EP2490228B1 - Silver paste composition and solar cell using same - Google Patents

Silver paste composition and solar cell using same Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2490228B1
EP2490228B1 EP10823604.3A EP10823604A EP2490228B1 EP 2490228 B1 EP2490228 B1 EP 2490228B1 EP 10823604 A EP10823604 A EP 10823604A EP 2490228 B1 EP2490228 B1 EP 2490228B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
paste composition
silver paste
solar cell
plasticizer
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP10823604.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2490228A2 (en
EP2490228A4 (en
Inventor
Min-Seo Kim
Soo-Yeon Heo
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LG Chem Ltd
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LG Chem Ltd
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Publication of EP2490228A4 publication Critical patent/EP2490228A4/en
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Publication of EP2490228B1 publication Critical patent/EP2490228B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/14—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material
    • H01B1/16—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive inorganic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/02—Details
    • H01L31/0224—Electrodes
    • H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
    • H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a silver paste composition and a solar cell using the same, and more particularly, to a silver paste composition for forming a front electrode of a solar cell which may improve uniformity, stability, and adhesive strength of printed patterns when the silver paste composition is applied through screen printing, and the like, and a silicon solar cell using the same.
  • the solar cell is classified into a solar heat cell that produces vapor required to run a turbine using solar heat, and a solar light cell that converts photons into electrical energy using properties of a semiconductor.
  • the solar light cell (hereinafter referred to as a solar cell) is represented as a solar cell.
  • the solar cell largely includes a silicon solar cell, a compound semiconductor solar cell, and a tandem solar cell according to raw material. Among them, the silicon solar cell leads the solar cell market.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a basic structure of a silicon solar cell.
  • the silicon solar cell includes a substrate 101 of a p-type silicon semiconductor, and an emitter layer 102 of an n-type silicon semiconductor.
  • a p-n junction is formed at an interface between the substrate 101 and the emitter layer 102 in a similar way to a diode.
  • electrons and electron holes create in a silicon semiconductor doped with an impurity by the photovoltaic effect. Specifically, electrons create in the emitter layer 102 of an n-type silicon semiconductor as majority carriers, and electron holes create in the substrate 101 of a p-type silicon semiconductor as majority carriers. The electrons and electron holes created by the photovoltaic effect are drawn toward the n-type silicon semiconductor and the p-type silicon semiconductor, and move to a front electrode 103 on the emitter layer 102 and a rear electrode 104 below the substrate 101, respectively. When the front electrode 103 and the rear electrode 104 are connected to each other, electrical current flows.
  • a silver paste composition is used to form the front electrode 103, and an aluminum paste composition is used to form the rear electrode 104.
  • the front electrode 103 needs a small pattern width and a large pattern height for a maximum amount of incident light and good electrical connection, and accordingly, a silver paste composition of high viscosity is prepared.
  • the high viscosity composition does not ensure uniformity of printed patterns, and leaves much residues, which result in shadowing of a front surface of a solar cell.
  • a silver paste composition including the features of claim 1 is used.
  • the silver paste composition including the plasticizer according to the present invention has improved processability and flexibility, and thus, enables improvement in rolling properties, leveling properties and wettability of the paste composition when the silver paste composition is used in forming printed patterns, so that adhesion between a substrate and the printed patterns is improved.
  • the plasticizer of the present invention includes benzoic acid ester.
  • the content of the platicizer according to the present invention is 0.01 to 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the silver paste composition.
  • the silver paste composition of the present invention may be applied on an anti-reflection film.
  • a silver paste composition for forming a front electrode has improved rolling and leveling properties, and accordingly, the silver paste composition enables uniform generation of fine patterns and reduced occurrence of residues.
  • the silver paste composition for forming a front electrode reduces a difference in thermal expansion between a substrate and printed patterns, and particularly, reduces curling of the edges, and accordingly, the silver paste composition improves stability and uniformity of printed patterns.
  • a silver paste composition of the present invention includes silver powder, glass frit powder, an organic binder, and a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is benzoic acid.
  • the content of the platicizer is 0.01 to 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the silver paste composition, preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight.
  • the silver paste composition When the content of the platicizer is less than 0.01 parts by weight, the silver paste composition hardly has leveling properties and shows low wettability with a substrate. When the content of the platicizer exceeds 15 parts by weight, a silver paste has a reduction in rolling properties due to a large pattern width and a reduced content of a main binder when being printed, resulting in poor printability.
  • silver particles may include, but are not limited to, any silver particles used conventionally in the art.
  • silver particles may include, but are not limited to, any silver particles having an average particle size between 0.5 to 7 ⁇ m.
  • the glass frit powder usable in the silver paste composition of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, any glass frit powder used conventionally in the art.
  • the glass frit powder may include, but are not limited to, lead oxide and/or bismuth oxide.
  • the glass frit powder may include, but are not limited to, SiO 2 -PbO based powder, SiO 2 -PbO-B 2 O 3 based powder, Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 based powder, PbO-Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 based powder, or mixtures thereof.
  • the organic binder may be used to prepare the silver powder, the glass frit powder and the plasticizer in a paste phase.
  • the organic binder used in the present invention may include, but are not limited to, any organic binder used to prepare a silver paste composition in the art.
  • the organic binder may include, but are not limited to, cellulose, butyl carbitol, terpineol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the glass frit powder and the organic binder may be selected depending on a specific usage of the silver paste composition.
  • the content of the glass frit powder is 1 to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of weight of the silver paste composition.
  • the content of the organic binder is 5 to 30 parts by weight per 100 parts of weight of the silver paste composition.
  • the silver paste composition of the present invention is prepared by mixing the above components by various methods known in the art so that the components are uniformly dispersed.
  • the silver paste composition of the present invention may further include an additional agent without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
  • the silver paste composition may further include a wetting agent, a thixotropic agent, and the like, according to necessity.
  • the silver paste composition is prepared by mixing the silver powder, the glass frit powder, and the binder (first mixing), and then adding plasticizer to the mixture, and mixing the plasticizer with the mixture (second mixing).
  • first mixing mixing the silver powder, the glass frit powder, and the binder
  • second mixing mixing the plasticizer with the mixture
  • the components may be uniformly mixed using a 3-roll mill, and the like.
  • the simultaneous mixing of all components may allow the intended effects of the present invention, however when the plasticizer is mixed with other components at the same time, the plasticizer may be absorbed into the silver powder and the glass frit powder, and may not be uniformly dispersed in the paste. Accordingly, after the silver powder and the glass frit powder is sufficiently wetted with the binder in first mixing, the plasticizer is added (second mixing) and uniformly dispersed in the paste, so that effects of the plasticizer are maximized.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a silicon solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the silicon solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention a silicon semiconductor substrate 201, an emitter layer 202 on the substrate 201, an anti-reflection film 203 on the emitter layer 202, a front electrode 204 connected to the upper surface of the emitter layer 202 through the anti-reflection film 203, and a rear electrode 205 connected to the rear surface of the substrate 201.
  • the substrate 201 may be doped with p-type impurities of group 3 elements in the periodic table, such as B, Ga, In, and the like, and the emitter layer 202 may be doped with n-type impurities of group 5 elements in the periodic table, such as P, As, Sb, and the like.
  • a p-n junction may be formed at an interface between the substrate 201 and the emitter layer 202. In this instance, a p-n junction may be formed between the substrate 201 doped with n-type impurities and the emitter layer 202 doped with p-type impurities.
  • the anti-reflection film 203 may passivate a defect (for example, a dangling bond) existing on the surface of or in the bulk of the emitter layer 202, and may reduce reflectivity of solar rays incident on the front surface of the substrate 201.
  • a defect for example, a dangling bond
  • a site where minority carriers are recombinated may be removed, thereby increasing the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell.
  • a reduction in reflectivity of solar rays may increase an amount of light reaching the p-n junction, thereby increasing the short circuit current of the solar cell. Accordingly, increase in open-circuit voltage and short circuit current of the solar cell by the anti-reflection film 203 may contribute to improvement in conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • the anti-reflection film 203 may have a single film structure of any one selected from the group consisting of a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride film containing hydrogen, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, MgF 2 , ZnS, MgF 2 , TiO 2 and CeO 2 or a multiple film structure of at least two material films, however the present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • the anti-reflection film 203 may be formed by vacuum deposition, chemical vapor deposition, spin coating, screen printing, or spray coating, however a method for forming the anti-reflection film 203 according to the present invention is not limited in this regard.
  • the front electrode 204 and the rear electrode 205 may be electrodes made from silver and aluminum, respectively.
  • the front electrode 204 may be made from the silver paste composition of the present invention.
  • a silver electrode may have good electrical conductivity
  • an aluminum electrode may have good electrical conductivity and high affinity for the silicon semiconductor substrate 201 to enable good connection therebetween.
  • the front electrode 204 and the rear electrode 205 may be formed by well-known various techniques, however screen printing is preferred. That is, the front electrode 205 is formed by screen-printing the silver paste composition of the present invention at a location where a front electrode is to be formed, followed by thermal treatment. During the thermal treatment, the front electrode 204 may penetrate the anti-reflection film 203 due to a punch-through phenomenon, and may be connected to the emitter layer 202.
  • the rear electrode 205 is formed by printing an aluminum paste composition for forming a rear electrode, containing aluminum, quartz silica, a binder, and the like, on the rear surface of the substrate 201, followed by thermal treatment.
  • aluminum that is, one of the components in the rear electrode composition may diffuse through the rear surface of the substrate 201, so that a back surface field (not shown) layer may be formed at an interface between the rear electrode 205 and the substrate 201.
  • the back surface field layer may prevent carriers from moving to the rear surface of the substrate 201 and recombinating. Prevention of carrier recombinatinon may result in increased open-circuit voltage and increased fill factor, thereby improving conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
  • Each silver paste composition was prepared by mixing silver powder, glass frit powder, an organic binder (ethyl cellulose) and an additive (a plasticizer, a wetting agent and a thixotropic agent) according to composition (unit: weight%) shown in the following Table 1, followed by uniform dispersion using a 3-roll mill.
  • an organic binder ethyl cellulose
  • an additive a plasticizer, a wetting agent and a thixotropic agent
  • a plasticizer of examples 1 to 4 was dipropyleneglycol dibenzoate (DPD)
  • a plasticizer of comparative example 1 was dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
  • a plasticizer of comparative example 2 was dioctyl adipic acid (DOA)
  • a plasticizer of comparative example 3 was tricresyl phosphate (TCP).
  • Example 1 Silver Glass frit Content of additive Binder Plasticizer Wetting agent Thixotropic agent Ethylcellulose
  • Example 1 80 4 1(DPD) 0 0 15
  • Example 2 80 4 2(DPD) 0 0 14
  • Example 3 80 4 3(DPD) 0 0 13
  • Example 4 80 4 4(DPD) 0 0 12
  • Comparative example 1 80 4 2(DOP) 0.5 0.5 13
  • Comparative example 2 80 4 2(DOA) 0.5 0.5 13
  • Comparative example 3 80 4 2(TCP) 0.5 0.5 13 Comparative example 4 80 4 0 0.5 0.5 15
  • Test example 1 measurement of viscosity
  • V t of 10% or less is represented as O
  • V t greater than 10% and not greater than 30% is represented as ⁇
  • V t greater than 30% is represented as X.
  • Table 2 Evaluation of viscosity variation Number of milling Over time Example 1 O O Example 2 O O Example 3 O O Example 4 O O Comparative Example 1 ⁇ ⁇ Comparative Example 2 ⁇ ⁇ Comparative Example 3 ⁇ ⁇ Comparative example 4 X X
  • the test results show that the comparative example 4 has a large viscosity variation with a change of number of milling, while the examples have almost uniform viscosity regardless of number of milling.
  • test results teach that viscosity of the comparative example 4 significantly increases (at least 1.5 times) over time, while viscosity of the examples maintains within an increment of 10% or less.
  • compositions of examples have smaller viscosity variation than the comparative example 4 without a plasticizer, and consequently, the silver paste composition of the present invention has higher stability. Also, it is found that addition of a plasticizer alone improves stability when a paste is preserved, without using any additive.
  • Test example 2 measurement of pattern width
  • compositions prepared according to examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1 to 4 were printed in patterns having a pattern width of 120 ⁇ m by screen printing, and were dried at 200°C. The pattern width of the resulting printed patterns was measured.
  • a ratio of a minimum pattern width to a maximum pattern width was computed each pattern using the measured values.
  • a ratio of 0.95 or more is represented as O
  • a ratio between 0.93 and 0.95, but not 0.95, is represented as ⁇
  • a ratio less than 0.93 is represented as X.
  • the printed pattern formed from the composition of the example 2 has smaller pattern width, uniform pattern and reduced occurrence of residue, compared with the comparative example 4.
  • a pattern height of the printed pattern formed from the composition of the example 2 with a plasticizer only is about the same as that the comparative example 4 with a thixotropic agent (TA).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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EP10823604.3A 2009-10-13 2010-10-13 Silver paste composition and solar cell using same Active EP2490228B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20090097296 2009-10-13
KR1020100099638A KR20110040713A (ko) 2009-10-13 2010-10-13 은 페이스트 조성물 및 이를 이용한 태양전지
PCT/KR2010/007001 WO2011046365A2 (ko) 2009-10-13 2010-10-13 은 페이스트 조성물 및 이를 이용한 태양전지

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EP2490228A2 EP2490228A2 (en) 2012-08-22
EP2490228A4 EP2490228A4 (en) 2014-10-29
EP2490228B1 true EP2490228B1 (en) 2016-03-23

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US (1) US20120325308A1 (ko)
EP (1) EP2490228B1 (ko)
JP (1) JP5542212B2 (ko)
KR (2) KR20110040713A (ko)
CN (1) CN102763172B (ko)
TW (1) TWI404780B (ko)
WO (1) WO2011046365A2 (ko)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2490228A2 (en) 2012-08-22
CN102763172B (zh) 2015-03-18
JP5542212B2 (ja) 2014-07-09
KR20110040713A (ko) 2011-04-20
TW201130933A (en) 2011-09-16
WO2011046365A2 (ko) 2011-04-21
EP2490228A4 (en) 2014-10-29
WO2011046365A3 (ko) 2011-11-03
US20120325308A1 (en) 2012-12-27
KR20130042524A (ko) 2013-04-26
TWI404780B (zh) 2013-08-11
CN102763172A (zh) 2012-10-31
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