EP2288805B1 - Anlasser für einer brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Anlasser für einer brennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2288805B1
EP2288805B1 EP09745943.2A EP09745943A EP2288805B1 EP 2288805 B1 EP2288805 B1 EP 2288805B1 EP 09745943 A EP09745943 A EP 09745943A EP 2288805 B1 EP2288805 B1 EP 2288805B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact element
electrical
phase
contact
contactor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09745943.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2288805A2 (de
Inventor
Nicolas Labbe
Stéphane PLAIDEAU
Yannick Parvery
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
Original Assignee
Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur SAS
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Publication of EP2288805A2 publication Critical patent/EP2288805A2/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0851—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by means for controlling the engagement or disengagement between engine and starter, e.g. meshing of pinion and engine gear
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/04—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears
    • F02N15/06—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement
    • F02N15/067—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the toothed gears being moved by axial displacement the starter comprising an electro-magnetically actuated lever
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/54—Contact arrangements
    • H01H50/541—Auxiliary contact devices
    • H01H50/543—Auxiliary switch inserting resistor during closure of contactor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H01H51/02—Non-polarised relays
    • H01H51/04—Non-polarised relays with single armature; with single set of ganged armatures
    • H01H51/06—Armature is movable between two limit positions of rest and is moved in one direction due to energisation of an electromagnet and after the electromagnet is de-energised is returned by energy stored during the movement in the first direction, e.g. by using a spring, by using a permanent magnet, by gravity
    • H01H51/065—Relays having a pair of normally open contacts rigidly fixed to a magnetic core movable along the axis of a solenoid, e.g. relays for starting automobiles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0859—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines specially adapted to the type of the starter motor or integrated into it
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N15/00—Other power-operated starting apparatus; Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from groups F02N5/00 - F02N13/00
    • F02N15/02—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof
    • F02N15/04—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears
    • F02N15/043—Gearing between starting-engines and started engines; Engagement or disengagement thereof the gearing including disengaging toothed gears the gearing including a speed reducer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2300/00—Control related aspects of engine starting
    • F02N2300/10—Control related aspects of engine starting characterised by the control output, i.e. means or parameters used as a control output or target
    • F02N2300/102—Control of the starter motor speed; Control of the engine speed during cranking
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2300/00—Control related aspects of engine starting
    • F02N2300/10—Control related aspects of engine starting characterised by the control output, i.e. means or parameters used as a control output or target
    • F02N2300/104—Control of the starter motor torque

Definitions

  • the invention also relates to a rotating electrical machine, including a starter or a reversible alternator of a motor vehicle, comprising such a device.
  • FIG. 1 is an axial sectional view, a starting device 1 for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle mounted in a starter of the type described in the document WO 03/006824 which will be referred to for more details.
  • This device 1 comprises an electric motor M having, on the one hand, a rotor 2, also called an armature, rotatable about an axis X-X, and on the other hand, a stator 3, also called inductor, around the rotor 2.
  • This stator 3 comprises a metal yoke 31 on which are fixed in one embodiment several permanent magnets for forming an inductor.
  • this yoke carries a core 4, such as a sheet metal package provided with notches for setting up an inductor winding 5.
  • the rotor 2 comprises a rotor body 7, here in the form of a sheet-metal pack with notches, and an armature winding 8 wound in the notches of the rotor body 7.
  • This armature winding 8 forms, on either side of the rotor body 7, a front bun and a rear bun.
  • the rotor body 7 is carried by an armature shaft not referenced to the figure 1 .
  • the axis of this tree coincides with the axis XX.
  • the rotor 2 is provided, at the rear, with a collector 12 with a plastic body carrying in known manner a plurality of contact pieces, here electrically conductive blades, electrically connected to the conductive elements, formed in the example considered by son alternatively by pins, the armature coil 8.
  • the collector 12 is carried by the armature shaft of the electric motor and is in this embodiment of the front type.
  • the collector is of the radial type as visible in the document JP 04 094 459 and also in the documents WO 03/006824 aforementioned and WO 02/5081 .
  • At least one group of brushes is provided for the power supply of the armature winding 8, one of the brushes being connected to the ground of the device 1, and another of the brushes 13 being connected via a cable 13 'to a terminal 29' contactor 17.
  • the brushes are for example four in number, as in the document WO 02/50981 , or more than four.
  • the starting device 1 further comprises a launcher 19 slidably mounted via complementary helically shaped grooves, on a drive shaft 18 driven in rotation about the axis XX by the rotor 2 when the motor M is electrically powered via the aforementioned brushes.
  • the shaft 18, which constitutes the output shaft of the starting device 1 coincides with the armature shaft of the electric motor M.
  • a speed reducer assembly 9 is interposed between the armature shaft of the rotor 2 and the drive shaft 18, in a manner known per se.
  • the launcher 19 comprises a gear 21 intended to engage on a drive member 33 of the combustion engine, that is to say to come into engagement with the drive member 33.
  • This drive member is for example a toothed start crown 33 secured to a plate rigidly connected or via a torsion damper to the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine of the vehicle.
  • the launcher 19 further comprises a driver 22 and a free wheel 10, here with rollers, interposed between a rear extension of the pinion 21 and a front extension of the driver 22 secured to the outer periphery of a radial flange that includes the coach 22 carrying a washer 23 in the back.
  • This washer 23 defines with the radial flange of the driver 22 a groove 24 to receive the end 25 of fingers of a fork 27.
  • This fork 27 is made for example by molding a plastic material.
  • the fork 27 is shaped to be actuated by the switch 17 to move the launcher 19 relative to the drive shaft 18, along the X-X axis, between a first working position in which the launcher 19 drives the motor. internal combustion of the motor vehicle through the pinion 21 meshing with the ring gear 33, and a second rest position in which the launcher 19 is disengaged from the ring gear 33.
  • the contactor 17 comprises a terminal 29 connected, via an electrical connection element, in particular a cable 130, and a switch 45, to a power supply of the vehicle, in particular to the positive terminal of a battery 26 of the vehicle.
  • the contactor 17 is in this embodiment an electromagnetic contactor implanted above the electric motor M.
  • the metal yoke 31 of the electric motor M is interposed between a metal front bearing 14, for example made of aluminum, and a metal rear bearing supporting the rear end of the armature shaft of the electric motor M.
  • the yoke 31 and the front and rear bearings belong to a housing intended to be fixed, here via the front bearing 14 on a fixed metal part of the motor vehicle. This casing is therefore connected to the mass of the motor vehicle.
  • the front bearing 14 is notched for the passage of the crown C and carries the front end of the shaft 18.
  • the contactor has a tank of ferromagnetic material (not referenced) closed at the front by a cover of electrically insulating material, here plastic.
  • This hood carries electrically insulated terminals 29, 29 '
  • the tank of the contactor comprises a transverse bottom intended to be fixed on the front bearing 14 with screws.
  • the gearbox 9 comprises a base plate 90 interposed at its outer periphery between the bottom of the tank of the contactor and the front bearing 14 and at its inner periphery between the yoke 31 and the front bearing 14. Screws (not referenced) serve to fix the bottom of the tank of the switch 17 to the front bearing 14 and to the cylinder head with intercalation of the base plate 90 sandwiched.
  • This plate 90 carries an intermediate hinge support for the fork 27, made for example by molding a plastic material, comprising at its inner periphery 25 two fingers engaged in the groove 24 and at its outer periphery a hinge, here provided with an axis, for its connection with the end of a rod 62 mounted inside a movable core 65 that includes the switch 17.
  • the base plate 90 and the bottom of the contactor tank are perforated for the passage of the movable core 65.
  • a spring 64 said spring tooth against tooth, is housed in a blind hole of the movable core 65 and is mounted around the rod 62 also mounted in the blind hole of the movable core 65.
  • the rod is provided with an unreferenced head.
  • the contactor 17 also comprises a stationary core 72, of annular shape, made of ferromagnetic material.
  • the fixed core 72 is shouldered and has a cylindrical centering surface delimited by the shoulder for mounting a guide sleeve 2d. This sleeve 2d is thus centered at the rear by the fixed core 72 and at the front by the central opening of the bottom of the tank of the contactor 17.
  • the movable core 65 of cylindrical shape, is in intimate contact at its outer periphery with the inner periphery of the sleeve 2d.
  • This sleeve 2d is, on the one hand, at its front end in intimate contact at its outer periphery with the outer periphery of the central opening of the bottom of the contactor tank and on the other hand at its rear end in intimate contact with its inner periphery with the outer periphery of the centering surface, here cylindrical, of the fixed core 72 of annular shape.
  • the sleeve 2d is interposed axially between the bottom of the contactor bowl and the fixed core 72.
  • This sleeve 2d carries at its outer periphery an annular support 2c, here made of plastic, shaped to form a receiving groove of at least one coil 2a surrounded by the tank of the contactor 17 and intended to be connected to the terminal 29 and to the ground to generate a magnetic field.
  • the switch 45 controlled for example by the ignition key is closed, the coil coil 2a is electrically energized so that a magnetic field is generated and the movable core moves axially towards the fixed core 72.
  • the head of the rod 62 comes into contact with a pusher 68 guided by a central bore, unreferenced, that has the fixed core 72.
  • This pusher 68 here plastic, axially sliding door a movable contact, not referenced, in the form of a rectangular metal plate.
  • the movable contact comes into contact with the heads of the terminals 29, 29 'forming fixed contacts so that the electric motor is electrically powered notably via the cable 13' and the aforementioned brooms.
  • the movable core continues its axial stroke which ends after a third axial stroke by coming into abutment of the movable core 65 with the fixed core 72 having for this purpose a frustoconical central portion having the central bore for the pusher 68.
  • This part central is delimited at its outer periphery by the centering surface for the sleeve 2d and the coil holder 2c.
  • the rear part of the movable core has a chamfer of shape complementary to that of the frustoconical central part of the fixed core 72.
  • the pusher 68 also called control rod, is stepped for mounting a spring (not referenced), said contact pressure spring, axially implanted between the movable contact and said shoulder to allow during the third stroke, an axial displacement the pusher 68 relative to the movable contact when it is in contact with the heads of the terminals 29, 29 '.
  • This pressure spring is mounted around the pusher 68. It is the same for a second return spring implanted between the movable contact and the bottom of the cover of the contactor. This spring is less stiff than the contact pressure spring and exerts a force that recalls the moving contact in the direction of the fixed contact when the power supply of the coil or coils 2a is cut off. There is also a first return spring (not referenced) implanted axially between the front face of the bottom of the tank of the switch 17 and a shoulder of the movable core 68 to return the movable core in its initial rest position.
  • tooth against tooth spring 64 allows axial displacement of the movable core 68 when the pinion 21 abuts against the ring gear 33 without meshing therewith.
  • the pusher 68 forms a moving element with the movable contact 3 in the form of a plate.
  • This contactor comprises a mobile unit composed of a plunger core on which is fixed a rod carrying at one of its ends a sliding mounted contact plate. This plate is initially supported, in particular by the action of springs, on contacts of an electrical circuit comprising a winding resistor so that, in a first startup phase, the starter rotates at a low speed. In a second start-up phase, this same contact plate closes an electrical circuit allowing the starter to deliver its maximum torque.
  • the patent FR 2 827 341 describes an electromagnetic contactor with a power resistor to allow pre-rotation of the launcher.
  • the request for FR 2 881 479 describes a control device of a starter with an electric motor.
  • This comprises an inductor winding with four windings forming two groups in parallel each of two windings in series.
  • a deferred electromagnetic switch is provided to allow, in a first phase, the activation of only one of the groups of windings and, in a second phase, the activation of the two groups of windings.
  • the invention aims in particular to solve the aforementioned drawback in a simple manner.
  • the invention thus relates to a starting device for a combustion engine, especially a motor vehicle, of the aforementioned type characterized by the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the first and second electrical contact elements can be easily arranged, if desired, in a single housing, which makes it possible to avoid having two contactor housings as described in particular in the application for FR 2 881 479 .
  • contactor is not substantially modified and that the maximum number of parts of a conventional electromagnetic contactor is retained.
  • the first and second electrical contact elements may, if desired, be controlled as a function of displacements of elements of the device, independently of predetermined time constants.
  • the torque developed by the electric motor is lower than that developed in the second phase of full speed.
  • the electric motor can already be at least partially supplied with an electric current for a contact winding of the contactor. This can, if necessary, result in a small rotation of the electric motor.
  • the contactor is advantageously arranged in such a way that, in the first pre-rotation phase, the first electrical contact element is in the closed state and the second electrical contact element is in the open state, and in the second phase at full speed, the first and second contact elements are in a closed state.
  • the contactor comprises a movable assembly arranged to move the launcher by means of a pivoting fork, the moving assembly comprising an actuating element arranged to cause the closing of the second electrical contact element.
  • the contactor according to the invention can thus have a small footprint.
  • the mobile assembly of the contactor may comprise a movable core, the actuating element being movably mounted relative to this movable core against the force exerted by a elastic return element, in particular a spring.
  • the second electrical contact element may be integral, in particular with the possibility of sliding, of a control rod and the actuating element of the moving assembly may be arranged to be applied against the control rod so as to being able to push the latter to cause the passage of the second electrical contact element from the open state to the closed state.
  • the contactor comprises a fixed core, and an elastic return element, in particular a spring, is interposed between the second contact element and the movable support of the first electrical contact element so as to to allow, at least when the first contact element is activated and before the activation of the second contact element, to apply the second electrical contact element against the fixed core of the contactor.
  • an elastic return element in particular a spring
  • the device comprises a first electrical terminal connected to an energy storage source, in particular a battery, a second intermediate power terminal and a third full power terminal.
  • an energy storage source in particular a battery
  • a second intermediate power terminal in particular a battery
  • a third full power terminal in particular a battery
  • the first contact element comes into contact with the first electrical terminal and the second terminal intermediate power and in the second phase of full speed, the second electrical contact element comes into contact with the first and third electrical terminals.
  • the first terminal connected to a source of energy storage can be staggered so as to allow the first and second contact elements to simultaneously bear on this first terminal, in particular at different heights of said terminal.
  • the device comprises a stator, or inductor, comprising an inductor winding, said inductor coil comprising at least first and second windings, and the contactor can be arranged to control, in the first pre-rotation phase, a power supply only of the first winding of the inductor winding, and in the second phase of full speed, a power supply of both the first and second windings of the inductor winding.
  • the device comprises at least one power resistor arranged in such a way that, in the first pre-rotation phase, the induction coil is electrically powered through the power resistor, in particular so as to limit the current peak in the electric motor and, in the second phase of full speed, the inductor coil is electrically powered by short-circuiting the power resistance.
  • the contactor is arranged so that the second electrical contact element is in the open state as long as the launcher is in the tooth against tooth position on the drive ring of the combustion engine.
  • the invention makes it possible in particular to reduce the torque peak as long as the launcher is in the tooth against tooth position on the ring gear, and thus to eliminate the risk of milling.
  • the invention may also make it possible to eliminate re-openings by return of the movable core which may appear in the case of a tooth against tooth position at the time of the conjunction (in which case a voltage drop due to the peak current of the motor electrical and a short circuit of a contact winding of this contactor can induce insufficient strength to allow the movable core to come to magnetic bonding).
  • the peak current is limited in the electric motor, which reduces the electrical wear of brushes present in the electric motor.
  • the limitation of the torque peak makes it possible to reduce the mechanical wear of the pinion against the ring gear.
  • At least one of the first and second electrical contact elements may comprise an electrically conductive wafer.
  • the inductor comprises a winding with four windings in parallel, corresponding to four inductor channels, which allows cutting current peaks and torque significantly.
  • the invention also relates to a rotating electrical machine, including a starter or a reversible alternator of a motor vehicle, comprising a device as described above.
  • the control of the windings of the inductor winding can, if desired, be provided by switches, including electronic switches of the contactor. These switches comprise for example at least one transistor or thyristor.
  • control of the windings of the inductor winding can be ensured by the displacement of moving elements of the contactor.
  • the pre-rotation phase only part of the windings of the inductor winding is energized, for example the half or a quarter of the inductor coil, while in the second phase of full speed, all the windings of the inductor winding are fed.
  • the inductor winding may comprise four windings forming two groups in parallel each of two series windings.
  • the inductor coil 5 comprises four windings 40 to 43 forming two groups in parallel each of two windings 40, 41 and 42, 43 in series.
  • the switch 17 comprises two switches 45 and 46.
  • the first switch 45 is connected in series with the two groups of windings 40, 41 and 42, 43, and the second switch 46 is connected in series with the windings 40, 41 and in parallel with the windings 42, 43.
  • the contactor 17 is arranged so that, in a pre-rotation phase, the switch 45 is closed and the switch 46 is open in order to allow the electric supply by the battery 26 only windings 42, 43.
  • the invention makes it possible to reduce the torque peak as long as the launcher 19 is in the tooth against tooth position on the ring gear 33, and thus to eliminate the risk of milling, as explained below.
  • the switch 17 controls the power supply of all the windings 40 to 43 of the inductor coil 5 to cause the start of the combustion engine.
  • the windings 40 to 43 are all arranged in parallel forming four parallel paths.
  • the switch 46 is arranged in series with the group of three windings 41 to 42 in parallel.
  • the parallel four-way inductor winding 5 serves to reduce, in addition to the peak torque, also the current peak, as illustrated schematically in FIG. figure 5 .
  • the peak current can be divided by a factor of between 1 and 3, in particular by a factor of about 2.
  • the switch 17 comprises switches 45 and 46 of the electromechanical or mechanical type.
  • the switches 45 and 46 may be of electronic type, as illustrated in FIG. figure 4 .
  • the switches 45 and 46 comprise transistors or thyristors, controlled by an electronic control module 47, for example a processor or a microcontroller.
  • the pre-rotation phase is controlled by a time-shifted operation of different windings of the inductor winding 5.
  • the inductor coil 5 comprises a single winding supplied by the battery 26 via switches 45 and 46.
  • the inductor coil 5 is connected in series with a power resistor 50.
  • the switch 45 is placed between the positive terminal 29 of the contactor 17 connected to the battery 26 and an intermediate power terminal 51 connected, in this case, to the power resistor 50.
  • the terminal 51 is connected to the channels that are activated in the first pre-rotation.
  • the switch 46 is placed, in parallel with the switch 45, between the terminal 29 connected to the battery 26 and a full power terminal 52 to be able, in this case, to bypass the power resistance 50.
  • the power resistor 50 is disposed between the intermediate power terminals 51 and full power 52.
  • the switch 45 is closed and the switch 46 is open for supplying the induction coil 5 through the power resistor 50 so as to reduce the peak torque.
  • the two switches 45 and 46 are closed and the power resistor 50 is short-circuited, which allows to supply the inductor coil 5 at full power.
  • the starter housing is not shown.
  • the shape of this case depends on the applications.
  • the switch 17 comprises a mobile core 65 and a fixed core 72 as at figure 1 . We keep the terminal 29.
  • the contactor 17 comprises first and second electrical contact elements 58 and 59, here in the form of rectangular metal plates, intended to define respectively the first and second switches 45 and 46.
  • the switch 17 further comprises a movable assembly 60, which as at figure 1 is arranged to move the launcher 19 through the pivoting fork 27, the movable assembly 60 comprising an actuating element 61 arranged to cause the closing of the second electrical contact element 59, as will be better explained later.
  • the actuating element 61 is provided with a rod 62 fixed at one end to the fork 27 and having at its opposite end a head 63.
  • the movable assembly 60 of the contactor 17 comprises a movable core 65, the actuating element 61 being mounted therein, displaceable with respect to this movable core 65 against the force exerted by a spring 64 with turns.
  • This spring 64 corresponds to the spring tooth against tooth of the figure 1 .
  • This spring 64 is mounted, as in figure 1 around the rod 62 of the actuating element 61 and is applied at one end against the head 63 thereof.
  • the mobile core 65 is movable in the contactor 17 by the action of a magnetic field generated by a coil, here not shown and visible in 2a at the figure 1 contactor 17.
  • This coil may comprise, if desired, a call winding and a holding winding as in the document US 4,418,289 or, alternatively, a single winding.
  • the structure of the moving assembly 60 is preserved, the moving assembly 60 being different from that of the figure 1 by the upper end of the fork 27 and in that the bottom of the blind hole of the movable core 65 is constituted by a washer. It all depends on the applications. In a variant, the assembly 60 is identical to that of figure 1 .
  • the second electrical contact element 59 is integral with a sliding possibility, a control rod 68, for example a plastic material, and the actuating element 61 of the mobile assembly 60 is arranged to be applied against the control rod 68 so as to push it to cause the passage of the second electrical contact element 59 from the open state to the closed state.
  • control rod 68 corresponds globally to the pusher of the figure 1 and that the second electrical contact element 59 is in an embodiment identical to that of the figure 1 .
  • This second contact element 59 here consists of a wafer of rectangular shape.
  • the fixed core 72 here has a shape identical to that of the figure 1 .
  • the first contact element 58 is here of the same type as the second movable contact element and here consists of a metal plate of rectangular shape oriented at 90 ° with respect to the second contact 59 as visible in particular in the Figures 7 to 13 .
  • the size of the element 58 is different from the size of the element 59.
  • the elements 58 and 59 are of identical size.
  • the elements 58 and 59 are identical for better standardization.
  • the first contact element 58 is carried, with a sliding possibility, by a mobile support 70 and the second contact element 59 is guided in displacement in this support 70 of the first contact element 58 .
  • this structure is duplicated at the level of the first contact element.
  • the spring 79 is a second contact pressure spring and the spring 78 a third return spring.
  • the stiffness of the contact pressure springs is greater than that of the corresponding return springs.
  • the support 70 comprises two guide branches 170 extending on either side of the second contact element 59, which, as in the embodiment of FIG. figure 1 bears against the fixed core in the rest position of the contactor.
  • the switch 17 has as in the figure 1 as previously mentioned, a fixed core 72, and a coil spring 73, also called a crushing spring, is interposed between the second contact element 59 and the mobile support 70 of the first electrical contact element 58 so as to allow, at least when the first contact element is activated and before the activation of the second contact element, to apply the second electrical contact element 59 against the fixed core 72 of the contactor 17.
  • a coil spring 73 also called a crushing spring
  • a second coil spring 74 is provided between the second contact element 59 and a shoulder 75 of the control element 68 to maintain, if appropriate, the second contact element 59 in the closed state.
  • the springs 73 and 74 are respectively the second return spring and the first contact pressure spring.
  • the stiffness of the springs 73, 74, 78, 79 depends on the applications.
  • the stiffness of the return springs 73 and 78 may be equal or different. It is the same with that of the contact pressure springs 74, 79.
  • the springs 73, 78 are identical, as are the springs 74, 79.
  • the second return spring 73 has a stiffness lower than that of the third return spring 78 and of course the contact pressure springs 74, 79.
  • coil springs are also called coil spring.
  • the number of fixed contacts is also duplicated.
  • each element 58, 59 is associated two fixed contacts.
  • the first contact element 58 is applied against the terminal heads 29 and 51 forming fixed contacts.
  • the second contact element 59 is applied against an electrical contact face 81 constituting a fixed contact, connected to the terminal 29, and against the head of a terminal 52 constituting another fixed contact.
  • the heads of the terminals 29, 51 are offset axially and circumferentially at 90 ° with respect to the head of the terminal 52 and to the face 81 as visible in FIGS. Figures 9 to 13 .
  • the switch 17 is arranged such that the second electrical contact element 59 is in the open state as long as the launcher 19 is in the tooth against tooth position on the drive ring gear 33 of the combustion engine.
  • the terminal 29 connected to the battery 26 is staggered so as to allow the first and second contact elements 58 and 59 to bear simultaneously on this terminal 29.
  • the terminal 29 has a structure staggered by the presence of a lug 80 having an electrical contact face 81 (see in particular figure 8 ) at the same height as the full power terminal 52.
  • the terminals 29, 51, 52 and the lug 80 face 81 are carried by the cover, here not visible, the contactor.
  • This plastic hood of the type of that of the figure 1 is consistent accordingly. It is easily obtained by molding, the contactor tank being able to be preserved in the aforementioned manner. Alternatively, the stepped structure can be obtained by machining terminal 29.
  • the first and second electrical contact elements 58 and 59 each comprise an electrically conductive wafer.
  • the winding of the coil of the contactor 17 is short-circuited once the first and second contact elements 58 and 59 are in the closed state, in particular to ensure the failure to reopen the mobile nucleus 65.
  • the contact elements 58 and 59 are in the open state, corresponding to the open state of the switches 45 and 46.
  • the moving assembly 60 moves back slightly toward the fixed core 72 under the effect of the magnetic field exerted by the coil or coils of the contactor.
  • the lower finger-shaped end 25 of the fork 27 is pressed against the radial flange of the driver 22.
  • the pinion 21 of the launcher 19 bears against tooth against tooth on the ring gear 33.
  • the gear 21 of the launcher 19 remains in the tooth against tooth position on the ring gear 33.
  • the movable core 65 moves back against the support 70 of the first electrical contact element 58, which support 70 is moved backwards. This rearward movement causes the closing of the first contact element 58 which bears on the heads of the terminals 29 and 51.
  • the terminal 51 is in an embodiment identical to the terminal 29 'of the figure 1 .
  • the second contact element 59 remains pressed against the fixed core 72 by the action of the return spring 73.
  • the support 70 advantageously made of plastic, comprises two branches 170 passing through the fixed core 72 as visible in the Figures 7 to 13 .
  • the fixed core 72 has as in the figure 1 a frustoconical central portion 173 provided with a bore (not referenced) for guiding the pusher 68.
  • a shoulder 174 transversely oriented relative to the axis of axial symmetry YY of the switch 17, connects the central portion 173 to the cylindrical bearing surface 172 of the sleeve referenced at 2d to the figure 1 .
  • the bearing 172 is axially oriented with respect to the axis YY and extends axially between the shoulder 174 and the outer peripheral shoulder 175 oriented transversely to the axis YY.
  • This shoulder 175 serves as aforesaid axial wedging support 2b of the coil 2a of the figure 1 .
  • the arms 170 pass axially through the fixed core 72 each with the aid of a passage made in the strip of material delimited by the shoulder 174 and the centering surface 172.
  • the branches 170 are therefore intended to penetrate inside the sleeve 2d of the figure 1 .
  • the fixed core 72 therefore differs from that of the figure 1 at these openings.
  • the mobile core 65 cooperates in the figure 10 with the free end of these branches 170 to axially move the support 70.
  • this core 72 has a housing 176 for mounting the extra thickness of the pusher 68 defining a shoulder a shoulder for the spring 74.
  • This housing 176 also serves for the housing of the spring 74 surrounding the pusher 68.
  • the gear 21 of the launcher 19 remains in the tooth against tooth position with the ring gear 33.
  • the support 70 continues to move back, that is to say to move axially, relative to the fixed core 72.
  • the mobile core 65 moves back and comes into contact with the fixed core 72.
  • the second contact element 59 remains pressed against the fixed core 72.
  • the pinion 21 of the launcher 19 engages in the ring gear 33 and the actuating element 61 moves back relative to the movable core 65.
  • the actuating element 61 pushes the control element 68 of the second contact element 59, which comes into contact with the terminal 52 and the terminal 80 of the terminal 29.
  • the switch 46 is then closed.
  • the actuating element 61 and the control rod 68 move back to an end position.
  • the spring 73 is further compressed.
  • the Figures 7 to 19 show that the support 70 has a U-shape with two branches 170, diametrically opposed, and a bottom 180.
  • this background 180 presents ( figure 7 ) a first cylindrical boss 181 extending between the legs 170 for mounting and centering the spring 73 and a second boss 182 stepped in diameter for mounting and centering the springs 79 and 78 ( figure 7 ).
  • This element 58 in this embodiment, is identical to the second element 59 as better visible in the figures 16 and 19 . These two elements are shifted circumferentially 90 °, that is to say perpendicular to each other. As shown in the figures, the elements 58, 59 are arranged on either side of the bottom 180.
  • the spring 79 and the element 58 are thus implanted between the bottom 180 and the washer 190. An axial movement of the boss 182 relative to the element 58 is possible and this against the force exerted by the spring 79 when the element 58 bears against the heads of the terminals 29, 51.
  • notches 270 serve to pass the ends of the or the coils and the ends of the assemblies of the windings 40 to 43 implanted radially above the coil or reels in favor of the free space between the coil or the coil of the contactor as visible at the figure 1 .
  • the support 70 may have a cylindrical shape of revolution, coaxial with the control rod 68 which can slide inside this cylinder.
  • the rod 68 is hollow and the support 70 can be arranged to engage in this rod 68.
  • the tank of the contactor 17 may be in one piece as in the figure 1 or in several parts as described in the document WO 2004/088126 .
  • These notches 370 are cavities in which engage the notches of the casing of the tank as described in this document WO 2004/088126 .
  • the spacing between the branches 170 depends on the width of the element 59 of rectangular shape. This is the reason why the elements 58, 59 are offset by 90 ° as well as the associated fixed contacts.
  • the starting device 1 can be mounted in an outgoing starter as described in the document JP 04 094 459 supra.
  • the switch 17 is alternatively deported by being implanted at the rear of the starter as described in the document FR 2 843 427 with a return rod interposed between a first lever of the fork type 27 and a second lever associated with the movable core of the contactor.
  • the freewheel of the launcher is a variant of the conical clutch type as in the document WO 03/006824 ( Figures 25 to 28).
  • the starter housing is of the type described in the document WO 03/006824 .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Anlassvorrichtung (1) für einen Verbrennungsmotor, insbesondere eines Kraftfahrzeugs, die aufweist:
    - eine Starteinrichtung (19), die eingerichtet ist, den Verbrennungsmotor insbesondere mittels eines Kranzes (33) anzulassen,
    - einen Elektromotor (2, 3), der eingerichtet ist, die Starteinrichtung in Drehung zu versetzen,
    - ein Schütz (17), das eine Längsachse (Y-Y) hat und eine Steuerstange (68), einen feststehenden Kern (72), erste und zweite elektrische Kontaktelemente (58, 59) aufweist, die eingerichtet sind, die Stromversorgung des Elektromotors zu steuern, was es diesem erlaubt, nacheinander in einer ersten Vorrotationsphase und einer zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl zu arbeiten, wobei jedes dieser ersten und zweiten Kontaktelemente (58, 59) entlang der Längsachse zwischen einem offenen Zustand und einem geschlossenen Zustand beweglich ist, wobei das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) insbesondere mit Gleitmöglichkeit fest mit der Steuerstange (68) verbunden ist,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das erste Kontaktelement (58) insbesondere mit einer Gleitmöglichkeit von einem beweglichen Träger (70) getragen wird, dass eine Feder (79) zwischen das erste Kontaktelement (58) und den beweglichen Träger (70) eingefügt ist, dass das zweite Kontaktelement (59) im beweglichen Trägern (70) des ersten Kontaktelements (58) in Verschiebung geführt wird, und dass ein elastisches Rückstellelement (73), insbesondere eine Feder, zwischen das zweite Kontaktelement (59) und den beweglichen Träger (70) des ersten Kontaktelements (58) eingefügt ist, um das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) gegen den feststehenden Kern (72) des Schützes anzulegen, wenn die zwei Kontaktelemente (58, 59) im offenen Zustand sind.
  2. Vorrichtung nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Schütz (17) so eingerichtet ist, dass in der ersten Vorrotationsphase das erste elektrische Kontaktelement (58) im geschlossenen Zustand und das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) im offenen Zustand ist, und dass in der zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl das erste (58) und zweite (59) Kontaktelement im geschlossenen Zustand sind.
  3. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Schütz (17) eine bewegliche Einheit (60) aufweist, die eingerichtet ist, um die Starteinrichtung (19) mittels einer schwenkbaren Gabel (27) zu verschieben und um den Träger (70) des ersten elektrischen Kontaktelements (58) zu verschieben, um das Schließen des ersten elektrischen Kontaktelements (58) zu bewirken, und dass die bewegliche Einheit (60) ein Betätigungselement (61) enthält, das eingerichtet ist, um die Steuerstange (68) zu verschieben, um das Schließen des zweiten elektrischen Kontaktelements (59) zu bewirken.
  4. Vorrichtung nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch. dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die bewegliche Einheit (60) des Schützes einen beweglichen Kern (65) aufweist, wobei das Betätigungselement (61) bezüglich dieses beweglichen Kerns (65) gegen die von einem elastischen Rückstellelement (64), insbesondere eine Feder, ausgeübte Kraft verschiebbar montiert ist, und dass der bewegliche Kern (65) der beweglichen Einheit (60) dazu bestimmt ist, mit dem den feststehenden Kern (72) durchquerenden Träger (70) zusammenzuwirken.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Träger (70) zwei Schenkel (170) aufweist, die den feststehenden Kern (72) durchqueren, dass der bewegliche Kern (65) der beweglichen Einheit (60) dazu bestimmt ist, mit den freien Enden der den feststehenden Kern (72) durchquerenden Schenkel (170) zusammenzuwirken, und dass die Arme (170) sich zu beiden Seiten des zweiten elektrischen Kontaktelements (59) erstrecken.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der zwei vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Betätigungselement (61) der beweglichen Einheit (60) eingerichtet ist, um sich gegen die Steuerstange (68) anzulegen, um diese anschieben zu können, um den Übergang des zweiten elektrischen Kontaktelements (59) vom offenen Zustand in den geschlossenen Zustand zu bewirken.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der zwei vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Träger (70) eine U-Form hat, die einen Boden (180) und zwei Schenkel (170) aufweist, die den feststehenden Kern (72) durchqueren, dass der Boden (180) des Trägers (70) einen ersten Ansatz (181) aufweist, der sich zwischen den Schenkeln (170) für die Montage und die Zentrierung des elastischen Rückstellelements (73), insbesondere eine Feder, erstreckt, und dass das elastische Rückstellelement (73), insbesondere eine Feder, zwischen das zweite Kontaktelement (59) und den Boden (180) des beweglichen Trägers (70) des ersten elektrischen Kontaktelements (58) eingefügt wird, um zumindest wenn das erste Kontaktelement (58) aktiviert wird und vor der Aktivierung des zweiten Kontaktelements (59) zu ermöglichen, das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) gegen den feststehenden Kern (72) des Schützes anzulegen.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zwischen den beweglichen Träger (70) und das erste Kontaktelement (58) eingefügte Feder (79) zwischen dem Boden (180) des beweglichen Trägers (70) und dem ersten Kontaktelement (58) wirkt, dass der Boden (180) des beweglichen Trägers (70) einen zweiten Ansatz (182) für die Montage und die Zentrierung der zwischen dem Boden (180) und dem ersten Kontaktelement (58) wirkenden Feder (79) aufweist, und dass der erste (181) und der zweite Ansatz sich zu beiden Seiten des Bodens (180) erstrecken.
  9. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen ersten elektrischen Anschluss (29), der gestuft und mit einer Energiespeicherquelle, insbesondere einer Batterie, verbunden ist, einen zweiten Zwischenleistungsanschluss (51) und einen dritten Vollleistungsanschluss (52) aufweist, dass in der ersten Vorrotationsphase das erste Kontaktelement (58) mit dem ersten elektrischen Anschluss (29) und dem zweiten Zwischenleistungsanschluss (51) in Kontakt kommt, und dass in der zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) mit dem ersten (29) und dem dritten elektrischen Anschluss (52) in Kontakt kommt.
  10. Vorrichtung nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der mit einer Energiespeicherquelle verbundene erste Anschluss (29) durch das Vorhandensein einer Kausche (80) gestuft ist, die eine elektrische Kontaktseite (81) auf gleicher Höhe wie der Vollleistungsanschluss (52) bietet, um es den ersten (58) und zweiten (59) Kontaktelementen zu erlauben, sich gleichzeitig auf diesen ersten Anschluss (29) zu stützen.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, die einen Stator (3), oder Induktor, aufweist, der eine Induktorwicklung (5) aufweist, wobei die Induktorwicklung mindestens erste (40) und zweite (42) Windungen enthält, und dass das Schütz eingerichtet ist, um in der ersten Vorrotationsphase eine Stromversorgung nur der ersten Windung der Induktorwicklung und in der zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl eine Stromversorgung sowohl der ersten aus auch der zweiten Windung der Induktorwicklung zu steuern.
  12. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, die aufweist:
    - einen Stator (3), oder Induktor, der eine Induktorwicklung (5) aufweist, wobei die Induktorwicklung mindestens erste (43), zweite (41) und dritte (42) Windungen enthält, die alle elektrisch parallelgeschaltet sind,
    - einen dem Stator zugeordneten Rotor, der eine Längsachse aufweist,
    - eine Starteinrichtung (19), die vom Rotor in Drehung versetzt werden kann,
    - ein Schütz (17), das eingerichtet ist, um in einer ersten Vorrotationsphase eine Stromversorgung nur der ersten Windung (43) der Induktorwicklung und in einer zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl, die auf die erste Phase folgt, eine Stromversorgung der ersten, zweiten und dritten Windungen (41, 42) der Induktorwicklung zu steuern.
  13. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, die einen Stator (3), oder Induktor, aufweist, der eine Induktorwicklung (5) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorrichtung einen Leistungswiderstand aufweist, der so eingerichtet ist, dass in der ersten Vorrotationsphase die Induktorwicklung über den Leistungswiderstand (50) mit Strom versorgt wird, insbesondere, um die Stromspitze im Elektromotor zu begrenzen, und dass in der zweiten Phase bei voller Drehzahl die Induktorwicklung mit Strom versorgt wird, indem der Leistungswiderstand kurzgeschlossen wird.
  14. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Starteinrichtung (19) ein Ritzel (21) aufweist, um den Verbrennungsmotor mittels eines Antriebskranzes (33) anzulassen, und dass das Schütz so eingerichtet ist, dass das zweite elektrische Kontaktelement (59) im offenen Zustand ist, so lange das Ritzel (21) der Starteinrichtung (19) in der Stellung Zahn gegen Zahn auf dem Antriebskranz (33) des Verbrennungsmotors ist.
  15. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das erste (58) und das zweite (59) elektrische Kontaktelement ein Plättchen tragen, dass die Plättchen zueinander lotrecht sind, dass der Träger (70) eine U-Form hat, die einen Boden (180) und zwei Schenkel (170) aufweist, die den feststehenden Kern (72) durchqueren, und dass die Plättchen des ersten (58) und des zweiten (59) Kontaktelements zu beiden Seiten des Bodens (180) angeordnet sind.
  16. Drehende elektrische Maschine, insbesondere ein Anlasser oder ein umkehrbarer Alternator eines Kraftfahrzeugs, die eine Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche aufweist.
EP09745943.2A 2008-04-15 2009-04-15 Anlasser für einer brennkraftmaschine Active EP2288805B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0852528A FR2930001B1 (fr) 2008-04-15 2008-04-15 Dispositif de demarrage pour moteur a combustion interne, notamment de vehicule automobile.
PCT/FR2009/050699 WO2009138624A2 (fr) 2008-04-15 2009-04-15 Dispositif de demarrage pour moteur a combustion interne

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2288805A2 EP2288805A2 (de) 2011-03-02
EP2288805B1 true EP2288805B1 (de) 2017-05-10

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EP (1) EP2288805B1 (de)
CN (1) CN102007289B (de)
BR (1) BRPI0910321A2 (de)
FR (1) FR2930001B1 (de)
RU (1) RU2010146186A (de)
WO (1) WO2009138624A2 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11408326B2 (en) * 2018-07-12 2022-08-09 Briggs & Stratton, Llc Internal combustion engine with electric starting system

Families Citing this family (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2959863B1 (fr) * 2010-05-07 2017-11-03 Valeo Equip Electr Moteur Contacteur electromagnetique de commande d'un demarreur electrique
DE102011076534A1 (de) * 2011-05-26 2012-11-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Startvorrichtung
EP3513420B8 (de) * 2016-09-20 2020-12-16 SEG Automotive Germany GmbH Einrückrelais für sowie verfahren zum betreiben einer vorzugsweise als startvorrichtung ausgebildeten elektrischen maschine mit einem einrückrelais
FR3074857A1 (fr) * 2017-12-12 2019-06-14 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Demarreur de moteur thermique a inducteur bobine muni d'un contacteur electromagnetique a trois bornes realisant une fonction de limitateur de courant

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4418289A (en) * 1978-11-20 1983-11-29 Facet Enterprises, Incorporated Two stage starter drive system
JP2539084B2 (ja) * 1990-08-08 1996-10-02 株式会社日立製作所 マグネチックシフト式スタ―タ
JP3105762B2 (ja) * 1995-05-29 2000-11-06 株式会社ミツバ エンジン始動装置
FR2827342B1 (fr) * 2001-07-10 2004-08-13 Valeo Equip Electr Moteur Demarreur pour vehicule automobile
US6923152B2 (en) * 2002-12-10 2005-08-02 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Engine starter

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11408326B2 (en) * 2018-07-12 2022-08-09 Briggs & Stratton, Llc Internal combustion engine with electric starting system
US20220381176A1 (en) * 2018-07-12 2022-12-01 Briggs & Stratton, Llc Internal combustion engine with electric starting system
US11639681B2 (en) 2018-07-12 2023-05-02 Briggs & Stratton, Llc Internal combustion engine with electric starting system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BRPI0910321A2 (pt) 2015-09-29
CN102007289A (zh) 2011-04-06
WO2009138624A2 (fr) 2009-11-19
WO2009138624A3 (fr) 2010-10-21
RU2010146186A (ru) 2012-05-20
FR2930001A1 (fr) 2009-10-16
EP2288805A2 (de) 2011-03-02
CN102007289B (zh) 2013-09-25
FR2930001B1 (fr) 2012-08-03
WO2009138624A9 (fr) 2010-01-07

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