Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
  • C02F1/4691—Capacitive deionisation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/52—Separators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/54—Electrolytes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
  • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
  • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
  • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
  • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
  • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
  • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
  • C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/54—Electrolytes
  • H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
  • H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
• • H01G9/155—
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
  • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to a supercapacitor and a method for making the same. More particularly, this invention relates to a supercapacitor desalination cell and a method for making the same.
• Supercapacitors are commonly used as energy storage cells.
• the supercapacitors are of a double layer type, in which a pair of electrodes typically comprising particulate activated carbon are separated by a microporous, electron- insulating, ion-conducting separator element, comprising a uniformly-dispersed electrolyte component.
• the structure of the typical supercapacitor further comprises electrically conductive current collector elements in intimate contact with the respective electrodes.
• a supercapacitor in accordance with one embodiment of the invention comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of ions to and from the first electrode, and a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer. Further, the supercapacitor comprises an electrolyte dispersed between the first and the second electrodes to provide the ions, a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode.
• a supercapacitor desalination cell in accordance with another embodiment of the invention comprises a first electrode and a second electrode both configured to adsorb ions in a charging state of the cell and desorb ions in a discharging state of the cell.
• the supercapacitor desalination cell further comprises a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of the ions to and from the first electrode, and a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer.
• the supercapacitor desalination cell comprises a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode.
• the supercapacitor desalination device comprises a supercapacitor desalination cell comprising a first electrode and a second electrode both configured to adsorb ions in a charging state of the cell and desorb ions in a discharging state of the cell.
• the supercapacitor desalination cell further comprises a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of the ions to and from the first electrode, a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer, a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode.
• the supercapacitor desalination device comprises a power source configured to energize the first and the second electrodes to opposite electrical polarities and a liquid source configured to pass a liquid through the cell for desalination.
• the method comprises providing a first electrode and a second electrode; providing a first ionic carrier configured to contact the first electrode to provide a first ion-conductive pathway for transportation of ions to and from the first electrode, and a first retaining layer configured to retain the first ionic carrier between the first electrode and the first retaining layer.
• the method further comprises providing a first current collector configured to contact the first electrode and a second current collector configured to contact the second electrode.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section diagram of a supercapacitor in accordance with one embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-section diagram of the supercapacitor in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a supercapacitor desalination cell in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 4 is an experimental curve of a supercapacitor desalination cell without ionic carrier
• FIG. 5 is an experimental curve of a supercapacitor desalination cell with PSS and PDDA;
• FIG. 6 is an experimental diagram showing stability of the supercapacitor desalination cell with PSS and PDDA.
• FIG. 7 is an assembled schematic planar view of a plurality of supercapacitor desalination cells.
• a supercapacitor 10 comprises a first current collector 11, a second current collector 12, a first electrode 13, a second electrode 14, a first ionic carrier 15, a second ionic carrier 16, a first retaining layer 17 and a second retaining layer 18.
• the first current collector 11 may be connected to a positive terminal of a power source 19
• the second current collector 12 may be connected to a negative terminal of the power source 19.
• an electrolyte solution 20, such as sodium chloride etc may be dispersed between the first and the second electrodes 13 and 14 of the supercapacitor 10.
• the first and second current collectors 11 and 12 are in intimate contact with the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 respectively so that the first electrode 13 may act as a positive electrode (anode) and the second electrode 14 may act as a negative electrode (cathode).
• the first ionic carrier 15 is positioned between the first electrode 13 and the first retaining layer 17 for carrying anions.
• the second ionic carrier 16 is positioned between the second electrode 14 and the second retaining layer 18 for carrying cations.
• Both the first and second retaining layers 17 and 18 are for ion exchange and may be passable for both anions and cations in the electrolyte 20, that is, for allowing ions to travel to the electrodes from the solution 20 contacting the retaining layers 17 and 18.
• the first retaining layer 17 may be only passable for anions and the second insulating space 18 may be only passable for cations.
• the first and second retaining layers 17 and 18 can protect the ionic carriers 15 and 16, such as macromolecule polyelectrolyte from leaking out through the retaining layers so as to lose effectiveness.
• the first and second ionic carriers 15 and 16 may be for carrying both the anions and the cations.
• the supercapacitor 10 further comprises a spacer 100, which may be any ion-permeable, electronically nonconductive material, including membranes and porous and nonporous materials to separate the first retaining layer 17 and the second retaining layer 18.
• the spacer 100 may have or itself may be a space for accommodating the electrolyte 20 or a flow channel through which a liquid passes between the first and second retaining layers 17 and 18, especially when a distance therebetween is small.
• the adsorbed anions and cations dissociate from the surfaces of the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 to return in the electrolyte 20.
• the released energy may be used to drive an electrical device, such as a light bulb, or recovered through an energy recovery cell, such as a bi-directional DC-DC converter.
• opposite surfaces of the anion carrier 15 contact the anode 13 and the first retaining layer 17, respectively.
• opposite surfaces of the cation carrier 16 contact the cathode 14 and the second retaining layer 18, respectively.
• the ionic carriers 15 and 16 may disperse into the anode 13 and the cathode 14 respectively, that is, the ionic carriers 15 and 16 may interpenetrate and extend from interstitial spaces of the respective electrodes to the retaining layers 17 and 18.
• the ionic carriers 15 and 16 are to produce first and second ion-conductive transporting pathways to and from the electrodes 13 and 14 to reduce internal resistance between the respective electrodes and the retaining layers during charging and discharging cycles.
• a relatively small amount of energy may be consumed to adsorb the anions and cations in the electrolyte 20 to the surfaces of the first and second electrodes 13 and 14.
• the adsorbed anions and cations may dissociate from the surfaces of the electrodes 13 and 14 to return into the electrolyte 20 with consuming only a relatively small amount of energy.
• the first ionic carrier 15 may be an ionic polymer including a cation group, such as a quaternary amine group, for transmission of the anions.
• the second ionic carrier 16 may be an ionic polymer including an anion group, such as a sulfonic acid group (SO3H) or a carboxylic acid group (COOH " ) group, for transmission of the cations.
• the first and second ionic polymers 15 and 16 include first and second polyelectrolyte solutions, respectively.
• the first polyelectrolyte solution may include poly(diallydimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) solution
• the second polyelectrolyte solution may include polystyrene sulfate sodium (PSS) solution.
• PSS may also be referred to as the sodium form of sulfonated polystyrene.
• the ionic carriers 15 and 16 may be an ionic polymer, such as a macromolecular ampholyte, such as polyphosphate for facilitating transmission of both the anions and cations in the electrolyte 20 to the electrodes 13 and 14.
• the retaining layer 17 or 18 can block the macromolecular ions in the PSS or PDDA solution from leaking out so that the PSS or PDDA is confined between the electrode 13 or 14 and the retaining layer 17 or 18 to facilitate transmission of the anions or cations of the electrolyte 20 and to reduce energy consumption.
• the ionic polymer 15 or 16 is in a form other than solution form, such as a gel or semi-hardened form.
• the polyelectrolyte gel 15 or 16 can be formed on the surface and inside of the electrode 13 or 14 by in- situ polymerization of the polyelectrolyte monomer, or by adding a cross linker reagent, such as N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide or divinyl benzene to crosslink the polyelectrolyte molecular, which can be accomplished by one skilled in the art.
• the retaining layers 17 and 18 may not be required.
• the retaining layers 17 and 18 are employed to prevent the fragile polyelectrolyte gel layer from spalling and losing effectiveness thereby.
• the spacer 100 may also be employed.
• the retaining layers 17 and 18 are membranes and made from electrically insulating, ion-conducting polymers, such as polyethylene, poly vinyl chloride, polypropylene, Teflon, nylon, or any combinations thereof. Additionally, the retaining layers 17 and 18 may be in the form of a mesh, or a sheet.
• the current collectors 11 and 12 may be configured as a plate, a mesh, a foil, or a sheet and formed from a metal or metal alloy.
• the metal may include titanium, platinum, iridium, or rhodium.
• the metal alloys may include stainless steel.
• the current collectors 11 and 12 comprise graphite.
• the current collectors 11 and 12 comprise a plastic material, such as a polyolefm, which may include polyethylene.
• the plastic current collectors 11 and 12 may be mixed with conductive carbon black or metallic particles to achieve the necessary level of conductivity required.
• the electrodes 13 and 14 are in the form of plates that are disposed parallel to each other to form a stacked structure.
• the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 may have varied shapes, such as a sheet, a block, or a cylinder. Further, these electrodes may be arranged in varying configurations. For example, the first and second electrodes may be disposed concentrically with a spiral and continuous space therebetween.
• the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 may include electrically conducting materials, which may or may not be thermally conducting.
• the conducting material may include carbon, or carbon based materials.
• the carbon-based materials may include activated carbon particles, porous carbon particles, carbon fibers, or combinations thereof.
• the conducting materials may include a conducting composite, such as oxides of manganese, or iron, or both, or carbides of titanium, zirconium, vanadium, tungsten, or combinations thereof.
• the conducting materials may have particles with smaller sizes and large surface areas. As will be appreciated, due to large surface areas such conducting materials may result in high adsorption capacity, high energy density and high capacitance of the supercapacitor 10.
• the conducting materials of the electrodes 13 and 14 may be deposited on the current collectors 11 and 12 by employing one or more deposition techniques, such as sputtering, spraying, spin-coating, calendering or printing.
• the supercapacitor 21 comprises the first current collector 11, the second current collector 12, the first electrode 13 coupled to the first current collector 11, the second electrode 14 coupled to the second current collector 12, an ionic carrier 22 positioned between the first electrode 13 and the second electrode 14, and an retaining layer 23 coupled to the ionic carrier 22 to hold the ionic carrier 22 between the first electrode 13 and the retaining layer 23.
• the current collectors 11 and 12 may be connected to positive and negative terminals of the power source 19 (shown in FIG.l), respectively.
• the electrolyte 20 (shown in FIG.l) may be dispersed in the supercapacitor 21.
• the ionic carrier 22 may also be an ionic polymer, such as the macromolecular ampholyte including polyphosphate or polysilicate, for facilitating transmission of both the anions and cations of the electrolyte 20.
• the ionic carrier 22 may be only for anion or cation exchange in certain situations, for example to accelerate the adsorption of a specific ion species, such as an ionic impurity in a liquid.
• the ionic carrier 22 may be in a gel or a solution form.
• the spacer 100 shown in FIG.l
• the electrode 14 may be employed to separate the retaining layer 23 and the electrode 14.
• the supercapacitors may be used as an energy storage device.
• the supercapacitors may also be used as a supercapacitor desalination (SCD) device.
• SCD supercapacitor desalination
• the SCD device refers to a supercapacitor that is employed for desalination of seawater or de-ionization of other brackish waters to reduce the amount of salt to a permissible level for domestic and industrial use.
• the SCD device may remove or reduce other charged or ionic impurities from a liquid, such as wastewater or effluents from agricultural, industrial or municipal processes.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective diagram of a supercapacitor desalination (SCD) device.
• the SCD device 3 comprises the SCD cell 10.
• the power source 19 is provided to energize the first and the second electrodes 13 and 14 to opposite electrical polarities.
• a liquid source 30 such as sodium chloride, having charged species passes through between the electrodes 13 and 14, cations 31 move towards the cathode 14, and anions 32 move towards the anode 13.
• an output stream 33 which is a dilute liquid coming out of the SCD cell 10 has a lower concentration of charged species as compared to the input liquid.
• the dilute liquid 33 may be again subjected to de -ionization by being fed through another SCD cell.
• the spacer 100 is employed to define a flow channel (not shown) thereon so that the input liquid can pass through when the distance between the first and second retaining layers 17 and 18 is small.
• the adsorbed ions dissociate from the surfaces of the first and second electrodes 13 and 14.
• the polarities of the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 may be maintained the same, a short circuit can be applied between the two electrodes so that the anions and cations 32 and 31 desorb from the first and second electrodes 13 and 14.
• the polarities of the first and second electrodes 13 and 14 can be reversed.
• the cations 31 accumulated on the second electrode 14 move towards the first electrode 14, and the anions 32 accumulated on the first electrode 13 move towards the second electrode 14.
• the output stream 33 may have a higher concentration of charged species compared to the input liquid.
• FIG. 4 shows an experimental curve of a supercapacitor desalination cell without ionic carrier.
• FIG. 5 shows an experimental curve of a supercapacitor desalination cell with PSS and PDDA.
• V AC voltage jump
• OCV open circuit voltage
• FIG. 7 shows an assembled schematic planar view of a plurality of supercapacitor desalination cell.
• the supercapacitor desalination assembly employs a vessel 71.
• the supercapacitor desalination cells 72 are arranged side by side in the vessel 71, and each cell 72 may be connected to a respective power source (not shown) similar to the power source 19.
• the assembly 70 has insulating separators 73 disposed between every two adjacent cells 72 to electrically insulate the two adjacent cells 72.
• the supercapacitor desalination cells 72 may be connected to one power source, and all the cells 72 may be connected in series.
• the vessel 71 defines an inlet 74 and an outlet 75 for the input liquid and the output stream 33 (shown in FIG. 3) passing in and out respectively.
• the supercapacitor desalination cell 72 may be the same as the cell 10 or 21, or other embodiments described above.
• the input liquid may be guided inside the vessel 71 by using external forces, such as pumping.
• the cells 72 may also be arranged in such a configuration that an output stream from one cell can be used as an input liquid for the other cell.

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• 2008
  • 2008-07-04 CN CN2008101329928A patent/CN101615512B/zh active Active
• 2009
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  • 2009-05-15 JP JP2011514655A patent/JP6006493B2/ja active Active
  • 2009-05-15 CA CA2727553A patent/CA2727553C/en active Active
  • 2009-05-15 US US12/991,289 patent/US9233860B2/en active Active
  • 2009-05-15 KR KR1020107029041A patent/KR101593255B1/ko active IP Right Grant
  • 2009-05-15 BR BRPI0910014-8A patent/BRPI0910014B1/pt active IP Right Grant
  • 2009-05-15 AU AU2009271516A patent/AU2009271516B2/en active Active
  • 2009-05-15 WO PCT/US2009/044139 patent/WO2010008670A1/en active Application Filing
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