Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/54—Accessories
  • G03B21/56—Projection screens
  • G03B21/60—Projection screens characterised by the nature of the surface
  • G03B21/62—Translucent screens
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
  • G02B30/20—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes
  • G02B30/26—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type
  • G02B30/27—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images by providing first and second parallax images to an observer's left and right eyes of the autostereoscopic type involving lenticular arrays
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
  • G02B30/50—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images the image being built up from image elements distributed over a 3D volume, e.g. voxels
  • G02B30/56—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images the image being built up from image elements distributed over a 3D volume, e.g. voxels by projecting aerial or floating images
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
  • G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
  • G02B5/126—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface
  • G02B5/128—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface transparent spheres being embedded in matrix

Definitions

• the present invention relates to sheeting that provides one or more composite images that are perceived by an observer to be suspended in space relative to the sheeting, and in which the perspective of the composite image changes with the viewing angle.
• Sheeting materials having a graphic image or other mark have been widely used, particularly as labels for authenticating an article or document.
• sheetings such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,154,872; 3,801,183; 4,082,426; and 4,099,838 have been used as validation stickers for vehicle license plates, and as security films for driver's licenses, government documents, tape cassettes, playing cards, beverage containers, and the like.
• Other uses include graphics applications for identification purposes such as on police, fire or other emergency vehicles, in advertising and promotional displays and as distinctive labels to provide brand enhancement.
• the images formed in the retroreflective sheeting of Galanos can be viewed if, and only if, the sheeting is viewed from the same angle at which the laser irradiation was directed at the sheeting. That means, in different terms, that the image is only viewable over a very limited observation angle. For that and other reasons, there has been a desire to improve certain properties of such a sheeting.
• Gabriel Lippman invented a method for producing a true three- dimensional image of a scene in lenticular media having one or more photosensitive layers. That process, known as integral photography, is also described in De Montebello, "Processing and Display of Three-Dimensional Data II" in Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego, 1984.
• a photographic plate is exposed through an array of lenses (or "lenslets"), so that each lenslet of the array transmits a miniature image of the scene being reproduced, as seen from the perspective of the point of the sheet occupied by that lenslet, to the photosensitive layers on a photographic plate.
• an observer looking at the composite image on the plate through the lenslet array sees a three-dimensional representation of the scene photographed.
• the image may be in black and white or in color, depending on the photosensitive materials used.
• the three-dimensional representation produced is pseudoscopic. That is, the perceived depth of the image is inverted so that the object appears "inside out.”
• This is a major disadvantage, because to correct the image it is necessary to achieve two optical inversions.
• These methods are complex, involving multiple exposures with a single camera, or multiple cameras, or multi-lens cameras, to record a plurality of views of the same object, and require extremely accurate registration of multiple images to provide a single three-dimensional image. Further, any method that relies on a conventional camera requires the presence of a real object before the camera.
• a further disadvantage of integral photography is that the composite image must be illuminated from the viewing side to form a real image that may be viewed.
• the present invention provides a microlens sheeting having one or more composite images that appears to be suspended above or below the sheeting.
• These suspended composite images are referred to for convenience as floating images, and they can appear to be located above or below the sheeting (either as two or three-dimensional images), or can appear as a three-dimensional image that appears above, in the plane of, and below the sheeting.
• the floating images may also appear to continuously transition from one height or depth to another height or depth.
• the floating images can be in black and white or in color, and can appear to move with the observer. The floating images can be observed by a viewer with the unaided eye.
• floating image may also be used synonymously with the term “virtual image.”
• the floating images may be formed within the sheeting by illuminating the sheeting with a radiation source, e.g., via an optical train.
• the energy of the incident light impinging upon the microlens sheeting is focused by the individual microlenses to regions within the sheeting. This focused energy modifies the layer to provide a plurality of individual images, the size, shape, and appearance of which depends on the interaction between the light rays and the microlenses.
• light rays may form individual images associated with each of the microlenses within the sheeting.
• the microlenses have refractive surfaces that transmit light to positions within the sheeting to produce one or more composite images from the individual images.
• the floating images of the microlens sheeting may include a plurality of composite images presented by (i.e., viewed from) the images formed within the microlens sheeting.
• the composite images may each be associated with a different viewing angle range, such that the composite images may be viewed from different viewing angles of the sheeting.
• different composite images may be presented by the images formed within the sheeting, and those different composite images may have different viewing angle ranges.
• two observers positioned at different viewing angles with respect to the sheeting may view different composite images from the sheeting.
• the same composite image may be formed over multiple viewing angle ranges.
• the viewing angle ranges may overlap to provide a larger continuous viewing angle range. As a result, the composite image may be viewed from a much larger viewing angle range than is otherwise possible.
• inventive sheeting having composite images as described may be used in a variety of applications such as securing tamperproof images in security documents, passports, identification cards, financial transaction cards (e.g. credit cards), license plates, or other articles.
• the sheeting may also be used in commercial applications such as automotive applications.
• a method comprises illuminating a sheeting having a surface of microlenses with an energy beam to form a plurality of images within the sheeting, wherein a center of the energy beam is offset from a surface normal of the sheeting, wherein at least one of the images formed within the sheeting is a partially complete image, and wherein the images are associated with different microlenses of the sheeting, wherein the microlenses have refractive surfaces that transmit light to positions within the sheeting to produce one or more composite images from the images formed within the sheeting that appears to float with respect to the surface of the sheeting.
• a sheeting comprises a layer of material having a surface of microlenses that form a plurality of images within the sheeting, wherein at least one of the images formed within the sheeting is a partially complete image, and wherein the images are associated with different microlenses of the sheeting, wherein the microlenses have refractive surfaces that transmit light to positions within the sheeting to produce one or more composite images from the images formed within the sheeting that appears to float with respect to the surface of the sheeting.
• a system comprises a six-axis robot arm mounted with an optical assembly for imaging a substrate, wherein the six-axis robot arm provides motion within six degrees of freedom, and a controller for controlling the six-axis robot arm to position a radiation source via the optical assembly relative to the substrate.
• a system comprises galvanometer scanner comprising a plurality of mirrors controlled by galvanometers that controls a radiation source so as to produce an energy beam for imaging a substrate, an optical train having an objective for focusing the energy beam, and a controller for controlling the galvanometers to position the energy beam with respect to the optical train.
• an optical assembly for imaging a sheeting to produce a composite image comprises an optical fiber cable for delivering a laser beam, and a plurality of optical objectives to direct the laser beam to a plurality of focal points at a plurality of different angles, wherein the plurality of focal are located at a single position.
• Figure 1 is an enlarged cross sectional view of an "exposed lens" microlens sheeting
• Figure 2 is an enlarged cross sectional view of an "embedded lens" microlens sheeting
• Figure 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of a microlens sheeting comprising a plano-convex base sheet;
• Figure 4 is a graphical representation of divergent energy impinging on a microlens sheeting constructed of microspheres;
• Figure 5 is a plan view of a section of a microlens sheeting depicting sample images recorded in the material layer adjacent individual microspheres, and further showing that the recorded images range from complete replication to partial replication of the composite image;
• Figure 6 is an optical micrograph of a microlens sheeting with a radiation sensitive material layer made of aluminum film that has been imaged to provide a composite image that appears to float above the sheeting in accordance with the present invention
• Figure 7 is an optical micrograph of a microlens sheeting with a radiation sensitive material layer made of aluminum film that has been imaged to provide a composite image that appears to float below the sheeting in accordance with the present invention
• Figure 8 is a geometrical optical representation of the formation of a composite image that appears to float above the microlens sheeting
• Figure 9 is a schematic representation of a sheeting having a composite image that appears to float above the inventive sheeting when the sheeting is viewed in reflected light;
• Figure 10 is a schematic representation of a sheeting having a composite image that appears to float above the inventive sheeting when the sheeting is viewed in transmitted light
• Figure 11 is a geometrical optical representation of the formation of a composite image that when viewed will appear to float below the microlens sheeting
• Figure 12 is a schematic representation of a sheeting having a composite image that appears to float below the inventive sheeting when the sheeting is viewed in reflected light;
• Figure 13 is a schematic representation of a sheeting having a composite image that appears to float below the inventive sheeting when the sheeting is viewed in transmitted light;
• Figure 14 is a depiction of an optical train for creating the divergent energy used to form the composite images of this invention
• Figure 15 is a depiction of a second optical train for creating the divergent energy used to form the composite images of this invention.
• Figure 16 is a depiction of a third optical train for creating the divergent energy used to form the composite images of this invention.
• Figures 17A and 17B are block diagrams illustrating an example optical train for writing a floating image to a sheeting.
• Figure 18 is a block diagram illustrating an optical assembly that focuses a laser beam for writing to a substrate.
• Figure 19 is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of optical elements that may comprise a portion of an optical system.
• Figure 20 is a block diagram illustrating a system configured to utilize an example six-axis robot arm for writing floating images.
• Figure 21 A is a block diagram illustrating a side view of an example objective assembly that includes three objectives that respectively focus three laser beams.
• Figure 2 IB is a block diagram illustrating a top view of the three lens apertures of the objective assembly of FIG. 2 IA.
• Figures 22A-22C are block diagrams illustrating example viewing angle cones of floating images written in accordance with the techniques described herein.
• Figure 23 is a block diagram illustrating a beam splitter for splitting an incident beam into channels.
• Figure 24 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary beam splitting system that includes an optical grating that diffracts incident beam into multiple beams.
• FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary beam splitting system for splitting a laser beam into multiple beams focused into respective fiber optic cables.
• FIG. 26 is a block diagram illustrating an example beam splitting system that uses a pair of galvanometer mirrors to split an incident laser beam into multiple beams for multiple channels.
• FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating an example beam splitting system that uses an acoustic optical (AO) modulator that splits an incident laser beam into multiple channels.
• AO acoustic optical
• the microlens sheeting of the present invention provides a composite image, provided by individual images associated with a number of the microlenses, that appears to be suspended, or to float, above, in the plane of, and/or below the sheeting.
• microlens sheetings will be described in Part I below, followed by descriptions of the material layers (preferably radiation sensitive material layers) of such sheetings in Part II, radiation sources in Part III, and the imaging process in Part IV.
• material layers preferably radiation sensitive material layers
• Microlens sheeting in which the images of this invention can be formed comprise one or more discrete layers of microlenses with a layer of material (preferably a radiation-sensitive material or coating, as described below) disposed adjacent to one side of the microlens layer or layers.
• a layer of material preferably a radiation-sensitive material or coating, as described below
• Figure 1 shows an "exposed lens" type of microlens sheeting 10 that includes a monolayer of transparent microspheres 12 that are partially embedded in a binder layer 14, which is typically a polymeric material.
• the microspheres are transparent both to the wavelengths of radiation that may be used to image the layer of material, as well as to the wavelengths of light in which the composite image will be viewed.
• the layer of material 16 is disposed at the rear surface of each microsphere, and in the illustrated embodiment typically contacts only a portion of the surface of each of the microspheres 12. This type of sheeting is described in greater detail in U.S. Patent No. 2,326,634 and is presently available from 3M under the designation Scotchlite 8910 series reflective fabric.
• FIG. 2 shows another suitable type of microlens sheeting.
• This microlens sheeting 20 is an "embedded-lens" type of sheeting in which the microsphere lenses 22 are embedded in a transparent protective overcoat 24, which is typically a polymeric material.
• the layer of material 26 is disposed behind the microspheres at the back of a transparent spacer layer 28, which is also typically a polymeric material.
• This type of sheeting is described in greater detail in U.S. Patent No. 3,801,183, and is presently available from 3M under the designation Scotchlite 3290 series Engineer grade retroreflective sheeting.
• Another suitable type of microlens sheeting is referred to as encapsulated lens sheeting, an example of which is described in U.S. Patent No.
• FIG. 3 shows yet another suitable type of microlens sheeting.
• This sheeting comprises a transparent plano-convex or aspheric base sheet 30 having first and second broad faces, the second face 32 being substantially planer and the first face having an array of substantially hemi-spheroidal or hemi-aspheroidal microlenses 34.
• the shape of the microlenses and thickness of the base sheet are selected such that collimated light incident to the array is focused approximately at the second face.
• the layer of material 36 is provided on the second face. Sheeting of this kind is described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,254,390, and is presently available from 3M under the designation 2600 series 3M Secure Card receptor.
• the microlenses of the sheeting preferably have an image forming refractive surface in order for image formation to occur; generally this is provided by a curved microlens surface.
• the microlens will preferably have a uniform index of refraction.
• Other useful materials that provide a gradient refractive index (GRIN) will not necessarily need a curved surface to refract light.
• the microlens surfaces are preferably spherical in nature, but aspherical surfaces are also acceptable.
• the microlenses may have any symmetry, such as cylindrical or spherical, provided real images are formed by the refraction surfaces.
• microlenses themselves can be of discrete form, such as round plano-convex lenslets, round double convex lenslets, rods, microspheres, beads, or cylindrical lenslets.
• Materials from which the microlenses can be formed include glass, polymers, minerals, crystals, semiconductors and combinations of these and other materials. Non-discrete microlens elements may also be used.
• microlenses formed from a replication or embossing process (where the surface of the sheeting is altered in shape to produce a repetitive profile with imaging characteristics) can also be used.
• Microlenses with a uniform refractive index of between 1.5 and 3.0 over the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths are most useful. Suitable microlens materials will have minimal absorption of visible light, and in embodiments in which an energy source is used to image a radiation-sensitive layer the materials should exhibit minimal absorption of the energy source as well.
• the refractive power of the microlens, whether the microlens is discrete or replicated, and regardless of the material from which the microlenses are made, is preferably such that the light incident upon the refracting surface will refract and focus on the opposite side of the microlens. More specifically, the light will be focused either on the back surface of the microlens or on the material adjacent to the microlens.
• the microlenses preferably form a demagnified real image at the appropriate position on that layer. Demagnification of the image by approximately 100 to 800 times is particularly useful for forming images that have good resolution.
• the construction of the microlens sheeting to provide the necessary focusing conditions so that energy incident upon the front surface of the microlens sheeting is focused upon a material layer that is preferably radiation sensitive is described in the U.S. patents referenced earlier in this section.
• Microspheres with diameters ranging from 15 micrometers to 275 micrometers are preferable, though other sized microspheres may be used.
• Good composite image resolution can be obtained by using microspheres having diameters in the smaller end of the aforementioned range for composite images that are to appear to be spaced apart from the microsphere layer by a relatively short distance, and by using larger microspheres for composite images that are to appear to be spaced apart from the microsphere layer by larger distances.
• Other microlens such as plano-convex, cylindrical, spherical or aspherical microlenses having lenslet dimensions comparable to those indicated for the microspheres, can be expected to produce similar optical results. //.
• a layer of material is provided adjacent to the microlenses.
• the layer of material may be highly reflective as in some of the microlens sheetings described above, or it may have low reflectivity.
• the sheeting may have the property of retroreflectivity as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,326,634.
• Radiation sensitive materials useful for this invention include coatings and films of metallic, polymeric and semiconducting materials as well as mixtures of these.
• a material is "radiation sensitive" if upon exposure to a given level of visible or other radiation the appearance of the material exposed changes to provide a contrast with material that was not exposed to that radiation. The image created thereby could thus be the result of a compositional change, a removal or ablation of the material, a phase change, or a polymerization of the radiation sensitive coating.
• Some radiation sensitive metallic film materials include aluminum, silver, copper, gold, titanium, zinc, tin, chromium, vanadium, tantalum, and alloys of these metals.
• These metals typically provide a contrast due to the difference between the native color of the metal and a modified color of the metal after exposure to the radiation.
• the image may also be provided by ablation, or by the radiation heating the material until an image is provided by optical modification of the material.
• metallic oxides and metallic suboxides can be used as a radiation sensitive medium.
• Materials in this class include oxide compounds formed from aluminum, iron, copper, tin and chromium.
• Non-metallic materials such as zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, silicon dioxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium fluoride and silicon can also provide a color or contrast that is useful for this invention.
• Multiple layers of thin film materials can also be used to provide unique radiation sensitive materials. These multilayer materials can be configured to provide a contrast change by the appearance or removal of a color or contrast agent.
• Exemplary constructions include optical stacks or tuned cavities that are designed to be imaged (by a change in color, for example) by specific wavelengths of radiation. One specific example is described in U.S.
• Patent No. 3,801,183 which discloses the use of cryolite/zinc sulphide (NasAlF ⁇ /ZnS) as a dielectric mirror.
• Another example is an optical stack composed of chromium/polymer (such as plasma polymerized butadiene)/silicon dioxide/aluminum where the thickness of the layers are in the ranges of 4 nm for chromium, between 20 nm and 60 nm for the polymer, between 20 nm and 60 nm for the silicon dioxide, and between 80 nm and 100 nm for the aluminum, and where the individual layer thicknesses are selected to provide specific color reflectivity in the visible spectrum.
• Thin film tuned cavities could be used with any of the single layer thin films previously discussed.
• a tuned cavity with an approximately 4 nm thick layer of chromium and the silicon dioxide layer of between about 100 nm and 300 nm, with the thickness of the silicon dioxide layer being adjusted to provide a colored imaged in response to specific wavelengths of radiation.
• thermochromic materials which are useful in this invention.
• Thermochromic describes a material that changes color when exposed to a change in temperature.
• thermochromic materials useful in this invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,424,990, and include copper carbonate, copper nitrate with thiourea, and copper carbonate with sulfur containing compounds such as thiols, thioethers, sulfoxides, and sulfones.
• Other suitable thermochromic compounds are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,121,011, including hydrated sulfates and nitrides of boron, aluminum, and bismuth, and the oxides and hydrated oxides of boron, iron, and phosphorus.
• the material layer can, but is not required to, be radiation sensitive. Radiation sensitive materials are preferred for ease of manufacturing, however, and thus a suitable radiation source is preferably also used. ///. Radiation Sources
• a preferred manner of providing the image patterns on the layer of material adjacent the microlenses is to use a radiation source to image a radiation sensitive material.
• Any energy source providing radiation of the desired intensity and wavelength can be used with the method of the present invention.
• Devices capable of providing radiation having a wavelength of between 200 nm and 11 micrometers are believed to be particularly preferred.
• high peak power radiation sources useful for this invention include excimer flashlamps, passively Q-switched microchip lasers, and Q- switched Neodymium doped-yttrium aluminum garnet (abbreviated Nd:YAG), Neodymium doped-yttrium lithium fluoride (abbreviated Nd: YLF) and Titanium doped- sapphire (abbreviated Ti:sapphire) lasers.
• Nd:YAG Neodymium doped-yttrium aluminum garnet
• Nd: YLF Neodymium doped-yttrium lithium fluoride
• Ti:sapphire Titanium doped- sapphire
• useful radiation sources include devices that give low peak power such as laser diodes, ion lasers, non Q- switched solid state lasers, metal vapor lasers, gas lasers, arc lamps and high power incandescent light sources. These sources are particularly useful when the radiation sensitive medium is imaged by a non-ablative method.
• the energy from the radiation source is directed toward the microlens sheeting material and controlled to give a highly divergent beam of energy.
• the light is controlled by appropriate optical elements, examples of which are shown in Figures 14, 15, and 16 and described in greater detail below.
• a requirement of this arrangement of optical elements, commonly referred to as an optical train is that the optical train direct light toward the sheeting material with appropriate divergence or spread so as to irradiate the microlens and thus the material layer at the desired angles.
• the composite images of the present invention are preferably obtained by using light spreading devices with numerical apertures (defined as the sine of the half angle of the maximum diverging rays) of greater than or equal to 0.3.
• Light spreading devices with larger numerical apertures produce composite images having a greater viewing angle, and a greater range of apparent movement of the image.
• An examplary imaging process consists of directing collimated light from a laser through a lens toward the microlens sheeting.
• the light is transmitted through a diverging lens with a high numerical aperture (NA) to produce a cone of highly divergent light.
• NA numerical aperture
• a high NA lens is a lens with a NA equal to or greater than 0.3.
• the radiation sensitive coating side of the microspheres is positioned away from the lens, so that the axis of the cone of light (the optical axis) is perpendicular to the plane of the microlens sheeting.
• each individual microlens occupies a unique position relative to the optical axis, the light impinging on each microlens will have a unique angle of incidence relative to the light incident on each other microlens. Thus, the light will be transmitted by each microlens to a unique position on the material layer, and produce a unique image. More precisely, a single light pulse produces only a single imaged dot on the material layer, so to provide an image adjacent each microlens, multiple pulses of light are used to create that image out of multiple imaged dots. For each pulse, the optical axis is located at a new position relative to the position of the optical axis during the previous pulse.
• the array When the array is illuminated by a light source, the array will produce multiple cones of highly divergent light, each individual cone being centered upon its corresponding lens in the array.
• the physical dimensions of the array are chosen to accommodate the largest lateral size of a composite image.
• the individual cones of energy formed by the lenslets will expose the microlensed material as if an individual lens was positioned sequentially at all points of the array while receiving pulses of light.
• the selection of which lenses receive the incident light occurs by the use of a reflective mask. This mask will have transparent areas corresponding to sections of the composite image that are to be exposed and reflective areas where the image should not be exposed. Due to the lateral extent of the lens array, it is not necessary to use multiple light pulses to trace out the image.
• the portions of the mask that allow energy to pass through will form many individual cones of highly divergent light outlining the floating image as if the image was traced out by a single lens.
• a beam positioning system such as a galvanometer xy scanner, can be used to locally illuminate the lens array and trace the composite image on the array. Since the energy is spatially localized with this technique, only a few lenslets in the array are illuminated at any given time. Those lenslets that are illuminated will provide the cones of highly diverging light needed to expose the microlensed material to form the composite image in the sheetings.
• the lens array itself can be fabricated from discrete lenslets or by an etching process to produce a monolithic array of lenses.
• Materials suitable for the lenses are those that are non-absorbing at the wavelength of the incident energy.
• the individual lenses in the array preferably have numerical apertures greater than 0.3 and diameters greater than 30 micrometers but less than 10 mm. These arrays may have antireflection coatings to reduce the effects of back reflections that may cause internal damage to the lens material.
• single lenses with an effective negative focal length and dimensions equivalent to the lens array may also be used to increase the divergence of the light leaving the array.
• Shapes of the individual lenslets in a monolithic array are chosen to have a high numerical aperture and provide a large fill factor of approximately greater than 60%.
• Figure 4 is a graphical schematic representation of divergent energy impinging on a microlens sheeting.
• the portion of the material layer on or in which an image I is formed is different for each microlens, because each microlense "sees" the incoming energy from a different perspective.
• a unique image is formed in the material layer associated with each microlens.
• After imaging, depending upon the size of the extended object, a full or partial image of the object will be present in the radiation sensitive material behind each microsphere.
• the extent to which the actual object is reproduced as an image behind a microsphere depends on the energy density incident upon the microsphere.
• Portions of an extended object may be distant enough from a region of microlenses that the energy incident upon those microspheres has an energy density lower than the level of radiation required to modify that material.
• a spatially extended image when imaging with a fixed NA lens, not all portions of the sheeting will be exposed to the incident radiation for all parts of the extended object. As a result, those portions of the object will not be modified in the radiation sensitive medium and only a partial image of the object will appear behind the microspheres.
• Figure 5 is a perspective view of a section of a microlens sheeting depicting sample images formed in the radiation sensitive layer adjacent to individual microspheres, and further showing that the recorded images range from complete replication to partial replication of the composite image.
• Figures 6 and 7 are optical micrographs of a microlens sheeting imaged according to this invention, in which the radiation sensitive layer is an aluminum layer. As shown therein some of the images are complete, and others are partial.
• composite images can also be thought of as the result of the summing together of many images, both partial and complete, all with different perspectives of a real object.
• the many unique images are formed through an array of miniature lenses, all of which
• the "object" to be imaged is formed through the use of an intense light source by either tracing the outline of the "object” or by the use of a mask.
• the light from the object must radiate over a broad range of angles.
• all the light rays are carrying information about the object, but only from that single point, though the information is from the perspective of the angle of the light ray.
• the range of angles of the light rays emanating from an object is controlled by optical elements interposed between the object and the microlens material.
• optical elements are chosen to give the optimum range of angles necessary to produce a composite image.
• the best selection of optical elements results in a cone of light whereby the vertex of the cone terminates at the position of the object.
• Optimum cone angles are greater than about 40 degrees.
• the object is demagnif ⁇ ed by the miniature lenses and the light from the object is focused onto the energy sensitive coating against the backside of the miniature lens.
• the actual position of the focused spot or image at the backside of the lens depends upon the direction of the incident light rays originating from the object.
• Each cone of light emanating from a point on the object illuminates a fraction of the miniature lenses and only those miniature lenses illuminated with sufficient energy will record a permanent image of that point of the object.
• Geometrical optics will be used to describe the formation of various composite images according to the present invention. As noted previously, the imaging processes described below are preferred, but not exclusive, embodiments of the invention.
• incident energy 100 (light, in this example) is directed onto a light diffuser 101 to homogenize any non-uniformities in the light source.
• the diffusely scattered light 100a is captured and collimated by a light collimator 102 that directs the uniformly distributed light 100b towards a diverging lens 105a. From the diverging lens, the light rays 100c diverge toward the microlens sheeting 106.
• the energy of the light rays impinging upon the microlens sheeting 106 is focused by the individual microlenses 111 onto the material layer (a radiation sensitive coating 112, in the illustrated embodiment).
• This focused energy modifies the radiation sensitive coating 112 to provide an image, the size, shape, and appearance of which depends on the interaction between the light rays and the radiation sensitive coating.
• the arrangement shown in Figure 8 would provide a sheeting having a composite image that appears to an observer to float above the sheeting as described below, because diverging rays 100c, if extended backward through the lens, would intersect at the focal point 108a of the diverging lens. Stated differently, if a hypothetical "image ray" were traced from the material layer through each of the microspheres and back through the diverging lens, they would meet at 108a, which is where the composite image appears.
• a sheeting that has a composite image may be viewed using light that impinges on the sheeting from the same side as the observer (reflected light), or from the opposite side of the sheeting as the observer (transmitted light), or both.
• Figure 9 is a schematic representation of a composite image that appears to the unaided eye of an observer A to float above the sheeting when viewed under reflected light.
• An unaided eye may be corrected to normal vision, but is not otherwise assisted by, for example, magnification or a special viewer.
• reflected light which may be collimated or diffuse
• light rays are reflected back from the imaged sheeting in a manner determined by the material layer struck by the light rays.
• the images formed in the material layer appear different than the non-imaged portions of the material layer, and thus an image can be perceived.
• light Ll may be reflected by the material layer back toward the observer.
• the material layer may not reflect light L2 back toward the observer well, or at all, from the imaged portions thereof.
• the observer may detect the absence of light rays at 108a, the summation of which creates a composite image that appears to float above the sheeting at 108a.
• light may be reflected from the entire sheeting except the imaged portions, which means that a relatively dark composite image will be apparent at 108a.
• the nonimaged material would absorb or transmit incident light, and that the imaged material would reflect or partially absorb incident light, respectively, to provide the contrast effect required to provide a composite image.
• the composite image under those circumstances would appear as a relatively bright composite image in comparison to the remainder of the sheeting, which would appear relatively dark.
• This composite image may be referred to as a "real image" because it is actual light, and not the absence of light, that creates the image at focal point 108a.
• Various combinations of these possibilities can be selected as desired.
• Certain imaged sheetings can also be viewed by transmitted light, as shown in Figure 10.
• transmitted light For example, when the imaged portions of the material layer are translucent and the nonimaged portions are not, then most light L3 will be absorbed or reflected by the material layer, while transmitted light L4 will be passed through the imaged portions of the material layer and directed by the microlenses toward the focal point 108a.
• the composite image will be apparent at the focal point, where it will in this example appear brighter than the remainder of the sheeting.
• This composite image may be referred to as a "real image" because it is actual light, and not the absence of light, that creates the image at focal point 108a.
• the imaged portions of the material layer are not translucent but the remainder of the material layer is, then the absence of transmitted light in the areas of the images will provide a composite image that appears darker than the remainder of the sheeting.
• a composite image may also be provided that appears to be suspended on the opposite side of the sheeting from the observer.
• This floating image that floats below the sheeting can be created by using a converging lens instead of the diverging lens 105 shown in Figure 8.
• the incident energy 100 (light, in this example) is directed onto a diffuser 101 to homogenize any non-uniformities in the light source.
• the diffuse light 100a is then collected and collimated in a collimator 102 that directs the light 100b toward a converging lens 105b.
• the light rays lOOd are incident on the microlens sheeting 106, which is placed between the converging lens and the focal point 108b of the converging lens.
• the energy of the light rays impinging upon the microlens sheeting 106 is focused by the individual microlenses 111 onto the material layer (a radiation sensitive coating 112, in the illustrated embodiment).
• This focused energy modifies the radiation sensitive coating 112 to provide an image, the size, shape, and appearance of which depends on the interaction between the light rays and the radiation sensitive coating.
• the arrangement shown in Figure 11 would provide a sheeting having a composite image that appears to an observer to float below the sheeting as described below, because converging rays 10Od, if extended through the sheeting, would intersect at the focal point 108b of the diverging lens.
• Sheeting having a composite image that appears to float below the sheeting can also be viewed in reflected light, transmitted light, or both.
• Figure 12 is a schematic representation of a composite image that appears to float below the sheeting when viewed under reflected light.
• light L5 may be reflected by the material layer back toward the observer.
• the material layer may not reflect light L6 back toward the observer well, or at all, from the imaged portions thereof.
• the observer may detect the absence of light rays at 108b, the summation of which creates a composite image that appears to float below the sheeting at 108b.
• light may be reflected from the entire sheeting except the imaged portions, which means that a relatively dark composite image will be apparent at 108b.
• the nonimaged material would absorb or transmit incident light, and that the imaged material would reflect or partially absorb incident light, respectively, to provide the contrast effect required to provide a composite image.
• the composite image under those circumstances would appear as a relatively bright composite image in comparison to the remainder of the sheeting, which would appear relatively dark.
• Various combinations of these possibilities can be selected as desired.
• Certain imaged sheetings can also be viewed by transmitted light, as shown in Figure 13.
• transmitted light As shown in Figure 13.
• image rays The extension of those rays, referred to herein as "image rays," back in the direction of the incident light results in the formation of a composite image at 108b.
• the composite image will be apparent at the focal point, where it will in this example appear brighter than the remainder of the sheeting.
• the imaged portions of the material layer are not translucent but the remainder of the material layer is, then the absence of transmitted light in the areas of the images will provide a composite image that appears darker than the remainder of the sheeting.
• Composite images made in accordance with the principles of the present invention may appear to be either two-dimensional, meaning that they have a length and width, and appear either below, or in the plane of, or above the sheeting, or three-dimensional, meaning that they have a length, width, and height. Three-dimensional composite images may appear below or above the sheeting only, or in any combination of below, in the plane of, and above the sheeting, as desired.
• the term "in the plane of the sheeting" refers only generally to the plane of the sheeting when the sheeting is laid flat. That is, sheeting that isn't flat can also have composite images that appear to be at least in part "in the plane of the sheeting" as that phrase is used herein.
• Three-dimensional composite images do not appear at a single focal point, but rather as a composite of images having a continuum of focal points, with the focal points ranging from one side of the sheeting to or through the sheeting to a point on the other side. This is preferably achieved by sequentially moving either the sheeting or the energy source relative to the other (rather than by providing multiple different lenses) so as to image the material layer at multiple focal points.
• the resulting spatially complex image essentially consists of many individual dots. This image can have a spatial extent in any of the three cartesian coordinates relative to the plane of the sheeting.
• a composite image can be made to move into a region of the microlensed sheeting where it disappears.
• This type of image is fabricated in a fashion similar to the levitation examples with the addition of placing an opaque mask in contact with the microlensed materials to partially block the imaging light for part of the microlensed material. When viewing such an image, the image can be made to move into the region where the imaging light was either reduced or eliminated by the contact mask. The image seems to "disappear" in that region.
• the composite images formed according to the present invention can have very wide viewing angles, meaning that an observer can see the composite image across a wide range of angles between the plane of the sheeting and the viewing axis.
• Composite images formed in microlens sheeting comprised of a monolayer of glass microspheres having an average diameter of approximately 70-80 micrometers and, when using an aspheric lens with a numerical aperture of 0.64, are visible within a conical field of view whose central axis is determined by the optical axis of the incident energy. Under ambient lighting, the composite image so formed is viewable across a cone of about 80-90 degrees full angle. Utilizing an imaging lens with less divergence or lower NA can form smaller half angle cones.
• Images formed by the process of this invention can also be constructed that have a restricted viewing angle. In other words, the image would only be seen if viewed from a particular direction, or minor angular variations of that direction.
• Such images are formed similar to the method described in Example One below, except that light incident on the final aspheric lens is adjusted so that only a portion of the lens is illuminated by the laser radiation.
• the partial filling of the lens with incident energy results in a restricted cone of divergent light incident upon the microlensed sheeting.
• the composite image appears only within a restricted viewing cone as a dark gray image on a light gray background. The image appears to be floating relative to the microlens sheeting.
• This example describes an embedded lens sheeting with an aluminum material layer, and a composite image that appeared to float above the sheeting.
• An optical train of the type depicted in Figure 14 was used to form the floating image.
• the optical train consisted of a Spectra Physics Quanta-RayTM DCR-2(10) Nd:YAG laser 300 operating in a Q-switched mode at its fundamental wavelength of 1.06 micrometers.
• the pulse width of this laser is typically from 10-30 ns.
• the energy was redirected by a 99% reflective turning mirror 302, a ground glass diffuser 304, a 5X beam expansion telescope 306, and an aspheric lens 308 with a numerical aperture of 0.64 and a focal length of 39 .0 mm.
• the light from the aspheric lens 308 was directed toward an XYZ stage 310.
• the stage was composed of three linear stages, and is available from Aerotech Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania under the designation ATS50060.
• One linear stage was used to move the aspheric lens along the axis between the aspheric focal point and the microlens sheeting (the z-axis), and the other two stages enabled the sheeting to be moved in two mutually orthogonal horizontal axes relative to the optical axis.
• the laser light was directed toward the ground glass diffuser 304 to eliminate any beam inhomogeneities caused by thermal lensing.
• a 5X beam expansion telescope 306 collimated the diverging light from the diffuser and enlarged the light beam to fill the aspherical lens 308.
• the aspheric lens was positioned above the XY plane of the XYZ stage so that the focal point of the lens was 1 cm above the microlens sheeting 312.
• the laser output was adjusted to obtain approximately 8 milli Joules per square centimeter (8 mJ/cm 2 ) over the illuminated area of the energy meter 1 cm from the focal point of the aspheric lens.
• a sample of embedded lens sheeting 312 with an 80 nm thick aluminum radiation sensitive layer was affixed to the XYZ stage 310 so that the aluminum coated side faced away from the aspherical lens 308.
• a controller available from Aerotech, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania under the designation U21 provided the necessary control signals for movement of the XYZ stage 312 and control voltages for pulsing of the laser 300.
• the stages were moved by importing a CAD file into the controller with the x-y-z coordinate information, movement commands, and laser firing commands necessary to produce the image.
• An arbitrary complex composite image was formed by coordinating the movement of the X, Y and Z stages with the pulsing of the laser to trace the image in space above the microlensed material.
• the stage speed was adjusted to 50.8 centimeters/minute for a laser pulse rate of 10Hz. This formed continuous composite lines in the aluminum layer adjacent the microlenses.
• the images were dark gray against a light gray background.
• the resulting image was a planar composite image that appeared to float approximately 1 cm above the sheeting.
• the composite image displayed reasonably large movement in relation to an observer's viewing perspective, so an observer could easily view different aspects of the composite image depending upon the viewing angle.
• Example Two In this example, an exposed lens sheeting construction with a transparent mirror radiation sensitive layer was used to form a composite image that appeared to float below the microlens sheeting.
• the optical train used in Example One was also used in this Example.
• the microlensed sheeting was positioned relative to the aspheric lens 308 so that the lens was nearly in contact with the microlens sheeting.
• the laser output was adjusted to achieve approximately 14 mJ/cm 2 directly beneath the aspheric lens.
• the exposed lens sheeting consisted of partially embedded microspheres as described in U.S. Patent Number 3,801,183, with a zinc-sulfide (ZnS) dielectric mirror vapor deposited onto one side of the microspheres.
• the thickness of the ZnS layer was nominally 60 nm.
• Example One the laser was operated at 10 Hz while the sheeting was moved at 50.8 cm/min, resulting in the formation of continuous composite lines in the microlensed sheeting.
• a "globe" pattern (a circle with four inscribed arcs) was traced by the staging system.
• the globe appeared as a dark image against a white/yellow background.
• the dark composite image appeared to float approximately 39 mm below the sheeting.
• the location of the composite image corresponded to the location of the focal point of the aspheric lens, which for this Example correlated to approximately 39 mm behind the lens.
• This Example describes forming a composite image in an exposed lens sheeting with an aluminum radiation sensitive layer using a lens array in place of a single aspheric lens.
• An optical train of the type depicted in Figure 15 was used to form a floating composite image.
• the optical train consisted of a Q-switched laser 300, a 99% reflective mirror 302, an optical diffuser 304, and a beam expansion telescope 306. These components of the optical train used in this example are identical to those described in Example One.
• Also included in the optical train of this Example was a two-dimensional lens array 407, a reflective mask 409 and a negative bi-concave lens 411. Areas of the reflective mask 409 were transparent, to coincide with the areas of the microlensed material 412 to be exposed to the laser radiation, while the remaining surface of the mask was opaque or reflective.
• the lens array 407 consisted of a fused silica refractive microlens array available from MEMS Optical, LLC of Huntsville, Alabama under the designation 3038. This closed packed spherical lens array was placed almost in contact with a negative biconcave lens 411 having a diameter of 75 mm and focal length of negative 150 mm. Exposed lens sheeting 412 with an 80 nm thick aluminum radiation sensitive layer was placed within 25 mm of the negative bi-concave lens 411. The microlensed material was placed approximately 1 cm from the focal length of the combined optical path of the mircrolens array and the negative bi-concave lens. The output from the laser was adjusted to produce approximately 4 mJ/cm 2 at the surface of the exposed lens surface of the microlensed sheeting. A single laser pulse was activated to expose the entire image.
• the resulting imaged microlensed sheeting when viewed in ambient light, revealed images that appeared to float approximately 1 cm above the sheeting. The image appeared dark gray against a light gray background.
• the diverging light source was obtained by reflection from a scattering source.
• the scattering reflector consisted of a ceramic bead approximately 5 mm in diameter.
• An optical train of the type depicted in Figure 16 was used in this Example. It consisted of a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser 500, similar to that described in Example One, followed by a telescope 502 which reduced the size of the incident laser beam to a diameter of approximately 1 mm.
• the light was then impinged upon the ceramic bead 504 at an angle sufficiently deviated from normal so as to illuminate approximately one quarter of the hemisphere of the ceramic bead 504 facing the microlens sheeting 512. This was confirmed by viewing the scattered radiation through an infrared camera.
• the ceramic bead 504 was positioned above the XY stage 510 at a distance of approximately 25 mm.
• the incident light from the laser was adjusted to be parallel to the sample stage.
• Embedded lens sheeting 512 with an 80 nm aluminum radiation sensitive layer was affixed to an XY stage 510 and a controller provided control signals to the stage and laser.
• the laser output was adjusted to obtain approximately 8 mJ/cm 2 at the surface of the microlens sheeting.
• Illumination of the ceramic bead 504 was adjusted to obtain the most uniform light exposure to the surface of the micro lensed sheeting 512.
• the XY stage 510 was moved at 50.8 cm/minute with the laser pulsing at 10 Hz. A complex image was traced out with the stage while the microlensed sheeting was exposed to the scattered radiation from the ceramic reflector.
• the material layer of an embedded lens sheeting consisted of multilayer optical stacks, tuned for specific colors in the visible spectrum.
• thin film layers were deposited by vacuum evaporation and plasma polymerization to obtain a layer sequence consisting of chromium /plasma polymerized butadiene /silicon dioxide /aluminum, with the chromium layer being adjacent to the embedded lens.
• the thicknesses of the individual materials were adjusted to obtain colors in the red, green, and blue portions of the visible spectrum. Table 1 provides the specific thicknesses of the individual materials prepared.
• the coated microlens base sheets were then laminated to a backing with the multilayers in contact with the laminating material.
• the liner of the microlens sheeting was then removed to expose the front surface of the embedded lenses with colors given by the above table.
• Example One An optical train as described in Example One was used to image the samples of this example.
• the focal point of the asphere was positioned 1 cm above the microlens sheeting.
• the laser output was adjusted to obtain an energy density of 5 mJ/cm 2 at the surface of the microlens sheeting.
• the optical properties of the multilayer stacks were modified in the regions irradiated.
• a globe pattern was traced to provide images in the multilayer stacks in a manner similar to that described in Example One.
• This example describes a second type of multilayer tuned stack as the radiation sensitive layer for producing a colored composite image.
• the optical stacks were prepared on a microlensed base sheet consisting of embedded lens sheeting. On one face of the microlensed base sheets, thin film layers were deposited by vacuum evaporation to obtain a layer sequence consisting of chromium/cryolite/aluminum (Cr/Na 3 AlF 6 /Al), chromium/silicon dioxide/aluminum (Cr/Si ⁇ 2 /Al), or chromium/magnesium fluoride/aluminum (CrZMgF 2 / Al), as shown in Table 2, below. The thicknesses of the dielectric materials, SiO 2 , Na 3 AlF 6 and MgF 2 , were adjusted to obtain a variety of colors in the visible spectrum. Table 2 provides the specific thicknesses of the individual materials prepared in the various samples.
• the coated microlens base sheets were then laminated to a backing such that the multilayer was in contact with the laminating material.
• the liner of the microlens sheeting was then removed to expose the front surface of the embedded lenses with colors given by the above table.
• Example One An optical train as described in Example One was used to image these samples.
• the position of the final aspheric lens was positioned to be almost in contact with the sample to provide a composite image that appeared to float below the sheeting.
• the laser energy was adjusted to obtain an energy density that would permanently alter the optical properties of the respective multilayer stacks, as shown in Table 2.
• the alphanumeric characters "SAMPLE" were traced for the image in this material in a manner similar to that described in Example One.
• the composite image appeared dark with a white/yellow outline against the background color of the microlensed sheeting. All composite images appeared to float approximately 39 mm below the sheeting and to move with respect to an observer viewing the sheeting.
• a color composite image was formed in an embedded lens sheeting using a phase change alloy of 50 atomic percent Silver and 50 atomic percent of Zinc (AgsoZnso ) and a tuned bilayer stack consisting of chromium and silicon dioxide as the radiation sensitive layer.
• the phase change alloy was not ablated by the applied radiation, while the tuned bilayer enhances the spectral reflectance in the blue portion of the visible electromagnetic spectrum.
• the radiation sensitive layer was deposited onto the spacer layer of the enclosed lens sheeting in a manner similar to the procedure used to deposit the thin film layers of the multilayer stack unto the microlensed base sheet in Example Five.
• the chromium and silicon dioxide layers were vacuum deposited onto the polymeric spacer layer to thicknesses of 40 nm and 260 nm, respectively.
• an 80 nm thick layer OfAg 50 Zn 50 alloy was sputter deposited onto the silicon dioxide layer. The samples were then laminated and stripped to expose the clear portion of the microlens sheeting.
• the sheeting when viewed under ambient (reflected) light, appeared to be violet- blue.
• An optical train similar to Example One was used to image the Ag 50 Zn 50 radiation sensitive layer.
• a continuous wave Nd: YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 1.06 um was used as the energy source.
• the pulse width was controlled by the use of an acousto-optic modulator in the optical train.
• the first order diffraction beam was sent through an optical train of the type depicted in Figure 14. Samples of the enclosed lens sheeting were affixed to an XYZ stage. The laser power into the acousto-optic modulator was adjusted to give 810 mW of power at the microlensed material.
• the acousto-optic modulator was set to achieve 20 Hz pulsing at 100 microsecond pulse widths.
• a positive aspheric lens, as described in Example One, was placed 12mm above the surface of the microlensed material. An image was traced out with the XYZ stage while the laser radiation exposed the radiation sensitive layer. When the sheeting was viewed in ambient lighting, the imaged regions appeared light blue in color and floated about 12 mm above the microlens sheeting.
• Patent Number 5,254,390 was used as the microlens sheeting.
• a radiation sensitive layer of copper was vacuum evaporated on to the flat surface of the sheeting to a thickness of 80 nm.
• the microreplicated microlensed material was exposed to laser radiation from an optical train as described in Example One.
• the final aspheric lens was positioned with the focal point 6.5 mm away from the surface of the microlensed material.
• the laser output was adjusted to give approximately 7 mJ/cm 2 at the surface of the sheeting.
• the laser was set to pulse at 10Hz while the XYZ staging moved at a speed of 50.8 cm/minute.
• a "globe" pattern (a circle with four inscribed arcs) was traced above the sample.
• This Example describes the combination of a planar composite image with a composite image that appeared to float below the sheeting.
• Exposed lens microlens sheeting with an 80 nm thick aluminum radiation sensitive layer was imaged using the optical configuration described in Example One.
• the aspheric lens was positioned nearly in contact with the microlens sheeting, and the laser output was adjusted to yield 4 mJ/cm 2 at the sample surface.
• the controller was programmed to trace the alphanumeric characters "SAMPLE.”
• An absorptive mask was placed on top of the open sheeting. This mask was made by printing rows of the alphanumeric characters "3M" onto transparency sheets by way of a conventional photocopier. The alphanumeric characters absorbed the radiation while the surrounding areas would transmit the laser radiation.
• the exposed lens sheeting with this absorptive mask was positioned so that the "SAMPLE” characters were formed over the top of the mask position.
• the characters "SAMPLE” appeared to float about 39 mm below the sheeting, while the unexposed characters "3M” appeared to be in the plane of the sheeting.
• the "3M” characters were only observable against the dark characters from the "SAMPLE” characters.
• This Example describes a sheeting with a complex, three-dimensional image.
• An embedded lens microlens sheeting with an 80 nm thick aluminum radiation sensitive layer was used in this Example.
• the optical train used in Example One was used.
• the microlensed sheeting was attached to the XY plane of an XYZ translation stage, while an aspheric lens was attached to the z-axis.
• the aspheric lens had a NA of 0.64 and a focal length of 39 mm.
• the controller was programmed to trace the outline of an isometric cube with 5 cm long cube diagonals (the distance between two opposite corners of the cube).
• the relative position and orientation of the cube as programmed in the controller placed one end of the composite cube image approximately 5 mm above the surface of the sheeting, and the other end of the composite cube image 5.5 cm above that surface.
• the cube image was oriented to place a corner of the cube closest to the observer.
• the energy per pulse from the laser was controlled to yield a constant energy density of 8 mJ/cm 2 at the sample surface regardless of the spacing between the diverging lens and the sheeting.
• the laser operated at 10 Hz and X, Y and Z stages moved at a speed of 50.8 cm/minute.
• the image of the isometric cube was continuously traced out in space above the microlensed sheeting by the controller.
• the isometric composite cube image When viewed in ambient lighting, the isometric composite cube image appeared dark gray against a light gray background, floating from between 5 mm and 5.5 cm above the surface. Furthermore, as an observer changed his or her viewing perspective, the isometric cube appeared to rotate in space above the microlens sheeting to expose sides of the cube that were previously obscured at different viewing angles.
• This Example describes a floating image that can be made to disappear. That is, the composite image can, by changing the viewing angle, be made to disappear from or reappear to view.
• An embedded lens sheeting with an 80 nm thick aluminum radiation sensitive layer was used.
• An optical train similar to that in Example One was used to form the images, and the distance of the aspheric lens from the sheeting was adjusted to position the focal point 1 cm above the microlensed sheeting.
• the controller was programmed to produce a "globe" pattern (a circle with four inscribed arcs) and the laser output was adjusted to provide 8 mJ/cm 2 at the sample surface.
• a square section of translucent tape was attached to the surface of the embedded lens sheeting. The square section of tape was positioned so that during the imaging of the globe, a portion of the area imaged by the laser would overlap the section covered by the translucent tape.
• Imaged sheeting containing the composite images of this invention are distinctive and impossible to duplicate with ordinary equipment.
• the composite images can be formed in sheeting that is specifically dedicated to applications such as passports, identification badges, banknotes, identification graphics, and affinity cards. Documents requiring verification can have these images formed on the laminated sheeting for identification, authenticity, and enhancement.
• Conventional bonding means such as lamination, with or without adhesives, may be used.
• Providers of items of value such as boxed electronic products, compact discs, driver's licenses, title documents, passports or branded products, may simply apply the multilayer film of this invention to their products and instruct their customers only to accept as authentic items of value so labeled.
• sheeting containing composite images may be used as display materials for advertising, for license plates, and for numerous other applications in which the visual depiction of a unique image is desirable. Advertising or information on large objects, such as signs, billboards, or semitrailers, would draw increased attention when the composite images were included as part of the design.
• Sheeting with the composite images has a very striking visual effect, whether in ambient light, transmitted light, or retroreflected light in the case of retroreflective sheeting. This visual effect can be used as a decoration to enhance the appearance of articles to which the imaged sheeting is attached.
• Such an attachment could convey a heightened sense of fashion or style and could present a designer logo or brand in a very dramatic way.
• Envisioned uses of the sheeting for decoration include applications to apparel, such as everyday clothing, sports clothing, designer clothing, outerwear, footwear, caps, hats, gloves and the like.
• fashion accessories could utilize imaged sheeting for decoration, appearance, or brand identity.
• Such accessories could include purses, wallets, briefcases, backpacks, fanny packs, computer cases, luggage, notebooks and the like.
• Further decorative uses of the imaged sheeting could extend to a variety of objects that are commonly embellished with a decorative image, brand, or logo. Examples include books, appliances, electronics, hardware, vehicles, sports equipment, collectibles, objects of art and the like.
• Retroreflective attachments to apparel and accessories are well known and enhance the visibility and conspicuity of the wearer in low-light conditions.
• retroreflective attachments incorporate the composite imaged sheeting, a striking visual effect can be achieved in ambient, transmitted, or retroreflected light.
• Envisioned applications in the area of safety and protective apparel and accessories include occupational safety apparel, such as vests, uniforms, firefighter's apparel, footwear, belts and hardhats; sports equipment and clothing, such as running gear, footwear, life jackets, protective helmets, and uniforms; safety clothing for children; and the like.
• Attachment of the imaged sheeting to the aforementioned articles can be accomplished by well known techniques, as taught in U.S. Patents 5,691,846 (Benson, Jr. et al), 5,738,746 (Billingsley et al), 5,770,124 (Marecki et al), and 5,837,347 (Marecki), the choice of which depends on the nature of the substrate material.
• the sheeting could be die cut or plotter cut and attached by sewing, hot-melt adhesive, mechanical fasteners, radio frequency welding or ultrasonic welding.
• a pressure-sensitive adhesive may be a preferred attachment technique.
• the image may be best formed after the sheeting is attached to a substrate or article.
• the composite image viewable from a microlens sheeting may have reasonably large movement in relation to an observer's viewing perspective, so an observer could easily view different aspects of the composite image depending upon the viewing angle.
• the appearance of the composite image may rotate in space above the microlens sheeting to expose different portions of the composite image that were previously obscured at different viewing angles.
• the microlens sheeting can be configured to present a plurality of different composite images from the images formed within the microlens sheeting.
• the different composite images may each be associated with a different viewing angle range, such that different composite images may be viewed from different viewing angles of the sheeting.
• the microlens sheeting may present two or more different composite images, and each may be viewable at different viewing angle ranges. In this example, two observers positioned at different viewing angles with respect to the sheeting may view different composite images presented by the sheeting.
• the sheeting may be imaged to present the same composite image over multiple viewing angle ranges. In some cases, the viewing angle ranges may overlap to provide a larger continuous viewing angle range.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B are block diagrams illustrating an example optical train 600 for forming a floating image within a microlens sheeting (not shown) so that the floating image is written with high numerical aperture (NA) lenses by a galvanometer scanner.
• NA numerical aperture
• FIGS. 17A and 17B show the optical train imaging the sheeting at a first position at a first point in time and a second position at a second point in time, respectively.
• FIGS. 17A and 17B may represent two points in time while optical train 600 images the microlens sheeting to produce a single floating image. That is, FIG 17A shows a beam of energy 604 striking lens array 606 at a first position 605 A, while FIG. 17B shows beam of energy 604 striking lens array 606 at a second position 605B.
• a technique referred to herein as relay imaging uses a galvanometer scanner 602 to write floating images at a high linear rate, such as greater than 200 mm/sec.
• Galvanometer scanner 602 may receive a beam of energy from a fixed radiation source 601 (e.g., a laser), which is directed to a set of high-speed moving mirrors to write the images at high rate.
• a fixed radiation source 601 e.g., a laser
• Writing floating images at a high rate may be preferred, because unwanted overexposure of the sheeting may occur at slower rates.
• Relay imaging may be used to write floating images that contain features that appear to float above and/or sink beneath the plane of the microlens sheeting (not shown in FIGS. 17A, 17B).
• Relay imaging may also be used to write floating images that have regions containing features that exhibit a continuous change in float height above, below, or both above and below the plane of the microlens sheeting.
• the relay imaging method uses an intense radiation source 601, such as a laser, with galvanometer scanner 602 to illuminate an area of high numerical aperture (NA) lenses (lenslets) in a lens array 606.
• a high NA lens is a lens with a NA equal to or greater than 0.3.
• the radiation source may, for example, be any of the radiation sources described above under Section III.
• the radiation source may be a neodymium doped laser, such as neodymium-doped glass (Nd:Glass), neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (NdIYVO 4 ), neodymium-doped gadolinium orthovandadate, or other neodymium doped lasers.
• neodymium-doped glass Nd:Glass
• NdIYVO 4 neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
• gadolinium orthovandadate neodymium doped lasers.
• the divergent cones of light from the lens array are collected by a system of adaptable relay optics that includes objective 608, and refocused at a controlled distance from a lensed substrate, i.e., a microlens sheeting (not shown).
• a system of adaptable relay optics that includes objective 608, and refocused at a controlled distance from a lensed substrate, i.e., a microlens sheeting (not shown).
• the apparent location of the divergent light cones formed by lens array 606 illuminated by the radiation source appears to be at the focal position 610A (FIG. 17A), 610B (FIG. 17B) of the adaptable relay optics.
• optical train 600 may be configured to locate focal position 610A in front, behind, or in the same plane as the microlens sheeting.
• the divergent light is used to write a floating image in the microlens sheeting.
• the phrase "to write a floating image" is used synonymously herein with the term “to form
• the pattern of the floating image written by this process is determined by which lenses in lens array 606 are illuminated by the incident light.
• galvanometer scanner 602 may be used to move a laser beam 604 around a surface of lens array 606 to locally illuminate desired lenses in lens array 606 by tracing a pattern that corresponds to the resulting floating image, i.e., composite image. In this approach, only a few lenses in lens array 606 are illuminated at a given time.
• FIG. 17A shows galvanometer scanner 601 positioning laser beam 604 to illuminate a first portion of lens array 606 such that the divergent light cones focus at a first focal position 610A.
• the microlens sheeting may be positioned between objective 608 and focal position 610A, 610B. In other examples, the microlens sheeting may be positioned beyond focal position 610A, 610B.
• the energy of the light rays impinging upon the microlens sheeting is focused by the individual microlenses to a position within the sheeting, such as to a radiation-sensitive material layer disposed adjacent the layer of microlenses, or to a position within the layer of microlenses itself.
• the portion of the sheeting on or in which an image is formed is different for each microlens, because each microlens "sees" the incoming energy from a different perspective.
• a unique image is formed in the material layer associated with each microlens, and each unique image may represent a different partial or substantially complete image of the virtual image.
• the floating image i.e., composite image
• the floating image can be thought of as the result of the summing together of many images, both partial and complete, all with different perspectives of a real object.
• the many unique images are formed through an array of miniature lenses, all of which "see” the object or image from a different vantage point. Behind the individual miniature lenses, a perspective of the image is created in the sheeting that depends on the shape of the image and the direction from which the imaging energy source was received.
• a control system may be used to synchronously change the location of the focal point of the adaptive relay optics train relative to the microlens sheeting as a function of position in the plane of the microlens sheeting, to produce one or more composite images that contain features with a continuous variation in float height or sink depth.
• determining which lenses in the lens array are to be illuminated by the incident light may alternatively be done by way of a mask placed on the lens array.
• the mask may contain transparent areas that correspond to sections of the microlens sheeting that are to be exposed to the light source, and reflective areas that correspond to sections of the microlens sheeting that should not be exposed.
• the floating image is formed in the microlens sheeting by illuminating the lens array having the mask with light from the high-intensity light source.
• the image of the divergent light cones formed by the lens array, corresponding to the pattern of transparent areas in the mask, is transferred by the relay optics to the desired floating depth position relative to the microlens sheeting for writing the floating image.
• the microlens sheeting may be placed between lens array
• the lenses in lens array 606 may be high NA lenses, and are illuminated by laser beam 604, as described above.
• the illuminated lenses of lens array 606 create the cone or cones of divergent light to image the microlens sheeting to form the different partial or substantially complete images of the virtual image.
• a control system may be used to synchronously change the location of the focal point of the lenses in the lens array relative to the microlens sheeting as a function of position in the plane of the microlens sheeting, to produce one or more composite images that contain features with a continuous variation in float height.
• FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an optical assembly 612 that focuses a laser beam for writing to a substrate.
• Optical assembly 612 may be referred to as a laser "pen.”
• Laser energy is delivered to optical assembly 612 via optical fiber cable 614 that enters at a collar of a housing 615 of optical assembly 612.
• the laser energy is then turned 90 degrees before being passed through a collimating lens (not shown) and a focusing lens located within cap 616 of optical assembly 612.
• the focusing lens focuses the laser energy at a focal point 618 used to write to a substrate.
• FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating an arrangement of optical elements 620 that may comprise a portion of an optical system in accordance with the techniques described herein.
• the arrangement of optical elements 620 may be part of an optical system contained within an optical assembly such as the optical assembly of FIG. 18. Alternatively, a portion or all of the arrangement of optical elements 620 may be part of an optical system external to the radiation source for delivery of the beam to the microlens sheeting.
• placing a section of a Fresnel lens 622 after a final objective 624 of the optical train may allow the microlens sheeting (not shown) to be imaged so that the floating images are viewable at a predetermined viewing angle that is offset from the surface normal of the microlens sheeting.
• center of the beam for imaging the microlens sheeting is not perpendicular to surface of the microlens sheeting, and the viewing angle may be asymmetric with respect to the surface normal.
• the optical system of which the arrangement of optical elements 620 comprises a portion may also include a radiation source 625 that illuminates optical elements (not shown) in the optical system that may modify the radiation beam prior to the radiation beam 626 reaching final objective 324.
• Final objective 624 and Fresnel lens 622 cause the radiation beam 626 to focus at a focal position 628.
• This technique of using Fresnel lens 622 may allow a floating image to be viewable at an angle from one side of a surface of a microlens sheeting, but not viewable at the same angle from another side of the surface.
• multiple floating images may be written to the microlens sheeting having different offset angles.
• a sheeting may be imaged and applied to a vehicle dashboard such that a first floating image may viewable only to a driver of the vehicle while a second floating image may be viewable only to a passenger of the vehicle.
• Writing multiple floating images having different viewing angles according to this technique may require rotating Fresnel lens 622, rotating the microlens sheeting, or switching Fresnel lens 622 with a different Fresnel lens to write at a different viewing angle.
• FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating a system 630 that includes an example controller 635 coupled to a six-axis robot arm 632 for writing floating images.
• Six-axis robot arm 632 provides x, y, z motion combined with an approach vector described by the angles a and ⁇ to create images at specific viewing angles.
• a optical assembly 634 is mounted to six-axis robot arm 632.
• Controller 635 executes a control program in the form of software instructions to output a series of movement commands to control movement of robot arm 632 to position and orient one or more light sources affixed to an end of the robot arm relative to the microlens sheeting. That is, controller 635 controls the position and orientation of robot arm 632 to precisely image the microlens sheeting to produce floating images.
• system 630 may be used to write floating images that are only visible within a single viewing angle cone offset from the surface normal.
• system 630 may also be used to write floating images that have multiple viewing angle cones.
• system 630 may control robot arm 632 to write the same floating image at multiple viewing angle cones, allowing the same floating image to be observed from multiple viewing angles.
• System 630 may write multiple floating images having overlapping viewing angle cones so as to result in a larger continuous viewing angle.
• Six-axis robot arm 632 may be used to write floating images that have regions containing features that exhibit a continuous change in float height above, below, or both above and below the plane of the microlens sheeting
• FIG. 21 A is a block diagram illustrating a side view of an objective assembly 640 that includes three objectives 642A-642C ("objectives 642") that respectively focus three laser beams 644A-644C.
• FIG. 21B is a block diagram illustrating a top view of the three lens apertures of objective assembly 640.
• Objective assembly 640 may be mounted in a single laser pen, such as the optical assembly of FIG. 19, such that a focal point 648 for each beam 644 is in the same location. As illustrated in FIGS.
• objective assembly 640 may be used to write a floating image to a microlens sheeting having three distinct viewing angle cones. This may effectively increase the viewing angle to ⁇ a ⁇ in the x-direction, though there may be small gaps within the viewing angle ⁇ a ⁇ between the individual viewing angle cones where the floating image cannot be seen.
• Objectives 642A, 642B, and 642C may be controlled to write the same floating image, or may write different floating images. In the case of writing different floating images, each individual floating image is viewable over only the portion of the viewing angle ⁇ a ⁇ that corresponds to a respective one of objectives 642.
• the laser pen mounted with objective assembly 640 may be held by or otherwise mounted to six-axis robot arm 630 of FIG. 20.
• Objective assembly 640 is merely exemplary, and other numbers of objectives may be mounted within a single laser pen, e.g., two or more.
• Laser beams 644A-644C may be provided by three separate fiber optic paths, or may be split from a single fiber optic path.
• FIGS. 22A-22C are block diagrams illustrating example viewing angle cones of floating images written in accordance with the techniques described herein.
• FIG. 22A illustrates a single floating image 651 of the word "3M” having a single viewing angle cone 650 that is offset from the surface normal of a sheeting. Thus, an observer may view the "3M" floating image 651 only when viewing the sheeting at an angle within viewing angle cone 650.
• FIG. 22B illustrates two overlapping floating images 653 of the word "3M” having different viewing angle cones 654A, 652B (“viewing angle cones 652”) that are each offset from the surface normal of a sheeting.
• each of the floating images 653 may view the "3M" floating images 653 when viewing the sheeting at an angle within either of viewing angle cones 652A and 652B.
• the floating images are overlapping in that the focal point of each of the radiation source beams trace the same path, but at different incident angles.
• each of the floating images is formed by images associated with a common subset of the microlenses within the sheeting.
• FIG. 22C illustrates two floating images 655A-655B ("floating images 655") having different viewing angle cones 654A, 654B ("viewing angle cones 654").
• Floating image 655A is an image of the number "3”
• floating image 655B is an image of the letter
• Floating image 655A is visible to an observer only within viewing angle cone 655A
• floating image 655B is visible to an observer only within viewing angle cone 655B.
• floating image 655 A is only viewable at an angle on the left side of the sheeting, but not viewable at the same angle on the right side of the sheeting.
• floating image 655B is only viewable at an angle on the right side of the sheeting, but not viewable at the same angle on the left side of the sheeting.
• floating images 651, 653, 655 may be written using an arrangement of optical elements including a Fresnel lens, as described above with respect to FIG. 19.
• the Fresnel lens must be rotated or switched to create the floating images 653 and 655 having different viewing angle cones 652, 654.
• floating images 651, 653, 655 may be written using system 630 with six-axis robot arm 632 of FIG. 20 mounted with a multi-objective laser pen as described in FIG. 21A.
• the multiple floating images 653 of FIG. 21B and floating images 655A, 655B may be written simultaneously.
• a variety of methods of splitting a single beam from a single laser to multiple beam paths for simultaneous image writing may be used.
• a beam splitter may be used to split a laser beam into multiple channels.
• FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating a beam splitter 670 for splitting an incident beam 675 into channels 680A and 680B.
• beam splitter 670 may be a 50/50 beam splitter that divides incident beam 675 equally to two channels.
• Incident beam 675 may be in a random polarization.
• Such a beam splitter may be incorporated into a system based on a Michelson interferometer.
• beams may be split based on optical grating, holographic optical elements, or phase masks, which use grating patterns that diffract incident light into multiple beams.
• FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary beam splitting system 690 that includes an optical grating 695 that diffracts incident beam 700 into multiple beams 705A-705C ("beams 705").
• Optical grating 695 may be a holographic optical element or a phase mask.
• Incident beam 700 may be a collimated beam.
• optical grating 695 divides incident beam 700 into three beams 705 with equal angle spacing.
• Beams 705 are focused by telecentric lens 710 into three equally spaced focal positions that respectively couple to optical fibers 715A-715B mounted on a fiber array.
• the ratio of the spacing between the fibers and the focal length of the telecentric lens is the diffraction angle of optical grating 695.
• Optical grating 695 may have a grating pitch from 10-60 microns that splits incident beam 700 into three beams 705 (0, +1, and -1 diffraction order) with a 0.02/1 wavefront error.
• the diffraction angles ⁇ are calculated according to the following equation:
• N is the diffraction order
• ⁇ is the wavelength
• X is the pitch.
• the ratio of the energy diffracted to each order can be designed to be 1 :1 :1.
• Beam splitting system 690 may also be used to split energy to each order in unequal amounts. Although illustrated as splitting incident beam 700 into three beams 705, beam splitting system 690 may be used to split incident beam 700 into more or fewer beams. For example, beam splitting system 690 may be used to split incident beam 700 into 5, 7, or 9 beams.
• FIG. 25 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary beam splitting system 720 for splitting a laser beam 722 into multiple beams focused into respective fiber optic cables 724A-724C.
• Beam splitting system 720 uses oscillating mirror 726 to split beam 722.
• Oscillating mirror 726 may oscillate at a constant rate, such as 400 Hz.
• the angle of oscillating mirror 726 may be synchronized to match the firing of a laser pulse of laser beam 722 with the channel that the beam will be delivered to.
• a reflection of laser beam 722 off of oscillating mirror 726 is picked up by one of prisms 728A-728C.
• the reflection is picked up by prism 728B.
• the beam is then shaped by beam expanding lens 730B and beam focusing lens 732B.
• beam focusing lens 732B focuses the beam to the entrance of fiber optic cable 724B.
• the distance between one of beam expanding lenses 730A-730C and the corresponding one of beam focusing lenses 732A- 732C may be adjusted to control the numerical aperture (NA) of the laser beam focused on the entrance of the respective one of fiber optic cables 724A-724C.
• Beam splitting system 720 also includes continuous wave reference laser 734, which is reflected by oscillating mirror 726 and picked up by photo detector (PD) 736.
• the pulsed output from photo detector 736 provides a reference for synchronization of oscillating mirror 726.
• FIG. 26 is a block diagram illustrating an example beam splitting system 740 that uses a pair of galvanometer mirrors 742A and 742B ("galvanometer mirrors 742") to split an incident laser beam 744 into multiple beams for multiple channels.
• galvanometer mirrors 742 allows laser beam 744 to be scanned to a two-dimensional array. In other embodiments, more than two or fewer than two galvanometer mirrors 742 may be used.
• System 740 may use galvanometer scanners (not shown) having encoders that control the angle positions of galvanometer mirrors 742.
• the angle positions of galvanometer mirrors 742 may be synchronized with firing of incident laser beam 744 and the physical positions of coupling lenses 748A-748C and fiber optic cables 746A-746C.
• System 740 may use galvanometer scanners (not shown) to accurately direct laser beam 744 to a specified channel.
• Laser beam 744 may be a pulsed laser beam that comprises a stream of discrete pulses of laser energy.
• System 740 may control the galvanometer mirrors 742 to be synchronized with the discrete pulses. For example, system 740 may control the galvanometer mirrors 742 to change positions between each pulse to direct the beam to different optical paths.
• the scanning speed of galvanometric scanners may be on the order of 20-40Hz, which may correspond to approximately one degree angle per millisecond.
• FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating an example beam splitting system 750 that uses an acoustic optical (AO) modulator 752 that splits an incident laser beam 754 into multiple channels.
• AO modulator 752 deflects incident laser beam 754 when an acoustic grating is applied to a crystal.
• NEOS AO modulator model N35110-3-350-1 is made from crystal quartz, and has a switching speed of 100 ns/mm times the incident beam diameter. The deflection angle is 6.8 mrad.
• AO modulator 752 may be used to switch laser beam 754 to or from one or more channels 756A, 756B.
• AO modulator 752 may be optimized to deflect beam 754 to a first order grating diffraction or both first and second order grating diffraction.
• light may still be leaked to the "off" channel, i.e., the beam path that would be followed when the AO modulator 752 is off or the 0 th order when no diffraction.
• the 1 st order diffraction channel may be the preferred channel to switch beam 754 to an operating channel, and 0 th order diffraction channel may be connected to a beam dumper.
• a single beam may be split using a rotating polygon having reflective edges.
• a single beam may be split using Pockels cells to switch an incident beam of polarized light into two channels.
• This technique may allow for switching at a rate of 1 MHz, which may allow desired channels to be selected in random orders. This is in contrast to the oscillating mirror, galvanometer mirror system, or rotating polygon, which may require that channels are accessed sequentially based on their spatial positions.
• Sheeting imaged according to the techniques described above may be used in a number of applications, including security, automotive, brand authentication, brand enhancement, and consumer decorative applications.
• the floating image of the sheeting may be used for a floating watermark as a translucent overlay, providing a secure feature through which printed information is visible.
• the sheeting may be made very thin ( ⁇ 1 mm), which may enable integration of the sheeting into security documents, passports, drivers licenses, currency, banknotes, identification cards, titles, personnel badges, proofs of purchase, authenticity certificates, corporate cards, financial transaction cards (e.g. credit cards), certificates, brand and asset protection labels, registration tags, tax stamps, gaming chips, license plates, automotive consoles, decorative labels, signage, validation stickers, or other items.

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• 2008
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