EP2202929A1 - Kanalschätzung in einem MISO Empfänger - Google Patents

Kanalschätzung in einem MISO Empfänger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2202929A1
EP2202929A1 EP10157886A EP10157886A EP2202929A1 EP 2202929 A1 EP2202929 A1 EP 2202929A1 EP 10157886 A EP10157886 A EP 10157886A EP 10157886 A EP10157886 A EP 10157886A EP 2202929 A1 EP2202929 A1 EP 2202929A1
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Prior art keywords
miso
receivers
channel
pilot
vectors
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EP10157886A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2202929B1 (de
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Dhananjay Ashok Gore
Avneesh Agrawal
Tamer Kadous
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/76—Pilot transmitters or receivers for control of transmission or for equalising
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
    • H04L25/0226—Channel estimation using sounding signals sounding signals per se
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0452—Multi-user MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0684—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission using different training sequences per antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
    • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
    • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
    • H04L27/26132—Structure of the reference signals using repetition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
    • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
    • H04L27/26134—Pilot insertion in the transmitter chain, e.g. pilot overlapping with data, insertion in time or frequency domain

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to data communication, and more specifically to pilot transmission for a wireless multi-antenna communication system.
  • a multi-antenna communication system employs multiple (T) transmit antennas and one or more (R) receive antennas for data and pilot transmission.
  • the multi-antenna system may thus be a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or a multiple-input single-output (MISO) system.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
  • MISO multiple-input single-output
  • a MIMO channel formed by the multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas is composed of S spatial channels, where S ⁇ min ⁇ T, R ⁇ .
  • the S spatial channels may be used to transmit data in parallel to achieve higher overall throughput and/or redundantly to achieve greater reliability.
  • a MISO channel formed by the multiple transmit antennas and single receive antenna is composed of a single spatial channel.
  • the multiple transmit antennas may be used to transmit data redundantly to achieve greater reliability.
  • Channel estimation is typically performed by sending a pilot from the transmitter and measuring the pilot at the receiver.
  • the pilot is made up of modulation symbols that are known a priori by both the transmitter and receiver. The receiver can thus estimate the channel response based on the received pilot symbols and the known transmitted pilot symbols.
  • the multi-antenna system may concurrently support both MISO receivers (which are receivers equipped with a single antenna) and MIMO receivers (which are receivers equipped with multiple antennas).
  • MISO and MIMO receivers typically require different channel estimates and thus have different requirements for a pilot transmission, as described below. Since pilot transmission represents an overhead in the multi-antenna system, it is desirable to minimize pilot transmission to the extent possible. However, the pilot transmission should be such that both MISO and MIMO receivers can obtain channel estimates of sufficient quality.
  • MISO receivers prefer the pilot to be sent in one spatial direction from the multiple (T) transmit antennas so that received pilot symbols can be filtered to obtain higher quality channel estimates.
  • MIMO receivers typically require the pilot to be sent in different spatial directions from the T transmit antennas so that the channel gains for different transmit and receive antenna pairs can be estimated.
  • a single "training" matrix of coefficients is defined that can be used for pilot transmission for both MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • the training matrix contains M training vectors, where M ⁇ T , and each training vector contains T coefficients.
  • the M training vectors are for M different spatial directions and are not orthogonal to one another for this pilot transmission scheme.
  • Each training vector is used to generate a respective set of T scaled pilot symbols for transmission from the T transmit antennas.
  • M sets of T scaled pilot symbols can be generated with the M training vectors and transmitted, for example, in M symbol periods.
  • the M sets of T scaled pilot symbols are suitable for use for channel estimation by both MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • the M times T coefficients in the training matrix may be selected, for example, to minimize channel estimation errors by both MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • a first set of T scaled pilot symbols is generated with a first training vector and transmitted (e.g., continuously) from the T transmit antennas.
  • at least one MIMO receiver is to be supported by the system, then at least T-1 additional sets of T scaled pilot symbols are generated with at least T-1 additional training vectors and transmitted from the T transmit antennas.
  • the additional sets of scaled pilot symbols can be cycled through, and each additional set of scaled pilot symbols can be transmitted in a respective symbol period.
  • the training vectors may be defined to be orthogonal to one another for improved channel estimation performance.
  • Each MISO receiver can estimate its MISO channel based on the first set of scaled pilot symbols.
  • Each MIMO receiver can estimate its MIMO channel based on the first and additional sets of scaled pilot symbols.
  • each scaled pilot symbol may be transmitted from a respective transmit antenna on a group of P subbands, where P > 1. This allows the MISO and MIMO receivers to estimate the entire frequency response of their MISO and MIMO channels, respectively.
  • Channel estimation techniques are also described herein. Various aspects and embodiments of the invention are also described in further detail below.
  • FIG. 1 shows a multi-antenna system with a transmitter and two receivers
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate channel estimation performed by a MISO receiver and a MIMO receiver, respectively, in a 4 ⁇ 4 system
  • FIG. 3 shows a subband structure for a multi-antenna OFDM system
  • FIG. 4A shows a pilot transmission scheme with a common training matrix for both MISO and MIMO receivers
  • FIG. 4B shows an incremental pilot transmission scheme
  • FIG. 5 shows a process for transmitting a pilot in the multi-antenna system using the incremental pilot transmission scheme
  • FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of the transmitter, MISO receiver, and MIMO receiver in the multi-antenna system
  • FIG. 7 shows a transmit (TX) spatial processor and a transmitter unit at the transmitter
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B show a receiver unit and a channel estimator, respectively, for the MIMO receiver.
  • FIG. 1 shows a multi-antenna communication system 100 with a transmitter 110 and two receivers 150a and 150b.
  • transmitter 110 has two transmit antennas
  • MISO receiver 150a has a single receive antenna
  • MIMO receiver 150b has two receive antennas.
  • a vector is normally expressed as a column, and a row vector is normally expressed as a row.
  • a single-input single-output (SISO) channel exists between each transmit/receive antenna pair.
  • the four entries in H are indicative of the channel gains for the four SISO channels of the MIMO channel.
  • the matrix H may also be viewed as containing one channel response row vector h i for each receive antenna i .
  • the transmitter can transmit a pilot symbol from each transmit antenna to allow the MISO and MIMO receivers to estimate their respective MISO and MIMO channel responses.
  • Each pilot symbol is a modulation symbol that is known a priori by both the transmitter and receivers.
  • the transmitter can multiply the pilot symbol p j for each transmit antenna j with a respective coefficient u j,m , using a multiplier 112, prior to transmission from the transmit antenna, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • r miso,m is a received symbol for the MISO receiver
  • u m [ u 1,m u 2 ,m ] T is a 2 ⁇ 1 vector of coefficients used for pilot transmission, where "T" denotes a transpose;
  • n miso is the noise at the MISO receiver.
  • the vector u m is also referred to as a "training" vector since it is used for pilot transmission.
  • r m [ r 1,m r 2,m ] T is a 2 ⁇ 1 vector of received symbols for the MIMO receiver
  • pilot symbols are not shown in equations (3) and (4).
  • the transmitter typically transmits data redundantly from both transmit antennas to the MISO receiver.
  • a symbol period refers to the time duration in which a data or pilot symbol is transmitted.
  • the transmitter may transmit data in parallel from both transmit antennas to the MIMO receiver to improve throughput.
  • the MIMO receiver would need to (1) estimate the channel gains h11, h12, h21, and h22 for the individual SISO channels that make up the MIMO channel and (2) use these channel gain estimates to recover the data transmission.
  • the MIMO receiver only has two equations for the two received symbols r 1, m and r 2, m , as shown in equation (4).
  • the MIMO receiver would need two additional equations in order to solve for the four unknown channel gains.
  • the transmitter can facilitate the MIMO channel estimation by transmitting pilot symbols using two different training vectors u a and u b in two symbol periods.
  • the received symbols at the MIMO receiver may then be expressed as:
  • r a and r b are two vectors of received symbols for two symbol periods.
  • the MIMO channel is assumed to be constant over the two symbol periods.
  • the MIMO receiver now has four equations for the four received symbols in the two vectors r a and r b . If the coefficients in the training vectors u a and u b are appropriately chosen, then the MIMO receiver can solve for the four unknown channel gains based on the vectors r a , r b , u a and u b .
  • a multi-antenna system may include transmitters and receivers with any number of antennas, i.e., T and R can be any integers.
  • T and R can be any integers.
  • a transmitter can transmit a pilot using M training vectors (e.g., in M symbol periods), where in general M ⁇ T.
  • M training vectors e.g., in M symbol periods
  • Each training vector contains T coefficients for the T transmit antennas.
  • the received symbols for the MIMO receiver in the T ⁇ R system may be expressed as:
  • R is an R ⁇ M matrix of received symbols for M symbol periods
  • H is an R ⁇ T channel response matrix for the MIMO receiver
  • U is a T ⁇ M training matrix of coefficients used for the M symbol periods
  • N is an R ⁇ M matrix of noise at the MIMO receiver for the M symbol periods.
  • the MIMO receiver can derive the MIMO channel estimate as follows:
  • the estimated channel response matrix ⁇ may also be obtained by performing some other linear operation on the received symbol matrix R .
  • the received symbols for the MISO receiver for the same pilot transmission in the T ⁇ R system may be expressed as:
  • r miso is a 1 ⁇ M row vector of received symbols for the M symbol periods
  • h miso is a 1 ⁇ T channel response row vector for the MISO receiver.
  • n miso is a 1 ⁇ M row vector of noise at the MISO receiver for the M symbol periods.
  • the composite MISO channel can be estimated with just one training vector in U . For example, if the training vector contains all ones, then the composite MISO channel can be estimated as the received symbols, or ⁇ miso ⁇ r miso .
  • the MISO receiver prefers to have the training vectors in U to be the same and pointing in the same spatial direction so that the received symbols r msio,a through r miso,M can be filtered to obtain a more accurate composite MISO channel estimate.
  • the MIMO receiver typically needs to estimate the channel gains of the individual SISO channels of the MIMO channel, or the R ⁇ T elements of the channel response matrix H .
  • the best performance for MIMO channel estimation can be achieved when U is a unitary matrix and the M training vectors are orthogonal to one another.
  • the following training matrices U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 miso and U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 mimo may be used for the MISO and MIMO receivers, respectively:
  • the MISO and MIMO receivers prefer different training matrices.
  • a single common training matrix U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com may be defined and used to simultaneously support both MISO and MIMO receivers, as follows:
  • U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com u 1 , a ⁇ u 1 , b ⁇ u 2 , a ⁇ u 2 , b ⁇ .
  • the coefficients in the training matrix U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com are selected to provide good channel estimation performance for both MISO and MIMO receivers. Channel estimation performance may be quantified by various criteria.
  • the coefficients in U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com are selected to minimize channel estimation errors for both MISO and MIMO receivers. This may be achieved by computing the channel estimation error for a MISO receiver and the channel estimation error for a MIMO receiver for a given matrix U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com , computing the total channel estimation error for both the MISO and MIMO receivers, and adjusting/selecting the coefficients in U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com such that the total channel estimation error is minimized.
  • the channel estimation errors for the MISO and MIMO receivers may be given different weights in the computation of the total channel estimation error.
  • the channel estimation error for each receiver may be computed as a mean square error between the common training matrix (e.g., U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com ) and the desired training matrix (e.g., U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 miso or U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 mimo ) for that receiver, and the total channel estimation error may then be computed as the sum of weighted mean square errors for the MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • the coefficients in U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com are selected to minimize detection performance losses for both MISO and MIMO receivers. Other criteria may also be used to select the coefficients.
  • the errors and losses may be determined by computation, computer simulation, empirical measurements, and so on.
  • the coefficients may further be selected based on system parameters and/or requirements such as, for example, the number of MISO receivers and the number of MIMO receivers in the system, the priority of the MISO receivers relative to that of the MIMO receivers, and so on.
  • the coefficients may be selected once and thereafter used for pilot transmission.
  • the coefficients may also be changed periodically or dynamically based on various factors (e.g., the number of MISO and MIMO receivers, the relative priority between MISO and MIMO receivers, and so on).
  • the following training matrices U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 miso and U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mimo may be used for the MISO and MIMO receivers, respectively:
  • a single common training matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com may be defined and used to simultaneously support both MISO and MIMO receivers, as follows:
  • U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com u 1 , a ⁇ u 1 , b ⁇ u 1 , c ⁇ u 1 , d ⁇ u 2 , a ⁇ u 2 , b ⁇ u 2 , c ⁇ u 2 , d ⁇ u 3 , a ⁇ u 3 , b ⁇ u 3 , c ⁇ u 3 , d ⁇ u 4 , a ⁇ u 4 , b ⁇ u 4 , c ⁇ u 4 , d ⁇ ⁇ ,
  • the coefficients in the training matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com are selected to provide good channel estimation performance for both MISO and MIMO receivers and based on various considerations, as described above for the training matrix U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 com .
  • the transmitter transmits a pilot using the training vectors in U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com .
  • the transmitter can cycle through the four training vectors in U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com and transmit the pilot using u ' a in symbol period n, then u ' b in the next symbol period n + 1, then u ' c in symbol period n +2, then u ' d in symbol period n +3, then back to u ' a in symbol period n +4, and so on.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates channel estimation performed by the MISO receiver in the 4 ⁇ 4 system for the first pilot transmission scheme.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot by cycling through the four training vectors in U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com , as described above.
  • the MISO receiver can filter the received symbols, for example, using a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, to obtain a composite MISO channel estimate, ⁇ miso ( n ) , at symbol period n, as follows:
  • FIR finite impulse response
  • L1 and L2 are the time extent of the FIR filter.
  • L 1 0 L 2 ⁇ 1
  • the composite MISO channel estimate ⁇ miso is a weighted sum of the received symbols for L2 prior symbol periods and the current symbol period.
  • L 1 ⁇ 1, L 2 ⁇ 1, and the composite MISO channel estimate ⁇ miso is a weighted sum of the received symbols for L2 prior symbol periods, the current symbol period, and L1 future symbol periods. Buffering of L1 received symbols is needed to implement the non-causal FIR filter.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates channel estimation performed by the MIMO receiver in the 4 ⁇ 4 system for the first pilot transmission scheme.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot using the training matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 com as described above.
  • a "pilot block" may be defined as the smallest span in which all training vectors are used for pilot transmission. For the example shown in FIG. 2B , a pilot block is four symbol periods.
  • the MIMO receiver can filter the received symbols for the pilot transmitted with the same training vector, e.g., filter r ( n -2) and r ( n +2) for training vector u ' c , r ( n -1) and r ( n +3) for training vector u ' d , and so on.
  • the MIMO receiver can also derive the individual channel gain estimates based on the (filtered or unfiltered) received symbols obtained for one pilot block, as shown in FIG. 2B .
  • a matrix R may be formed with the four received symbol vectors r ( n ) through r ( n +3), and the channel gain estimates may be computed on R as shown in equation (7).
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B show the MISO and MIMO channels being static for the entire time duration from symbol periods n -2 through n +5.
  • the pilot block should be shorter than the coherence time of the MISO and MIMO channels.
  • the coherence time is the time duration in which the wireless channel is expected to remain approximately constant.
  • a single common training matrix U ⁇ T ⁇ M com may be defined with coefficients selected as described above.
  • the transmitter transmits a pilot using all training vectors in U ⁇ T ⁇ M com .
  • the MISO and MIMO receivers can estimate their MISO and MIMO channels, respectively, based on all of the received symbols for the pilot transmission.
  • a multi-antenna system may utilize multiple carriers for data and pilot transmission. Multiple carriers may be provided by OFDM, some other multi-carrier modulation techniques, or some other construct. OFDM effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth (W) into multiple (N) orthogonal subbands. These subbands are also referred to as tones, subcarriers, bins, and frequency channels. With OFDM, each subband is associated with a respective subcarrier that may be modulated with data.
  • a multi-antenna OFDM system may use only a subset of the N total subbands for data and pilot transmission and use the remaining subbands as guard subbands to allow the system to meet spectral mask requirements. For simplicity, the following description assumes that all N subbands may be used for data and pilot transmission.
  • a wireless channel between a transmitter and a receiver in the multi-antenna OFDM system may experience frequency selective fading, which is characterized by a frequency response that varies across the system bandwidth.
  • the N subbands for each SISO channel may then be associated with different complex channel gains. An accurate channel estimate for all N subbands may be needed in order to recover a data transmission on some or all of these subbands.
  • the channel response for each SISO channel may be characterized by either a time-domain channel impulse response or a corresponding frequency-domain channel frequency response.
  • the channel frequency response is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the channel impulse response.
  • DFT discrete Fourier transform
  • the channel impulse response for each SISO channel can be characterized by L time-domain taps, where L is typically much less than the total number of subbands, or L ⁇ N. That is, if an impulse is applied at a transmit antenna, then L time-domain samples at the sample rate of W MHz taken at a receive antenna for this impulse stimulus would be sufficient to characterize the response of the SISO channel.
  • the required number of taps (L) for the channel impulse response is dependent on the delay spread of the system, which is the time difference between the earliest and latest arriving signal instances of sufficient energy at the receiver. Because only L taps are needed for the channel impulse response, the frequency response for each SISO channel may be fully characterized based on channel gain estimates for as few as L appropriately selected subbands, instead of all N subbands.
  • FIG. 3 shows a subband structure that may be used for pilot transmission in the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • a pilot symbol is transmitted on each of P pilot subbands, which are subbands used for pilot transmission, where in general N > P ⁇ L.
  • the P pilot subbands may be uniformly distributed among the N total subbands such that consecutive pilot subbands are spaced apart by N/P subbands.
  • the remaining N - P subbands may be used for data transmission and are referred to as data subbands.
  • Pilot may be transmitted in various manners in the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • the pilot transmission may be dependent on the particular training matrix selected for use.
  • Several exemplary pilot transmission schemes are described below.
  • FIG. 4A shows a first pilot transmission scheme for the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot using a training matrix U com whose elements/coefficients are selected to simultaneously support both MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • the transmitter can cycle through the training vectors in U com and use one training vector u ' m for each OFDM symbol period.
  • the same training vector u ' m can be used for each of the P pilot subbands.
  • FIG. 4A shows pilot transmission for a system with four transmit antennas.
  • the MISO receiver next computes a least-squares estimate of the impulse response of the composite MISO channel, as follows:
  • W P ⁇ P is a P ⁇ P DFT matrix
  • h ⁇ miso ls is a P ⁇ 1 vector for the least-squares channel impulse response estimate.
  • the DFT matrix W P ⁇ P is defined such that the ( i , j ) -th entry, w i , j , is given as:
  • Equation (14) represents a 2-dimensional IFFT on the initial frequency response estimate h ⁇ miso init to obtain the least-squares channel impulse response estimate h ⁇ miso ls .
  • the vector h ⁇ miso ls can be post-processed, for example, by (1) setting entries/taps with values less than a predetermined threshold to zero and/or (2) setting the L-th through P-th entries/taps in the vector to zero.
  • the vector h ⁇ miso ls is next zero-padded to length N.
  • the MISO receiver can then derive a final frequency response estimate for all N subbands of the composite MISO channel based on the zero-padded least-squares channel impulse response estimate, h ⁇ eff , N ls , as follows:
  • W N ⁇ N is an N ⁇ N DFT matrix
  • ⁇ miso is an N ⁇ 1 vector for the frequency response estimate for all N subbands.
  • the MISO receiver may perform filtering on the received symbols, the initial channel frequency response estimate h ⁇ miso init , the least-squares channel impulse response estimate h ⁇ miso ls , and/or the final channel frequency response estimate ⁇ miso .
  • the filtering may be performed similarly to that shown in equation (13) on the vectors r P , h ⁇ miso init , h ⁇ miso ls , and/or ⁇ miso obtained for multiple OFDM symbol periods to derive a higher quality MISO channel estimate.
  • a MIMO receiver in the multi-antenna OFDM system can also estimate the full frequency response of a MIMO channel using the direct least-squares estimation technique.
  • the MIMO receiver obtains a set of P received symbols for the P pilot subbands for each of the R receive antennas. If the training vector u ' m is used for pilot transmission in OFDM symbol period n, then the set of P received symbols for each receive antenna i is denoted as ⁇ r i , m ( k ) ⁇ , or r i , m ( k ) for k ⁇ P set , where Pset represents the set or group of P pilot subbands.
  • the MIMO receiver obtains R ⁇ M sets of received symbols for the R receive antennas for M different training vectors.
  • R ⁇ M received symbol sets may be denoted as a set of P matrices ⁇ R ( k ) ⁇ , or R ( k ) for k ⁇ P set , which is:
  • R ⁇ k r 1 , a k r 1 , b k ⁇ r 1 , M k r 2 , a k r 2 , b k ⁇ r 2 , M k M M O M r R , a k r R , b k ⁇ r R , M k , for k ⁇ P set .
  • the received symbol matrix R ( k ) for each pilot subband has dimensions of R ⁇ M and contains M columns of received symbols for the M training vectors for that pilot subband.
  • the matrix R ( k ) is thus similar in form to the received symbol matrix R described above for the single-carrier multi-antenna system.
  • the matrix R may be viewed as a 3-dimensional (3-D) matrix having an R ⁇ M front dimension and a depth of P.
  • Each of the R ⁇ M elements in the front dimension of R represents a set of P received symbols, ⁇ r i , m ( k ) ⁇ , for a specific receive antenna i and training vector u ' m .
  • the MIMO receiver next performs a P-point IDFT or IFFT on each set of P received symbols, ⁇ r i , m ( k ) ⁇ , in R to obtain a corresponding P-tap composite MISO channel impulse response estimate h ⁇ i , m comp ⁇ .
  • This IDFT may be expressed as:
  • H ⁇ ⁇ comp IDFT R ⁇ ⁇ ,
  • the matrix H comp may also be viewed as a 3-D matrix having an R ⁇ M front dimension and a depth of P.
  • the IDFT in equation (18) is performed on the P received symbols for each element in the front dimension of R to obtain an impulse response with P taps for a corresponding element in the front dimension of H comp . The IDFT is thus performed in the depth dimension for each element in the front dimension of R .
  • a different MISO channel is formed between the T transmit antennas and each of the R receive antennas.
  • the matrix H comp contains R ⁇ M elements in the front dimension that represent the composite MISO channel impulse response estimates for the R receive antennas and M different training vectors. That is, each element in the front dimension of H comp , h i , m comp ⁇ , represents an impulse response estimate (1) for a composite MISO channel between the T transmit antennas and a particular receive antenna i and (2) obtained with the pilot transmitted using the training vector u ' m .
  • the MIMO receiver can then derive impulse response estimates for the individual SISO channels in the MIMO channel, as follows:
  • H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls H ⁇ mimo ls 1 H ⁇ mimo ls 2 ... H ⁇ mimo ls P .
  • the matrix H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls may also be viewed as a 3-D matrix having an R ⁇ T front dimension and a depth of P.
  • Each element in the front dimension of H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls represents a sequence of P time-domain values for a P-tap impulse response estimate h i , j ls ⁇ for a SISO channel between transmit antenna j and receive antenna i.
  • the P entries of each sequence h i , j ls ⁇ can be post-processed, for example, by (1) setting entries/taps with values less than a predetermined threshold to zero and/or (2) setting the L-th through P-th entries/taps to zero.
  • Each sequence h i , j ls ⁇ is next zero-padded to length N.
  • the MIMO receiver can then derive a final frequency response estimate for all N subbands of each SISO channel by performing an N-point DFT (or FFT) on each element in the front dimension of H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls , as follows:
  • the matrix ⁇ mino may also be viewed as a 3-D matrix having an R ⁇ T front dimension and a depth of N.
  • the DFT in equation (20) is performed on the N time-domain values for each element in the front dimension of H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls to obtain N frequency-domain values for a corresponding element in the front dimension of ⁇ mino .
  • the DFT is thus performed in the depth dimension for each element in the front dimension of H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls .
  • Each element in the front dimension of ⁇ mino represents a sequence of N frequency-domain values for the final frequency response estimate ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ of a respective SISO channel.
  • the MIMO receiver may perform filtering on the received symbols ⁇ r i,j ( k ) ⁇ obtained for multiple OFDM symbol periods with the same training vector, where the filtering is performed for each subband of each receive antenna.
  • the MIMO receiver may also perform filtering on (1) each P-tap composite MISO channel impulse response estimates h i , m comp ⁇ , (2) each P-tap least-squares channel impulse response estimate h i , j ls ⁇ , and/or (3) each N-point channel frequency response estimate ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ .
  • the MIMO receiver may also derive the full frequency response estimate for the N subbands of each SISO channel in some other manners, and this is within the scope of the invention.
  • other forms of interpolation may be used instead of the least-squares estimation technique.
  • FIG. 4B shows a second pilot transmission scheme for the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • the transmitter transmits the pilot using a training matrix U mino with orthogonal vectors.
  • the matrix U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 mimo shown in equation (9) may be used for a 2 ⁇ 2 system
  • the matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mimo shown in equation (11) may be used for a 4 ⁇ 4 system, and so on.
  • the matrices U ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 mimo and U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mimo are commonly referred to as Walsh matrices.
  • a larger size Walsh matrix may be formed as:
  • U ⁇ 2 ⁇ K ⁇ 2 ⁇ K U ⁇ K ⁇ K U ⁇ K ⁇ K U ⁇ K ⁇ K - U ⁇ K ⁇ K .
  • a T ⁇ T Walsh matrix may be used as the training matrix U mino .
  • Other training matrices may also be used for the second pilot transmission scheme.
  • the transmitter transmits a common pilot on a first group of pilot subbands in each OFDM symbol period using the first training vector u " a in the matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mimo .
  • the transmitter also transmits a MIMO pilot on a second group of P pilot subbands in each OFDM symbol period using the remaining training vectors u " b , u " c , and u " d in the matrix U ⁇ 4 ⁇ 4 mimo .
  • the transmitter can cycle through the three training vectors u " b , u " c , and u " d , as shown in FIG. 4B .
  • the common pilot can be used for channel estimation by MISO receivers in the system.
  • the common and MIMO pilots can be used for channel estimation by MIMO receivers.
  • the pilot subbands in the first group may be uniformly distributed across the N total subbands, as shown in FIG. 4B .
  • the pilot subbands in the second group may also be uniformly distributed across the N total subbands and further interlaced with the pilot subbands in the first group, as also shown in FIG. 4B .
  • a MISO receiver can estimate the composite MISO channel response based on the common pilot in the manner described above for the first pilot transmission scheme for the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • the MISO receiver can (1) obtain a set of P received symbols for the P pilot subbands in the first group, (2) derive an initial frequency response estimate for the composite MISO channel based on the set of received symbols, (3) compute the least-squares channel impulse response estimate based on the initial frequency response estimate, and (4) derive the final frequency response estimate for the composite MISO channel based on the least-squares channel impulse response estimate.
  • the MIMO receiver can perform a P-point IFFT on each set of received symbols, ⁇ r i,m ( k ) ⁇ , to obtain a corresponding composite MIMO channel impulse response estimate, h i , m comp ⁇ .
  • the MIMO receiver obtains 2R composite MISO channel impulse response estimates for the 2R sets of received symbols.
  • the MIMO receiver can thus obtain two columns (the first and m-th columns) of the R ⁇ M matrix H comp in each OFDM symbol period. If the training vectors u " b , u " c , and u " d are cycled through in three OFDM symbol periods, as shown in FIG. 4B , then the MIMO receiver can obtain all four columns of the matrix H comp after three OFDM symbol periods.
  • the MIMO receiver may average the received symbols ⁇ r i,m ( k ) ⁇ obtained in multiple OFDM symbol periods for the pilot transmitted using the same training vector u " m , in a manner similar to that described above for FIG. 2B .
  • the MIMO receiver may also average the composite MISO channel impulse response estimates h i , m comp ⁇ obtained in multiple OFDM symbol periods for the same training vector u " m .
  • the MIMO receiver can perform time-domain filtering on two pilot blocks in six OFDM symbols, three pilot blocks in nine OFDM symbols, and so on.
  • the channel estimates of the current pilot block may be a linear combination of the channel estimates for the previous pilot block, the current pilot block, and the next pilot block.
  • the channel estimate for u " c may be obtained as a linear combination of the channel estimates obtained in OFDM symbol periods n -2, n +1, and n +4.
  • the MIMO receiver can then derive the impulse response estimate for the individual SISO channels, as described above, to obtain the block-structured matrix H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls .
  • the MIMO receiver can then derive a final frequency response estimate for all N subbands of each SISO channel by performing an N-point DFT on each element of the zero-padded H ⁇ ⁇ mimo ls .
  • the MIMO receiver obtains two sets of received symbols, ⁇ r 1 ,a ( k ) ⁇ and ⁇ r 2 ,a ( k ) ⁇ , for the two receive antennas for the first group of pilot subbands, Pset1, which may be expressed as:
  • the MIMO receiver also obtains two sets of received symbols, ⁇ r 1 ,b ( k ) ⁇ and ⁇ r 2 ,b ( k ) ⁇ , for the two receive antennas for the second group of pilot subbands, Pset2, which may be expressed as:
  • pilot symbols are omitted from equations (22) and (23) for simplicity.
  • the MIMO receiver performs a P-point IFFT on each set of received symbols to obtain a corresponding composite MISO channel impulse response.
  • the four composite MISO channel impulse responses for the two received antennas with two different training vectors are denoted as h 1 , a comp ⁇ h 2 , a comp ⁇ , h 1 , b comp ⁇ , and h 2 , b comp ⁇ .
  • the MIMO receiver can derive the least-squares impulse response estimates for the individual SISO channels as:
  • the MIMO receiver can derive the SISO channel impulse response estimates for the first receive antenna by combining the two composite MISO channel impulse response estimates obtained with the two training vectors for that receive antenna, as follows:
  • the MIMO receiver can similarly derive the SISO channel impulse response estimates for the second receive antenna by combining the two composite MISO channel impulse response estimates obtained with the two training vectors for that receive antenna, as follows:
  • the MIMO receiver can further process the SISO channel impulse response estimates to obtain the final frequency response estimates for the SISO channels, as described above.
  • the MIMO receiver may perform filtering on the received symbols ⁇ r i,m ( k ) ⁇ , the composite MISO channel impulse response estimates h i , m comp ⁇ , the least-square impulse response estimates h i , j ls ⁇ , and/or the final frequency response estimates ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ .
  • the filtering for ⁇ r i,m ( k ) ⁇ and h i , m comp ⁇ may be performed for pilot transmitted with the same training vector.
  • the filtering for h i , j ls ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ may be performed for multiple pilot blocks, where the blocks may be overlapping or non-overlapping.
  • the h i , j ls ⁇ or ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ estimates obtained for the block defined by OFDM symbol periods n through n +2 in FIG. 4B may be averaged with the h i , j ls ⁇ or ⁇ ⁇ i,j ( k ) ⁇ estimates obtained for the block defined by OFDM symbol periods n +3 through n +5, and so on.
  • the MIMO receiver can thus obtain a running average for the channel estimate for each OFDM symbol period.
  • Other filtering schemes may also be used, and this is within the scope of the invention.
  • the common and MIMO pilots may be transmitted in various manners for the second pilot transmission scheme.
  • any subbands may be included in the first group for the common pilot and the second group for the MIMO pilot.
  • P the number of pilot subbands in each group
  • the channel impulse response can be computed with an IFFT instead of an IDFT, which can greatly simply computation.
  • the pilot subbands for the first group and the pilot subbands for the second group can start from any subband index.
  • the first and second groups can include the same number of subbands, as shown in FIG. 4B .
  • the first and second groups can also include different numbers of subbands. For example, if the second group includes P/2 subbands, where P is the number of taps needed to estimate the channel impulse response, then each training vector for the MIMO pilot may be used for two OFDM symbol periods on two different groups of P/2 pilot subbands.
  • a MIMO receiver can derive a set of R composite MISO channel impulse responses for each training vector used for the MIMO pilot upon receiving the pilot transmission in the two OFDM symbol periods.
  • the second group includes 2P subbands, then two training vectors for the MIMO pilot may be used for each OFDM symbol period, with the two training vectors being used on alternating subbands.
  • the pilot transmission is adjusted based on the types of receivers that are to be supported by the system.
  • the transmitter transmits the common pilot at all times using a T ⁇ 1 training vector u a (e.g., a training vector of all ones).
  • MISO receivers can use the common pilot for channel estimation of the composite MISO channels, as described above. If one or more MIMO receivers are to be supported by the system, then the transmitter also transmits the MIMO pilot using training vectors u b through u M .
  • the training vectors u b through u M are different from the training vector u a , and the vectors u a through u M may or may not be orthogonal to one another.
  • the training vectors u a through u M may be columns of an orthogonal matrix (e.g., a Walsh matrix) or may contain coefficients selected to support both MISO and MIMO receivers.
  • the transmitter may cycle through the training vectors u a through u M (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4A ).
  • the transmitter may also transmit (1) the common pilot continuously on one group of pilot subbands using u a and (2) the MIMO pilot on a second group of pilot subbands by cycling through u b through u M (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4B ).
  • the MIMO receivers can use the common and MIMO pilots for channel estimation of the MIMO channel, as also described above.
  • FIG. 5 shows a process 500 for transmitting a pilot in a wireless multi-antenna communication system using the incremental pilot transmission scheme.
  • a first set of T scaled pilot symbols is generated with a first training vector of T coefficients (block 512) and transmitted from T transmit antennas, one scaled pilot symbol from each transmit antenna (block 514).
  • the first set of scaled pilot symbols is suitable for use for channel estimation by MISO receivers. If at least one MIMO receiver is to be supported by the system, as determined in block 516, then at least T-1 additional sets of T scaled pilot symbols are generated with at least T-1 additional vectors of T coefficients (block 522). Each additional set of T scaled pilot symbols is transmitted from T transmit antennas (block 524).
  • the first and additional sets of scaled pilot symbols are suitable for use for channel estimation by MIMO receivers.
  • the first and additional vectors are different vectors in a training matrix and may or may not be orthogonal to one another.
  • the sets of scaled pilot symbols may be transmitted in various manners, as described above.
  • Each scaled pilot symbol may be transmitted on a group of P pilot subbands for a multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • a data packet and the MIMO pilot may be transmitted in OFDM symbols n through n +3.
  • the channel estimate for transmit vector u" b may be obtained based on pilot symbols received in two OFDM symbol periods n and n +3, whereas the channel estimate for each of transmit vectors u" c and u" d may be obtained based on pilot symbols received in a single OFDM symbol period.
  • the non-uniform time-filtering results from the MIMO pilot being transmitted in bursts. This phenomenon is not observed for the common pilot since it is transmitted continuously.
  • the channel estimate obtained with the common pilot may be better than the channel estimate obtained with the MIMO pilot. More filtering can be used for the common pilot if it is transmitted more often.
  • a MIMO receiver obtains a composite MISO channel response for each of the R receive antennas, where each composite MISO channel response contains information about all the T SISO channels that make up the MISO channel. Thus, even if channel estimation errors are greater for the training vectors used for the MIMO pilot, the errors are distributed across the channel estimates for all SISO channels.
  • FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a transmitter 110x, a MISO receiver 150x, and a MIMO receiver 150y in the multi-antenna OFDM system.
  • a transmit (TX) data processor 620 receives, encodes, interleaves, and symbol maps (or modulates) traffic data and provides data symbols ⁇ s ( k ) ⁇ . Each data symbol is a modulation symbol for data.
  • a TX spatial processor 630 receives and spatially processes the data symbols, scales and multiplexes in pilot symbols, and provides T streams of transmit symbols to T transmitter units (TMTR) 632a through 632t. Each transmit symbol may be for a data symbol or a pilot symbol and is transmitted on one subband of one transmit antenna.
  • TMTR T transmitter units
  • Each transmitter unit 632 performs OFDM modulation on its stream of transmit symbols to obtain OFDM symbols and further conditions the OFDM symbols to obtain a modulated signal.
  • T transmitter units 632a through 632t provide T modulated signals for transmission from T antennas 634a through 634t, respectively.
  • an antenna 652x receives the T transmitted signals and provides a received signal to a receiver unit (RCVR) 654x.
  • Unit 654x performs processing complementary to that performed by transmitter units 632 and provides (1) received data symbols to a detector 660x and (2) received pilot symbols to a channel estimator 684x within a controller 680x.
  • Channel estimator 684x performs channel estimation for the MISO receiver and provides a composite MISO channel response estimate ⁇ miso .
  • Detector 660x performs detection (e.g., matched filtering and/or equalization) on the received data symbols with the composite MISO channel estimate and provides detected symbols, which are estimates of the data symbols sent by transmitter 110x.
  • a receive (RX) data processor 670x then symbol demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes the detected symbols and provides decoded data, which is an estimate of the transmitted traffic data.
  • R antennas 652a through 652r receive the T transmitted signals, and each antenna 652 provides a received signal to a respective receiver unit 654.
  • Each unit 654 performs processing complementary to that performed by transmitter units 632 and provides (1) received data symbols to an RX spatial processor 660y and (2) received pilot symbols to a channel estimator 684y within a controller 680y.
  • Channel estimator 684y performs channel estimation for the MIMO receiver and provides a MIMO channel response estimate ⁇ mimo .
  • Receive spatial processor 660y performs spatial processing on R received data symbol streams from R receiver units 654a through 654r with the MIMO channel response estimate and provides detected symbols.
  • An RX data processor 670y then symbol demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes the detected symbols and provides decoded data.
  • Controllers 640, 680x, and 680y control the operation of various processing units at transmitter 110x, MISO receiver 150x, and MIMO receiver 150y, respectively.
  • Memory units 642, 682x, and 682y store data and/or program code used by controllers 640, 680x, and 680y, respectively.
  • FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of TX spatial processor 630 and transmitter units 632 at transmitter 110x.
  • TX spatial processor 630 includes a data spatial processor 710, a pilot processor 720, and T multiplexers (Mux) 730a through 730t for the T transmit antennas.
  • Mux T multiplexers
  • Data spatial processor 71O receives and performs spatial processing on the data symbols ⁇ s ( k ) ⁇ from TX data processor 620.
  • data spatial processor 710 may demultiplex the data symbols into T substreams for the T transmit antennas.
  • Data spatial processor 710 may or may not perform additional spatial processing on these substreams, depending on the system design.
  • Pilot processor 720 multiplies pilot symbols p 1 ( k ) through p T ( k ) for the T transmit antennas with the training vectors u a through u M in the matrix U , which may or may not be orthogonal depending on the pilot transmission scheme selected for use.
  • the same or different pilot symbols may be used for the T transmit antennas, and the same or different pilot symbols may be used for the pilot subbands.
  • Pilot processor 720 includes T multipliers 722a through 722t, one multiplier for each transmit antenna.
  • Each multiplier 722 multiplies the pilot symbol for its associated transmit antenna j with a respective coefficient u j , m from the training vector u m and provides a scaled pilot symbol p ⁇ j , m ( k ).
  • Each multiplexer 730 receives and multiplexes a respective data symbol substream from data spatial processor 710 with the scaled pilot symbols from an associated multiplier 722 and provides a transmit symbol stream ⁇ x j ( k ) ⁇ for its associated transmit antenna j.
  • Each transmitter unit 632 receives and processes a respective transmit symbol stream and provides a modulated signal.
  • an IFFT unit 742 transforms each set of N transmit symbols for the N total subbands to the time domain using an N-point IFFT and provides a corresponding "transformed" symbol that contains N time-domain chips.
  • a cyclic prefix generator 744 repeats a portion of the transformed symbol to form a corresponding OFDM symbol that contains N + C chips, where C is the number of chips repeated. The repeated portion is known as a cyclic prefix and is used to combat delay spread in the wireless channel.
  • a TX RF unit 746 converts the OFDM symbol stream into one or more analog signals and further amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts the analog signal(s) to generate a modulated signal that is transmitted from an associated antenna 634.
  • FIG. 8A shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a receiver unit 654i, which may be used for each receiver unit at MISO receiver 150x and MIMO receiver 150y.
  • an RX RF unit 812 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal from an associated antenna 652i, digitizes the conditioned signal, and provides a stream of samples.
  • a cyclic prefix removal unit 814 removes the cyclic prefix appended to each OFDM symbol and provides a received transformed symbol.
  • An FFT unit 816 transforms the N samples for each received transformed symbol to the frequency domain using an N-point FFT and obtains N received symbols for the N subbands.
  • FFT unit 816 provides (1) received data symbols for the data subbands to either detector 660x for MISO receiver 150x or RX spatial processor 660y for MIMO receiver 150y and (2) received pilot symbols for the pilot subbands to either channel estimator 684x for MISO receiver 150x or channel estimator 684y for MIMO receiver 150y.
  • FIG. 8B shows an embodiment of channel estimator 684y for MIMO receiver 150y, which implements the direct least-squares estimation technique.
  • a composite MISO channel estimator 820 obtains a set of received pilot symbols, ⁇ r i , m ( k ) ⁇ , for each receive antenna and training vector and performs a P-point IFFT on the set to obtain a corresponding composite MISO channel impulse response estimate, h i , m comp ⁇ .
  • a matrix multiply unit 822 receives R ⁇ M composite MISO channel impulse response estimates for the R receive antennas and M training vectors, multiplies these R ⁇ M sets with the matrix U -1 for each delay value, and provides R ⁇ T least-squares impulse response estimates for the R ⁇ T SISO channels of the MIMO channel.
  • a post-processor 824 may perform thresholding and truncation and further performs zero-padding for each least-squares impulse response estimate h i , j ls ⁇ .
  • An FFT unit 826 performs an N-point FFT on each zero-padded least-squares impulse response estimate and provides a corresponding final channel frequency response estimate ⁇ ⁇ i , j ( k ) ⁇ .
  • FFT unit 826 provides the final channel response estimates to RX spatial processor 660y, which uses these channel estimates for spatial processing of the received data symbols to obtain detected symbols, ⁇ ⁇ ( k ) ⁇ , which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols, ⁇ s ( k ) ⁇ .
  • Channel estimator 684y may perform filtering on ⁇ r i , m ( k ) ⁇ , h i , j ls ⁇ , and/or ⁇ ⁇ i , j ( k ) ⁇ . The filtering is not shown in FIG. 8B for simplicity.
  • the pilot transmission schemes and channel estimation techniques described herein may be used for various OFDM-based systems.
  • One such system is an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication system that utilizes OFDM and can support multiple users simultaneously.
  • An OFDM-based system may also utilize frequency hopping so that data is transmitted on different subbands in different time intervals, which are also referred to as "hop periods".
  • hop periods For each user, the particular subband to use for data transmission in each hop period may be determined, for example, by a pseudo-random frequency hopping sequence assigned to that user.
  • the frequency hopping sequence for each user is such that the pilot subbands used for the common and MIMO pilots do not get selected for data transmission. Because of frequency hopping, each user typically needs to estimate the full MISO or MIMO channel response (e.g., for all N subbands) even though only one or a small subset of the N subbands is used for data transmission.
  • pilot transmission schemes and channel estimation techniques described herein may be implemented by various means.
  • the processing for pilot transmission and channel estimation may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.
  • the processing units for pilot transmission at a transmitter may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • DSPDs digital signal processing devices
  • PLDs programmable logic devices
  • FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
  • processors controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
  • the processing units for channel estimation at a receiver may also be implemented within one or more ASIC
  • the processing described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
  • the software codes may be stored in a memory unit (e.g., memory units 642, 682x, and 682y in FIG. 6 ) and executed by a processor (e.g., controllers 640, 680x, and 680y).
  • the memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.
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