EP2323346B1 - Utilisation multi-interface adaptative pour la mise en réseau de contenu - Google Patents

Utilisation multi-interface adaptative pour la mise en réseau de contenu Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2323346B1
EP2323346B1 EP10186371.0A EP10186371A EP2323346B1 EP 2323346 B1 EP2323346 B1 EP 2323346B1 EP 10186371 A EP10186371 A EP 10186371A EP 2323346 B1 EP2323346 B1 EP 2323346B1
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Prior art keywords
content
hsvli
forwarding
information
network
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2323346A1 (fr
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James D. Thornton
Van L. Jacobson
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Cisco Technology Inc
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
    • G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/54—Organization of routing tables
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/70—Routing based on monitoring results
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/74—Address processing for routing
    • H04L45/745—Address table lookup; Address filtering
    • H04L45/748—Address table lookup; Address filtering using longest matching prefix
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L61/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for addressing or naming
    • H04L61/45—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping
    • H04L61/4505—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols
    • H04L61/4511—Network directories; Name-to-address mapping using standardised directories; using standardised directory access protocols using domain name system [DNS]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/22—Parsing or analysis of headers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to facilitating communication over a data network. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to adaptive use of multi-interface forwarding equipment in content-centric networking.
  • the current architecture of the Internet revolves around a conversation model, which was created in the 1970s for the ARPAnet to allow geographically distributed users to use a few big, immobile computers.
  • This architecture was designed under the influence of the telephone network, where a telephone number is essentially a program that configures the switches along a path from the source to the destination.
  • the designers of the ARPAnet never expected it to evolve into today's ubiquitous, relentlessly growing Internet. People now expect a lot more from the Internet than the ARPAnet was designed for.
  • an Internet user should have access to any content, anywhere, at any time. Such access is difficult to guarantee with the current location/device-binding IP protocol.
  • forwarding is the process by which a node in a packet-switched network transmits a packet from a source to a destination.
  • An Internet Protocol (IP) router typically receives a packet at one of its input ports (e.g., a network interface). Next, the router performs a lookup to identify an output port to which the packet should be forwarded based on the packet's destination address.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • existing routers do not provide a way to configure the forwarding engine to forward content interests that do not use conventional IP addresses.
  • US 6,981,029 B1 discloses an information service provider network having a content gateway configured to route client terminal requests for content by resolving URLs for registered content providers using a look-up table of IP addresses and a forwarding policy to determine an IP address that can serve the user request in accordance with the forwarding policy, for example, in the most efficient manner.
  • One embodiment provides a system that forwards a packet with a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI) in a network.
  • HSVLI indicates a piece of content and indicates a hierarchical structure of contiguous components ordered from a most general level to a most specific level. The length of the HSVLI is not fixed.
  • the system receives a packet which contains an interest for a piece of content with an HSVLI.
  • the system determining that the content does not match any content in a local cache, determines forwarding information for the HSVLI based on one or more of: knowledge of content which matches the HSVLI, the forwarding information comprising a plurality of ports on which the interest can be forwarded, a forwarding policy, and contextual information about the network.
  • the system configures a forwarding engine with the forwarding information. The system then forwards the packet over a plurality of the ports based on the forwarding information.
  • knowledge of content which matches the HSVLI includes one or more of: location of content which matches the HSVLI, availability of content which matches the HSVLI, and importance or priority of content which matches the HSVLI.
  • one or more components of the HSVLI include a domain name system (DNS) name
  • determining the forwarding information includes determining an output interface based on the DNS name in the HSVLI.
  • DNS domain name system
  • the policy includes one or more of: a policy rule on content which matches the HSVLI, a security constraint on content which matches the HSVLI, and a strategy rule to discover a source of content which matches the HSVLI.
  • contextual information includes information about one or more of: physical layer connectivity, which includes a WiFi connectivity, a local-area network (LAN) connectivity, a wide-area network (WAN) connectivity, and other wired or wireless connectivity; a peer node which is likely to store content which matches the HSVLI; network costs; network latency; and battery status.
  • physical layer connectivity which includes a WiFi connectivity, a local-area network (LAN) connectivity, a wide-area network (WAN) connectivity, and other wired or wireless connectivity
  • LAN local-area network
  • WAN wide-area network
  • the configuration of the forwarding engine with the forwarding information is in response to one or more of: a status change of the local network, execution of a routing protocol based on information received from another node in the network, and receiving statistical information indicating delay associated with one or more output interfaces.
  • the system periodically or continually updates a database used to determine forwarding information by discovering nodes in the network, and establishing a secure tunnel with a discovered node to receive the content.
  • the hierarchical structure includes one or more of: a globally routable name, an organizational name, a version identifier, and a digest.
  • the system forwards a packet through multiple output interfaces simultaneously.
  • the system receives contextual and policy information from a node and virally propagates the contextual and policy information to another node.
  • Embodiments of the present invention integrate different information flows to make decisions about how to configure forwarding of interests in particular content collections given multiple simultaneous connectivity options. Specifically, embodiments of the present invention facilitate configuring a forwarding engine that receives interests in content rather than addresses, where the configuration can be based on knowledge of the content, forwarding policies, and contextual information about the network. Embodiments of the present invention also facilitate finer-grained decision-making among multiple forwarding options.
  • Content includes data that can be transported in the communication system, and can be any form of data such as text, images, video, and/or audio.
  • a consumer and a provider can be a person at a computer or an automated process inside or outside the network.
  • a piece of content can refer to the entire content or a respective portion of the content. For example, a newspaper article might be represented by multiple pieces of content embodied as data packets.
  • a piece of content can also be associated with metadata describing or augmenting the piece of content with information such as authentication data, creation date, content owner, etc.
  • a packet may be identified by an HSVLI.
  • HSVLI For example, "abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news” could be the name of the content and identifies the corresponding packet(s); i.e., the "news” article from the "ccn” collection of papers for a user named "Bob” at the organization named "ABCD.”
  • a node expresses (e.g., broadcasts) an interest in that content by the content's name.
  • An interest in a piece of content can be a query for the content according to the content's name or identifier.
  • the content if available in the network, is routed back to it from any node that stores the content.
  • the routing infrastructure intelligently propagates the interest to the prospective nodes that are likely to have the information and then carries available content back along the path which the interest traversed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary architecture of a network, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a network 180 comprises nodes 100-145. Each node in the network is coupled to one or more other nodes.
  • Network connection 185 is an example of such a connection.
  • the network connection is shown as a solid line, but each line could also represent sub-networks or super-networks which can couple one node to another node.
  • Network 180 can be a local network, a super-network or a sub-network.
  • Each of these networks can be interconnected so that a node in one network can reach a node in other networks.
  • the network connection can be broadband, wireless, telephonic, satellite, or any type of network connection.
  • a node can be a computer system, an end-point representing users, and/or a device that can generate interests or originate content.
  • a consumer can generate an interest in a piece of content and then send that interest to a node in network 180.
  • the piece of content can be stored at a node in network 180 by a publisher or content provider, who can be located inside or outside the network.
  • the interest in a piece of content originates at node 105. If the content is not available at the node, the interest flows to one or more nodes coupled to the first node. For example, in FIG.1 , the interest flows (interest flow 150) to node 115, which does not have the content available. Next, the interest flows (interest flow 155) from node 105 to node 125, which again does not have the content.
  • the interest then flows (interest flow 160) to node 130, which does have the content available.
  • the flow of the content then retraces its path in reverse (content flows 165, 170, and 175) until it reaches node 105, where the content is delivered.
  • Other processes such as authentication can be involved in the flow of content.
  • any number of intermediate nodes (nodes 100-145) in the path between a content holder (node 130) and the interest generation node (node 105) can participate in caching local copies of the content as it travels across the network. Caching reduces the network load for a second subscriber located in proximity to other subscribers by implicitly sharing access to the locally cached content.
  • IP addressing a hierarchical division of addresses is used so that the first portion of an address identifies a network, later portions identify a sub-network within that network, and the end of the address identifies a particular host within a sub-network. This arrangement allows the responsibility for assigning unique addresses to be delegated and thereby distributed so that the Internet can scale to worldwide size. It also enables scaling by limiting the amount of information an IP router needs to process when forwarding a packet to an output port.
  • a packet is identified by an HSVLI with a hierarchical structure.
  • the hierarchical structure of this HSVLI offers several advantages over the hierarchical structure of an IP address.
  • Such an identifier can describe the structure explicitly through the name rather than implicitly through an IP routing table entry, which includes a subnet mask.
  • a naming mistake in the hierarchy can be detected through inspection, whereas an IP-based subnet mask mistake might route a packet to the wrong address and is more difficult to detect.
  • the forwarding engine can use various methods for matching the interest against an entry associated with forwarding information.
  • embodiments of the present invention can use a longest-prefix match lookup, which can be beneficial to the forwarding of packets with HSVLIs. For example, an interest in "/parc/home/smetters” will match both "/parc/home/smetters/test.txt” and "/parc/home/smetters/bar.txt" (that is, the packets identified by both these names).
  • the longest match in terms of the number of name components, is considered the best because it is the most specific.
  • Embodiments of the present invention use HSVLI-based routing process described above, with content retracing the interest path in reverse and caching at nodes.
  • This novel routing mechanism can effectively prevent packet looping.
  • a node can determine when a duplicate packet arrives by an alternate path and refuse to forward it. Thus it is not necessary to have the restriction of forwarding only based on a spanning tree, because multiple and possibly circular paths cannot cause packet looping and hence cost little.
  • a node may identify and use multiple possible paths towards potential sources of content at once, which enables a variety of strategies that are not possible with conventional IP routing, where multicast-like routing or flooding is prohibited. For any particular content collection, there may be not just one but several possible options of interfaces over which to forward interests in the collection and they may have different properties.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a means for configuring the forwarding engine to implement the best strategies for different situations.
  • the system can identify and simultaneously forward a packet along multiple paths toward potential sources of content. This simultaneous forwarding enables the system to accomplish a variety of strategies that are not possible with IP. For example, each path toward the content may have different properties, which the system can subsequently use for configuring the forwarding engine.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary system for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI via two different routes to the same network in accordance with an embodiment.
  • a mobile device 200 is coupled to a wireless router 210 through an interface 230.
  • an interface can correspond to a port from which interests are sent and content is received.
  • wireless router 210 is coupled to a network 220, which can be a content centric network, through a network connection 240.
  • Mobile device 200 expresses an interest 250 in a piece or available content.
  • Mobile device 200 can broadcast interest 250 over all available connectivity including but not limited to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth® and wireless carrier connections (i.e., cellular network connections). Any network node receiving the interest and having the content which matches the interest can respond.
  • FIG. 2 shows that network 220 responds with content 260, which is forwarded through wireless router 210, back to mobile device 200.
  • One example of the criteria used in choosing an interface is the responsiveness to previous similar interests over that same interface. For example, in FIG. 2 , interest 250 may initially be broadcast simultaneously on both interfaces 230 and 270. The system may then discover that content matching the interest is received faster through interface 270. The system will further forward subsequent interests 280-1, 2, 3, ... only through interface 270 but not on interface 230. This example illustrates that the system can change its forwarding information based on the time it takes to receive matching content.
  • the system can also change its forwarding for an interest based on the cost of forwarding.
  • An example of a policy leading to such a forwarding decision is a user preferring to access a large file over an available Wi-Fi hot spot connection instead of a more expensive carrier network.
  • FIG. 2 also illustrates a sequence of interests 280-1, 2, 3, ....
  • the system broadcasts interest 250 through interfaces 230 and 270, the system decides to forward subsequent interests 280-1, 2, 3, ... through interface 270.
  • the system may also decide to forward these interests to interface 230 because of a better network condition such as lower latency.
  • the system may determine this lower latency based on the content returned in response to interest 250 which is previously broadcast on interfaces 230 and 270.
  • the system can also forward individual interests alternately on one interface or the other, or send them simultaneously over multiple interfaces using various multicast suppression techniques. For example, the system can continuously probe for better connectivity and forward interests according to the result of that probe. Note that in response to interests 280-1, 2, 3, ..., the network returns content 290-1, 2, 3, ... via interface 270 back to mobile device 200.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system for forwarding packets corresponding to two different interests in content in accordance with an embodiment.
  • mobile device 200 expresses an interest in content from two different namespaces ("parc.com” and "/photo/ca/baybridge") and pulls content from those two different namespaces over interface 230 and an interface with secure link 340 simultaneously.
  • namespaces such as a user needs a secure tunnel to access "/parc.com/jim" while pulling pictures of the San Francisco Bay Bridge over a public Wi-Fi connection.
  • a web server 310 for namespace "/photo/ca/baybridge” returns content matching an interest in pictures of the San Francisco Bay Bridge.
  • a secure server 350 for namespace parc.com returns content matching an interest in "/parc.com/jim.”
  • Embodiments of the present invention can configure the forwarding engine to forward interest packets over single or multiple interfaces, permitting fine-grained dynamic choices among multiple interfaces at a low level.
  • FIG. 4 presents a high-level architecture illustrating the process of forwarding interest packets with an HSVLI in accordance with an embodiment.
  • a packet forwarding system includes a forwarding engine 400 and a connectivity agent 405.
  • Forwarding engine 400 includes a forwarding information base (FIB) 410, a strategy layer 415, and ports 420-A to 420-D, which are coupled respectively to an application 430, a wireless router 435, a mobile device 440, and a locked mobile device 445.
  • FIB forwarding information base
  • FIB forwarding information base
  • ports 420-A to 420-D which are coupled respectively to an application 430, a wireless router 435, a mobile device 440, and a locked mobile device 445.
  • bi-directional arrows between components denote two-way communication, programmable capabilities between a source and a destination arrow, or statistical feedback.
  • a port has an input side (i.e., an input port) and an output side (e.g.,
  • FIB 410 is a database that can facilitate a lookup by a longest-match name prefix to determine which interface(s) an interest can be forwarded to.
  • a strategy layer 415 which can be hardware or software, makes the fine-grained, packet-by-packet decision among multiple interfaces when the lookup produces multiple interfaces. Note that ports can communicate with individual applications, local networks, or with channels or tunnels, such as secure encrypted links.
  • forwarding engine 400 includes a content store (CS, not shown) which is a local cache of previously received content.
  • CS content store
  • the new interest arriving on port 420-A does not match any content in the CS
  • the interest is sent to FIB 410 for lookup.
  • the system can use various lookup methods such as a longest-prefix match or an exact match. If the system does not find a match in FIB 410, the interest is sent to connectivity agent 405.
  • Connectivity agent 405 can configure FIB 410 with forwarding information about a new content collection, assuming that the connectivity agent is able to identify a direction (e.g. interface/tunnel) toward that content collection.
  • connectivity agent 405 determines one or more entries to be inserted into FIB 410, which indicate how to forward the interest based on the interest, content, and/or forwarding policy. The system can then re-inject the interest to forwarding engine 400, which can ensure a match for the interest.
  • connectivity agent 405 cannot determine a way to forward the interest and reach the content collection, the interest can be discarded. Note that if the system is unable to match an interest in FIB 410, the system does not immediately discard the interest. Instead, the system transfers the interest to connectivity agent 405, which permits dynamic actions to identify a path that is not previously configured in FIB 410. For example, connectivity agent 405 can perform a domain name system (DNS) lookup on a prefix of the HSVLI associated with the interest for dynamic overlay routing in the public Internet. Forwarding engine 400 can still be configured to discard unmatched interests, for example, when the connectivity agent is not running.
  • DNS domain name system
  • strategy layer 415 uses the results of a successful lookup in FIB 410 to determine which output ports to use for the interest. Note that the system can still send the interest to the connectivity agent 405 despite a match being found in FIB 410. This operation facilitates opportunistic local broadcast to find content as well as dynamic configuration of specific paths to the content collection.
  • Connectivity agent 405 can control the implemented policy by configuring strategy layer 415 without having to process each individual packet.
  • connectivity agent 405 can configure strategy layer 415 with rules for choosing among multiple interfaces. For example, such rules can specify priority-based interface selection, a round-robin-sequence-based interface selection, or interface priorities based on fine-grained response timing.
  • configuration agent 405 can install an executable program in strategy layer 415 so that strategy layer 415 can execute the program to handle packets. Executable programs enable strategy layer 415 to have fine-grained control over where to forward packets.
  • Various methods can be used to configure forwarding engine 400 to transfer an interest to connectivity agent 405. For example, using longest-prefix matching, a zero-length prefix entry in FIB 410 will match any interest that does not match a longer "regular" entry. An interest that matches the zero-length prefix will cause the interest to be forwarded to the connectivity agent using normal processing (i.e., forwarding through an output port). Similarly, an interface associated with connectivity agent 405 can be added to the list for any entry in FIB 410. Adding this entry can allow configuration for specific paths as well as opportunistic broadcasts. In short, transfer of an interest from forwarding engine 400 to connectivity agent 405 can be through special-case handling in FIB 410 (as when there is no match at all) or through normal entries in FIB 410.
  • connectivity agent 405 includes a decision layer 450, which sets forwarding rules based on database 455.
  • Database 455 includes knowledge of content 460 which matches the interest (i.e., the HSVLI), forwarding policy 465, and contextual information 470 about the network.
  • Embodiments of the present invention can use connectivity agent 405 to integrate information in database 455 and configure forwarding information base 410 to find content in a dynamic network environment.
  • Knowledge of content 460 which matches the interest includes information about the content, such the location(s) of the content as may be learned through a routing protocol, availability of content, and immediate importance or priority of content to an end user. There are many different ways to do routing to propagate and discover information about locations and availability of content.
  • Forwarding policy 465 can include policy rules, security constraints on specific collections of content (such as personal information), and generic strategy rules (e.g., try all output ports to discover the fastest source of content in a collection).
  • the system can identifying particular collections based on the prefix of the HSVLI and can associate a policy rule, a constraint, and a strategy with that prefix.
  • Contextual information 470 about the network can include information about available physical layer connections (Wi-Fi, LAN, carrier network, etc.), knowledge of peers, network costs, network latency, and battery status.
  • decision layer 450 can interact with database 455 to determine how to configure FIB 410 to control the forwarding of the outgoing interest toward content that can match the interest.
  • Decision layer 450 can aggregate information from knowledge of content 460, forwarding policy 465, and contextual information 470. Based on the information available in database 455, connectivity agent 405 can set up the configuration for a new port, for example by creating a tunnel connection over the public Internet.
  • connectivity agent 405 uses knowledge of content 460 (e.g., when the prefix of the identifier associated with the interest's HSVLI is a DNS name), forwarding policy 465 (e.g., try local, use shortest delay or least round trip time, or no constraints on the given collection), and contextual information 470 (e.g., Wi-Fi and adjacent network nodes) from database 455 to determine how to forward the interest.
  • content 460 e.g., when the prefix of the identifier associated with the interest's HSVLI is a DNS name
  • forwarding policy 465 e.g., try local, use shortest delay or least round trip time, or no constraints on the given collection
  • contextual information 470 e.g., Wi-Fi and adjacent network nodes
  • connectivity agent 405 then performs a DNS lookup to discover an IP address to which a tunnel may be created for a network overlay transport.
  • Decision layer 450 then configures forwarding engine 400 to create the new tunnel connection via a respective output port.
  • Decision layer 450 further configures the forwarding information base 410 so that an interest in "www.google.com" will be broadcast first over all available local network ports (to find local copies, if available) and then forwarded (if not already satisfied) on the port corresponding to the overlay tunnel.
  • connectivity agent 405 can re-inject the interest to forwarding engine 400 so that it may be forwarded according to the newly established configuration.
  • FIG. 5 presents a flow chart illustrating the process of forwarding a packet with an HSVLI in accordance with an embodiment.
  • the system receives a packet which contains an interest for a piece of content with an HSVLI (operation 500).
  • the system can receive the packet at connectivity agent 405 from the forwarding engine 400 or from any port associated with the system.
  • the system determines forwarding information for the HSVLI based on one or more of: knowledge of content 460 which matches the HSVLI, forwarding policy 465, and contextual information 470 about the network (operation 510).
  • the system configures a forwarding engine with the forwarding information (operation 520).
  • Configuring the forwarding information can involve configuring the entries of FIB 410.
  • FIB 410 can contain prefixes as entries and one or more output ports associated with each entry.
  • the system can also modify an existing entry so that it matches the interest and so that the output port(s) correspond to the forwarding information configured by connectivity agent 405.
  • the system forwards the packet based on the forwarding information (operation 530). Forwarding the packet can involve sending the packet through the output port(s) and as selected by strategy layer 415.
  • the system does not necessarily trigger connectivity agent 405 when it fails to match a received interest in FIB 410. That is, connectivity agent 405 can configure forwarding engine 400 at any time in response to changes in knowledge of content 460, forwarding policy 465, and contextual information 470, which connectivity agent 405 can continuously monitor. For example, the local networks accessible (part of contextual information 470) to a node can change dynamically as the node moves around. Execution of a routing protocol with other connectivity agents can result in changes to the knowledge of where content under various prefixes can be found. These changes can result in changes to the configuration of FIB 410.
  • forwarding engine 400 can provide statistical information to connectivity agent 405. For example, statistical information about consistent round trip delays of retrieving content on different interfaces (ports) might be used by connectivity agent 405 to change priorities of multiple interfaces in FIB 410.
  • One direction of the bi-directional arrow between strategy layer 415 and decision layer 450 denotes the flow of statistical information from strategy layer 415 to decision layer 450.
  • Connectivity agent 405 can also perform active operations to update database 455. For example, connectivity agent 405 can periodically or continually run a discovery protocol on local networks to identify nodes with which it can establish secure tunnels for the exchange of information. Furthermore, connectivity agent 405 can discover that a certain mobile node in the network is no longer accessible because the node was moved by its owner.
  • FIG. 6 presents a flow chart illustrating the process of running a discovery protocol to identify a node that provides content and establishes a tunnel thereto, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • the system can periodically or continually update a database (e.g., database 455) to determine forwarding information by discovering nodes in the network (operation 600).
  • the system can establish a secure tunnel with a discovered node to receive the content matching an interest (operation 610).
  • the system can configure FIB 410 based on a flow of statistical information and performance information between the strategy layer 415 and decision layer 450.
  • Strategy layer 415 can provide performance-based tuning to exploit multiple connections under changing conditions.
  • Strategy layer 415 can also be used to make last-minute or fine time scale adjustments for port use.
  • a threshold mechanism can be used to set the conditions for what is working and what is not working based on statistical information and performance feedback data.
  • decision layer 450 uses information from strategy layer 415 to re-inject interests and reconfigure ports.
  • Decision layer 450 can set a rule to broadcast a particular interest over all available ports. For a subsequent interest, decision layer 450 notifies the forwarding engine 400 to route all outgoing interests to the port leading to a public Wi-Fi. But based on real-time information from strategy layer 415 to decision layer 450 that the Wi-Fi interface is performing poorly, decision layer 450 reconfigures FIB 410 to prioritize an alternative port for a local network that is performing better.
  • decision layer 450 can set up new forwarding rules based on historical performance data such as round-trip time (RTT) and layer-2 performance data, stored and collected by strategy layer 415 and forwarded to decision layer 450.
  • RTT round-trip time
  • layer-2 performance data stored and collected by strategy layer 415 and forwarded to decision layer 450.
  • the system can also learn policies from other devices on the network. Once a device is associated as belonging to a particular family of devices, for example, the system can retrieve and validate configuration information from that device. An example of this is a flow of policy information from that device directly to forwarding policy 465.
  • the system can facilitate viral propagation of knowledge about devices and policies.
  • the system (which can be located at a node in the network) can request or share information with another authorized node about where a source for a content collection, such as particular pictures, is located in network terms.
  • Such information can include such items as the identifier of the local network(s) to which a source is directly connected and the IP address(es) that a source can use.
  • This contextual knowledge about devices may be used to select and configure connections to them such as overlay tunnels.
  • the node at which the system is located can then propagate this information to another node.
  • node 1 can "infect" node 2, which can "infect” node 3, which can "infect” node 4 and so on.
  • This viral propagation of knowledge about devices and policies can be enabled by the system's ability to retrieve content by name without knowledge of other nodes and by the system's security model, which can allow secure verification of information to be bootstrapped from a minimal configuration.
  • a new device can dynamically learn a database from an old replacement device without the need for complete reconfiguration.
  • the system can forward an interest over multiple ports. That is, the system can attempt to retrieve content via multiple network paths in parallel and without the restriction of forwarding on a spanning tree, which would restrict the forwarding at any one node to a single link. For example, a sequence of interests in the same content collection (e.g., same prefix namespace) can be split over multiple ports. Furthermore, a user might want to download a video before boarding a flight and the interests associated with the video can be distributed over multiple ports simultaneously to improve download time. For example, different segments of the video can be requested by simultaneous interests. As a contrasting example, forwarding policy 465 might specify the use of all available ports for all interests to ensure higher reliability. Decision layer 450 can be responsible for setting up a one-plus-one redundancy.
  • FIG. 7 presents an apparatus for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI in accordance with an embodiment.
  • apparatus 700 for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI in a network includes a processor 705, a memory 710, a storage 715, a receiving mechanism 720, a determining mechanism 725, a configuring mechanism 730, and a forwarding mechanism 735, all of which can be in communication with each other through various means.
  • mechanisms 720-735 can be part of processor 705. Further, in some embodiments, the system may not include a separate processor and memory. Instead, in addition to performing their specific tasks, mechanisms 720-735, either separately or in concert, may be part of a general-purpose computation engine.
  • Storage 715 stores programs to be executed by processor 705. Specifically, storage 715 stores a program that implements a system (application) for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI. During operation, the application program can be loaded from storage 715 into memory 710 and executed by processor 705. As a result, apparatus 700 for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI can perform the functions described above. Apparatus 700 for forwarding a packet with an HSVLI can be coupled to an optional display 750, keyboard 740, and pointing device 745. Apparatus 700 is also coupled to network 755, which can be content-centric.
  • processor 705 activates receiving mechanism 720 and supplies it with the packet.
  • processor 705 activates determining mechanism 725 and supplies it with the HSVLI indicated by the packet, and optionally with the packet.
  • processor 705 activates configuring mechanism 730 and supplies it with forwarding information obtained from determining mechanism 725.
  • processor 705 activates forwarding mechanism 735 and supplies it with the forwarding information obtained from determining mechanism 725 by re-injecting the interest associated with the packet into the forwarding engine 400 and obtaining the forwarding information from forwarding information base 410.
  • the data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system.
  • the computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.
  • the methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above.
  • a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.
  • modules or apparatus may include, but are not limited to, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a dedicated or shared processor that executes a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and/or other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed.
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field-programmable gate array
  • the hardware modules or apparatus When activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them.

Claims (14)

  1. Procédé mis en oeuvre par ordinateur pour le transfert d'un paquet avec un identifiant hiérarchiquement structuré de longueur variable (HSVLI) dans un réseau (180), l'ordinateur comprenant un processeur, et le procédé consistant à :
    recevoir (500) un paquet qui contient un intérêt pour un morceau de contenu avec un HSVLI, le HSVLI indiquant un morceau de contenu et étant hiérarchiquement structuré, et comprenant des composants contigus ordonnés d'un niveau le plus général à un niveau le plus spécifique ; et la longueur d'un HSVLI respectif n'étant pas fixe ;
    déterminer que le contenu ne coïncide avec aucun contenu dans une mémoire cache locale ;
    déterminer (510) une information de transfert pour le HSVLI sur la base d'un ou plusieurs éléments parmi : la connaissance d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ; une politique de transfert ; et une information contextuelle sur le réseau, l'information de transfert comprenant une pluralité de ports sur lesquels l'intérêt peut être transféré ;
    configurer (520) un moteur de transfert avec l'information de transfert ; et
    transférer (530) le paquet sur une pluralité des ports sur la base de l'information de transfert.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, la connaissance d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI comprenant un ou plusieurs éléments parmi :
    la localisation d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ;
    la disponibilité d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ; et
    l'importance ou la priorité d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 2,
    dans lequel un ou plusieurs composants du HSVLI comprennent un nom de système de noms de domaine (DNS) ; et
    dans lequel la détermination de l'information de transfert consiste à déterminer une interface de sortie sur la base du nom DNS dans le HSVLI.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la politique comprend un ou plusieurs éléments parmi :
    une règle de politique sur un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ;
    une contrainte de sécurité sur un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ; et
    une règle de stratégie pour découvrir une source d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'information contextuelle comprend une information sur un ou plusieurs éléments parmi :
    une connectivité de couche physique, qui inclut une ou plusieurs connectivités parmi une connectivité WiFi, une connectivité de réseau local (LAN), une connectivité de réseau étendu (WAN) et une autre connectivité filaire ou sans fil ;
    un noeud homologue qui est enclin à stocker un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ;
    des coûts de réseau ;
    une latence de réseau ; et
    un statut de batterie.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la configuration du moteur de transfert avec l'information de transfert est en réponse à un ou plusieurs éléments parmi :
    un changement de statut du réseau local ;
    une exécution d'un protocole de routage sur la base d'une information reçue d'un autre noeud du réseau ; et
    la réception d'une information statistique indiquant un retard associé à une ou plusieurs interfaces de sortie.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, consistant en outre à :
    mettre à jour (600) périodiquement ou en continu une base de données utilisée pour déterminer une information de transfert en découvrant des noeuds dans le réseau ; et
    établir (610) un tunnel sécurisé avec un noeud découvert pour recevoir le contenu.
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel un composant dans la structure hiérarchique comprend un ou plusieurs éléments parmi :
    un nom globalement routable ;
    un nom d'organisation ;
    un identifiant de version ; et
    un résumé.
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, consistant en outre à transférer simultanément un paquet par l'intermédiaire de multiples interfaces de sortie.
  10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, consistant en outre à recevoir une information contextuelle et de politique en provenance d'un noeud, et à propager viralement l'information contextuelle et de politique vers un autre noeud.
  11. Appareil (755) pour le transfert d'un paquet avec un identifiant hiérarchiquement structuré de longueur variable (HSVLI) dans un réseau (755), l'appareil comprenant :
    un processeur (705) ;
    une mémoire (710) ;
    l'appareil comprenant en outre :
    un mécanisme de réception (720), conçu pour recevoir un paquet qui contient un intérêt pour un morceau de contenu avec un HSVLI, le HSVLI indiquant un morceau de contenu et étant hiérarchiquement structuré, et comprenant des composants contigus ordonnés d'un niveau le plus général à un niveau le plus spécifique ; et la longueur d'un HSVLI respectif n'étant pas fixe ;
    un mécanisme de determination (725), conçu pour déterminer que le contenu ne coïncide avec aucun contenu dans une mémoire cache locale, et déterminer une information de transfert pour le HSVLI sur la base d'un ou plusieurs éléments parmi : la connaissance d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ; une politique de transfert ; et une information contextuelle sur le réseau, l'information de transfert comprenant une pluralité de ports sur lesquels l'intérêt peut être transféré ;
    un mécanisme de configuration (730), conçu pour configurer un moteur de transfert avec l'information de transfert ; et
    un mécanisme de transfert (735), conçu pour transférer le paquet sur une pluralité des ports sur la base de l'information de transfert.
  12. Appareil selon la revendication 11, conçu pour exécuter un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10.
  13. Dispositif de stockage lisible par ordinateur stockant des instructions qui, lorsqu'elles sont exécutées par un ordinateur, amènent l'ordinateur à réaliser un procédé de transfert d'un paquet avec un identifiant hiérarchiquement structuré de longueur variable (HSVLI) dans un réseau (180), le procédé consistant à :
    recevoir (500) un paquet qui contient un intérêt pour un morceau de contenu avec un HSVLI, le HSVLI indiquant un morceau de contenu et étant hiérarchiquement structuré, et comprenant des composants contigus ordonnés d'un niveau le plus général à un niveau le plus spécifique ; et la longueur d'un HSVLI respectif n'étant pas fixe ;
    déterminer que le contenu ne coïncide avec aucun contenu dans une mémoire cache locale ;
    déterminer (510) une information de transfert pour le HSVLI sur la base d'un ou plusieurs éléments parmi : la connaissance d'un contenu qui coïncide avec le HSVLI ; une politique de transfert ; et une information contextuelle sur le réseau, l'information de transfert comprenant une pluralité de ports sur lesquels l'intérêt peut être transféré ;
    configurer (520) un moteur de transfert avec l'information de transfert ; et
    transférer (530) le paquet sur une pluralité des ports sur la base de l'information de transfert.
  14. Dispositif selon la revendication 13, stockant des instructions qui, lorsqu'elles sont exécutées par un ordinateur, amènent l'ordinateur à réaliser un procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10.
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US20110090908A1 (en) 2011-04-21
CN102045252A (zh) 2011-05-04
EP2323346A1 (fr) 2011-05-18
KR101607879B1 (ko) 2016-03-31
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