EP2199713B1 - Laborzentrifuge - Google Patents

Laborzentrifuge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2199713B1
EP2199713B1 EP09015245.5A EP09015245A EP2199713B1 EP 2199713 B1 EP2199713 B1 EP 2199713B1 EP 09015245 A EP09015245 A EP 09015245A EP 2199713 B1 EP2199713 B1 EP 2199713B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
cooling
layer
heat
laboratory centrifuge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09015245.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2199713A2 (de
EP2199713A3 (de
Inventor
Bert-Olaf Grimm
Peter Zehnel
Kai Marschner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eppendorf SE
Original Assignee
Eppendorf SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eppendorf SE filed Critical Eppendorf SE
Priority to PL09015245T priority Critical patent/PL2199713T3/pl
Publication of EP2199713A2 publication Critical patent/EP2199713A2/de
Publication of EP2199713A3 publication Critical patent/EP2199713A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2199713B1 publication Critical patent/EP2199713B1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04B—CENTRIFUGES
    • B04B15/00—Other accessories for centrifuges
    • B04B15/02—Other accessories for centrifuges for cooling, heating, or heat insulating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
    • F25D19/006—Thermal coupling structure or interface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D31/00—Other cooling or freezing apparatus
    • F25D31/006—Other cooling or freezing apparatus specially adapted for cooling receptacles, e.g. tanks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with the heat-exchange conduits forming part of, or being attached to, the tank containing the body of fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F2013/005—Thermal joints
    • F28F2013/006—Heat conductive materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2255/00—Heat exchanger elements made of materials having special features or resulting from particular manufacturing processes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2270/00—Thermal insulation; Thermal decoupling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a laboratory centrifuge according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the present invention relates to laboratory centrifuges, i. Centrifuges used, for example, in chemical, biological, biochemical or biotechnological laboratories.
  • the present invention can be advantageously used in large-scale centrifuges and mechanical stirring devices and all devices in which a good is to be cooled at least indirectly.
  • the invention does not relate to cookware, frying pans or the like containers which serve to heat a good that can be arranged in the container.
  • the ambient air is passed directly through the centrifuge bowl at the centrifuge rotor, with the rotor acting as a kind of radial fan.
  • the centrifuge lid and / or centrifuge bowl has an inlet opening near the axis and an outlet opening arranged at a distance from the axis of rotation.
  • the centrifuge tank must have an outlet opening for it, which, however, also permits a material outlet.
  • Such boilers are thus not suitable for stirring devices or the like, in which materials are to be mixed directly and must therefore be formed closed all around.
  • a disadvantage of direct cooling results from the use of the ambient air as a coolant: the good can be cooled only to the maximum temperature of the ambient air.
  • indirect cooling the rotor is enclosed in the centrifuge vessel under the centrifuge lid and no cooling channel or the like is provided.
  • the air circulates therefore only within the centrifuge bowl. Cooling is now achieved by a second medium, which is passed on the outside of the boiler.
  • This can either be ambient air, which is conducted past the outside of the boiler, as is realized, for example, in the case of the centrifuge 5424 from Eppendorf AG.
  • a special coolant is routed past the boiler via conduits spiraling against the boiler, ie the side walls and the bottom plate of the boiler, to remove heat.
  • An advantage of indirect cooling is the better controllability of the temperature to be set compared to direct cooling.
  • the EP 0 224 238 A discloses a laboratory centrifuge according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the JP 2000 015142 A discloses a laboratory centrifuge having a container having two thermally conductive contacting container layers having different thermal conductivity, wherein the higher thermal conductivity layer is disposed on the container exterior to be cooled by the cooling means.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a laboratory centrifuge that allows efficient indirect cooling and is simple and inexpensive to produce.
  • Container in the context of the present invention are all devices in which a good to be cooled can be arranged directly or indirectly via a separate enclosure and which can be cooled by means of indirect cooling via a standing in heat conductive contact cooling device.
  • the container according to the invention may be designed differently with respect to the outer shape. It can be round or kettle-shaped. In such a case, the container has a round bottom plate from which pulls up a side wall at the outer edge. The top of the container is closed by an openable lid. In an alternative embodiment, the container is angular, ie designed rectangular or square.
  • the top of the container is closed with a top plate.
  • either at least one of the side walls is designed as an openable door or the top of the container, ie the upper plate is formed as an openable lid.
  • this term also includes the plural, ie "sidewalls”.
  • Heat conductive contact in the context of the present invention means that the contact must be such that the heat transfer can be carried out by heat conduction. So there must be a material contact, but this does not mean that this contact must exist directly - so between the two layers can also be arranged one or more intermediate layers.
  • heat-transferring contact means, for example, that the contact must be such that heat transfer can take place at least by one of the three principal heat transfer mechanisms, heat conduction, radiation or convection. It does not necessarily have to be a material contact.
  • Direct contact between two objects in the context of the present invention means that two objects at least partially abut each other directly and thus touch each other. If, in the context of the present invention, the term “contact” or “contact point” is generally used, ie without the preceding words “heat-conducting" or "heat-transferring”, this always means direct contact.
  • the laboratory centrifuge according to the invention comprises a container, wherein the container is not integrally connected to a cooling device of the laboratory centrifuge and has a container body which has at least two in heat-conductive contact container layers with different thermal conductivity.
  • the two container layers create a large contact area that improves heat transfer during cooling. Because the layer with higher thermal conductivity is arranged on the outside of the container to be cooled, wherein the layer with higher thermal conductivity has a thickness of less than 1 mm, the heat flow is in the direction of only in regions in heat conductive contact with the container surface to be cooled Cooling device increased. This results in an overall increased cooling efficiency.
  • the thermal conductivities should differ by a factor greater than 10, preferably greater than 20, in particular greater than 100.
  • the layer with lower thermal conductivity is formed from a material comprising stainless steel, steel, ceramic, glass and / or plastic and the layer with higher thermal conductivity is made of a material aluminum, gold, carbon, including its modifications graphite, diamond, diamond-like carbon and carbon nanotubes, copper, magnesium, brass, silver and / or silicon or their alloys formed. Then a particularly efficient heat transfer can be ensured and the boiler is also easy to produce.
  • the layer with higher thermal conductivity as a film advantageous, for example as a pyrolytic graphite foil (PGS), since this manufacturing technology is easily applied to the layer with lower thermal conductivity.
  • PPS pyrolytic graphite foil
  • nanolayers can be used, that is to say a layer which was produced using nanotechnology. In the following, such a layer is understood to consist of a "nanomaterial".
  • the layer with higher thermal conductivity has a small thickness of less than 0.5 mm and in particular less than 0.2 mm. It should be noted that, depending on the layer material, the heat flow decreases if the layers are too thick and the heat transport may be disturbed if the layers are too thin, so that there is an optimum with respect to the minimum thickness for each layer material, which the skilled person will experience on the basis of experiments and calculations will find out.
  • the container is surrounded by a tubular conduit, which is preferably wound helically around the container.
  • tubular includes round tubes as well as tubes with at least one flattened side, in particular also rectangular tubes.
  • On in some areas in the context of the present invention means that the contact area between the cooling device and the cooled outer surface of the container is smaller than the cooled outer surface of the container.
  • the cooling device can also be formed by a plurality of separately operating devices, but their total contact area should be smaller than the cooled container outer surface.
  • indirect heat transfer according to the invention can also be coupled with a direct heat transfer, for example, the known rotor air assisted centrifugal cooling.
  • Q ⁇ the heat flow through the solid
  • ⁇ the thermal conductivity, which is a material constant
  • A the size of the solid's cross-sectional area
  • s the thickness of the solid
  • ⁇ T the temperature difference between the input and output sides of the heat flow.
  • FIG. 1 This principle is purely schematic for a known and partially shown in the prior art centrifuge vessel with a Boiler wall 1, which is in contact with a cooling line 2 explained.
  • the possibilities are also available to reduce the wall thickness s 1 and s 2 and / or the boiler wall 1 made of a material with a very high thermal conductivity ⁇ 1 (eg Copper or silver), but the first possibility is technically limited by the functional design of the components and is usually exhausted and the second option is usually not possible for application reasons and the intended application, since, for example, copper or silver is not chemically are inert.
  • ⁇ 1 eg Copper or silver
  • an additional heat conducting layer is provided on the outer wall of the boiler by the inventors, as in Fig. 2 again purely schematically for the resulting and illustrated by the arrows heat flow is shown in sections.
  • an additional contact point with a large contact surface is inserted.
  • Fig. 1 So here is in addition to the interior of the boiler bounding inner boiler layer 10 with the thickness s 10 applied an additional outer shell layer 11 with the thickness s 11 of good heat conducting material as boiler outer wall.
  • the cooling line 12 has the thickness s 12 .
  • a laboratory centrifuge 5415R from Eppendorf AG which has as cooling line 2, 12 a spiral rectangular tube with a width of 9.5 mm, a height of 5.5 mm and a material thickness of 0.5 mm.
  • a serial centrifuge vessel 1 with a diameter of 185 mm, a height of 70 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm (article No. 5426 123.101-00) from Eppendorf AG was used, which was made of V2A stainless steel (thermal conductivity about 15 W / m * K) and with thermal grease (thermal conductivity about 15 W / m * K) provided in the cooling line 2 was arranged to form the comparative example.
  • the standard stainless steel centrifuge vessel 10 (article No. 5426 123.101-00) from Eppendorf AG was provided with a 0.1 mm thick copper coating 11 (thermal conductivity about 350 W / m.sup.K), otherwise it was the experimental setup is the same, ie The centrifuge vessel was connected to the rectangular cooling line 12 by means of thermal paste (thermal conductivity also about 15 W / m * K).
  • the centrifuge 5415R was operated with a conventional rotor F45-24-11 from Eppendorf AG for one hour at a maximum of 13200 rpm. The minimum achievable sample temperature was measured with the temperature meter. The results are recorded in the table. ⁇ U> Table ⁇ / u> 5415R with centrifuge bowl without Cu coating 5415R with centrifuge bowl with Cu coating Room temperature [° C] 25 26 Sample temperature [° C] 3.9 0.4
  • the present invention allows much more efficient indirect cooling from the exterior of the container to the interior of the container.
  • the improvement of the heat conduction and the heat transfer of centrifuge boilers results in cooled centrifuges a reduction of the necessary performance of the refrigeration system. Due to the higher efficiency of the centrifuge, a higher rotational speed can be run for the same centrifuging product temperatures and / or the absorbed power of the cooling unit can be reduced with the same centrifuging product temperature and the same rotational speed.
  • the principle according to the invention is based on the finding that with indirect cooling of a container surface which is larger than the contact surface between the container and the cooling device, the cooling effect can be increased if the container has a layer with higher thermal conductivity in addition to the layer with low thermal conductivity and the layer with higher thermal conductivity is arranged on the container outer surface to be cooled and is in conductive contact with the cooling device.
  • the cooling capacity is better transferred to the interior of the container to be cooled there Good.
  • An alternative solution is to make the contact area between the cooling device and the cooled surface of the container at least equal to the cooled container surface. This can be realized by virtue of the fact that the cooling device is part of the layer of the container with greater thermal conductivity.
  • the second layer consists of a solid, such as copper or the like, and the cooling device is arranged directly in this layer.
  • the cooling device can also be arranged in a liquid, gel or the like which is in heat-conducting contact with the layer of lower thermal conductivity and which itself has a higher thermal conductivity.
  • the container has a layer which has, between itself and the layer with lower thermal conductivity, a cavity which can be filled with a liquid, gel or the like, in which the cooling device is arranged (the thermal conductivity of this further layer is insignificant, as it relates to FIG the cooling device is outside).
  • the container does not itself comprise the liquid, gel or the like, but it is provided with the cooling means housed therein in a device in which the container can be arranged to heat the liquid, gel or the like with the layer of low heat conductivity is in managerial contact.
  • the container in the sense of a bath itself preferably to the edge completely, are immersed in the liquid, gel or the like or the liquid, gel or the like is in contact only with a part of the container outer surface.
  • the liquid, gel or the like and the layer with low thermal conductivity may also be arranged a further layer with higher thermal conductivity.
  • the liquid, gel or the like with the Cooling device may be disposed within a copper cladding, which is either integrated directly into the container or provided in the device, where then the container with this copper cladding is brought into direct contact. This can also achieve the seal.
  • liquids or gels include both Newtonian liquids and non-Newtonian liquids, sols, dispersions, suspensions, as well as any combination of two or more of these listed substances.
  • a liquid or gel can be selected from the following group: water, ionic liquids, suspensions of carbon nanotubes, cooling brines, eutectics or eutectic mixtures and similar materials.
  • Antifrogen N, Antifrogen L and Antifrogen SOL) or potassium formate (Antifrogen KF) Furthermore, find ionic liquids, such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride , 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate (marketed under the brand Basionics® BASF SE, 67063 Ludwigshafen, DE) can also be used polyalkylene glycol derivatives.
  • the advantage of this alternative solution is that the cooling device no longer has to be in direct contact with the container surface to be cooled, possibly mediated by the intermediary of a thermal compound. As a result, there are no such great demands on the accuracy of, for example, the winding geometry of a cooling tube with respect to the container outer contour, which reduces costs.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
EP09015245.5A 2008-12-22 2009-12-09 Laborzentrifuge Active EP2199713B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL09015245T PL2199713T3 (pl) 2008-12-22 2009-12-09 Wirówka laboratoryjna

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13988008P 2008-12-22 2008-12-22
DE102008064178A DE102008064178A1 (de) 2008-12-22 2008-12-22 Behälter und Vorrichtung für mittelbare Gutkühlungen sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung des Behälters

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2199713A2 EP2199713A2 (de) 2010-06-23
EP2199713A3 EP2199713A3 (de) 2012-05-02
EP2199713B1 true EP2199713B1 (de) 2018-08-29

Family

ID=43334663

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09015245.5A Active EP2199713B1 (de) 2008-12-22 2009-12-09 Laborzentrifuge

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (2) US20100155037A1 (pl)
EP (1) EP2199713B1 (pl)
DE (1) DE102008064178A1 (pl)
PL (1) PL2199713T3 (pl)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111572980B (zh) * 2020-05-19 2021-07-13 西安交通大学 一种环保型深紫外杀菌智能配送箱
CA3185823A1 (en) * 2020-06-05 2021-12-09 Pepsico, Inc. Chiller for cooling a beverage

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1806839A1 (de) * 1968-11-04 1970-09-17 Bauknecht Gmbh G Kuehlmoebel
EP0222176A1 (en) * 1985-11-15 1987-05-20 ARMCO S.p.A. Heat exchanger, particularly evaporator, and method of manufacturing same
EP0224238A2 (en) * 1985-11-27 1987-06-03 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Refrigerated centrifuge having a removable bowl
US4738113A (en) * 1985-10-18 1988-04-19 The Cola-Cola Company Combination cooler and freezer for refrigerating containers and food in outer space

Family Cites Families (11)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
HU177645B (en) * 1979-07-12 1981-11-28 Huetoegepgyar Setup for water tight insulating evaporator of the refrigerators in particular of the absorption machines
JPH0225045U (pl) * 1988-07-29 1990-02-19
US5504007A (en) * 1989-05-19 1996-04-02 Becton, Dickinson And Company Rapid thermal cycle apparatus
JPH07503662A (ja) 1992-12-11 1995-04-20 ベックマン　インスツルメンツ　インコーポレーテッド 遠心器のための冷媒冷却組立体
GB9702473D0 (en) 1997-02-07 1997-03-26 Junair Spraybooths Ltd Spraybooth
IT1291271B1 (it) * 1997-02-10 1998-12-30 Raco Spa Metodo per la realizzazione di evaporatore per impianti di refrigerazione e rispettivo evaporatore od apparato che lo
JP2000015142A (ja) * 1998-07-01 2000-01-18 Tomy Seiko:Kk 遠心分離機
JP4611750B2 (ja) * 2002-12-20 2011-01-12 コーニング インコーポレイテッド キャピラリー・アッセイ・デバイスおよび方法
KR20040069476A (ko) * 2003-01-29 2004-08-06 엘지전자 주식회사 직냉식 냉장고용 열교환기
DE202004014916U1 (de) * 2004-09-24 2004-12-30 Tall & Stout Industrial Corp., Banchiau Innentank-Konstruktion eines Trinkwasserspenders
DE202007014916U1 (de) 2007-10-26 2008-03-27 Kew Kunststofferzeugnisse Gmbh Wilthen Dämmstoffhalter

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1806839A1 (de) * 1968-11-04 1970-09-17 Bauknecht Gmbh G Kuehlmoebel
US4738113A (en) * 1985-10-18 1988-04-19 The Cola-Cola Company Combination cooler and freezer for refrigerating containers and food in outer space
EP0222176A1 (en) * 1985-11-15 1987-05-20 ARMCO S.p.A. Heat exchanger, particularly evaporator, and method of manufacturing same
EP0224238A2 (en) * 1985-11-27 1987-06-03 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Refrigerated centrifuge having a removable bowl

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US8845967B2 (en) 2014-09-30
PL2199713T3 (pl) 2019-03-29
EP2199713A2 (de) 2010-06-23
DE102008064178A1 (de) 2010-07-01
US20100155037A1 (en) 2010-06-24
US20120264582A1 (en) 2012-10-18
EP2199713A3 (de) 2012-05-02

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