Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
  • C10J3/60—Processes
  • C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
  • C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
  • C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
  • C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
  • C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
  • C10K1/101—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids with water only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
  • C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
  • C10K3/001—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by thermal treatment
  • C10K3/003—Reducing the tar content
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
  • C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
  • C10K3/001—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by thermal treatment
  • C10K3/003—Reducing the tar content
  • C10K3/005—Reducing the tar content by partial oxidation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
  • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
  • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
  • C12P7/065—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage with microorganisms other than yeasts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
  • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
  • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
  • C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
  • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
  • C12P7/16—Butanols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
  • C10J2300/092—Wood, cellulose
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/093—Coal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0946—Waste, e.g. MSW, tires, glass, tar sand, peat, paper, lignite, oil shale
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
  • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
  • C10J2300/0969—Carbon dioxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
  • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
  • C10J2300/1656—Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals
  • C10J2300/1665—Conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals to alcohols, e.g. methanol or ethanol
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
  • C10J2300/1681—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with biological plants, e.g. involving bacteria, algae, fungi
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to improvements in gasification for the production of alcohol from a gaseous substrate containing at least one reducing gas containing at least one microorganism.
• the present invention contemplates synthesis gas creation via gasification of carbonaceous materials producing a synthesis gas containing CO, CO 2 , and H 2 that can be further acted upon by fermentation or digestion by certain microorganisms to produce alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc.), acetic acid, acetates, hydrogen, etc.
• alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, etc.
• acetic acid acetic acid
• acetates hydrogen
• hydrogen etc.
• the quantity of alcohols produced depends upon the efficiency of the gasification and fermentation processes. There exist many inefficiencies in gasification including various energy requirements involved in preparing carbonaceous feedstock, feeding carbonaceous feedstock, raising carbonaceous feedstock temperature, maintaining carbonaceous feedstock temperature, utilizing various oxygenates in each of the previous aspects of the present invention, inadequate oxygenate contact with carbonaceous feedstock, energy losses to the environment, endothermic reactions, air leakage in pressure units, and incomplete conversion of carbonaceous feedstock to CO and H 2 .
• Use of low bulk density carbonaceous feedstock provide inefficiencies including: hot spots, over exposure to oxygenates, decreased CO concentrations, slagging of ash, etc.
• the type and quantity of oxygenate added can enable temperature control and increase alcohol production. These and other inefficiencies decrease the CO and H2 available in the resultant synthesis gas which can negatively impact alcohol production.
• the fermentation step can also negatively impact alcohol production via: incomplete conversion of CO or H2, incomplete utilization of CO or H2, undesirable byproduct production, undesirable byproduct induced inhibition, undesirable product induced inhibition, loss of cell mass, etc.
• Microorganisms in some cases, participate in greater CO conversion than H2 conversion. Hence, higher CO concentrations can provide for greater alcohol production.
• the ethanol production can be about 80 gallons per dry ton (gal/DT) of carbonaceous feedstock. Not utilized or unconverted carbon can remain as carbon dioxide.
• Alcohol production via the present invention can increase carbon utilization for fuel production; thus having a tremendous potential to positively impact climate change by improving the carbon efficiency. Further, the present invention provides a means to decrease dependence on foreign oil and increase global energy stability.
• Carbon dioxide reforming is known in the art, however, converting carbonaceous material into fuel is still of technological significance and interest.
• the present invention applies to the gasification and/or fermentation process with the purpose of increasing the yield of alcohol (fermentation products) by Equations (1) to (5), as well as improving the efficiency of gasification of certain carbonaceous feedstock.
• the present invention also provides a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by sequestering the carbon into liquid transportation fuel alcohols; thus decreasing dependence on petrochemical fuel sources.
• a means of converting CO2 into liquid fuel could significantly assist reducing CO2 concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere and could aid in reducing CO2 emissions.
• Grain and sugar cane ethanol processes require significant amounts of steam and electricity for feedstock preparation, ethanol purification, etc. As energy costs have increased, these items represent a major cost component in production of ethanol.
• half or more of the crop is in the form of biomass, such as corn stover or sugar cane leaves and bagasse, which is largely unused. This biomass could be used to produce energy and or additional ethanol with the appropriate conversion process.
• Clostridium autoethanogenum (Abrini et al., 1994); Clostridium ljungdahlii (Arora et al, 1995; Barik et al., 1988; Bank et al. 1990; and Tanner et al., 1993).
• Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium autoethanogenum are known to convert CO to ethanol.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,429 to Gaddy et al. discloses Clostridium ljungdahlii ATCC No. 49587, an anaerobic microorganism that produces ethanol and acetate from CO and H. sub.20 and/or CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 in synthesis gas.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,673 to Jain et al. discloses a mutant strain of Clostridium acetobytylicum and a process for making butanol with the strain.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,886 to Gaddy et al. discloses Clostridium ljungdahlii ATCC No. 55380. This microorganism can anaerobically produce acetate and ethanol using waste gas (e.g. carbon black waste gas) as a substrate.
• waste gas e.g. carbon black waste gas
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,722 to Gaddy et al. discloses a method and apparatus for converting waste gases into useful products such as organic acids and alcohols using anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium ljungdahlii ATCC No. 55380.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,577 to Gaddy et al. discloses a method and apparatus for converting waste gases into useful products such as organic acids and alcohols (particularly ethanol) using anaerobic bacteria, such as Clostridium ljungdahlii ATCC Nos. 55988 and 55989.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,577 to Gaddy et al. discloses a method and apparatus for converting waste gases into useful products such as organic acids and alcohols (particularly acetic acid) using anaerobic strains of Clostridium ljungdahlii.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,170 to Gaddy et al. discloses an anaerobic microbial fermentation process for the production of acetic acid.
• U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,402 to Gaddy et al. discloses an anaerobic microbial fermentation process for the production of alcohol.
• strains of microorganisms have also been described for use in the production of liquid fuels from synthesis gas, e.g.: Butyribacterium methylotrophicum (Grethlein et al., 1990, Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 24/24:875-884); and Clostridium autoethanogenum (Abrini et al., 1994, Arch. Microbiol. 161:345-351).
• Butyribacterium methylotrophicum Gibrethlein et al., 1990, Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 24/24:875-884
• Clostridium autoethanogenum Abrini et al., 1994, Arch. Microbiol. 161:345-351
• the present invention provides a method of optimizing synthesis gas production via gasification of carbonaceous material in a gasifier comprising: injecting carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and carbonaceous material into a gasifier; creating syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• the present invention provides for a method of producing alcohol comprising: injecting carbon dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and carbonaceous material into a gasifier; creating syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; contacting syngas with biocatalyst in a fermentation container to produce an alcohol product mixture; selectively recovering alcohol from the product mixture.
• the present invention provides a method wherein said carbonaceous material comprises selection from: carbonaceous material, carbonaceous municipal solid waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous- petrochemical coproducts, coal, tires, plastics or their combinations.
• said gasifier comprises one or more chambers, and can optionally comprise two chambers.
• the method of the present invention provides an embodiment wherein said gasifier comprises two chambers; further comprising injecting oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in first chamber; comprising injecting oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in second chamber; and injecting oxygen and carbon dioxide in both first and second chamber. It is contemplated that multiple chambers of a gasif ⁇ er can optionally comprise further injection of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in one or more successive chambers.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the role of carbon dioxide in biomass gasification overall process flow contemplated during normal operations of the present invention (lower chamber).
• FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the role of carbon dioxide in biomass gasification overall process flow contemplated during normal operations of the present invention (upper chamber).
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the role of carbon dioxide in biomass gasification overall process flow contemplated during normal operations of the present invention (multiple chambers).
• FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating embodiments of the process synergies between the present invention and corn ethanol process.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of total ethanol versus CO2 added comparing multiple stage gasifier data and single stage gasifier data.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of total ethanol versus CO2 added.
• FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of H2/CO ratio versus CO2 added comparing multiple stage gasifier data with single stage gasifier data.
• FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of H2/CO ratio versus CO2 added
• any amount refers to the variation in that amount encountered in real world conditions of sustaining microorganism culture, e.g., in the lab, pilot plant, or production facility.
• an amount of an ingredient or measurement employed in a mixture or quantity when modified by “about” includes the variation and degree of care typically employed in measuring in an experimental condition in production plant or lab.
• the amount of a component of a product when modified by “about” includes the variation between batches in an multiple experiments in the plant or lab and the variation inherent in the analytical method. Whether or not modified by "about,” the amounts include equivalents to those amounts.
• acetate is used to describe the mixture of molecular or free acetic acid and acetate salt present in the fermentation broth.
• the ratio of molecular acetic acid to acetate is dependent upon the pH of the system, i.e., at a constant "acetate” concentration, the lower the pH, the higher the molecular acetic acid concentration relative to acetate salt.
• acetogen or “acetogenic” refers to a bacterium that generates acetate as a product of anaerobic respiration. This process is different from acetate fermentation, although both occur in the absence of oxygen and produce acetate.
• Acetogenic bacteria are found in a variety of habitats, generally those that are anaerobic (lack oxygen). Acetogens can use a variety of compounds as sources of energy and carbon; the best studied form of acetogenic metabolism involves the use of carbon dioxide as a carbon source and hydrogen as an energy source.
• biocatalyst means, for the present invention, natural catalysts, protein enzymes, living cells, microorganisms, and bacteria.
• bioreactor “reactor,” or “fermentation bioreactor,” include a fermentation device consisting of one or more vessels and/or towers or piping arrangement, which includes the Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), Immobilized Cell Reactor (ICR), Trickle Bed Reactor (TBR), Bubble Column, Gas lift Fermenter, Static Mixer, or other device suitable for gas-liquid contact.
• the fermentation bioreactor comprises a growth reactor which feeds the fermentation broth to a second fermentation bioreactor, in which most of the product, ethanol, is produced.
• Carbonaceous material refers to carbon rich material such as coal, and petrochemicals.
• carbonaceous material includes any carbon material whether in solid, liquid, gas, or plasma state.
• the present invention contemplates: carbonaceous liquid product, carbonaceous industrial liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous industrial waste, carbonaceous fermentation waste, carbonaceous petrochemical coproducts, carbonaceous alcohol production coproducts, coal, tires, plastics, ethanol coproducts, spent grain, spent microorganisms, or their combinations.
• Cell concentration in this specification is based on dry weight of bacteria per liter of sample. Cell concentration is measured directly or by calibration to a correlation with optical density.
• continuous method refers to a fermentation method which includes continuous nutrient feed, substrate feed, cell production in the bioreactor, cell removal (or purge) from the bioreactor, and product removal. This continuous feeds, removals or cell production may occur in the same or in different streams.
• a continuous process results in the achievement of a steady state within the bioreactor.
• steady state is meant that all of these measurable variables (i.e., productivity, feed rates, substrate and nutrient concentrations maintained in the bioreactor, cell concentration in the bioreactor and cell removal from the bioreactor, product removal from the bioreactor, as well as conditional variables such as temperatures and pressures) are constant over time.
• Ethanol productivity is the volumetric productivity of ethanol, calculated as the ratio of the steady state ethanol concentration and the liquid retention time (LRT) in continuous systems, or the ratio of the ethanol concentration and the time required to produce that concentration in batch systems.
• LRT liquid retention time
• high ethanol productivity describes a volumetric ethanol productivity of greater than 10 g/Lday.
• Excess H.sub.2 is available for ethanol production when the ratio of the moles of H.sub.2 in the feed gas to the sum of two times the moles of CO converted and three times the moles of CO.sub.2 converted is greater than 1.0. If this ratio is less than 1.0, excess H.sub.2 is not available and ethanol can only be produced through a different controlling mechanism.
• fermentation means fermentation of CO to alcohols and acetate.
• Anaerobic bacteria are known to be capable of carrying out the fermentation of CO to alcohols, including butanol and ethanol, and acetic acid, and are suitable for use in the process of the present invention.
• Clostridium such as strains of Clostridium lungdahlii, including those described in WO 00/68407, EP 117309, US patent nos 5,173,429, 5,593,886, and 6,368,819, WO 98/00558 and WO 02/08438, and Clostridium autoethanogenum (Aribini et al, Archives of Microbiology 161: pp 345-351).
• Suitable bacteria include those of the genus Moorella, including Moorella sp HUC22-1, (Sakai et al, Biotechnology Letters 29: pp 1607-1612), and those of the genus Carboxydothermus (Svetlichny, V. A., Sokolova, T. G. et al (1991), Systematic and Applied Microbiology 14: 254- 260). The disclosures of each of these publications are fully incorporated herein by reference.
• other acetogenic anaerobic bacteria may be selected for use in the process of the invention by a person of skill in the art. It will also be appreciated that a mixed culture of two or more bacteria may be used in the process of the present invention.
• One microorganism suitable for use in the present invention is Clostridium autoethanogenum that is available commercially from DSMZ and having the identifying characteristics of DSMZ deposit number DSMZ 10061.
• the fermentation may be carried out in any suitable bioreactor, such as a continuous stirred tank reactor (CTSR), a bubble column reactor (BCR) or a trickle bed reactor (TBR).
• CTSR continuous stirred tank reactor
• BCR bubble column reactor
• TBR trickle bed reactor
• the bioreactor may comprise a first, growth reactor in which the microorganisms are cultured, and a second, fermentation reactor, to which fermentation broth from the growth reactor is fed and in which most of the fermentation product (ethanol and acetate) is produced.
• gaseous substrates as used herein means CO alone, CO and H.sub.2, CO. sub.2 and H.sub.2, or CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2, optionally mixed with other elements or compounds, including nitrogen and hydrocarbons in a gaseous state.
• gaseous substrates include gases or streams, which are typically released or exhausted to the atmosphere either directly or through combustion.
• the gaseous substrate comprises CO.
• the gaseous substrate comprises CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2.
• the gaseous substrate comprises CO and H.sub.2.
• the gaseous substrate comprises CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2.
• Still other substrates of the invention may include those components mentioned above and at least one gas of nitrogen, CO.sub.2, hydrocarbons, ethane and methane.
• such substrates include what is conventionally referred to as “syngas” or synthesis gas from the gasification of solid, liquid, or gaseous carbon products (including methane), as well as waste gases from a variety of industrial methods.
• Gasif ⁇ er means counter-current fixed bed gasifer, co-current fixed bed gasifier, moving bed, fluidized bed gasifier, entrained flow gasifier, plasma arc gasifier, single stage gasifier, multistage gasifier, two stage gasifier, three stage gasifer, four stage gasifier, five stage gasifer, and their combinations.
• the phrase "high concentration of ethanol” means greater than about 10 g/L, preferably greater than 15 g/L ethanol in fermentation broth or a product ratio of ethanol to acetate of 5: 1 or more.
• limiting substrate or "limiting nutrient” define a substance in the nutrient medium or gaseous substrate which, during bacterial culture growth in the bioreactor, is depleted by the culture to a level which no longer supports steady state or stable bacterial growth in the bioreactor. All other substances in the nutrient medium or gas substrate are thus present in excess, and are "non-limiting”.
• the evidence for limitation is that an increase in the rate of addition of the limiting substrate, i.e. in the nutrient feed rate or gas feed rate, to the culture causes a corresponding increase in the rate of gas uptake (mmol/min of gas) due to increase in cell density or cell metabolism.
• microorganism includes bacteria, fungi, yeast, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (called green algae); and animals such as plankton, the planarian and the amoeba. Some also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living. Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering.
• mixed strain microorganisms that may or may not contain strains of various microorganisms, will be utilized in the present invention.
• directed evolution can selectively screen microorganisms that can be utilized in the present invention.
• recombinant DNA technology can create microorganisms using select strains of existing microorganisms.
• acetogenic anaerobic (or facultative) bacteria which are able to convert CO and water or H.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 into ethanol and acetic acid products will be utilized in the present invention.
• Useful bacteria according to this invention include, without limitation, Acetogenium kivui, Acetobacterium woodii, Acetoanaerobium noterae, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Caldanaerobacter subterraneus, Caldanaerobacter subterraneus pacif ⁇ cus, Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, Clostridium aceticum, Clostridium.
• acetobutylicum Clostridium Autoethanogenum, Clostridium thermoaceticum, Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium ljungdahlii PETC, Clostridium ljungdahlii ERI2, Clostridium ljungdahlii C-Ol, Clostridium ljungdahlii 0-52, Clostridium ultunense, Clostridium ragsdalei, Clostridium carboxidivorans, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Moorella, Moorella thermacetica, and Peptostreptococcus productus.
• Other acetogenic anaerobic bacteria are selected for use in these methods by one of skill in the art.
• strains of C. ljungdahlii include strain PETC (U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,429); strain ERI2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,886) and strains C-Ol and 0-52 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,577). These strains are each deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110- 2209, under Accession Nos.: 55383 (formerly ATCC No. 49587), 55380, 55988, and 55989 respectively. Each of the strains of C.
• ljungdahlii is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium with a guanine and cytosine (G+C) nucleotide content of about 22 mole %. These bacteria use a variety of substrates for growth, but not methanol or lactate. These strains differ in their CO tolerance, specific gas uptake rates and specific productivities. In the "wild" strains found in nature, very little ethanol production is noted. Strains of C. ljungdahlii operate ideally at 37. degree. C, and typically produce an ethanol to acetyl (i.e.
• ljungdahlii strains have been used to produce ethanol and acetyl with a product ratio of 1 :1 (equal parts ethanol and acetyl), but the ethanol concentration is less than 10 g/L, a level that results in low productivity, below 10 g/Lday.
• culture stability is an issue, primarily due to the relatively high (8-10 g/L) concentration of acetyl (2.5-3 g/L molecular acetic acid) in combination with the presence of ethanol.
• the gas rate is increased in an effort to produce more ethanol, the culture is inhibited, first by molecular acetic acid and then by CO. As a result, the culture becomes unstable and fails to uptake gas and produce additional product.
• mixed strains it is meant a mixed culture of two or more of the microorganisms or biocatalysts.
• Such “mixed strains” of the microorganisms or biocatalysts enumerated hereinabove are utilized in the methods of this invention. It is envisioned that directed evolution, genetically modified techniques, or other similar methods can result in mixed stain cultures for use in the present invention.
• natural state describes any compound, element, or pathway having no additional electrons or protons that are normally present.
• reduction state describes any compound, element, or pathway having an excess of one or more electrons.
• the “reduction state” is achieved by adding one or more electrons to the “natural state”, i.e. by lowering the redox potential of the fermentation broth.
• Nutrient medium is used generally to describe conventional bacterial growth media which contain vitamins and minerals sufficient to permit growth of a selected subject bacteria. Sugars are not included in these media. Components of a variety of nutrient media suitable to the use of this invention are known and reported in prior publications, including those of the inventors. See, e.g. the nutrient media formulae described in International Patent Application No. WO08/00558; U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,722; U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,886, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,111, as well as in the publications identified above.
• a typical laboratory nutrient medium for acetate production from CO, CO.sub.2, and H.sub.2 contains 0.9 mg/L calcium pantothenate.
• a typical laboratory nutrient medium for ethanol production from CO, CO.sub.2, and H.sub.2 contains 0.02 mg/L calcium pantothenate.
• the term "reducing gas" means either or both CO or H.sub.2.
• an amount of reducing gas greater than that required for growth of the bacteria' is meant that amount of reducing gas that exceeds the amount that the bacteria can use for growth or metabolism, given the nutrient medium ingredients.
• This amount can be achieved by increasing the net amount of reducing gas, or by reducing key nutrient ingredients, so that the excess amount of gas is achieved without increasing the gas, or by increasing the rate of gas delivery to the bacteria.
• the bacteria When the bacteria are exposed to more reducing gas than required for growth, the bacteria respond by increasing the production of ethanol.
• Subject bacteria are microorganisms or acetogenic anaerobic (or facultative) bacteria, which are able to convert CO and water or H.sub.2 and CO. sub.2 into ethanol and acetic acid products.
• syngas or "synthesis gas” means synthesis gas which is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities. The name comes from their use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and for producing ammonia or methanol.
• SNG synthetic natural gas
• Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and previously the Mobil methanol to gasoline process.
• Syngas consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide, and has less than half the energy density (i.e., BTU content) of natural gas. Syngas is combustible and often used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION UTILIZING CARBON DIOXIDE IN BIOMASS GASIFICATION
• Figure 1 shows a schematic of an example of a biomass gasifier with oxygen or air and carbon dioxide feed under the char bed according to one embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 2 shows a schematic of an example of a biomass gasifier with oxygen or air and carbon dioxide feed in an upper chamber of the gasifer as one embodiment of the present invention.
• Figure 3 shows a schematic of an example of a biomass gasifier with oxygen or air and carbon dioxide feed under the char bed and oxygen or air and carbon dioxide feed in an upper chamber of the gasifer as one embodiment of the present invention.
• multiple stage gasifiers with multiple chambers contain further embodiments of the present invention.
• the carbon dioxide serves two purposes.
• the addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the oxidant introduced into the gasifier has been shown to control the problem of slagging by providing a heat sink to reduce the temperature. Visual observations during preliminary experiments has indicated a reduction in ash slagging.
• the externally introduced CO2 reacts with carbon (char), H2 and hydrocarbons (such as methane), according to equations 3-5 above, in the gasifier to produce additional carbon monoxide (CO) and/or hydrogen.
• CO carbon monoxide
• This can result in additional alcohol (such as ethanol) production according to equations 1 and 2 above.
• Preliminary gasification experiments with wood chips has shown the potential for shifting externally fed carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, as noted in Table 1.
• the preliminary experimental data shows the ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen increases with increasing carbon dioxide feed rate.
• the hydrogen and CO production rates from gasification should be reasonably constant with the same biomass and oxygen feed rates. Since the gas flow rate is increasing slightly, and the CO/H2 ratio is increasing, CO2 is being reformed (shifted) to CO.
• Figure 5 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of total ethanol produced versus CO2 added comparing multiple stage gasifier data and single stage gasifier data.
• Figure 5 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of total ethanol (Gal/DT) versus CO2 (lbsmole/DT) added comparing multiple stage gasifier data and single stage gasifier data.
• Figure 5 shows the data of a two stage gasifier wherein the carbon dioxide is added to a lower chamber (LC).
• Figure 5 shows the data of a two stage gasifier wherein the carbon dioxide is added to a upper chamber (UC).
• Figure 5 shows the data of a single stage gasifier wherein carbon dioxide is added (IS). No steam has been added to the gasifiers.
• Figure 6 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of Total Ethanol versus CO2 added.
• Figure 6 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of total ethanol gallons per dry ton (Gal/DT) versus CO2 pound mole per dry ton (lbsmole/DT) added.
• Figure 6 comprises embodiments wherein CO2 is added to a lower and upper chamber.
• Figure 6 comprises embodiments wherein 15 lb-mole/DT CO2 comprises adding to a lower and comprises adding a variable range of CO2, 0-30 lb-mole/DT, to the upper chamber.
• Figure 7 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio (H2/CO) versus carbon dioxide (CO2) added comparing multiple stage gasifier data with single stage gasifier data.
• Figure 7 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of H2/CO ratio versus CO2 pound mole per dry ton (lbsmole/DT) added comparing multiple stage gasifier data with single stage gasifier data.
• Figure 7 provides the illustration of data of a two stage gasifier of the hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO) ratio and carbon dioxide added to a lower chamber (LC).
• Figure 7 provides the illustration of data of a two stage gasifier of the hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H2/CO) ratio and carbon dioxide added to a upper chamber (UC).
• multiple stage gasifier data comprises substantially overlapping data.
• the data in CO2 in LC - 2 Stage and CO2 in UC - 2 Stage are substantially overlapping.
• Figure 8 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of hydrogen to carbon monoxide ration (H2/CO) versus carbon dioxide (CO2) added.
• Figure 8 comprises embodiments of the present invention providing a graphic illustration of H2/CO ratio versus CO2 pound mole per dry ton (lbsmole/DT) added.
• Figure 8 comprises embodiments wherein 15 lb-mole/DT CO2 comprises adding to a lower and comprises adding a variable range of CO2, 0-30 lb-mole/DT, to the upper chamber.
• the present invention contemplates methods of optimizing syngas production via gasification of carbonaceous material in a gasifier comprising: injecting carbon dioxide gas, oxygen, and carbonaceous material into a gasifier; creating syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
• said carbonaceous material comprises selection from: carbonaceous material, carbonaceous liquid product, industrial carbonaceous liquid recycle, carbonaceous municipal solid waste, carbonaceous agricultural material, carbonaceous forestry material, carbonaceous wood waste, carbonaceous construction material, carbonaceous vegetative material, carbonaceous petrochemical coproducts, carbonaceous coal, tires or their combinations.
• said gasifier comprises one or more chambers; said gasifier comprises two chambers; said gasifier comprises two chambers; further comprising injecting carbon dioxide and oxygen gas in first chamber; comprising injecting carbon dioxide and oxygen gas in second chamber; and injecting carbon dioxide and oxygen in both first and second chamber.
• said gasifier comprises two chambers; further comprising injecting up to 50 lb-moles carbon dioxide per DT of said carbonaceous material in first chamber; said gasifer comprises two chambers; further comprising injecting up to 50 lb-moles carbon dioxide per DT said carbonaceous material in second chamber; said gasifier comprises two chambers; further comprising injecting up to 50 lb-moles carbon dioxide per DT of said carbonaceous material in first chamber; comprising injecting up to 50 lb-moles carbon dioxide per DT of said carbonaceous material in second chamber.
• the syngas of the present invention comprises a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of three or less; comprises a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of one or less.
• the present invention provides method of producing alcohol comprising: contacting syngas with biocatalyst in a fermentation container to produce an alcohol product mixture; selectively recovering alcohol from the product mixture.
• the present invention contemplates alcohol production of: methanol; ethanol; propanol; and/or butanol; or their combinations.
• said biocatalyst comprises: microoganisms; acetogenic bacteria; one or more strains selected from Clostridium, Moorella, and Carboxydothermus or their mixed strains; Clostridium ljunghlii.
• Said Clostridium ljungdahlii of the present invention is selected from the strains consisting of PETC, ERI-2, 0-52 and C-Ol or their combinations.
• the present invention contemplates methods of producing alcohol comprising: injecting carbon dioxide and oxygen gas and carbonaceous material into a gasifier; creating syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; contacting syngas with biocatalyst in a fermentation container to produce an alcohol product mixture; selectively recovering alcohol from the product mixture.
• Production of ethanol from biomass has been demonstrated by a process which first gasifies the carbonaceous matter and then ferments the carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the syngas into ethanol.
• This process has waste heat from cooling the hot syngas before fermentation and from burning the unconverted syngas. This waste heat can be used to generate steam and electricity for internal process needs and/or exported.
• a typical corn ethanol plant requires about 1.2 KWH of electricity and about 25,000 to about 37,000 Btu of thermal energy per gallon of ethanol produced. It is believed that the gasification and/or fermentation plant of the present invention allows all or much of the electricity and steam to operate the plant from the process waste heat. In addition, this process can produce about an additional 2.5 KWH per gallon for export. Exhaust steam from the power generation cycle could provide almost about 60,000 Btu per gallon. Hence it is believed, co-location of these facilities provides enough waste energy from the biomass to operate both plants. An additional economic benefit would be available to the farmer from the sale of the crop residue. Utilization of the entire crop will maximize energy efficiencies and minimize emission of global warming gases.
• said carbon dioxide gas is obtained from a corn to ethanol facility.
• Said carbonaceous material of the present invention comprises selection from: corn, corn stover, corn cobs, corn kernels, corn kernel fragments, corn plant fragments, fermentation waste, spent grain, spent microorganisms, spent biocatalyst, alcohol production liquid recycle, corn co-products, alcohol co-products, ethanol co-products, or their combinations.
• the present invention further comprises producing steam used for utilization by a corn to ethanol facility.
• the present invention further comprises producing electricity used for utilization by a corn to ethanol facility. It is envisioned that the present invention further comprises sequestration of carbon dioxide; sequestration of carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream for carbon dioxide conversion to alcohol.
• the present invention further contemplates a method of optimizing syngas production via gasification of carbonaceous material in a gasifier comprising: injecting carbon dioxide gas, oxygen, and carbonaceous material into a gasifier; creating syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; further comprising producing alcohol comprising: contacting syngas with biocatalyst in a fermentation container to produce an alcohol product mixture; selectively recovering alcohol from the product mixture.
• a multistage gasifier is contemplated in the present invention.
• the following examples utilize a two stage gasifier that is similar to a Consutech two stage combustor modified to operate as a gasifier with an object to maximize carbon monoxide and hydrogen production while minimizing other constituents in product syngas.
• Carbonaceous material is fed to the first stage (lower chamber) in which air, oxygen- enriched air or pure oxygen can be injected at a controlled rate below a grate.
• the first stage temperature and oxygen input is controlled such that only partial oxidation of carbonaceous material occurs, not complete combustion (also described as starved air or starved oxygen combustion).
• a temperature of about 1400 degrees F is maintained in the first stage.
• a temperature lower than aboutl400 degrees F can be maintained in the first stage; a temperature in the range of about 750 to about 1400 degrees F can be maintained in the first stage.
• the gaseous product from the first stage (lower chamber) moves to the second stage (upper chamber). Ash is removed from the first stage.
• Pure oxygen is introduced into the second stage to raise the temperature to about 1750 to about 2250 degrees F in the second stage in order to accomplish cracking and partial oxidation of any tar (such as heavy hydrocarbons) contained in the gaseous stream from the first stage.
• a raw producer or synthesis gas containing CO, H2 CO2, N2 and other constituents (e.g., O2, particulate matter (PM), tars, metals) is produced and removed from second stage.
• steam can be injected in the first stage or lower chamber.
• steam can be injected in the second stage or upper chamber.
• carbon dioxide can be injected in the second chamber; carbon dioxide can be injected in the first chamber.
• a one stage gasifier used for the examples to follow introduces carbonaceous material and air, oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen in one single chamber. A temperature of about 2250 degrees F is maintained in the gasifier chamber.
• a raw producer or synthesis gas (syngas) containing CO, H2 CO2, N2 and other constituents is produced and removed from the gasifier chamber.
• steam can be injected in the gasifier.
• carbon dioxide can be injected in the gasifier.
• Gas cleaning at the pilot plant consists of cooling with a water spray column directly after the gasifier.
• the water scrubbing at about 100 degrees F is sufficient to clean gas for fermenter requirements.
• the scrubber water requires treatment, but simple mechanical filtering of the water is sufficient because the carbon in the PM scrubbed out of the gas absorbs enough of the contaminants in the scrubber water that it can be considered dischargeable if the solids are removed.
• This wet filtrate can be sent back to the gasifier, and the water discharged.
• a cyclone separator removes PM and droplets.
• the product syngas is introduced in a bioreactor to produce alcohols; methanol; ethanol; propanol; and/or butanol.
• Examples 1-7 2 -Stage Gasifier with CO2 Injected in the First Stage (Lower Chamber)
• oxygen is introduced in the first and second stages as follows in order to attain temperatures of 1400 and 2250 degrees F in the first and second stage respectively.
• Carbon dioxide is introduced in the first stage (lower chamber) as indicated in the Table 3.
• Product syngas and ethanol product is obtained as in the table below.
• Examples 8-14 2-Stage Gasifier with CO2 Injected in the Second Stage (Upper Chamber)
• oxygen is introduced in the first and second stages as follows in order to attain temperatures of 1400 and 2250 degrees F in the first and second stage respectively.
• Carbon dioxide is introduced in the second stage (upper chamber) as indicated in the table below.
• Product syngas and ethanol product is obtained as in the Table 4.
• Examples 15-20 2-Stage Gasifier with CO2 Injected in Both the First Stage (Lower Chamber) and Second Stage (Upper Chamber)
• oxygen is introduced in the first and second stages as follows in order to attain temperatures of 1400 and 2250 degrees F in the first and second stage respectively.
• Carbon dioxide is introduced in both the first stage (lower chamber) and second stage (upper chamber) as indicated in the table below.
• Product syngas and ethanol product is obtained as in Table 5.
• oxygen is introduced in the gasifier as follows in order to attain temperature of 2250 degrees F in the gasifier.
• Carbon dioxide is introduced in the gasifier as indicated in Table 7.
• Product syngas and ethanol product is obtained as in the table below.

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