the forme cylinder 4 run largely parallelized, the inking unit 5 can be synchronously and precisely timed coupled with respect to a so-called lifter stroke of a lift roller of the inking unit 5 and with respect to a lateral trituration on the machine control.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a printing unit according to the invention has a coating system, which is part of the printing unit and then when the form cylinder 4 is turned off by the transfer cylinder 3 of the respective printing unit, can be employed to the transfer cylinder 3, then to the printing unit a substrate to paint.

In this case, a paint form is then arranged on the transfer cylinder 3 of the respective printing unit, can be applied to the paint on the Lackiersystem, which is then applied from the transfer cylinder to the substrate, which is transported through the pressure gap 8 between the impression cylinder 2 and transfer cylinder 3 ,

To drive the painting system, the same can be coupled for example via a switchable coupling to the main drive. In contrast, however, it is also possible to drive the paint system of the printing unit according to the invention via a single drive or direct drive of the paint system.

As already stated, the printing unit according to the invention is used in particular on a sheet-fed printing press with a plurality of such printing units. A sheet-fed printing press, which comprises a printing unit according to the invention, can be designed for pure straight printing operation or else for straight printing and perfecting operation.

In addition, a printing press with such a printing unit may comprise a separate coating unit.

Printing units can be designed with and without dampening unit.

The inking units can be conventional roller inking units or also so-called anilox short inking units.

In the embodiment of Fig. 1 For example, the clutches 21 and 27 may be positioned in a common transmission housing or each in a separate transmission housing.

In the embodiment of Fig. 2 For example, the clutches 21, 27 and 30 may be positioned in a common transmission housing or the clutches 27 and 30 in a common transmission housing and the clutch 21 in a separate transmission housing.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1, 1 ', 1 "

printing unit

2

pressure cylinder

3

transfer cylinder

4

form cylinder

5

inking

6

wave

7

roller

8th

nip

9

wave

10

Gear / fixed wheel

11

wave

12

Gear / fixed wheel

13

wave

14

Gear / idler gear

15

wave

16

Gear / idler gear

17

first gear level

18

second gear level

19

Gear / fixed wheel

20

Form cylinder auxiliary drive

21

first switchable coupling

22

gear

23

drive shaft

24

clutch

25

third gear level

26

Gear / fixed wheel

27

second switchable coupling

28

Gear / fixed wheel

29

Gear / idler gear

30

third shiftable clutch

31

Gear / idler gear

Claims (11)

Printing unit of a printing press, comprising a printing cylinder for guiding a printing material to be printed, with a forme cylinder for receiving at least one printing plate, in particular at least one printing plate, with a transfer cylinder for receiving at least one transfer mold, in particular at least one blanket, and with an at least one roller inking unit , by means of which on the or each printing cylinder positioned on the printing plate printing ink can be applied, wherein the printing cylinder, the transfer cylinder and the forme cylinder and rollers of the inking unit are driven in the printing operation of a main drive, characterized in that
the forme cylinder (4) can be decoupled from the main drive via a first switchable coupling (21) and coupled to the same, such that when the first clutch (21) is closed, the forme cylinder (4) is coupled to the main drive via the shiftable first clutch (21) is, and that when the first clutch (21) of the forme cylinder (4) is decoupled from the main drive and coupled to a form cylinder auxiliary drive (20);
the inking unit (5) via a second switchable coupling (27) on the drive side from the main drive can be decoupled and coupled to the same, such that when the second clutch (27), the inking unit (5) coupled via the switchable second clutch (27) to the main drive is, and that with the second clutch open (27), the inking unit (5) is disconnected from the main drive. Printing unit according to claim 1, characterized in that when the second clutch (27), the inking unit (5) is stopped. Printing unit according to Claim 1, characterized in that, when the second clutch (27) is open, the inking unit (5) can be coupled to an inking unit auxiliary drive. Printing unit according to Claim 1, characterized in that, when the second clutch (27) is open, the inking unit (5) can be coupled to the forme cylinder auxiliary drive (20) via a third shiftable clutch (30). Printing unit according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that
Gears, namely at least one fixed wheel (10) positioned on a shaft (9) of the impression cylinder (2), a fixed wheel (12) positioned on a shaft (11) of the transfer cylinder (3), a shaft (13) of the forme cylinder (13). 4) positioned idler gear (14) and on a shaft (6) in particular of the inking unit (5) positioned idler gear (16), in a first gear level (17) are arranged and forming a closed Räderzugs in the first gear level (17) into one another comb;
on the shaft (13) of the forme cylinder (4) a further toothed wheel arranged in a second gear plane (18) and designed as a fixed wheel (19) is positioned; wherein the first switchable coupling (21) between the on the shaft (13) of the forme cylinder (4) positioned idler gear (14) and on the shaft (13) of the forme cylinder (4) positioned fixed wheel (19) or between that on the shaft (11) of the transfer cylinder (3) in the first gear plane (17) fixed wheel (12) and a on the shaft (11) of the transfer cylinder (3) in the second gear plane (18) positioned idler gear (31) is connected;
on the shaft (6) in particular of the inking unit (5) on which the idler gear (16) positioned in the first gear plane (17) is arranged, a further gear wheel arranged in a third gear plane (25) and designed as a fixed wheel (26) is, wherein the second switchable coupling (27) between these in the first gear level (17) and in the third gear level (25) arranged gears (16, 26) is connected. Printing unit according to claim 5, characterized in that on the shaft (6) in particular of the inking unit (5) in the third gear plane (25) arranged fixed wheel (26) in the third gear plane (25) in one on a shaft (15) of a Inking roller (7) positioned, designed as a fixed gear (28) further gear meshes. Printing unit according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that on the shaft (6) in particular of the inking unit (5) on which in the first gear level (17) positioned idler gear (16) and in the third gear level (25) positioned fixed gear (26) is arranged, in the second gear plane (18) arranged, as idler gear (29) formed further gear is positioned, between these gears (26), the third switchable clutch (30) is connected. Printing unit according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it has a dampening unit, wherein all rollers of the dampening unit can be driven by a main drive in printing operation, and wherein a transmission of the dampening unit is assigned a fourth shiftable clutch such that when the fourth closed Clutch, the dampening unit is coupled via the switchable fourth clutch to the main drive, and that with open fourth clutch, the dampening unit is disconnected from the main drive. Printing unit according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it has a dampening unit, wherein all the rollers of the dampening unit can be driven in the printing operation of a direct drive or self-drive of the dampening unit. Printing unit according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at the transfer cylinder (3) parked form cylinder (4) to the transfer cylinder (3) a painting system can be adjusted. Printing unit according to claim 10, characterized in that the painting system can be driven in the state applied to the transfer cylinder (3) either by a direct drive or by the main drive.

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