EP2311128A1 - Anode für eine schmelzkarbonat-brennstoffzelle und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung - Google Patents
Anode für eine schmelzkarbonat-brennstoffzelle und verfahren zu ihrer herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP2311128A1 EP2311128A1 EP09777504A EP09777504A EP2311128A1 EP 2311128 A1 EP2311128 A1 EP 2311128A1 EP 09777504 A EP09777504 A EP 09777504A EP 09777504 A EP09777504 A EP 09777504A EP 2311128 A1 EP2311128 A1 EP 2311128A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- mixture
- alkali metal
- nickel
- volume
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/14—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8896—Pressing, rolling, calendering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/14—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
- H01M8/141—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes the anode and the cathode being gas-permeable electrodes or electrode layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an anode for a molten carbonate fuel cell having a carrier structure and a mixture applied to the carrier structure, which contains at least one base metal and at least one additive in the form of a metal oxide and / or metal hydroxide.
- the present invention further relates to a method for producing such an anode.
- Fuel cells are primary elements in which a chemical reaction between a gas and an electrolyte takes place.
- a hydrogen-containing fuel gas is introduced to an anode and an oxygen-containing cathode gas is passed to a cathode and converted into water.
- the released energy is taken as electrical energy.
- Molten carbonate fuel cells are described, for example, in DE 43 03 136 C1 and DE 195 15 457 C1. They consist in their electrochemically active region of an anode, an electrolyte matrix and a cathode.
- the electrolyte used is a melt of one or more alkali metal carbonates, which is accommodated in a finely porous electrolyte matrix.
- the electrolyte separates the anode from the cathode and seals the gas spaces of the anode and cathode against each other.
- the cathode is supplied with an oxygen and carbon dioxide-containing gas mixture, usually air and carbon dioxide.
- the oxygen is reduced and converted with the carbon dioxide to carbonate ions, which migrate into the electrolyte.
- the anode is supplied to hydrogen-containing fuel gas, wherein the hydrogen is oxidized and reacted with the carbonate ions from the melt to water and carbon dioxide.
- the carbon dioxide is in one Circuit returned to the cathode.
- the oxidation of the fuel and the reduction of oxygen thus run separately from each other.
- the operating temperature is usually between 550 0 C and 75O 0 C. MCFC cells thus transform the chemical energy bound in the fuel directly and efficiently into electrical energy.
- a conventional anode is usually made of a porous anode material based on nickel.
- the stabilization of the surface of the porous anode material is important.
- DE 29 45 565 C2 discloses an anode which is formed essentially of metal powder of nickel, cobalt and mixtures thereof and for stabilizing the surface additives from the group comprising chromium, zirconium and aluminum in the form of metal powders, oxide or Alkali metal salts and mixtures thereof.
- the stable modification of aluminum or chromium is the respective oxide, ie aluminum and chromium are present as oxides.
- the molten carbonate alkali metal salts for example.
- DE 29 45 565 C2 teaches adding alkali metal compounds to the anode material and subjecting the mixture to a sintering process, ie, a high temperature treatment under a reducing atmosphere, to form the alkali metal salts before the anode is incorporated into the fuel cell. This increases the manufacturing costs and costs.
- alloy powders for example NiAl or NiCr powders
- NiAl or NiCr powders are used for the production of the anode material ("green anode”.
- the particles of such alloy powders have a spherical or powdery metal due to their method of preparation (water atomization or air atomization from the molten metal)
- the alloy powder must be sieved to obtain certain desired particle size fractions, since the amount of desired small particles is very low due to the production process, this is clearly reflected in the price of the usable materials Alloy powder down.
- the disadvantageous consequence is that an active pore design (size, shape, number, etc.) is not possible in the production of the anode material, since the pore size is determined by the size of the gusset formed between the powder particles and the powder particles are not arbitrarily small let produce.
- US Pat. No. 5,415,833 discloses an alternative production method for MCFC anodes, in which a mixture of nickel, an alloying metal, such as aluminum or chromium, an activator (ammonium chloride or a sodium halide) and a filling material is subjected to a high-temperature process, in which a NiAl or NiCr alloy forms.
- a high-temperature process in which a NiAl or NiCr alloy forms.
- this method has the disadvantage that the active layer of the resulting anode is very sensitive due to the high temperature process and must be handled with care.
- the object of the present invention is thus to provide an anode of the above-mentioned. To further develop the type and a method for their preparation so that in an economical way an active pore design is possible and a loss of electrolyte is avoided.
- the solution consists in a method with the features of claim 1 and in an anode with the features of claim 11 or 12.
- the invention thus provides that a mixture is used which contains pure nickel as the base metal, the at least one additive in the form a metal oxide and / or metal hydroxide and the at least one alkali metal compound.
- the anode according to the invention is therefore characterized in that the mixture as the base metal pure nickel, the at least one additive in the form of a metal oxide and / or metal hydroxide and at least one alkali metal compound.
- the present invention further provides a molten carbonate fuel cell having at least one such anode.
- a porous anode is formed, wherein the alkali metal compound reacts with the additive in the form of a metal oxide and / or metal hydroxide in situ to form an alkali metal salt without consuming any electrolyte material
- Anode has comparable long-term creep strength and power density as the prior art anodes of alloy powder
- the lifetime of the anodes of the present invention is well known in the art as the consumption of electrolyte material shortens the life of the MCFC and d
- the admixture of alkali metal compounds prevents electrolyte consumption when the MCFC is put into operation.
- the particle size distribution of the nickel powder can be adjusted in a targeted manner, which actively achieves a certain desired pore size in the anode according to the invention. This is also important because it is desirable for optimal performance of an MCFC to provide an approximately equal pore distribution in the anode and cathode.
- a uniform electrolyte distribution between the electrodes is achieved because the electrolyte is held in the electrodes due to capillary forces.
- the pore distribution of conventional cathodes generally has a maximum at 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, preferably 1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- This pore distribution can not be achieved in anodes according to the prior art, but easily reproducible in the anodes according to the invention, in particular when the same nickel powder is used for the production of the anode according to the invention and for the preparation of the associated cathode.
- the production of nickel powder is a simple and easily controllable process in which the yield with the desired particle size distribution is significantly higher than in the production of alloy powders. The nickel powders are therefore also much cheaper than the alloy powder.
- the inventively provided admixture of an additive in the form of a metal oxide and / or metal hydroxide serves to achieve a wetting of the anode according to the invention.
- the metal oxide or metal hydroxide also serves as a sintering inhibitor which prevents the nickel from coalescing during operation of the MCFC.
- Suitable additives are all metals whose oxides achieve wetting of the anode according to the invention and act as a sintering inhibitor. Preference is given to aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese and magnesium. Particularly preferred is aluminum.
- alkali metal compound depends on which electrolyte is to be used in the later MCFC.
- lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate are suitable. Particularly preferred is lithium carbonate.
- the average grain size for example, may be between 0.5 .mu.m and 15 .mu.m.
- the mixture used according to the invention preferably has a mixing ratio in the range from 1 volume of nickel to 0.1 volume of additives with alkali metal compounds (1, 0: 0.1) to 1 volume of nickel to 3 volumes of additives with alkali metal compounds (1, 0: 3.0) on.
- a particularly preferred mixing ratio is in the range from 1 volume of nickel to 0.2 volume of additives with alkali metal compounds (1, 0: 0.2) to 1 volume of nickel to 0.5 volume of additives with alkali metal compounds (1, 0: 0.5).
- the composition of the combination of additives with alkali metal compounds designed so that the additives can completely implement with the alkali metal compound to alkali metal salts.
- the mixture used to produce the anode according to the invention expediently contains at least one plasticizer, for example glycerol, for improving the processability.
- the plasticizer may be contained in a proportion of 1.5 to 5% by weight, preferably 2-3% by weight, based on the weight of the anhydrous mixture.
- the mixture used to produce the anode according to the invention may also contain at least one binder such as, for example, a polyvinyl alcohol.
- the binder may be present in a proportion of 15-40% by weight, preferably 20-30% by weight, based on the weight of the anhydrous mixture.
- the usually powdered nickel used may be subjected in advance to a mechanical stress (such as grinding or shearing) in order to set a defined particle size distribution.
- a mechanical stress such as grinding or shearing
- the mixture used may contain at least one pore image nermaterial.
- pore-forming materials are known per se. For example, particles or fibers which burn out as far as possible residue-free up to a temperature of about 400 ° C. are suitable.
- a suitable material is, for example, polyethylene.
- the pore-forming agent may be contained in a proportion of 0.1-8% by weight, preferably 2-3% by weight, based on the weight of the anhydrous mixture.
- the present invention is further not limited to electrodes made from a nickel slurry system. On the contrary, it is also suitable, for example, for electrodes which are produced by powder pressing (so-called “dry-doctoring” systems).
- a support structure or as a support of the actual electrode is a preferably made of a metallic material structure which is porous or gas-permeable, for example a metal foam or a metal mesh, preferably of nickel.
- nickel powders from Inco (Toronto, Canada) of the type Ni210 and / or Ni255 and / or Ni287. These nickel powders have a defined particle size distribution, so that the active pore design is simplified. In the embodiment, nickel powder was used by having a mean grain size of 10 microns. Other nickel powders and mixtures of different nickel powders are also conceivable.
- the additive used was a mixture of 40% by weight of lithium carbonate, 40% by weight of aluminum hydroxide and 20% by weight of aluminum oxide. 0.25 part by volume of this mixture was mixed with 1 part by volume of nickel powder.
- the binder used was 10% Mowiol in H 2 O (polyvinyl alcohol from Kuraray Europe GmbH, Frankfurt / Main). Glycerin was chosen as plasticizer.
- the defoamer used was Agitan 299 from Münzing Chemie GmbH, Heilbronn.
- the basic slip recipe for an anode according to the invention results from the following Table 1.
- the nickel foam and the slip were processed in a manner known per se into a (green) anode according to the invention, which immediately after drying, i. in the green state, has been installed in the molten carbonate fuel cell, wherein upon initial start-up of the fuel cell, the finished anode was formed by reacting the at least one additive with the at least one alkali metal compound.
- the finished anode worked perfectly.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008036297 | 2008-08-04 | ||
| DE102008045286A DE102008045286B4 (de) | 2008-08-04 | 2008-09-01 | Verfahren zur Herstellung poröser Schmelzkarbonat-Brennstoffzellen-Anoden und grüne Schmelzkarbonat-Brennstoffzellen-Anode |
| PCT/EP2009/005476 WO2010015348A1 (de) | 2008-08-04 | 2009-07-29 | Anode für eine schmelzkarbonat-brennstoffzelle und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2311128A1 true EP2311128A1 (de) | 2011-04-20 |
Family
ID=41501408
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09777504A Withdrawn EP2311128A1 (de) | 2008-08-04 | 2009-07-29 | Anode für eine schmelzkarbonat-brennstoffzelle und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20110177433A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2311128A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2011530147A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20110042079A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN102113158A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102008045286B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2010015348A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4247604A (en) | 1978-11-20 | 1981-01-27 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Carbonate fuel cell anodes |
| CA1214514A (en) * | 1982-08-19 | 1986-11-25 | Pinakin S. Patel | Electrode structure and method of making same |
| DE4030943A1 (de) * | 1990-09-29 | 1992-04-02 | Siemens Ag | Karbonatschmelzen-brennstoffzelle |
| US5340665A (en) * | 1992-09-03 | 1994-08-23 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Creep resistant, metal-coated LiFeO2 anodes for molten carbonated fuel cells |
| DE4302347C1 (de) * | 1993-01-28 | 1994-06-23 | Deutsche Aerospace | Carbonatschmelzen-Brennstoffzelle und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| US5312582A (en) * | 1993-02-04 | 1994-05-17 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Porous structures from solid solutions of reduced oxides |
| DE4303136C1 (de) | 1993-02-04 | 1994-06-16 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schmelzcarbonat-Brennstoffzellen |
| USD358341S (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1995-05-16 | Grasslin Kg | Time switch clock |
| KR100195076B1 (ko) | 1993-09-16 | 1999-06-15 | 윤종용 | 용융탄산염 연료전지용 양전극의 제조방법 |
| DE19515457C1 (de) | 1995-04-27 | 1996-07-25 | Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh | Brennstoffzelle |
| US5983488A (en) * | 1997-07-30 | 1999-11-16 | M-C Power Corporation | Sol-casting of molten carbonate fuel cell matrices |
| US6379833B1 (en) * | 1998-08-07 | 2002-04-30 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Alternative electrode supports and gas distributors for molten carbonate fuel cell applications |
| US6719946B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-04-13 | Fuelcell Energy, Inc. | Anode support for carbonate fuel cells |
| US7067208B2 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2006-06-27 | Ion America Corporation | Load matched power generation system including a solid oxide fuel cell and a heat pump and an optional turbine |
| US20070243451A1 (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2007-10-18 | Chao-Yi Yuh | Anode support member and bipolar separator for use in a fuel cell assembly and for preventing poisoning of reforming catalyst |
| CN100508258C (zh) * | 2007-07-06 | 2009-07-01 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种提高熔融碳酸盐燃料电池炭阳极性能的方法 |
-
2008
- 2008-09-01 DE DE102008045286A patent/DE102008045286B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-07-29 EP EP09777504A patent/EP2311128A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-07-29 WO PCT/EP2009/005476 patent/WO2010015348A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-07-29 CN CN2009801298706A patent/CN102113158A/zh active Pending
- 2009-07-29 JP JP2011521462A patent/JP2011530147A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-07-29 KR KR1020117003706A patent/KR20110042079A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-07-29 US US13/057,682 patent/US20110177433A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010015348A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20110177433A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
| DE102008045286A1 (de) | 2010-02-11 |
| WO2010015348A1 (de) | 2010-02-11 |
| KR20110042079A (ko) | 2011-04-22 |
| JP2011530147A (ja) | 2011-12-15 |
| DE102008045286B4 (de) | 2010-07-15 |
| CN102113158A (zh) | 2011-06-29 |
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