EP2158030A2 - Préparation de particules minérales en milieu co2 supercritique - Google Patents
Préparation de particules minérales en milieu co2 supercritiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2158030A2 EP2158030A2 EP08805692A EP08805692A EP2158030A2 EP 2158030 A2 EP2158030 A2 EP 2158030A2 EP 08805692 A EP08805692 A EP 08805692A EP 08805692 A EP08805692 A EP 08805692A EP 2158030 A2 EP2158030 A2 EP 2158030A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- precursors
- medium
- mineral
- reactor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 171
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002184 metal Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 carbonyl metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 4
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical group CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[U+6] WZECUPJJEIXUKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-KGJVWPDLSA-N beta-L-fucose Chemical compound C[C@@H]1O[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-KGJVWPDLSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003452 thorium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000439 uranium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001879 gelation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formic acid Chemical compound OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- UARGAUQGVANXCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol;zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].CCO.CCO.CCO.CCO UARGAUQGVANXCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052695 Americium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052685 Curium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052781 Neptunium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetone Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)=O YRKCREAYFQTBPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001056 aerosol solvent extraction system Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012296 anti-solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)N1CN([N+]([O-])=O)CN([N+]([O-])=O)C1 XTFIVUDBNACUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethynyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C#C)C(OC)=C1 IVORCBKUUYGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007970 homogeneous dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- SRPSOCQMBCNWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodous acid Chemical compound OI=O SRPSOCQMBCNWFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003961 organosilicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
- B01J3/008—Processes carried out under supercritical conditions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/26—Nozzle-type reactors, i.e. the distribution of the initial reactants within the reactor is effected by their introduction or injection through nozzles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
- B01J2/02—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/51—Spheres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J4/00—Feed or outlet devices; Feed or outlet control devices
- B01J4/001—Feed or outlet devices as such, e.g. feeding tubes
- B01J4/002—Nozzle-type elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/18—Preparation of finely divided silica neither in sol nor in gel form; After-treatment thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
- C01G25/02—Oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G27/00—Compounds of hafnium
- C01G27/02—Oxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G43/00—Compounds of uranium
- C01G43/01—Oxides; Hydroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G56/00—Compounds of transuranic elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G9/00—Compounds of zinc
- C01G9/02—Oxides; Hydroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/48—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates
- C04B35/486—Fine ceramics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62645—Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering
- C04B35/62655—Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/62802—Powder coating materials
- C04B35/62805—Oxide ceramics
- C04B35/62818—Refractory metal oxides
- C04B35/62823—Zirconium or hafnium oxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for accessing mineral particles of millimeter dimensions, further having a high compactness associated with a high specific surface area. These particles, easily handled and not dusty, are particularly well suited for the preparation of ceramic materials and / or catalysts, including metal catalysts.
- sol / gel type techniques use sol / gel type techniques.
- the techniques of this type are conducted in a supercritical fluid medium rather than in a liquid medium, which notably avoids the handling of large quantities of solvents (as well as their post-treatment which can be problematic), and which allows in addition to eliminating steps of washing and drying the particles obtained to rid them of organic species.
- the particles are generally obtained from solutions of precursors in an organic solvent, supercritical CO 2 acting as an anti-solvent.
- supercritical CO 2 induces a loss of the solvation capacity of the solvent medium, and therefore a supersaturation, and hence a nucleation, and then a precipitation of the desired particles.
- This type of process frequently referred to as "ASES” (for the English “Anti-Solvent Extraction System”) allows, again, by the implementation of a supercritical medium, to eliminate the steps of washing and drying necessary in the context of processes conducted in a solvent medium.
- the "ASES" processes lead to the formation of small particles, in the form of dust particles, thus having the aforementioned drawbacks.
- Processes are also known for the preparation of particles of higher size, in particular using supercritical CO 2 for this purpose.
- crystallization processes or chemical reactions within supercritical CO 2 capable of leading to particles of a size a little higher than in the processes mentioned above, namely generally the order of a hundred microns.
- Gallagher et al. in the Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 5, 130-142 (1992), a recrystallization of cyclotrimethylenenitramine in supercritical CO 2 , resulting in particles up to sizes of the order of 150 to 200 microns.
- the application FR 2 763 258 describes the preparation of metal oxide particles by reaction of metal precursors in supercritical CO 2 and then by relaxing the CO 2 , which can lead in some cases to particles of dimensions higher.
- a high internal porosity is created, inducing the formation of cavities, this phenomenon being all the more marked that the particle formed is of large size.
- This phenomenon is probably due to the formation of an outer shell during the formation of the particle, which is capable of trapping solvent or degradation products in the particle.
- the presence of such cavities, which affects the compactness of the particle is particularly troublesome when the particles are intended for the constitution of dense ceramics, of the type used for example for nuclear fuel. Indeed, defects (porosities) appear during sintering if we have a bad initial stack.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a means of maximally inhibiting the above-mentioned problems of cavity formation within these particles, so as to make it possible to obtain high-size mineral particles, namely at least the order of a few hundred microns, or even of the order of a millimeter, about ten millimeters or more, and nevertheless having a very good compactness.
- the invention aims to provide a process which is preferably beneficial in terms of reducing the amounts of organic solvents used and generated effluents, in a context of sustainable development.
- the present invention provides a new process for the preparation of particles from precursors implemented in supercritical CO2 medium.
- the subject of the present invention is a process for preparing mineral particles (p) from precursors of mineral species, said process comprising a step (E) in which a reactor containing CO 2 in the supercritical state, a fluid medium (F) comprising said precursors, in solution and / or dispersed in a solvent (S), the injection of the medium (F) into the reactor being effected by means of a injection nozzle opening into an area of said reactor where the supercritical CO 2 is at a temperature greater than or equal to the conversion temperature of the precursors to the corresponding mineral species.
- step (E) of the process of the invention the precursors of mineral species present in the medium (F) are converted into mineral species as soon as the medium (F) is introduced into the supercritical medium.
- This conversion notably involves vaporization and / or decomposition of the precursors.
- the fact that these phenomena take place immediately at the outlet of the nozzle and not later allows to inhibit (or even completely avoid, in some cases) the phenomenon of cavity formation observed in the processes of the state of the technical.
- an immediate mineralization of the particles is obtained, with a substantial elimination of the precursors of mineral species and their decomposition products, which is also accompanied by an elimination of the other organic species possibly present in the medium (F), such as organic solvents for example, which are also vaporized and / or decomposed under the conditions of the step (E), as well as an elimination water possibly present in the medium (F).
- the decomposition products of the precursors are therefore discharged immediately at the outlet of the nozzle and therefore do not remain trapped particles in formation, unlike currently known processes where the precursors only decompose later in the particle, during a progressive mineralization.
- the method of the invention allows the preparation of particles substantially free of internal cavities, which results in a high compactness of the particles.
- This compactness is reflected by the relative density of the particles obtained, which is calculated by the ratio of the apparent density of the particles relative to the theoretical density of the constituent material of the particle (ie the density that the material would have if it were free cavities).
- the particles obtained according to the process of the invention typically have a relative density greater than 50%, even when the synthesized particles are large, for example greater than 500 microns, for example of the order of a few millimeters.
- the size of the synthesized particles is very easy to regulate, by adjusting the exit diameter of the nozzle used in step (E).
- the method of the invention also retains the advantages associated with the implementation of a supercritical CO2 medium, in particular with a minimization of the amount of solvent to be used in the medium (F) and the possibility of easily recycling the CO2, with a significant reduction in liquid and gaseous effluents, which is reflected in particular in terms of reduced process costs.
- fluid medium means a liquid or pasty medium having a sufficiently low viscosity to be injected by means of an injection nozzle.
- fluid medium (F) that is used in step (E) of the process of the invention comprises:
- these compounds in solution may include, inter alia, all or part of the precursors of mineral species; and / or solid objects (in particular colloids, particles or aggregates of particles) in suspension, stable or otherwise, in the solvent (S), these suspended objects possibly containing all or part of the precursors of mineral species.
- the fluid medium (F) used in step (E) is a medium of organic nature.
- the medium (F) comprises, among other possible constituents, one or more organic compound (s), these organic compounds being generally present in a significant amount in said medium, and typically representing at least 10 % by weight relative to the total mass of the medium (F), for example at least 25%, or even at least 50%, or even 90% or more in some cases.
- step (E) of the process of the invention it is most often preferred that the fluid medium (F) is in a gelled form at the moment when it is introduced into the reactor.
- the gelling of the medium (F) required according to this embodiment can be carried out prior to the introduction of this medium into the reactor.
- the gelling of the medium (F) can take place in situ at the injection nozzle.
- the solvent (S) present in the medium (F) may be indifferently water, an organic solvent or a mixture of water and organic solvent (hydroalcoholic medium in particular).
- this organic solvent is advantageously a compound containing a small number of carbon atoms (typically less than 6, for example from 1 to 4, and preferably from 1 to 3) and it is typically an alcohol.
- a suitable organic solvent as solvent (S) in the medium (F) is in particular ethanol. It is also possible to use methanol, formaldehyde, isopropanol, propanol, butanol, acetylacetone, glycerol or organic acids.
- the term "precursor of mineral species” is understood to mean an organic or inorganic compound, capable, under the effect of a heat treatment, of becoming a mineral species adapted to the constitution of a mineral particle, generally by thermal decomposition.
- a precursor of mineral species within the meaning of the present invention can in particular be:
- step (E) at least one organic species (in particular of the organometallic or more generally organomineral type) which, under the conditions of step (E), is converted into a mineral species constituting all or part of the particles (p); and or at least one mineral species which, under the conditions of step (E), is converted into another mineral species, this other mineral species constituting all or part of the particles (p).
- organic species in particular of the organometallic or more generally organomineral type
- the precursors present in the medium (F) are or comprise metal hydroxides, mineral alkoxides (metal alkoxides or silicon alkoxides) which may be partially hydrolysed, metal oxides, metal salts or organometallic compounds capable of be converted thermally into mineral species.
- a particulate precursor as employed in step (E) of the process of the invention may be soluble or insoluble in supercritical CO2. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, all or part of the mineral species precursors used in step (E) are insoluble in supercritical CO 2 .
- the precursors of mineral species employed in step (E) are not, as such, constituents of the particles (p). These are species that are transformed into a mineral component of the particles (p) when they are introduced into the supercritical medium, this transformation taking place especially under the influence of temperature.
- the medium (F) of step (E) may optionally comprise, in addition to the aforementioned mineral species precursors, preformed mineral constituents, for example in the form of mineral particles. such as particles of metal oxides, metal salts or metals, which are not converted to other mineral species during step (E).
- these preformed mineral constituents are found incorporated in fine in the particles obtained according to the process of the invention, which thus comprise two types of constituents, namely said preformed mineral species and mineral species formed from the precursors mineral species.
- the preformed mineral constituents are preferably introduced into the medium (F) in the form of particles of nanometric dimensions, with dimensions typically ranging from 2 to 100 nm, for example from 5 to 50 nm.
- the medium (F) used in step (E) can advantageously be a solution of precursors of mineral species in the solvent (S), this solution possibly possibly also comprising constituents preformed minerals, typically in the form of dispersed solid particles.
- the method of the invention thus makes it possible to modulate in a rather large measure the constitution (and hence the functionality) of the synthesized particles (p).
- particles (p) of a composite nature comprising the particles of preformed inorganic compounds in a mineral matrix resulting from the conversion of the precursor of mineral species, the preformed mineral component particles being generally homogeneously dispersed within the mineral matrix.
- composite particles have another specific interest in the field of the preparation of ceramics based on several materials. Indeed, given their particular structure, in which particles are homogeneously dispersed within a mineral matrix, they allow, by sintering, to obtain ceramics comprising a homogeneous dispersion of a phase in a other, and this much more efficient than by the usual processes where a mixture of several powders is carried out, which does not lead to optimal dispersions and homogeneous.
- all or part of the precursors of mineral species used in step (E) are precursors of organic character, for example alkoxides, metal salts with organic anions (citrates or acetates for example) or organometallic compounds.
- the mineral species precursors employed in step (E) are or comprise metallo-organic precursors.
- metallo-organic precursors are typically metal alkoxides, metal salts of organic anions or organometallic compounds, whereby the particles (p) synthesized are based on inorganic oxides, metals and / or metal carbonyls.
- These metallo-organic precursors are typically based on one or more metals selected from Zr, Ce, Ni, Fe, Cr, Hf, Ti, U, Pu, Th, and minor actinides such as Np, Am and Cm.
- Organic silicon compounds may also be used as precursors of mineral species in step (E).
- the precursors employed are or comprise silicon alkoxides, whereby the particles (p) synthesized are based on silica.
- the metallo-organic precursors and the organic silicon compounds used in the context of the present invention advantageously comprise a relatively low organic proportion, with a carbon / metal molar ratio advantageously between 4 and 8, preferably less than 6, in the metallo precursors. -organiques.
- the C / Si ratio is advantageously between 4 and 8, preferably less than 6.
- each of the ligands bound to the metal comprises the less carbon atoms possible, and advantageously that each of the ligands bonded to the metal comprises at most 3 carbon atoms, and more preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- the precursors of mineral species employed in step (E) are or comprise inorganic alkoxides (namely metal alkoxides and / or silicon alkoxides) carrying organic chains. comprising between 1 and 3 carbon atoms, preferably bearing 1 or 2 carbon atoms.
- these alkoxides have the following formula (I):
- M denotes a metal, preferably chosen from Zr, Ce, Ni, Fe, Cr, Hf, Ti, U,
- Pu, Th, and minor actinides such as Np, Am and Cm; or else denotes silicon Si;
- n is an integer equal to the valence of the element M
- each of the m R groups denotes, independently of the others: a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, or a group -OR 'where R' denotes a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, where, preferably, all or part of the R groups are OR 'groups.
- each of the m R groups of the alkoxides corresponding to the formula (I) above is a methoxy, ethoxypropoxy, acetylacetonate, propionate, formate or acetate group, each of these groups being more preferably chosen from a methoxy group. or ethoxy.
- the precursors of mineral species employed comprise compounds corresponding to the following formulas (Ia) and / or (Ia ').
- each of the groups R a , each of the moieties R b and each of the groups R c denotes, independently of the other groups present, a hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, carbon.
- mixtures of formula (Ia) and compounds corresponding to formula (Ia ') are used as mixtures.
- only compounds of formula (Ia) or only compounds of formula (Ia ') may be used.
- the precursors of particles used in step (E) are advantageously compounds corresponding to the formula M (OCH 3 ) m , M (OC 2 H 5 ) m , and / or (H 3 C) m ⁇ M ( OCH 3 ) m "(for example (H 3 C) M (OCH 3 ) m-1 ), where M, m, m 'and m" are as defined above.
- at least one (most often one or even two) -R groups of the alkoxides of formula (I) is a carboxy group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the morphology of the particles (p) can be modulated by adapting the way in which the medium (F) is introduced into the supercritical CO 2 .
- the morphology of the particles (p) is dictated by the shape that the medium (F) takes when it leaves the injection nozzle.
- the medium (F) can be injected dropwise into the reactor containing CO 2 in the supercritical state, whereby the particles obtained generally have a substantially spherical shape.
- a column of length greater than or equal to 10 cm is typically used as reactor.
- Drip is typically obtained by employing a nozzle with a pulsed valve.
- the injection of the medium (F) is carried out by continuous sequences in the reactor containing CO 2 in the supercritical state, whereby the particles obtained have the shape of substantially cylindrical rods, of length variable.
- the medium (F) is preferably introduced. in the upper part of a reactor, allowing the forming particle to drop to a height of at least a few centimeters, preferably generally at a height of at least 10 cm.
- the medium (F) may be injected at the top of a tubular reactor with a length of a few tens of centimeters to a few meters (typically from 10 cm to 10 m, this length advantageously being at least 50 cm. at least 1 m, for example between 2 and 5 m) filled with CO 2 in the supercritical state, whereby, after thermal decomposition of the precursors of mineral species in the vicinity of the injection nozzle, the formed particles fall to the bottom of the reactor, thus remaining sufficient time in contact with supercritical CO 2 to avoid the aforementioned problems.
- the concentration of these precursors is preferably the highest possible, which in particular makes it possible to reduce the amount of solvent used. implemented in the medium (F).
- the precursor concentration of mineral species in the medium (F) is at least 0.01 mole of metal M per liter, and advantageously at least 0.1 mole of metal. per liter, for example between 0.5 and 10 moles of metal M per liter.
- the temperature of the zone where the medium injection nozzle (F) used in step (E) opens depends on the exact nature of the compounds (precursors but also other possible organic compounds) which are present in the medium (F). this temperature being all the higher as the compounds present are likely to withstand thermal degradation. Most often, for an efficient implementation of step (E), it is advantageous for the injection nozzle through which the medium (F) is introduced to open into a zone at a temperature of between 120 and 500 ° C. preferably between 150 and 400 ° C., and typically of the order of 200 ° C. This temperature range generally allows a good conversion of the mineral species precursors at the outlet of the nozzle, without nevertheless inducing calcination of the synthesized particles.
- the nozzle itself is generally cooled (typically below 200 ° C.). example below 100 ° C) in order to avoid an early conversion of the precursors of the middle (F) within the nozzle itself. It is also possible to provide a flow of inert gas such as helium at the injection nozzle, in particular to prevent the penetration of supercritical CO2 into the nozzle which could induce a precipitation of particles at the outlet of the nozzle.
- inert gas such as helium
- the structure of the nozzle, and in particular its outlet diameter, are to be adapted to the size and morphology of the particles (p) sought.
- large dimensions typically greater than 500 microns, and can reach several millimeters, with phenomena of appearance of cavities very limited within the particles obtained.
- the method of the invention may advantageously comprise a step of heat treatment of the particles formed at the outlet of the nozzle, which may be carried out subsequently or simultaneously at step (E), which makes it possible to consolidate or even densify the particles formed.
- a heat treatment is advantageously carried out at a temperature greater than or equal to 1200 ° C., for example greater than or equal to 1500 ° C. (typically around 1600 ° C. when the synthesized particles are based on metal compounds such as zirconium and that one wishes a total densification).
- process of the invention can be carried out both in a discontinuous mode and in a continuous mode.
- the present invention also relates to a device for implementing the method of the invention.
- This device typically comprises a reactor adapted to the implementation of supercritical CO 2 , and comprising:
- this device further comprises, between the injection chamber and the recovery means, a reaction zone provided with heating means capable of maintaining the CO2 under supercritical conditions, preferably at a temperature of between 120 and 500. C, eg between 200 ° C and 500 ° C, suitable for particle formation.
- an increasing temperature gradient is established in the reaction zone between the injection chamber and the particle recovery means, in particular so as to avoid thermal shocks.
- the useful device according to the invention is in the form of a vertical reactor (for example a tubular column) comprising the injection nozzle at a higher level and the means for recovering particles at a higher level. a lower level, the reaction zone then extending from said upper level to said lower level.
- a vertical reactor for example a tubular column
- the subject of the invention is the original particles as obtained according to the method of the invention.
- These particles most often have dimensions greater than 150 microns, or even greater than 200 microns, advantageously between 500 microns and 2 mm, with a relative density generally greater than 50%, which indicates a substantial absence of cavities within the particles. These particles are most often in the form of nanograin aggregates, giving the particles a generally high surface area.
- the BET specific surface area of the particles as obtained according to the invention is greater than 100 m 2 / g, preferably greater than or equal to 200 m 2 / g. This is typically the case for amorphous ZrO 2 particles.
- the term "specific surface” refers to the BET specific surface area, as determined by nitrogen adsorption, according to the well-known method called BRUNAUER - EMMET - TELLER which is described in The Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 60, page 309 (1938), and corresponding to the international standard ISO 5794/1.
- the particles (p) obtained according to the process of the invention are most often substantially free of organic compounds, and comprise typically less than 0.1%, or even less than 0.05% by weight of organic compounds.
- the particles (p) obtained according to the invention are most often based on at least one metal oxide, at least one metal in the metallic state and / or at least one carbonyl metal.
- the particles are based on inorganic oxide, usually based on metal oxide or silica.
- the particles (p) formed in the process of the invention are particles based on zirconium oxide.
- the particles (p) based on zirconium oxide are advantageously obtained from zirconium-organic precursors such as zirconium alkoxides, for example from a zirconium ethoxide advantageously modified with an organic acid such as HCOOH and from preferably used in the dissolved state in nitric acid.
- zirconium oxide-based particles (p) can be obtained from a zirconium hydroxide.
- the zirconium-based particles (p) as obtained according to the invention consist essentially of ZrO 2 , typically at least 95% by weight, most often at a concentration of at least 98% by weight, or even at least 99% by weight, based on the total mass of the particle.
- the zirconium-based particles (p) of the invention are composite particles obtained from an initial medium (F) comprising, in addition to zircon-organic precursors, mineral particles. preformed based on other compounds, which are found thereby homogeneously dispersed in a ZrO 2 matrix in the particles obtained.
- the preformed mineral particles used which are found to be dispersed in the ZrO 2 matrix of the particles (p) are, for example, silicon carbide SiC particles, chromium boride BCr 2 , and boron oxide particles.
- the composite particles thus obtained are particularly interesting for the constitution of ceramic materials or catalysts, in particular based on metals in the metallic state.
- specific materials can be obtained comprising particles, in particular metal particles in some cases, distributed in a porous ceramic material.
- specific materials having both a ceramic character and a metallic catalyst character.
- the particles (p) may advantageously be based on fissile or fertile material, said fissile or fertile material preferably comprising at least one element selected from U, Pu, Th, minor actinides such as Np, Am, Cm, or a mixture of these elements, the particles preferably comprising at least one of these elements in metallic form and / or in oxide form.
- the particles (p) may advantageously be based on uranium oxide UO 2 , plutonium oxide PuO 2 , thorium oxide ThO 2 , or based on actinides or a of their oxides, or a mixture of these materials.
- These specific (p) particles are well suited as a fuel core for nuclear reactor or for the preparation of a fuel core for a nuclear reactor (for example a ceramic fuel core).
- the process of the invention also makes it possible to access particles (p) based on CeO 2 , or alternatively on HIO2, TiO 2 , ZnO and / or SiO 2 .
- FIG. 1 shows schematically a device for implementing the method of the invention, of the type used in the examples
- FIG. 2 shows a micrograph of a particle according to the invention, obtained according to Example 1 below;
- Figures 3 and 4 show two micrographs of particles obtained according to Example 2 below, after sintering at 1550 ° C for 6 hours, and Figures 5 and 6 each show the micrograph of the section of a particle. as obtained according to Example 2, respectively before and after sintering at 1550 ° C for 6 hours.
- FIG. 1 shows a reactor 1, in the form of a vertical reactor, filled with CO 2 in the supercritical state, and provided with an injection nozzle 10 at a higher level, connected to a reservoir 15 containing the medium (F) to be injected, this nozzle opening into a first zone of the reactor forming an injection chamber 20 provided with heating means at a temperature between 120 and 500 ° C.
- the precursors of mineral species initially present in the medium (F) are instantly converted into mineral species, the degradation products being at the same time immediately vaporized and / or decomposed, as well as water and / or the solvents which may be present, thus leaving a substantially mineralized particle in the chamber 20.
- the particle formed falls towards the bottom of the reactor, passing through a reaction zone Typically heated to a temperature of 120 to 500 ° C, typically 200 to 500 ° C, where the particle completes consolidation.
- the formed particle is found in the chamber of recovery 40 where it is recovered out of the supercritical CO 2 .
- an increasing temperature gradient is established in the reaction zone 30 between the chambers 20 and 40.
- the reaction chamber 30 may optionally be withdrawn, in which case a mass of powder is generally obtained in the recovery chamber 40.
- the presence of the reaction chamber 30 is generally required.
- ZrO 2 particles were synthesized according to the method of the invention from a medium (F1) prepared under the following conditions:
- the medium (F1) obtained at the end of these different steps is in liquid form with a milky appearance.
- recovery chamber temperature 40 315 ° C. increasing temperature gradient between the two chambers, with a temperature of 300 ° C. in the reaction chamber 30;
- Figure 2 shows a micrograph taken at magnification 100 of a particle obtained in this context (no sintering).
- particles were synthesized according to the method of the invention from a medium (F2) prepared under the following conditions:
- the medium was then allowed to cool to room temperature (25 ° C.) and then 4 g of water and 5.5 ⁇ 10 -3 mol of formic acid were added to the medium and the medium was left stirring for one hour;
- the medium (F2) obtained at the end of these different steps is in the form of a polymeric gel, the fluidification of which depends on the duration and the speed of the agitation (thixotropic effect).
- the particles were then sintered at 1550 ° C for 6 hours, which resulted in the formation of particles as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 (micrographs at ⁇ 100 and ⁇ 70, respectively).
- Figures 5 and 6 show micrographic sections at high magnifications (respectively x25000 and x10000) of particles synthesized in the context of Example 2, respectively before and after sintering. It shows the homogeneity and compactness of the particles according to the invention, as well as the absence of cavities within the formed particles, for particles of millimeter dimensions (700 microns after sintering).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0754800A FR2915405B1 (fr) | 2007-04-30 | 2007-04-30 | Preparation de particules minerales en milieu co2 supercritique |
PCT/FR2008/050738 WO2008145928A2 (fr) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-23 | Préparation de particules minérales en milieu co2 supercritique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2158030A2 true EP2158030A2 (fr) | 2010-03-03 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP08805692A Withdrawn EP2158030A2 (fr) | 2007-04-30 | 2008-04-23 | Préparation de particules minérales en milieu co2 supercritique |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20100197484A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2158030A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5743058B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101754800B (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2915405B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008145928A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (11)
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US9333496B2 (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2016-05-10 | Celanese International Corporation | Cobalt/tin catalyst for producing ethanol |
US9079172B2 (en) | 2012-03-13 | 2015-07-14 | Celanese International Corporation | Promoters for cobalt-tin catalysts for reducing alkanoic acids |
JP5862467B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-08 | 2016-02-16 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | シリカ複合粒子の製造方法 |
US10438705B2 (en) * | 2014-12-29 | 2019-10-08 | Terrapower, Llc | Fission reaction control in a molten salt reactor |
US11332847B2 (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2022-05-17 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Methods for low energy inorganic material synthesis |
JP6734914B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-09 | 2020-08-05 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックス成形体の製造方法 |
CN107308686A (zh) * | 2016-04-27 | 2017-11-03 | 北京化工大学常州先进材料研究院 | 一种超临界二氧化碳连续制备纳米二氧化钛材料的方法 |
CN106045526A (zh) * | 2016-08-22 | 2016-10-26 | 中国科学院力学研究所 | 一种液态co2制备陶瓷粉体的方法 |
CN106748584B (zh) * | 2016-11-29 | 2019-03-19 | 西南科技大学 | 乳液法制备球形化有机小分子复合物的方法 |
CN109225115B (zh) * | 2018-09-17 | 2024-04-16 | 沈阳化工大学 | 一种可调喷嘴间距的撞击流反应器 |
EP3946708A1 (fr) | 2019-03-30 | 2022-02-09 | Dow Silicones Corporation | Procédé pour produire des nanoparticules |
Family Cites Families (16)
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JPH0774099B2 (ja) * | 1988-02-17 | 1995-08-09 | 昭和シェル石油株式会社 | 高真球度高密度ジルコニア微小粒子の製造法 |
US5306555A (en) * | 1991-09-18 | 1994-04-26 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Aerogel matrix composites |
GB9313642D0 (en) * | 1993-07-01 | 1993-08-18 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Method and apparatus for the formation of particles |
JP3986086B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-01 | 2007-10-03 | ザ ユニバーシティ オブ カンザス | 近臨界および超臨界反溶媒を用いる粒子析出方法および被覆方法 |
JP3333699B2 (ja) * | 1996-11-22 | 2002-10-15 | 仲道 山崎 | 連続水熱反応における原料粒子噴霧方法および装置 |
JP3252147B2 (ja) * | 1997-01-09 | 2002-01-28 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 二酸化チタン皮膜の形成方法 |
FR2763258B1 (fr) * | 1997-05-15 | 1999-06-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'oxydes metalliques, simples ou mixtes, ou d'oxyde de silicium |
JP2000300992A (ja) * | 1999-04-20 | 2000-10-31 | Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corp | イソアルカンのアルキル化用触媒とこれを用いたイソアルカンのアルキル化方法 |
US6620351B2 (en) * | 2000-05-24 | 2003-09-16 | Auburn University | Method of forming nanoparticles and microparticles of controllable size using supercritical fluids with enhanced mass transfer |
JP2002137913A (ja) * | 2000-10-24 | 2002-05-14 | Tokuyama Corp | シリカゲル及びその製造方法 |
AU2002338284A1 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-10-15 | William Marsh Rice University | Process utilizing pre-formed cluster catalysts for making single-wall carbon nanotubes |
US7083748B2 (en) * | 2003-02-07 | 2006-08-01 | Ferro Corporation | Method and apparatus for continuous particle production using supercritical fluid |
JP2004283691A (ja) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-10-14 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | 光触媒成分含有多孔質体およびその製造方法 |
US7179758B2 (en) * | 2003-09-03 | 2007-02-20 | International Business Machines Corporation | Recovery of hydrophobicity of low-k and ultra low-k organosilicate films used as inter metal dielectrics |
US20050107252A1 (en) * | 2003-11-17 | 2005-05-19 | Gaffney Anne M. | Process for preparing mixed metal oxide catalyst |
GB0402963D0 (en) * | 2004-02-11 | 2004-03-17 | Univ Nottingham | Counter current mixing device for two different fluids |
-
2007
- 2007-04-30 FR FR0754800A patent/FR2915405B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-04-23 CN CN200880019641.4A patent/CN101754800B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 EP EP08805692A patent/EP2158030A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-04-23 JP JP2010504803A patent/JP5743058B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-23 WO PCT/FR2008/050738 patent/WO2008145928A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-04-23 US US12/598,212 patent/US20100197484A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2008145928A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008145928A3 (fr) | 2009-02-12 |
CN101754800B (zh) | 2014-07-23 |
US20100197484A1 (en) | 2010-08-05 |
CN101754800A (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
FR2915405B1 (fr) | 2011-09-09 |
WO2008145928A2 (fr) | 2008-12-04 |
FR2915405A1 (fr) | 2008-10-31 |
JP5743058B2 (ja) | 2015-07-01 |
JP2010525934A (ja) | 2010-07-29 |
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