EP2453067A1 - Permanent formwork panel and permanent formwork block comprising such a panel - Google Patents

Permanent formwork panel and permanent formwork block comprising such a panel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2453067A1
EP2453067A1 EP11182766A EP11182766A EP2453067A1 EP 2453067 A1 EP2453067 A1 EP 2453067A1 EP 11182766 A EP11182766 A EP 11182766A EP 11182766 A EP11182766 A EP 11182766A EP 2453067 A1 EP2453067 A1 EP 2453067A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plate
rectangular panel
shuttering
formwork
panel
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Granted
Application number
EP11182766A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2453067B1 (en
Inventor
Philippe Perrot
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Tout pour l'Eau - Prat
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Tout pour l'Eau - Prat
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Publication of EP2453067A1 publication Critical patent/EP2453067A1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H4/00—Swimming or splash baths or pools
    • E04H4/0075—Swimming or splash baths or pools made of concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8623—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers and at least one form leaf being monolithic

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of masonry, and more particularly to the construction of concrete walls, and more particularly to the construction of concrete pool walls.
  • each block of lost formwork B by the assembly of two identical formwork sheets M of plastics material.
  • Each plate then comprises a rectangular panel P having a front face P1 and a reverse side P2 and a series of half-spacers e distributed on the back side of the panel extending perpendicularly to the panel.
  • each half-spacer comprises at its distal end a male and / or female interlocking element intended to engage in a complementary interlocking element of a half-spacer corresponding.
  • the irreversibility of the assembly is obtained by welding S of the two half-spacers at the interlocking elements.
  • Such a lost formwork block has the disadvantage of imposing a weld at each junction between the half-spacers, which is particularly expensive.
  • lost formwork blocks obtained by this technique allow the realization of straight wall walls, joined together where appropriate at right angles.
  • concrete walls made using lost formwork blocks as described in the prior art can not, or hardly with the help of inserts inserted into cuts made in the panels of known formwork blocks, include curvatures, including curved sections that yet confer an advantageous aesthetic to the constructions, especially for constructions such as swimming pools.
  • the proposed formwork plate is characterized in that the rectangular panel comprises at least one fold of material formed between at least two said assembly members and extending along a straight line across the entire width or width length of the rectangular panel, said at least one fold constituting a preferred bending deformation zone of the formwork plate.
  • the procuration of at least one ply of material within the rectangular panel of the shuttering plate of the invention provides it with flexibility around the rectilinear direction of this preferred fold which allows the establishment of the formwork to give a curvature to the rectangular panel. Therefore, when the formwork plate of the invention is associated after deformation around its or its folds to at least one other formwork plate by means of its assembly members, one obtains a curved wall form block which makes it possible to provide the same curvature to a poured concrete wall with the aid of such a shuttering block.
  • the rectangular panel comprises a said ply of material between all said assembly members.
  • the formwork plate of the invention has an adequate bending capacity over its entire surface, allowing local bends of small amplitude to provide a determined overall curvature of wall form and radius R more or less important.
  • the fold (s) of material protrude from the reverse side of the rectangular panel.
  • a substantially constant wall thickness of the concrete is thus maintained once the formwork has been put in place, and especially without internal grooves which could weaken the wall once poured.
  • the shuttering plate of the invention comprises vertical interlocking members formed of material on an edge of the rectangular panel to allow mounting by vertical interlocking of several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the fold (s) of material formed in the rectangular panel then extending along a line perpendicular to the edge of the panel comprising said interlocking members.
  • the shuttering plate comprises horizontal interlocking members formed of material on a edge of the rectangular panel to allow the assembly by horizontal interlocking of several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the material fold (s) formed in the rectangular panel extending according to a straight line parallel to the edge of the panel comprising said horizontal interlocking members.
  • the fold (s) of material has (s) an isosceles triangular cross section whose base is between 10 mm and 40 mm and the height between 20 mm and 60 mm.
  • the distance between two consecutive folds is advantageously between 30 mm and 150 mm.
  • the shuttering plate according to the invention can be made of any suitable material and preferably, in order to reduce its weight and its manufacturing cost, it will be made of injected plastic and molded such as for example polypropylene or polyethylene.
  • the invention also relates to a lost formwork block for the production of a wall wall, in particular a pool wall, characterized in that it comprises two shuttering plates assembled to one another by means complementary assembly, at least one of the two shuttering plates being in accordance with the shuttering plate of the invention as previously presented.
  • a lost formwork block according to the invention as illustrated in FIG. figure 3 and designated as a whole by the reference 1 has a generally parallelepipedal general shape.
  • the lost formwork block 1 is intended to be associated with other identical blocks to define, for example, the formwork of a vertical wall of a swimming pool.
  • the lost formwork blocks 1 are then nested in each other vertically and laterally depending on the height and the desired wall length. This assembly of the shuttering blocks is achieved, at least in part by means of suitable interlocking means formed of material on the edges of the shuttering plates 2, 3 constituting the shuttering block 1 as described below.
  • Each shuttering block 1 is obtained by assembling two shuttering plates 2, 3 of injected plastic material.
  • Each formwork plate 2, 3 comprises a rectangular panel 4 which has a front face 5 and a back face 6.
  • each panel 4 comprises a series of half-spacers 7 distributed on the front face 5 of each panels 4 extending perpendicularly to the panel 4 .
  • Each half-spacer 7 has at its distal end, opposite the panel 4 , a male and / or female interlocking element (not shown) intended to engage in a complementary interlocking element of a half-spacer 7 corresponding to the assembly of two plates of formwork 2, 3 .
  • the half-spacers 7 are arranged in four rows parallel to the upper edge of the panels 4 and the half-spacers of the same row have alternately at their distal ends a male conformation and a female conformation.
  • each half-spacer 7 preferably comprises, as proposed in the patent application no. FR 2,889,550 of the Applicant, a proximal bore 8 which is preferably intended to receive an assembly screw and which opens out at the rear face 6 of the panel 4.
  • the proximal bore 8 preferably does not extend over the entire length of the half-spacer 7 so that it is non-traversing.
  • each half-spacer 7 also has a not shown distal bore which is coaxial with the proximal bore 8 and which opens out at the distal end of each half-spacer 7. The distal bore does not open into the distal bore.
  • each assembly screw will furthermore have beyond its unthreaded portion a self-tapping thread.
  • the lost formwork block 1 After the installation of all the assembly screws, the lost formwork block 1 thus obtained has a particularly high mechanical strength and is therefore perfectly adapted to undergo the internal pressure exerted by the concrete during casting.
  • two formwork plates 2, 3 at least one of which, in the example of the figures, is the formwork plate 3 , is provided with at least one ply 9 , and preferably as shown in several plies 9 of material formed in the rectangular panel 4 of the plate 3 and protruding on the back side 6 of the rectangular panel 4 .
  • the folds 9 are formed in the rectangular panel 4 directly during the injection of the shuttering plate 3 . These folds of material 9 extend along the length or the width of the panels 4 in straight lines and thus define preferred axes of deformation of the rectangular panel 4 in flexion around these axes along the folds 9 in order to confer a chosen curvature to this one to realize curved form wall walls. Said plies 9 advantageously have an isosceles triangular cross section of base b and height h comprised between 10 mm and 40 mm respectively and between 20 mm and 60 mm. This form of folds 9 facilitates easy and regular deformation of the rectangular panel 4 without collapsing or shifting of the plane portions on either side of the folds 9 .
  • the shuttering plate 3 preferably comprises at least one fold 9 between all the rows of fasteners 7 . More generally, it can be specified that the plies 9 are advantageously made on either side of the assembly members 7 , so that the latter are not located in the planes containing the straight lines along which the folds 9 .
  • the distance between two consecutive folds 9 is preferably between 30 mm and 150 mm advantageously.
  • the formwork sheets 2 , 3 are configured to allow the realization of lost formwork blocks 1 which can fit vertically and horizontally to make a formwork wall lost to pour a concrete wall.
  • the formwork plates 2, 3 advantageously comprise vertical interlocking members 10 formed of material on a lower edge 41 of the rectangular panel 4 to allow vertical fitting of several shuttering plates 2, 3 identical and / or shuttering blocks obtained by lost 1 assembly of these plates 2 , 3 , the folds of material 9 formed in the rectangular panel 4 then extending preferably along lines parallel to each other and perpendicular to the lower edge 41 of the panel supporting said interlocking members 10 .
  • each shuttering plate 2, 3 also advantageously comprises horizontal interlocking members 11 formed of material on a lateral edge 42 of the rectangular panel 4 to allow the horizontal fitting of several identical formwork plates 2, 3 and / or lost formwork blocks 1 obtained by assembling these plates. With respect to these horizontal nesting members 11 , the folds of material 9 formed in the rectangular panel 4 then extend along lines parallel to the edge 42 of the panel supporting said horizontal interlocking members.
  • interlocking members 10, 11 vertical and horizontal are designed such that they preferably allow shoulder support against a corresponding edge of another formwork plate identical reported under the lower edge 41 or the side edge 42 of the shuttering plate 2, 3 of the invention or a shuttering block 1 formed with at least one of these plates. It is thus possible to constitute formwork walls by assembling several blocks of lost formwork 1, as is known to do so in a conventional manner.
  • the interlocking members 10, 11, however promote the bonding of the formwork blocks 1 between them as well before casting the concrete to form the wall after pouring the concrete to withstand the pressure forces applied during casting and then drying by the concrete at the junctions between the blocks forming the lost formwork, in particular when casting a curved wall through the implementation of foldable plates 3 around their folds 9 and shuttering blocks 1 comprising such plates 3 .
  • formwork blocks 1 are formed using at least one deformable formwork plate 3 according to the invention and a second formwork plate 2 identical to the formwork plate 3 or else identical for example to the plates described in FR 2,889,550 .
  • These shuttering plates 2, 3 are secured together with screws to form the shuttering blocks 1 as shown in FIG. FR 2,889,550 .
  • the formwork is prepared by stacking a height and a width of blocks 1 necessary for the realization of the desired wall. To do this, the blocks are joined together by means of their vertical and horizontal interlocking members 10, 11 and are fixed in position by means of retaining clips. Once this is achieved, the curvature (convex or concave) desired for the wall to be made is deformed by deforming the shuttering plates 3 around their folds 9 in a manner appropriate to confer the desired radius of curvature for the wall to be made. This curvature is then maintained via a sole with a lag bolt, at each junction of the assembled formwork blocks 1 . This maintains the curvature of the formwork and can then proceed to the casting of the wall.

Abstract

The casing plate (3) has vertical interlocking members and horizontal interlocking members (11) formed at edge of a rectangle panel (4) to allow vertical and horizontal interlocking of assemblies of the casing plate and another casing plate (2) and/or expendable casing blocks (1) obtained by the assembly, where the former casing plate is made of molded or injected plastic material. Material plies (9) formed in the panel are extended along a straight line perpendicular and parallel to the edge of the panel having the members.

Description

La présente invention concerne le domaine technique de la maçonnerie, et plus particulièrement de la construction de parois de béton, et plus particulièrement encore de la construction de parois de piscines en béton.The present invention relates to the technical field of masonry, and more particularly to the construction of concrete walls, and more particularly to the construction of concrete pool walls.

Il est connu de réaliser des parois de piscines en béton armé en utilisant des blocs de coffrage perdu tels que décrits dans la demande de brevet FR 2 790 777 . Ainsi, il est proposé de réaliser, comme représenté sur les fig. 1 et 2, chaque bloc de coffrage perdu B par l'assemblage de deux plaques de coffrage M identiques en matière plastique. Chaque plaque comprend alors un panneau rectangulaire P présentant une face recto P1 et une face verso P2 et une série de demi-entretoises e réparties sur la face verso du panneau en s'étendant perpendiculairement au panneau. Afin de permettre un assemblage des deux plaques entre elles, chaque demi-entretoise comprend au niveau de son extrémité distale un élément d'emboîtement mâle et/ou femelle destiné à s'engager dans un élément d'emboîtement complémentaire d'une demi-entretoise correspondante. Enfin, l'irréversibilité de l'assemblage est obtenue par soudure S des deux demi-entretoises au niveau des éléments d'emboîtement.It is known to produce reinforced concrete pool walls using lost formwork blocks as described in the patent application. FR 2,790,777 . Thus, it is proposed to carry out, as shown on the Fig. 1 and 2 each block of lost formwork B by the assembly of two identical formwork sheets M of plastics material. Each plate then comprises a rectangular panel P having a front face P1 and a reverse side P2 and a series of half-spacers e distributed on the back side of the panel extending perpendicularly to the panel. In order to allow an assembly of the two plates together, each half-spacer comprises at its distal end a male and / or female interlocking element intended to engage in a complementary interlocking element of a half-spacer corresponding. Finally, the irreversibility of the assembly is obtained by welding S of the two half-spacers at the interlocking elements.

Un tel bloc de coffrage perdu présente l'inconvénient d'imposer une soudure au niveau de chaque jonction entre les demi-entretoises, ce qui est particulièrement coûteux.Such a lost formwork block has the disadvantage of imposing a weld at each junction between the half-spacers, which is particularly expensive.

Pour palier ce problème, la demande de brevet FR 2 889 550 au nom de la Demanderesse a proposé un mode de jonction de plaques de coffrage par vissage pour réaliser, de la même façon, des blocs de coffrage perdu.To overcome this problem, the patent application FR 2,889,550 on behalf of the Applicant has proposed a method of joining formwork plates by screwing to achieve, in the same way, blocks of formwork lost.

Cette solution technique donne entièrement satisfaction pour ce qui concerne la problématique de jonction des plaques de coffrage pour former les blocs de coffrage perdu.This technical solution is entirely satisfactory with regard to the problem of joining the shuttering plates to form the lost formwork blocks.

Cependant, les blocs de coffrage perdu obtenus par cette technique ne permettent la réalisation que de parois murales droites, jointes entre elles le cas échéant à angles droits. Ainsi, les parois de béton fabriquées à l'aide de blocs de coffrage perdu tels que décrit dans l'art antérieur ne peuvent pas, ou bien difficilement, à l'aide d'éléments rapportés insérés dans des découpes pratiquées dans les panneaux des blocs de coffrage connus, comporter de courbures, notamment de sections courbes qui pourtant confèrent une esthétique avantageuse aux constructions réalisées, notamment pour des constructions telles que des piscines.However, the lost formwork blocks obtained by this technique allow the realization of straight wall walls, joined together where appropriate at right angles. Thus, concrete walls made using lost formwork blocks as described in the prior art can not, or hardly with the help of inserts inserted into cuts made in the panels of known formwork blocks, include curvatures, including curved sections that yet confer an advantageous aesthetic to the constructions, especially for constructions such as swimming pools.

Ainsi, il est apparu le besoin d'un nouveau type de plaques de coffrage pour la réalisation de blocs de coffrage dont la mise en oeuvre permette de manière aisée et sécurisée la réalisation de sections murales courbées d'un rayon R déterminé variable, en particulier pour la réalisation de piscines par coulage de parois en béton.Thus, it has emerged the need for a new type of shuttering plates for the production of shuttering blocks, the implementation of which makes it easy and safe to produce curved wall sections of a determined variable radius R, in particular for the realization of pools by pouring concrete walls.

Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, l'invention concerne en premier lieu une plaque de coffrage destinée à être assemblée avec une autre plaque de coffrage pour former un bloc de coffrage perdu pour la réalisation d'une paroi en béton, comprenant :

  • ■ au moins un panneau rectangulaire présentant une face recto et une face verso, et
  • ■ des organes d'assemblage à une autre dite plaque, disposés sur la face recto du panneau rectangulaire et étant complémentaires d'organes d'assemblage d'une dite autre plaque.
In order to achieve this objective, the invention relates first of all to a formwork plate intended to be assembled with another formwork plate to form a lost formwork block for producing a concrete wall, comprising:
  • At least one rectangular panel having a front face and a reverse face, and
  • ■ assembly members to another said plate, arranged on the front face of the rectangular panel and being complementary to assembly members of said other plate.

Conformément à la présente invention, la plaque de coffrage proposée se caractérise par le fait que le panneau rectangulaire comporte au moins un pli de matière formé entre au moins deux dits organes d'assemblage et s'étendant suivant une droite sur toute la largeur ou la longueur du panneau rectangulaire, ledit au moins un pli constituant une zone privilégiée de déformation en flexion de la plaque de coffrage.According to the present invention, the proposed formwork plate is characterized in that the rectangular panel comprises at least one fold of material formed between at least two said assembly members and extending along a straight line across the entire width or width length of the rectangular panel, said at least one fold constituting a preferred bending deformation zone of the formwork plate.

La procuration d'au moins un pli de matière au sein du panneau rectangulaire de la plaque de coffrage de l'invention procure à celle-ci une flexibilité autour de la direction rectiligne privilégiée de ce pli qui permet lors de la mise en place du coffrage de conférer une courbure au panneau rectangulaire. De ce fait, lorsque la plaque de coffrage de l'invention est associée après déformation autour de son ou ses plis à au moins une autre plaque de coffrage par l'intermédiaire de ses organes d'assemblage, on obtient un bloc de coffrage à paroi courbée qui permet de procurer la même courbure à une paroi de béton coulée à l'aide d'un tel bloc de coffrage. Il va alors de soit qu'en associant plusieurs plaques de coffrage conformes à l'invention les unes à la suite des autres par emboîtement vertical et/ou latéral on peut ainsi définir autant de profils de parois courbées de rayons R variables que souhaité et donc réaliser des parois de béton dotées de courbures correspondantes.The procuration of at least one ply of material within the rectangular panel of the shuttering plate of the invention provides it with flexibility around the rectilinear direction of this preferred fold which allows the establishment of the formwork to give a curvature to the rectangular panel. Therefore, when the formwork plate of the invention is associated after deformation around its or its folds to at least one other formwork plate by means of its assembly members, one obtains a curved wall form block which makes it possible to provide the same curvature to a poured concrete wall with the aid of such a shuttering block. It goes then of course that by associating several formwork plates according to the invention one after the other by vertical and / or lateral interlocking, it is thus possible to define as many curved wall profiles of variable R-rays as desired and therefore make concrete walls with corresponding curvatures.

Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, le panneau rectangulaire comporte un dit pli de matière entre tous lesdits organes d'assemblage. Ainsi, la plaque de coffrage de l'invention présente une capacité de flexion adéquate sur toute sa surface, autorisant des flexions locales de faible amplitude pour procurer une courbure globale de paroi coffrée déterminée et de rayon R plus ou moins important.According to one characteristic of the invention, the rectangular panel comprises a said ply of material between all said assembly members. Thus, the formwork plate of the invention has an adequate bending capacity over its entire surface, allowing local bends of small amplitude to provide a determined overall curvature of wall form and radius R more or less important.

Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le ou les pli(s) de matière font saillie sur la face verso du panneau rectangulaire. On conserve ainsi une épaisseur de paroi de béton sensiblement constante une fois le coffrage mis en place, et surtout sans saignées internes qui pourraient fragiliser la paroi une fois coulée.According to another characteristic of the invention, the fold (s) of material protrude from the reverse side of the rectangular panel. A substantially constant wall thickness of the concrete is thus maintained once the formwork has been put in place, and especially without internal grooves which could weaken the wall once poured.

Toutefois, on peut également en variante envisager une plaque de coffrage dans laquelle le ou les pli(s) de matière font saillie sur la face recto du panneau rectangulaire.However, one can alternatively consider a formwork plate in which the fold (s) of material protrude from the front side of the rectangular panel.

De manière préférée, la plaque de coffrage de l'invention comporte des organes d'emboîtement vertical formés de matière sur un bord du panneau rectangulaire pour permettre le montage par emboîtement vertical de plusieurs plaques de coffrage identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques, le ou les pli(s) de matière formés dans le panneau rectangulaire s'étendant alors selon une droite perpendiculaire au bord du panneau comportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement.Preferably, the shuttering plate of the invention comprises vertical interlocking members formed of material on an edge of the rectangular panel to allow mounting by vertical interlocking of several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the fold (s) of material formed in the rectangular panel then extending along a line perpendicular to the edge of the panel comprising said interlocking members.

Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, la plaque de coffrage comporte des organes d'emboîtement horizontal formés de matière sur un bord du panneau rectangulaire pour permettre le montage par emboîtement horizontal de plusieurs plaques de coffrage identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques, le ou les pli(s) de matière formés dans le panneau rectangulaire s'étendant selon une droite parallèle au bord du panneau comportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement horizontal.According to another characteristic of the invention, the shuttering plate comprises horizontal interlocking members formed of material on a edge of the rectangular panel to allow the assembly by horizontal interlocking of several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the material fold (s) formed in the rectangular panel extending according to a straight line parallel to the edge of the panel comprising said horizontal interlocking members.

Ces organes d'emboîtement vertical et horizontal de la plaque de coffrage favorisent un assemblage continu des plaques et des blocs de coffrage réalisés avec celles-ci.These vertical and horizontal interlocking members of the formwork plate promote a continuous assembly of the plates and formwork blocks made therewith.

Selon une forme de réalisation préférée, le(s) pli(s) de matière présente(nt) une section transversale triangulaire isocèle dont la base est comprise entre 10 mm et 40 mm et la hauteur comprise entre 20 mm et 60 mm.According to a preferred embodiment, the fold (s) of material has (s) an isosceles triangular cross section whose base is between 10 mm and 40 mm and the height between 20 mm and 60 mm.

De plus, la distance entre deux plis consécutifs est avantageusement comprise entre 30 mm et 150 mm.In addition, the distance between two consecutive folds is advantageously between 30 mm and 150 mm.

La plaque de coffrage selon l'invention peut être réalisée en tout matériau approprié et de manière préférée, afin de réduire son poids et son coût de fabrication, elle sera réalisée en matière plastique injectée et moulée telle que par exemple en polypropylène ou polyéthylène.The shuttering plate according to the invention can be made of any suitable material and preferably, in order to reduce its weight and its manufacturing cost, it will be made of injected plastic and molded such as for example polypropylene or polyethylene.

Enfin, l'invention concerne également un bloc de coffrage perdu pour la réalisation d'une paroi murale, notamment une paroi de piscine, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend deux plaques de coffrage assemblables l'une à l'autre par des organes d'assemblage complémentaires, l'une des deux plaques de coffrage au moins étant conforme à la plaque de coffrage de l'invention telle que précédemment présentée.Finally, the invention also relates to a lost formwork block for the production of a wall wall, in particular a pool wall, characterized in that it comprises two shuttering plates assembled to one another by means complementary assembly, at least one of the two shuttering plates being in accordance with the shuttering plate of the invention as previously presented.

Les diverses caractéristiques de l'invention ressortent de la description faite ci-dessous en référence aux dessins annexés qui montrent, à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, une forme de réalisation préférée d'une plaque de coffrage et d'un bloc de coffrage perdu selon l'invention, en particulier pour la réalisation de parois de piscines en béton coulé.

  • La fig. 1 est une coupe transversale d'un bloc de coffrage perdu connu de l'art antérieur ;
  • La fig. 2 est une vue en perspective du bloc de coffrage perdu illustré à la fig. 1 ;
  • La fig. 3 est une vue en perspective d'un bloc de coffrage conforme à la présente invention, comportant au moins une plaque de coffrage selon l'invention, muni de plis de déformation ;
  • La fig. 4 est une vue en coupe transversale du bloc de la figure 3.
The various features of the invention appear from the description given below with reference to the accompanying drawings which show, by way of non-limiting examples, a preferred embodiment of a formwork plate and a lost formwork block according to the invention, in particular for the realization of poured concrete pool walls.
  • The Fig. 1 is a cross section of a lost formwork block known from the prior art;
  • The Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the lost formwork block shown at Fig. 1 ;
  • The Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a formwork block according to the present invention, comprising at least one formwork plate according to the invention, provided with deformation folds;
  • The Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the block of the figure 3 .

Un bloc de coffrage perdu selon l'invention, tel qu'illustré à la figure 3 et désigné dans son ensemble par la référence 1 présente une forme générale sensiblement parallélépipédique. Le bloc de coffrage perdu 1 est destiné à être associé avec d'autres blocs identiques pour définir par exemple le coffrage d'une paroi verticale de piscine. Les blocs de coffrage perdu 1 sont alors emboîtés les uns dans les autres verticalement et latéralement en fonction de la hauteur et de la longueur de paroi souhaitée. Cet assemblage des blocs de coffrage est réalisé, au moins en partie grâce à des moyens d'emboîtement idoines formés de matière sur les bords des plaques de coffrage 2, 3 constituant le bloc de coffrage 1 comme décrit par la suite.A lost formwork block according to the invention, as illustrated in FIG. figure 3 and designated as a whole by the reference 1 has a generally parallelepipedal general shape. The lost formwork block 1 is intended to be associated with other identical blocks to define, for example, the formwork of a vertical wall of a swimming pool. The lost formwork blocks 1 are then nested in each other vertically and laterally depending on the height and the desired wall length. This assembly of the shuttering blocks is achieved, at least in part by means of suitable interlocking means formed of material on the edges of the shuttering plates 2, 3 constituting the shuttering block 1 as described below.

Chaque bloc de coffrage 1 est obtenu par l'assemblage de deux plaques de coffrage 2, 3 en matière plastique injectée. Chaque plaque de coffrage 2, 3 comprend un panneau rectangulaire 4 qui possède une face recto 5 et une face verso 6. Each shuttering block 1 is obtained by assembling two shuttering plates 2, 3 of injected plastic material. Each formwork plate 2, 3 comprises a rectangular panel 4 which has a front face 5 and a back face 6.

Afin de maintenir à distance les panneaux 4 des plaques de coffrage 2, 3 constitutives du bloc de coffrage perdu 1 pour définir le volume de réception du béton, chaque panneau 4 comprend une série de demi-entretoises 7 réparties sur la face recto 5 de chacun des panneaux 4 en s'étendant perpendiculairement au panneau 4. Chaque demi-entretoise 7 possède au niveau de son extrémité distale, à l'opposé du panneau 4, un élément d'emboîtement mâle et/ou femelle (non représenté) destiné à s'engager dans un élément d'emboîtement complémentaire d'une demi-entretoise 7 correspondante lors de l'assemblage de deux plaques de coffrage 2, 3. Selon l'exemple illustré, les demi-entretoises 7 sont disposées en quatre rangs parallèles au bord supérieur des panneaux 4 et les demi-entretoises d'un même rang présentent alternativement au niveau de leurs extrémités distales une conformation mâle et une conformation femelle.In order to maintain at a distance the panels 4 of the shuttering plates 2, 3 constituting the lost formwork block 1 to define the concrete receiving volume, each panel 4 comprises a series of half-spacers 7 distributed on the front face 5 of each panels 4 extending perpendicularly to the panel 4 . Each half-spacer 7 has at its distal end, opposite the panel 4 , a male and / or female interlocking element (not shown) intended to engage in a complementary interlocking element of a half-spacer 7 corresponding to the assembly of two plates of formwork 2, 3 . According to the illustrated example, the half-spacers 7 are arranged in four rows parallel to the upper edge of the panels 4 and the half-spacers of the same row have alternately at their distal ends a male conformation and a female conformation.

Afin de permettre un assemblage des plaques de coffrage 2, 3 entre elles, chaque demi-entretoise 7 comprend de préférence, comme proposé dans la demande de brevet n° FR 2 889 550 de la Demanderesse, un alésage proximal 8 qui est, de préférence destiné à recevoir une vis d'assemblage et qui débouche au niveau de la face verso 6 du panneau 4. L'alésage proximal 8 ne s'étend pas de préférence sur toute la longueur de la demi-entretoise 7 de sorte qu'il est non traversant. De manière préférée, chaque demi-entretoise 7 possède également un alésage distal non représenté qui est coaxial avec l'alésage proximal 8 et qui débouche au niveau de l'extrémité distale de chaque demi-entretoise 7. L'alésage distal ne débouche pas dans l'alésage proximal 8, de sorte que les deux alésages proximal et distal sont séparés par une zone pleine. Les demi-entretoises 7 des deux plaques de coffrage 2, 3 sont emboîtées les unes dans les autres au niveau de leur extrémité distale puis il est engagé une vis d'assemblage au niveau de chacun des alésages proximaux 8 de la face verso 6 de la plaque de coffrage 3. De préférence, chaque vis d'assemblage présentera de plus au-delà de sa partie non filetée un filet autotaraudeur.In order to allow an assembly of the shuttering plates 2, 3 between them, each half-spacer 7 preferably comprises, as proposed in the patent application no. FR 2,889,550 of the Applicant, a proximal bore 8 which is preferably intended to receive an assembly screw and which opens out at the rear face 6 of the panel 4. The proximal bore 8 preferably does not extend over the entire length of the half-spacer 7 so that it is non-traversing. Preferably, each half-spacer 7 also has a not shown distal bore which is coaxial with the proximal bore 8 and which opens out at the distal end of each half-spacer 7. The distal bore does not open into the distal bore. the proximal bore 8, so that the two proximal and distal bores are separated by a solid zone. The half-spacers 7 of the two shuttering plates 2, 3 are nested one inside the other at their distal end and then an assembly screw is engaged at each of the proximal bores 8 of the back face 6 of the shuttering plate 3 . Preferably, each assembly screw will furthermore have beyond its unthreaded portion a self-tapping thread.

Après la mise en place de toutes les vis d'assemblage, le bloc de coffrage perdu 1 ainsi obtenu présente une résistance mécanique particulièrement importante et se trouve donc parfaitement adapté pour subir la pression interne exercée par le béton en cours de coulée.After the installation of all the assembly screws, the lost formwork block 1 thus obtained has a particularly high mechanical strength and is therefore perfectly adapted to undergo the internal pressure exerted by the concrete during casting.

Pour la réalisation d'un bloc de coffrage perdu 1 conforme à la présente invention, il convient de mettre en oeuvre deux plaques de coffrage 2, 3 dont au moins une, qui dans l'exemple des figures est la plaque de coffrage 3, est dotées d'au moins un pli 9, et préférentiellement comme représenté de plusieurs plis 9 de matière formés dans le panneau rectangulaire 4 de la plaque 3 et s'étendant en saillie sur la face verso 6 du panneau rectangulaire 4.For the production of a lost formwork block 1 according to the present invention, it is necessary to implement two formwork plates 2, 3 , at least one of which, in the example of the figures, is the formwork plate 3 , is provided with at least one ply 9 , and preferably as shown in several plies 9 of material formed in the rectangular panel 4 of the plate 3 and protruding on the back side 6 of the rectangular panel 4 .

Les plis 9 sont formés dans le panneau rectangulaire 4 directement lors de l'injection de la plaque de coffrage 3. Ces plis de matière 9 s'étendent sur la longueur ou la largeur des panneaux 4 suivant des lignes droites et définissent ainsi des axes privilégiés de déformation du panneau rectangulaire 4 en flexion autour de ces axes le long des plis 9 afin de conférer une courbure choisie à celui-ci pour réaliser des parois murales coffrées courbées. Lesdits plis 9 présentent avantageusement une section transversale triangulaire isocèle de base b et de hauteur h comprises respectivement entre 10 mm et 40 mm et entre 20 mm et 60 mm. Cette forme de plis 9 favorise une déformation aisée et régulière du panneau rectangulaire 4 sans effondrement ni décalages des parties planes de part et d'autre des plis 9.The folds 9 are formed in the rectangular panel 4 directly during the injection of the shuttering plate 3 . These folds of material 9 extend along the length or the width of the panels 4 in straight lines and thus define preferred axes of deformation of the rectangular panel 4 in flexion around these axes along the folds 9 in order to confer a chosen curvature to this one to realize curved form wall walls. Said plies 9 advantageously have an isosceles triangular cross section of base b and height h comprised between 10 mm and 40 mm respectively and between 20 mm and 60 mm. This form of folds 9 facilitates easy and regular deformation of the rectangular panel 4 without collapsing or shifting of the plane portions on either side of the folds 9 .

Selon la forme de réalisation préférée représentée sur les figures, la plaque de coffrage 3 conforme à l'invention comporte de préférence au moins un pli 9 entre toutes les rangées d'organes d'assemblage 7. De façon plus générale, on peut préciser que les plis 9 sont avantageusement réalisés de part et d'autre des organes d'assemblages 7, de telle sorte que ces derniers ne soient pas situés dans les plans contenant les droites suivant lesquelles s'étendent les plis 9. La distance entre deux plis 9 consécutifs est de préférence comprise entre 30 mm et 150 mm avantageusement.According to the preferred embodiment shown in the figures, the shuttering plate 3 according to the invention preferably comprises at least one fold 9 between all the rows of fasteners 7 . More generally, it can be specified that the plies 9 are advantageously made on either side of the assembly members 7 , so that the latter are not located in the planes containing the straight lines along which the folds 9 . The distance between two consecutive folds 9 is preferably between 30 mm and 150 mm advantageously.

Comme précédemment indiqué, les plaques de coffrages 2, 3 sont configurées pour permettre la réalisation de blocs de coffrage perdu 1 qui peuvent s'emboîter verticalement et horizontalement pour réaliser une paroi de coffrage perdu pour couler une paroi en béton.As previously indicated, the formwork sheets 2 , 3 are configured to allow the realization of lost formwork blocks 1 which can fit vertically and horizontally to make a formwork wall lost to pour a concrete wall.

Afin de permettre un tel emboîtement, les plaques de coffrages 2, 3 comportent avantageusement des organes 10 d'emboîtement vertical formés de matière sur un bord inférieur 41 du panneau rectangulaire 4 pour permettre le montage par emboîtement vertical de plusieurs plaques de coffrage 2,3 identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu 1 obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques 2,3, les plis de matière 9 formés dans le panneau rectangulaire 4 s'étendant alors de façon préférée selon des droites parallèles entre elles et perpendiculaires au bord inférieur 41 du panneau supportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement 10.In order to allow such interlocking, the formwork plates 2, 3 advantageously comprise vertical interlocking members 10 formed of material on a lower edge 41 of the rectangular panel 4 to allow vertical fitting of several shuttering plates 2, 3 identical and / or shuttering blocks obtained by lost 1 assembly of these plates 2 , 3 , the folds of material 9 formed in the rectangular panel 4 then extending preferably along lines parallel to each other and perpendicular to the lower edge 41 of the panel supporting said interlocking members 10 .

De façon analogue, chaque plaque de coffrage 2,3 comporte également avantageusement des organes 11 d'emboîtement horizontal formés de matière sur un bord latéral 42 du panneau rectangulaire 4 pour permettre le montage par emboîtement horizontal de plusieurs plaques de coffrage 2,3 identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu 1 obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques. Par rapport à ces organes 11 d'emboîtement horizontal, les plis de matière 9 formés dans le panneau rectangulaire 4 s'étendent alors selon des droites parallèles au bord 42 du panneau supportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement horizontal.Similarly, each shuttering plate 2, 3 also advantageously comprises horizontal interlocking members 11 formed of material on a lateral edge 42 of the rectangular panel 4 to allow the horizontal fitting of several identical formwork plates 2, 3 and / or lost formwork blocks 1 obtained by assembling these plates. With respect to these horizontal nesting members 11 , the folds of material 9 formed in the rectangular panel 4 then extend along lines parallel to the edge 42 of the panel supporting said horizontal interlocking members.

Ces organes d'emboîtement 10, 11 vertical et horizontal sont conçus de telle sorte qu'ils permettent de préférence un appui par épaulement contre un bord correspondant d'une autre plaque de coffrage identique rapportée sous le bord inférieur 41 ou le bord latéral 42 de la plaque de coffrage 2, 3 de l'invention ou d'un bloc de coffrage 1 formé avec au moins une de ces plaques. Il est ainsi possible de constituer des parois de coffrage par assemblage de plusieurs blocs de coffrage perdu 1, comme il est connu de le faire de façon classique. Les organes d'emboîtement 10, 11 favorisent cependant la liaison des blocs de coffrage 1 entre eux aussi bien avant coulée du béton pour former la paroi qu'après coulée du béton pour supporter les efforts de pression appliqués lors de la coulée puis du séchage par le béton au niveau des jonctions entre les blocs formant le coffrage perdu, en particulier lorsque l'on coule une paroi courbe grâce à la mise en oeuvre de plaques 3 pliables autour de leurs plis 9 et de blocs de coffrage 1 comportant de telles plaques 3.These interlocking members 10, 11 vertical and horizontal are designed such that they preferably allow shoulder support against a corresponding edge of another formwork plate identical reported under the lower edge 41 or the side edge 42 of the shuttering plate 2, 3 of the invention or a shuttering block 1 formed with at least one of these plates. It is thus possible to constitute formwork walls by assembling several blocks of lost formwork 1, as is known to do so in a conventional manner. The interlocking members 10, 11, however , promote the bonding of the formwork blocks 1 between them as well before casting the concrete to form the wall after pouring the concrete to withstand the pressure forces applied during casting and then drying by the concrete at the junctions between the blocks forming the lost formwork, in particular when casting a curved wall through the implementation of foldable plates 3 around their folds 9 and shuttering blocks 1 comprising such plates 3 .

La mise en oeuvre des plaques de coffrage 3 et de blocs de coffrage 1 conformes à l'invention pour réaliser une paroi de béton de forme courbe de rayon de courbure R est très aisée et à vrai dire totalement analogue à celle des plaques et blocs décrits dans le document antérieur FR 2 889 550 et représentés aux figures 1 et 2 .The implementation of the shuttering plates 3 and shuttering blocks 1 according to the invention for producing a curved concrete wall of radius of curvature R is very easy and in fact totally analogous to that plates and blocks described in the previous document FR 2,889,550 and represented at figures 1 and 2 .

Dans un premier temps, on constitue des blocs de coffrage 1 à l'aide d'au moins une plaque de coffrage déformable 3 conforme à l'invention et d'une seconde plaque de coffrage 2, identique à la plaque de coffrage 3 ou bien identique par exemple aux plaques décrite dans FR 2 889 550 . Ces plaques de coffrage 2, 3 sont solidarisées entre elles à l'aide de vis pour former les blocs de coffrage 1 comme exposé dans FR 2 889 550 .In a first step, formwork blocks 1 are formed using at least one deformable formwork plate 3 according to the invention and a second formwork plate 2 identical to the formwork plate 3 or else identical for example to the plates described in FR 2,889,550 . These shuttering plates 2, 3 are secured together with screws to form the shuttering blocks 1 as shown in FIG. FR 2,889,550 .

Une fois les blocs de coffrage perdu 1 constitués, on prépare le coffrage en empilant une hauteur et une largeur de blocs 1 nécessaires à la réalisation de la paroi souhaitée. Pour ce faire, on accole les blocs entre eux à l'aide de leurs organes d'emboîtement verticaux et horizontaux 10, 11 et on les fixe en position par l'intermédiaire de clips de maintien. Une fois ceci réalisé, on force doucement la courbure (convexe ou concave) désirée pour la paroi à réaliser en déformant les plaques de coffrage 3 autour de leurs plis 9 de manière appropriée pour conférer le rayon de courbure souhaité pour la paroi à réaliser. Cette courbure est ensuite maintenue par l'intermédiaire d'une semelle avec un tire-fond, à chaque jonction des blocs de coffrage 1 assemblés. On maintient ainsi la courbure du coffrage réalisé et on peut alors procéder à la coulée de la paroi.Once the lost formwork blocks 1 are formed, the formwork is prepared by stacking a height and a width of blocks 1 necessary for the realization of the desired wall. To do this, the blocks are joined together by means of their vertical and horizontal interlocking members 10, 11 and are fixed in position by means of retaining clips. Once this is achieved, the curvature (convex or concave) desired for the wall to be made is deformed by deforming the shuttering plates 3 around their folds 9 in a manner appropriate to confer the desired radius of curvature for the wall to be made. This curvature is then maintained via a sole with a lag bolt, at each junction of the assembled formwork blocks 1 . This maintains the curvature of the formwork and can then proceed to the casting of the wall.

Claims (8)

Plaque de coffrage (3) destinée à être assemblée avec une autre plaque (2, 3) pour former un bloc de coffrage perdu (1) pour la réalisation d'une paroi de piscine en béton, comprenant : ■ au moins un panneau rectangulaire (4) présentant une face recto (5) et une face verso (6), ■ des organes (7) d'assemblage à une autre dite plaque, disposés sur la face recto (5) du panneau rectangulaire (4) et étant complémentaires d'organes d'assemblage (7) d'une dite autre plaque, caractérisée en ce que le panneau rectangulaire (4) comportant au moins un pli de matière (9) formé entre au moins deux dits organes (7) d'assemblage et s'étendant suivant une droite sur toute la largeur ou la longueur du panneau rectangulaire, le(s) pli(s) (9) constituant une zone privilégiée de déformation en flexion de la plaque de coffrage, et en ce qu'elle comporte en outre : - des organes d'emboîtement vertical formés de matière sur un bord du panneau rectangulaire pour permettre le montage par emboîtement vertical de plusieurs plaques de coffrage identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques, le ou les pli(s) de matière (9) formés dans le panneau rectangulaire s'étendant selon une droite perpendiculaire au bord du panneau comportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement, et - des organes d'emboîtement horizontal formés de matière sur un bord du panneau rectangulaire pour permettre le montage par emboîtement horizontal de plusieurs plaques de coffrage identiques et/ou de blocs de coffrage perdu obtenus par assemblage de ces plaques, le ou les pli(s) de matière (9) formés dans le panneau rectangulaire s'étendant selon une droite parallèle au bord du panneau comportant lesdits organes d'emboîtement horizontal. Formwork plate ( 3 ) intended to be assembled with another plate ( 2, 3 ) to form a lost formwork block ( 1 ) for producing a concrete pool wall, comprising: At least one rectangular panel ( 4 ) having a front face ( 5 ) and a reverse face ( 6 ), ■ assembly members ( 7 ) to another said plate, arranged on the front face ( 5 ) of the rectangular panel ( 4 ) and being complementary to assembly members ( 7 ) of said other plate, characterized in that the rectangular panel ( 4 ) having at least one ply of material ( 9 ) formed between at least two of said connecting members ( 7 ) and extending along a straight line across the entire width or length of the rectangular panel , the fold (s) ( 9 ) constituting a preferred zone of flexural deformation of the shuttering plate, and in that it further comprises: - vertical interlocking members formed of material on an edge of the rectangular panel to allow mounting by vertical interlocking several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the folds or folds ) of material ( 9 ) formed in the rectangular panel extending along a straight line perpendicular to the edge of the panel comprising said interlocking members, and - Horizontal interlocking members formed of material on an edge of the rectangular panel to allow mounting by horizontal interlocking of several identical formwork sheets and / or lost formwork blocks obtained by assembling these plates, the fold or folds ) material ( 9 ) formed in the rectangular panel extending along a straight line parallel to the edge of the panel comprising said horizontal interlocking members. Plaque de coffrage (3) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le panneau rectangulaire (4) comporte un dit pli de matière (9) entre tous lesdits organes d'assemblage.Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to claim 1, characterized in that the rectangular panel ( 4 ) comprises a said ply of material ( 9 ) between all said assembly members. Plaque de coffrage (3) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que le ou les pli(s) de matière (9) font saillie sur la face verso (6) du panneau rectangulaire (4).Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fold (s) of material ( 9 ) protrude from the back side ( 6 ) of the rectangular panel ( 4 ). Plaque de coffrage (3) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que le ou les pli(s) de matière (9) font saillie sur la face recto (5) du panneau rectangulaire (4).Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fold (s) of material ( 9 ) protrude from the front face ( 5 ) of the rectangular panel ( 4 ). Plaque de coffrage (3) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que le(s) pli(s) de matière (9) présente(nt) une section transversale triangulaire isocèle dont la base est comprise entre 10 mm et 40 mm et la hauteur comprise entre 20 mm et 60 mm.Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fold (s) of material ( 9 ) has an isosceles triangular cross section whose base is between 10 mm and 40 mm and the height between 20 mm and 60 mm. Plaque de coffrage (3) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que la distance entre deux plis consécutifs est comprise entre 30 mm et 150 mm.Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the distance between two consecutive folds is between 30 mm and 150 mm. Plaque de coffrage (3) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce qu'elle est réalisée en matière plastique injectée et moulée.Shuttering plate ( 3 ) according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it is made of injected and molded plastic material. Bloc de coffrage perdu (1) pour la réalisation d'une paroi murale, notamment une paroi de piscine, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend deux plaques de coffrage (2, 3) assemblables l'une à l'autre par des organes d'assemblage (7) complémentaires, l'une des deux plaques de coffrage (2, 3) au moins étant conforme à l'une des revendications 1 à 9.Lost formwork block ( 1 ) for the production of a wall wall, in particular a pool wall, characterized in that it comprises two shuttering plates ( 2, 3 ) which can be assembled to one another by means of complementary assembly ( 7 ), at least one of the two shuttering plates ( 2, 3 ) being in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 9.
EP11182766.3A 2010-11-15 2011-09-26 Permanent formwork panel and permanent formwork block comprising such a panel Active EP2453067B1 (en)

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FR1059387A FR2967430B1 (en) 2010-11-15 2010-11-15 LOST FORMWORK PLATE AND LOST FORMWORK BLOCK COMPRISING SUCH A PLATE

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CN112757197A (en) * 2020-12-29 2021-05-07 厦门魏姗颜市政工程有限公司 Component mechanism for assembling aluminum templates conveniently

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2790777A1 (en) 1999-03-11 2000-09-15 Abriblue BANCHING ASSEMBLY, PARTICULARLY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF POOLS
EP1420121A2 (en) * 2002-11-12 2004-05-19 Jean-Laurent Wilson Concrete accepting wall structure with adjustable curvature
FR2889550A1 (en) 2005-08-04 2007-02-09 Tout Pour L Eau Prat Sa Permanent formwork formation module for masonry field, has semi-cross-bars distributed on back side of rectangular panel, and with proximal bore receiving assembling screw and emerging out at level of front side of panel

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2790777A1 (en) 1999-03-11 2000-09-15 Abriblue BANCHING ASSEMBLY, PARTICULARLY FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF POOLS
EP1420121A2 (en) * 2002-11-12 2004-05-19 Jean-Laurent Wilson Concrete accepting wall structure with adjustable curvature
FR2889550A1 (en) 2005-08-04 2007-02-09 Tout Pour L Eau Prat Sa Permanent formwork formation module for masonry field, has semi-cross-bars distributed on back side of rectangular panel, and with proximal bore receiving assembling screw and emerging out at level of front side of panel

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FR2967430A1 (en) 2012-05-18
FR2967430B1 (en) 2013-09-20
EP2453067B1 (en) 2016-03-16

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