EP2327076B1 - Rewriting codeword objects to magnetic data tape upon detection of an error - Google Patents

Rewriting codeword objects to magnetic data tape upon detection of an error Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2327076B1
EP2327076B1 EP09784058.1A EP09784058A EP2327076B1 EP 2327076 B1 EP2327076 B1 EP 2327076B1 EP 09784058 A EP09784058 A EP 09784058A EP 2327076 B1 EP2327076 B1 EP 2327076B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
user data
sco
encoded
data unit
processed user
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EP09784058.1A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2327076A1 (en
Inventor
Paul Seger
Roy Daron Cideciyan
Thomas Mittelholzer
Keisuke Tanaka
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/008—Recording on, or reproducing or erasing from, magnetic tapes, sheets, e.g. cards, or wires
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1883—Methods for assignment of alternate areas for defective areas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1833—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs by adding special lists or symbols to the coded information
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1879—Direct read-after-write methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1816—Testing
    • G11B2020/183—Testing wherein at least one additional attempt is made to read or write the data when a first attempt is unsuccessful
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
    • G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
    • G11B20/18—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs
    • G11B20/1833—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs by adding special lists or symbols to the coded information
    • G11B2020/1836—Error detection or correction; Testing, e.g. of drop-outs by adding special lists or symbols to the coded information using a Reed Solomon [RS] code
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B2220/00—Record carriers by type
    • G11B2220/90—Tape-like record carriers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to writing data to magnetic tape and, in particular, to rewriting data in the event an error is detected in the originally written data.
  • LTO Linear Tape Open
  • data packets (each of which includes a block of data and related overhead) are written on tape tracks in structures known as synchronized codeword objects (SCO).
  • SCOs consist of two encoded data units, each with an associated header, and added synchronization patterns.
  • the encoded data unit consists of m interleaved Reed-Solomon codewords, designated by the term Codeword Interleave-m ("CWI-m").
  • CWI-m Codeword Interleave-m
  • CWI-m Codeword Interleave-m
  • errors may be detected by using a read-while-write process in which data is read and verified immediately after being written. If an error is detected, the tape drive rewrites the same data to ensure that at least one correct instance of the data exists on the tape.
  • the minimum unit that can be written is a CO set
  • the minimum unit that can be rewritten is also a CO set.
  • format efficiency will be improved by increasing the length of the codeword object. However, the penalty for rewriting codeword objects will increase in a corresponding manner.
  • a method for rewriting data to magnetic tape when an error is detected in a codeword object comprising: forming a first synchronized codeword object (SCO) set having T SCOs, each SCO having, in sequence, a forward sync pattern, a first encoded processed user data unit, a resync pattern, a second encoded processed user data unit, and a final sync pattern.
  • the first encoded processed user data unit is one of T first encoded processed user data units in a first encoded processed user data unit set within the first SCO set and the second encoded processed user data unit is one of T second encoded processed user data units in a second encoded processed user data unit set within the first SCO set.
  • T is the number of physical tracks on the tape to which data is written simultaneously.
  • the method further comprises writing the first SCO set to a first position on the tape and reading the first SCO set immediately thereafter; detecting a defective encoded processed user data unit read in a first SCO in the first SCO set; forming a second SCO to include an encoded processed user data unit set including a correct encoded processed data unit replacing the defective encoded processed user data unit, and only if an error is detected in an encoded processed user data unit in the other encoded processed user data unit set, to include the other encoded processed user data unit set, wherein the second SCO is one of T SCOs in a second SCO set; and, writing the second SCO set to a position on the tape later than the first position.
  • a data tape drive for writing data to T tracks of a tape simultaneously, comprising: a host interface through which a stream of user data symbols comprising a data set is received; a C1 encoder coupled to an output of the host interface to generate C1-encoded data; a C2 encoder coupled to an output of the C1 encoder to generate C1/C2-encoded data; a formatter coupled to an output of the C2 encoder to format the C1/C2- encoded data according to a predetermined standard.
  • the formatted data comprises a first synchronized codeword object (SCO) set having T SCOs, each SCO having, in sequence, a forward sync pattern, a first encoded processed user data unit, a resync pattern, a second encoded processed user data unit, and a final sync pattern, the first encoded processed user data unit being one of T first encoded processed user data units in a first encoded processed user data unit set within the first SCO set, and the second encoded processed user data unit being one of T second encoded processed user data units in a second encoded processed user data unit set within the first SCO set.
  • T is the number of physical tracks on the tape.
  • the data tape drive further comprises a write channel, including a write head, for writing the formatted data simultaneously to the T physical tracks to a first position on the tape; a read channel, including a read head, for reading the data from the tape immediately after it has been written; a deformatter to generate codeword objects from the data read from the tape, the codeword objects including a first SCO.
  • a CO verifier is operable to: detect a defective encoded processed user data unit read in the first SCO; direct that the formatter form a second SCO to include an encoded processed user data unit set including a correct encoded processed user data unit replacing the defective encoded processed user data unit, and only if an error is detected in an encoded processed user data unit in the other encoded processed user data unit set in the first SCO, to include the other encoded processed user data unit, wherein the second SCO is one of T SCOs in a second SCO set; and direct that the second SCO set be written to a position on the tape later than the first position.
  • modules may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components.
  • a module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices or the like. Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors.
  • An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function.
  • a module of executable code could be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices
  • the described features, structures, or characteristics of the invention may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
  • numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of programming, software modules, hardware modules, hardware circuits, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention.
  • One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components and so forth.
  • well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 is a high level block diagram of a data tape drive 100 in which the present invention may be incorporated.
  • a stream of user data symbols, forming a data set to be recorded to magnetic tape, is transmitted from a host (not shown) to the drive 100 through a host interface 102.
  • the data undergoes a first encoding in a C1 encoder 104, which may be a Reed-Solomon or other type of encoder and passed to a DRAM buffer controller 106.
  • the C1-encoded data undergoes a second encoding in a C2 encoder 108 and is stored in a DRAM buffer 110.
  • the data is subsequently stored in an SRAM buffer 112 and formatted in a formatter 114 according to a predetermined standard.
  • Formatted data is sent to a write channel and then to a write head 118 which records the data onto T physical tracks on the tape 120.
  • a read head 122 detects the data and passes it to a read channel.
  • the data is then processed in a de-formatter 126 to generate codeword objects (COs) and which are error checked and verified in a verifier 128.
  • COs codeword objects
  • verifier 128 The data is then decoded and the resulting user data is sent to the requesting host.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of a synchronized codeword object (SCO) 200 as defined by the LTO-4 standard.
  • the SCO includes a two-byte forward sync pattern 204A, a first ten-byte header 206A and a first 480-byte CWI-2 208A.
  • a four-byte resync pattern 204B followed by a second ten-byte header 206B and second 480-byte CWI-2 208B.
  • a final two-byte sync pattern 204C completes the SCO.
  • a 32-byte VFO pattern 202 which technically is not part of the SCO standard. As illustrated in FIG.
  • an SCO set 300 of, for example, T 16 SCOs, is written simultaneously to an equal number of physical tracks on the data tape 120.
  • the entire SCO set 300 is rewritten (300') at a later position farther down the tape 120 (see FIG. 3B ).
  • each CWI field in each SCO 400 is doubled from two CWI-2s of 480-bytes each 208A, 208B ( FIG. 2 ) to two CWI-4s of 960-bytes each 408A, 408B.
  • the relative amount of overhead, in the form of VFO, sync and header patterns is reduced.
  • TABLE 1 illustrates the gain in efficiency when user data is written to double-length CWIs where the efficiency is determined by dividing the number of customer bits by the total bits in the SCO.
  • the length of modulation-encoded 480-byte CWI-2s and 960-byte CWI-4s would be 3960 bits and 7920 bits, respectively.
  • CWIs may be formed with more than four interleaves, such as six, eight, etc.
  • the present invention is not limited to use with CWI-4s and the term "CWI-m" may be used herein to refer to the more general case.
  • the term "encoded processed user data unit” may be used to describe various user data structures, including (but not limited to) a modulation-encoded CWI-m with its associated header following data processing such as compression and optional encryption.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the structure of an alternative SCO 600 that is not forming part of the claimed subject-matter having a single double-length CWI-4 602
  • the length of the SCO 600 is approximately one-half the length of the SCO of FIG. 4 .
  • the entire SCO set is rewritten at a later position on the tape.
  • the rewritten SCO set only requires approximately one-half the space on the tape as a rewritten SCO set of FIG. 5 . Shown in FIG.
  • each field in the first SCO 600 is labeled 0-0 and each field in the second SCO 610 is labeled 0-1.
  • each field in the 16 th SCO is labeled 15-0.
  • a defect When a defect is detected, only the CWI-4s and their associated headers are rewritten. For example, in FIG. 8B a defect has been detected in a CWI-4 804, part of the CWI-4 set 802B. Rather than rewrite the entire SCO set 800 (all of the CWI-4s, all of the headers and all of the sync patterns), only the CWI-4 set 802B in which the defective CWI-4 804 is located is rewritten (802B') in a SCO set farther down the tape. It is not necessary that this CWI-4 set be rewritten next to, or even close to, other related CWI-4 sets. As illustrated, the defective CWI-4 804 is rewritten (804') in an SCO set following an unrelated CWI-4 set.
  • any CWI-4 set may be rewritten to complete the SCO set. Consequently, the full gain in efficiency from using CWI-4 data fields is retained.
  • rewriting shorter objects (CWI-4 sets instead of full SCO sets) will tend to reduce the likelihood of another error event, thereby further increasing efficiency.
  • m is not limited to 4 and that T is not limited to 16 tracks.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
EP09784058.1A 2009-01-09 2009-11-17 Rewriting codeword objects to magnetic data tape upon detection of an error Active EP2327076B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/351,756 US8259405B2 (en) 2009-01-09 2009-01-09 Rewriting codeword objects to magnetic data tape upon detection of an error
PCT/EP2009/065331 WO2010078992A1 (en) 2009-01-09 2009-11-17 Rewriting codeword objects to magnetic data tape upon detection of an error

Publications (2)

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EP2327076A1 EP2327076A1 (en) 2011-06-01
EP2327076B1 true EP2327076B1 (en) 2018-02-14

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US (1) US8259405B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP2327076B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP5520315B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR101507639B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN102265346B (ja)
TW (1) TWI447721B (ja)
WO (1) WO2010078992A1 (ja)

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US9178534B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-11-03 International Business Machines Corporation Methods for partial reverse concatenation for data storage devices using composite codes
US9558782B2 (en) * 2012-05-29 2017-01-31 International Business Machines Corporation Partial reverse concatenation for data storage devices using composite codes
US9190076B2 (en) 2012-05-29 2015-11-17 International Business Machines Corporation Data format using an efficient reverse concatenated modulation code for magnetic tape recording
WO2014120166A1 (en) * 2013-01-30 2014-08-07 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Writing data to a tape
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JP5520315B2 (ja) 2014-06-11
TW201040953A (en) 2010-11-16
JP2012514822A (ja) 2012-06-28
CN102265346A (zh) 2011-11-30
WO2010078992A1 (en) 2010-07-15
CN102265346B (zh) 2016-01-20
EP2327076A1 (en) 2011-06-01
KR101507639B1 (ko) 2015-03-31
TWI447721B (zh) 2014-08-01
KR20110102919A (ko) 2011-09-19
US20100177420A1 (en) 2010-07-15
US8259405B2 (en) 2012-09-04

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