EP2142293A2 - Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapseln - Google Patents
Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapselnInfo
- Publication number
- EP2142293A2 EP2142293A2 EP08736352A EP08736352A EP2142293A2 EP 2142293 A2 EP2142293 A2 EP 2142293A2 EP 08736352 A EP08736352 A EP 08736352A EP 08736352 A EP08736352 A EP 08736352A EP 2142293 A2 EP2142293 A2 EP 2142293A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- microcapsules
- acid
- spp
- methyl
- enzyme
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- AMFGTOFWMRQMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazophos Chemical compound N1=C(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)N=CN1C1=CC=CC=C1 AMFGTOFWMRQMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IQGKIPDJXCAMSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triazoxide Chemical compound N=1C2=CC=C(Cl)C=C2[N+]([O-])=NC=1N1C=CN=C1 IQGKIPDJXCAMSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQZXUHDXIARLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribenuron Chemical compound COC1=NC(C)=NC(N(C)C(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)=N1 BQZXUHDXIARLEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXUAHZSKEQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribufos Chemical compound CCCCSP(=O)(SCCCC)SCCCC ZOKXUAHZSKEQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorfon Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)C(O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl NFACJZMKEDPNKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940066528 trichloroacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQJCHOQLCLEDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC2=C1N1C=NN=C1S2 DQJCHOQLCLEDLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PGAANEHXBMZPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O PGAANEHXBMZPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N trifloxystrobin Chemical compound CO\N=C(\C(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1CO\N=C(/C)C1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 ONCZDRURRATYFI-TVJDWZFNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSMVPDGQOIQYSR-KGENOOAVSA-N triflumizole Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(/COCCC)=N/C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(F)(F)F HSMVPDGQOIQYSR-KGENOOAVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflumuron Chemical compound C1=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl XAIPTRIXGHTTNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AKTQJCBOGPBERP-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflusulfuron Chemical compound FC(F)(F)COC1=NC(N(C)C)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2C)C(O)=O)=N1 AKTQJCBOGPBERP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMRNPTXYRLMGPC-UHFFFAOYSA-L trimethyl(octyl)azanium;sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C.CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C WMRNPTXYRLMGPC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVKCCVTVZORVGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trinexapac-ethyl Chemical group O=C1CC(C(=O)OCC)CC(=O)C1=C(O)C1CC1 RVKCCVTVZORVGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVEQCVKVIFQSGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tritosulfuron Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=NC(OC)=NC(NC(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C(F)(F)F)=N1 KVEQCVKVIFQSGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRXOWOKLKIZFNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N undecane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(O)O GRXOWOKLKIZFNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- JARYYMUOCXVXNK-CSLFJTBJSA-N validamycin A Chemical compound N([C@H]1C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H]1O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)CO)[C@H]1C=C(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JARYYMUOCXVXNK-CSLFJTBJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBXFMOWZRXXBRN-LWKPJOBUSA-N valifenalate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)OC)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 DBXFMOWZRXXBRN-LWKPJOBUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010626 work up procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000228158 x Triticosecale Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005943 zeta-Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- DUBNHZYBDBBJHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L ziram Chemical compound [Zn+2].CN(C)C([S-])=S.CN(C)C([S-])=S DUBNHZYBDBBJHD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- FJBGIXKIXPUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N {2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propyl]-2,4,4-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl}(imidazol-1-yl)methanone Chemical compound C1=CN=CN1C(=O)N1C(C)(C)COC1(C)CCCC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 FJBGIXKIXPUXBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
- A01N25/28—Microcapsules or nanocapsules
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
Definitions
- the present invention is a process for the preparation of microcapsules comprising a polymer-containing capsule shell and a Kapstoffhülle containing effect.
- a further subject relates to microcapsules and dispersions containing microcapsules obtainable by the process according to the invention.
- a further subject matter relates to the use of said microcapsules and microcapsule-containing dispersions as a component in colorants, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents, fertilizers, additives for food or animal feed, auxiliaries for polymers, paper, textile, leather, paints or detergents and cleaners.
- Microcapsules are known in various embodiments and are used depending on the tightness of the capsule wall for very different purposes. For example, they serve to protect core materials that are to be released only by targeted mechanical destruction of the capsule shell, for example, dye precursors for copying papers or encapsulated fragrances.
- Capsule shell materials based on gelatin, polyurethane resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin and polyacrylate are known in such fields of application.
- Other requirements are placed on wall materials for vegetable or pharmaceutically active substances as core materials, in which the permeability of the capsule shell is required, which enables a controlled release and the targeted transport of the active substances.
- the capsules produced by chemical processes here also known are mechanical-physical production processes.
- microcapsules For the production of microcapsules chemical or physical methods are generally known. In physical methods usually dissolved polymers are applied to the material to be encapsulated and transferred by physical methods, such as spray drying or solvent removal, in a solid capsule wall. In chemical methods, the solid capsule wall is formed by chemical reaction, for example by polymerization of monomers, on the material to be encapsulated. An additional physical step to form the solid microcapsule is not necessary.
- Microcapsules comprising a polymer-containing capsule shell and an active substance-containing capsule core, as well as their production methods, are well known. Such microcapsules can be prepared starting from polymeric starting materials for the capsule shell.
- EP 1 421 990 relates to a process for the preparation of microcapsules wherein a polyester dispersed in a polyol is emulsified with an enzyme as an effect substance dispersed in a polyol.
- US 4,637,905 relates to a process for the preparation of microcapsules having 1 to 2000 microns, wherein a dispersion of polylactic acid with a protein prepared as effect material, evaporates a portion of the solvent and finally the concentrated dispersion is added to a third solvent for encapsulation of the effect substance.
- WO 2002/069922 relates to microcapsules with an oxidoreductase-containing aqueous core and a polyester-containing shell. The preparation is carried out by emulsifying an aqueous enzyme solution with a polyester dissolved in an organic solvent, followed by introducing the primary emulsion into an aqueous solvent and then removing the organic solvents.
- EP 1 275 378 relates to a physical process for the preparation of particulate constructs wherein an emulsion of synthase and alkyl coenzyme A is prepared, then polymerized, and finally the particulate by removal of the solvents
- US Pat. No. 6,022,500 relates to a physical process for the preparation of polymeric microspheres in which an emulsion of monomers is first used to prepare and isolate a polymeric microsphere which is subsequently brought into contact with a substance solution so that the microsphere is filled with this substance.
- enzymes for the polymerization of monomers in aqueous emulsion is generally known, for example from WO 2004/035801, WO 2006/058697 or WO 2006/058696.
- polymer particles are formed with a massive polymer matrix.
- DE 102005007374 relates to nanoparticles of the core-shell type.
- the shell defines a polymer that is hydrophobic and biocompatible.
- the polymer is, for example, polyacrylate, polyepoxide, polyurethane or polyester.
- the core defines an active which is enclosed by the polymer of the shell.
- the preparation is carried out by free-radical polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation or enzymatic or anionic polymerization. Details of the method or examples are not mentioned.
- the object of the present invention was to provide a novel process for the production of microcapsules comprising a polymer-containing capsule shell and an active substance-containing capsule core.
- Another aspect of the object was to provide the polymer-containing capsule shell with mild reaction. production conditions, so that even sensitive effect substances can be encapsulated.
- the object was achieved by a process for the production of microcapsules containing an active substance-containing capsule core and a polymer-containing capsule shell comprising the formation of the capsule shell by means of enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of monomers which are present in an inverse miniemulsion.
- microcapsules prepared according to the invention can take on any shape. They are preferably substantially spherical, for example, ideally spherical, constructed.
- a microcapsule prepared according to the invention comprises a capsule shell and a capsule core. According to the invention, it is also intended to obtain a microcapsule comprising at least one capsule shell and at least one capsule core.
- a microcapsule may have a capsule core and two capsule shells.
- a microcapsule for example, a plurality of capsule cores, for example two gageinan- or two nested capsule cores, and a capsule shell, for example, two side by side or nested capsule shells have.
- a microcapsule comprises a capsule shell and a capsule core.
- the inventive method usually leads to the same or similar microcapsules. Since the method according to the invention produces an ensemble of microcapsules, a few microcapsules can differ in their construction and, for example, contain no capsule core.
- the average diameter of the microcapsules (detectable as Z-means by light scattering of a 1 wt .-% aqueous dispersion of microcapsules obtainable by diluting the microcapsules with water and optionally separating an organic phase) can vary widely. It is generally more than 0.1 ⁇ m, preferably more than 0.6 ⁇ m, particularly preferably more than 0.8 ⁇ m.
- the diameter is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 2000 .mu.m, preferably from 0.6 to 1000 .mu.m, in particular from 0.8 to 800 .mu.m.
- a capsule diameter which is in the lower range is preferred if a higher mechanical stability of the microcapsules is desired.
- a diameter in the higher range is preferred in order to pack as much capsule content as possible in a small amount of wall material.
- the thickness of the capsule shell can vary within a wide range. It is generally from 0.1 to 90%, preferably from 0.5 to 20% of the capsule radius (determinable by light / electron microscopy or light scattering).
- the surface of the microcapsules may have functional groups. It is preferably low, especially not functionalized, to prevent covalent or ionic interactions during storage or use. If the surface is poorly functionalized, preferably below 0.02 there are functional groups per nm 2 on the surface (for example determinable by quantification of the functional groups by means of titration, by labeling with color reagents, or, if the groups have electric charges, by measurement of the electrophoretic mobility or the ⁇ potential).
- Functional groups on the surface are understood in accordance with the invention to be those which are introduced into the polymer surface in a targeted manner by means of special monomers. Terminal alcohol, acid or ester groups of the shell polymers are naturally present.
- the capsule core comprises at least one effect substance.
- the effect substance is present in the core usually in solid, dissolved, emulsified or dispersed form.
- the capsule core comprises at least one effect substance and at least one inert substance, which is preferably a liquid. Suitable inert substances are, for example, all compounds present in the process according to the invention: dispersants, polar and / or nonpolar liquids, water or the catalytically active enzymes.
- the capsule core comprises at least one effect substance and at least one polar solvent.
- the capsule core may also contain an incompletely polymerized monomer.
- the capsule core comprises at least one polar liquid which forms the disperse phase of the inverse miniemulsion.
- enzymes are used in the process for preparing the microcapsules which catalyze the polymerization of the monomers present in an inverse miniemulsion to form the capsule shell.
- NC-IUBMB Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Suitable enzymes are all enzyme classes, preferably hydrolases and oxidoreductases, particularly preferably hydrolases. Also mixtures of different classes of enzymes are suitable.
- Suitable hydrolases [EC 3.xxx] are, for example, esterases [EC 3.1.xx], proteases [EC 3.4.XX], hydrolases which react with other CN bonds as peptide bonds [EC 3.5. xx] or hydrolases that react with acid anhydrides [EC 3.6. xx].
- Carboxylesterases [EC 3.1.1.1], lipases [EC 3.1.1.3] or cutinases [EC 3.1.1.47] are particularly advantageously used according to the invention.
- lipomas from Achromobacter sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Candida antarctica, Mucor sp., Penicilium sp., Geotricum sp., Rhizopus sp., Burkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas cepacia , Thermomyces sp., Porcine pancreas or sprouts and carboxylesterases from Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp., Rhizopus sp., Thermoanaerobium sp., pork liver or horse liver.
- hydrolases it is possible to use a single hydrolase or a mixture of different hydrolases. It is also possible to use the hydrolases in free and / or immobilized form.
- lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, Burkholderia platarii or Candida antarctica type B in free or immobilized form (for example Novozym® 435 from Novozymes A / S, Denmark).
- Preferred oxidoreductases [EC 1.x.x.x] are peroxidases [EC 1.11.1.x] and laccases [EC 1.10.3.2] in free or immobilized form.
- Enzyme-specific adjuvants such as iron salts, acetylacetone or hydrogen peroxide are well known to those skilled in the art.
- the total amount of the enzymes used is generally from 0.001 to 40% by weight, often from 0.1 to 15% by weight and often from 0.5 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total amount of monomers.
- the amount depends on the purity of the enzyme used.
- Technical or immobilized enzymes are usually used in higher amounts than purified enzymes.
- the skilled person will also adjust the amount of catalyst according to how fast the reaction is to proceed.
- Enzyme-catalyzed polymerizations of monomers are well known, for example, from Kobayashi et al., Chem. Rev 2001, 101, 3793-3818.
- the person skilled in the art selects an enzyme catalyzing the polymerization, depending on the type of monomer.
- Oxidoreductases catalyze, for example, the polymerization of phenols, anilines or vinylic monomers.
- Hydrolases catalyze, for example, the polymerization of diols with diacids or diesters, of diamines with diacids or diesters, of lactones or of carbonates.
- the application of an enzyme-catalyzed polymerization can take place in the presence of other polymerization-catalyzing compounds.
- the application of an enzyme-catalyzed polymerization can also take place before or after non-enzymatically catalyzed polymerization.
- Suitable monomers for the reaction with hydrolases are hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds, dialcohol compounds or diacid compounds, especially hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds.
- a combination of the above monomers is also possible, with the combination of dialcohol compounds and diacid compounds being preferred.
- the monomers are combined with a starter monomer comprising a hydroxycarboxylic acid compound, dialcohol compound or is a diacid compound.
- the starter monomer is preferably a dialcohol compound as described below, especially ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, glycerol, sorbitol, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide or hydroxy-functional, dendritic polyesters based on 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid (Boltorn® Types, commercially available from Perstorp).
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds which can be used are the free hydroxycarboxylic acids having at least one free alcohol group and at least one free carboxylic acid group, their C 1 -C 5 -alkyl esters and / or their lactones. Examples include glycolic acid, D-, L-, D, L-lactic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-
- Hydroxycaproic acid 3-hydroxybutyric acid, 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, 3-hydroxycaproic acid, their cyclic derivatives such as glycolide (1, 4-dioxane-2,5-dione), D, L, D, L-dilactide (3,6-hydroxycaproic acid).
- lactones are bis- or tris-lactones which contain two or three lactone groups.
- (2,2'-bis ( ⁇ -caprolactone-4-yl) propane can be used.
- Bis-lactones can be synthesized, for example, according to Palmgren et al., Journal of Polymer Science A, 1997, 35, 1635-1649.
- esters of carbonic acid especially linear and cyclic aliphatic carbonates, preferably C 1 to C 6 -alkyl esters of carbonic acid, in particular trimethylene carbonate Carbonates which do not react with the particular enzyme, for example propylene carbonate, are unsuitable as monomers
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds may also be used the thiocarboxylic acid analogous to the abovementioned hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds and their esters and thiolactones.
- hydroxycarboxylic acid compounds are lactones, in particular C 2 - to C 18 -alkylene lactones, very particularly preferably ⁇ -caprolactone.
- dicarboxylic acid compounds it is possible in principle to use all C 2 -C 4 aliphatic, C 3 -C 20 cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds which have at least two carboxylic acid groups (carboxy groups, -COOH) or derivatives thereof.
- Particularly suitable derivatives are C 1 -C 10 -alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl mono- or diesters of the aforementioned dicarboxylic acids, and also the corresponding dicarboxylic acid anhydrides.
- dicarboxylic acid compounds are ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid), propanedioic acid (malonic acid), butanedioic acid (succinic acid), pentanedioic acid (glutaric acid), hexanedioic acid (adipic acid), heptanedioic acid (pimelic acid), octanedioic acid (suberic acid), nandanedioic acid (azelaic acid), Decanedioic acid (sebacic acid), undecanedioic acid, dodecane diacid, tridecanedioic acid (brassylic acid), C32 dimer fatty acid benzene-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid (Phthalic acid), benzene-1, 3-dicarboxylic acid (isophthalic acid) or benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid (terephthalic acid), its methyl ester
- dicarboxylic acid compounds can be used.
- Oligoesters and polyesters having at least two free carboxy groups in particular carboxy-terminated oligo- and polyesters, can likewise be used as the dicarboxylic acid component.
- esters of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid and butanetetracarboxylic acid can be used.
- the free dicarboxylic acids especially C 4 to C 36 aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, in particular butanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid, decanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid or their corresponding dimethyl and diethyl esters.
- diol compounds there can be used branched or linear alkanes having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 14 carbon atoms, cycloalkanes having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, or aromatic compounds containing at least two alcohol groups.
- alkanediols examples include ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1, 8-octanediol, 1, 9-nonanediol, 1, 10-decanediol, 1, 1-undecanediol, 1, 12-dodecanediol, 1, 13-tridecanediol, 2,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol , 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (neopentyl glycol), 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-2-isobutyl-1,3-propan
- Particularly suitable are ethylene glycol, 1, 3-propanediol, 1, 4-butanediol and 2,2-dimethyl-1, 3-propanediol, 1, 6-hexanediol or 1, 12-dodecanediol.
- cycloalkanediols examples include 1,2-cyclopentanediol, 1,3-cyclopentanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,3-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol (1,2-dimethylolcyclohexane), 1,3 Cyclohexanedimethanol (1,3-dimethylolcyclohexane), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (1,4-dimethylolcyclohexane) or 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol.
- aromatic diols examples include 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, bisphenol A (2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane), 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,5 Dihydroxynaphthalene or 1, 7-dihydroxynaphthalene.
- polyether diols for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (with more than 4 ethylene oxide units), propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (with more than 4 percent pylene oxide units) and polytetrahydrofuran (poly-THF), in particular diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (with more than 4 ethylene oxide units) are used.
- poly-THF polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol find compounds whose number average molecular weight (Mn) is usually in the range of 200 to 10,000, preferably from 600 to 5000 g / mol.
- oligoesters and polyesters having at least two free alcohol groups preferably dihydroxy-terminated oligo- and polyesters.
- suitable diol compounds having more than two alcohol groups are glycerol, sorbitol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, monosaccharides such as fructose, glycosides or mannose, disaccharides such as sucrose, oligosaccharides and their substitution products, or cellulose derivatives such as acetates.
- diol compounds it is also possible to use one of the abovementioned diol compounds analogous dithiol. Of course, it is also possible to use mixtures of the abovementioned diol compounds or dithiols.
- aliphatic alkanediols and polyetherdiols particularly preferably linear and branched aliphatic alkanediols having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, in particular ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, sorbitol and neopentyl glycol.
- linear, branched or crosslinked polyesters can be formed, depending on whether difunctional monomers or higher-functional monomers are used.
- Suitable monomers for reaction with oxidoreductases are phenols, anilines and vinylic monomers.
- Suitable phenols are phenol and mono- and polysubstituted phenol.
- Substituents may be, for example, halogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, mono- or polynuclear aryl or amine.
- anilines aniline and mono- and polysubstituted anilines are suitable.
- Substituents may be, for example, halogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, mono- or polynuclear aryl or hydroxy.
- Suitable vinylic monomers are compounds having at least one non-aromatic double bond.
- Examples are (meth) acrylic acid and its C 1 to C 30 -aliphatic alkyl esters, itaconic acid and their C 1 to C 30 -aliphatic alkyl esters, or styrenes.
- Suitable styrenes are styrene and mono- and polysubstituted styrenes.
- Substituents can be, for example, halogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, mono- or polynuclear aryl, amine or hydroxy.
- vinylic monomers in particular (meth) acrylic acid and their Ci to C3o-aliphatic alkyl esters or styrene.
- the monomers are generally in the reaction mixture to 0.1 to 20 wt .-% by weight, preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt .-% by weight, in particular from 1 to 5 wt .-% by weight .-% based on the total batch included.
- at least one lactone to 0.1 to 20 wt .-% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10 wt .-%, in particular to 1 to 5 wt .-% based on the total amount.
- dispersants can be used. These may in principle be protective colloids, emulsifiers or mixtures thereof. It goes without saying that the emulsifiers and / or protective colloids are selected so that they are compatible in particular with the enzymes used and do not deactivate them.
- the polymerization can be carried out in the presence of protective colloids, if appropriate also in addition to emulsifiers. They generally have average molecular weights Mw of above 500, preferably of more than 1000 g / mol.
- protective colloids are polyvinyl alcohols, cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, graft polymers of vinyl acetate and / or vinylpropionate on polyethylene glycols, polyethylene glycols end-capped on one or both sides with alkyl, carboxyl or amino groups, polydiallyldimethylammonium chlorides and / or or polysaccharides such as, in particular, water-soluble starches or starch derivatives.
- emulsifiers are used as dispersants.
- emulsifiers are used whose relative molecular weights, in contrast to the protective colloids, are usually below 1000 g / mol. They may be anionic, cationic or nonionic in nature.
- anionic emulsifiers are compatible with each other and with nonionic emulsifiers. The same applies to cationic emulsifiers, while anionic and cationic emulsifiers are usually incompatible with each other.
- the polymerization can also be carried out in the presence of finely divided, water-insoluble inorganic emulsifiers (so-called Pickering emulsifiers), for example barium sulfate.
- Finely divided, water-insoluble inorganic emulsifiers for example barium sulfate.
- Common nonionic emulsifiers are, for example, ethoxylated mono-, di- and tri-alkylphenols (degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 50, alkyl radical: C 4 to C 12) and ethoxylated fatty alcohols (degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 80, alkyl radical: Cs to C 36).
- Lutensol® A grades C12 to Cu fatty alcohol ethoxylates, degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 8
- Lutensol® AO grades C13 to Cis oxo alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylation levels of 3 to 30
- Lutensol® AT grades C16 to Cis fatty alcohol ethoxylates, degree of ethoxylation from 1 1 to 80
- Lutensol® ON grades C10 oxo alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylates) from 3 to 11
- Lutensol® TO grades C13-oxoalcohol ethoxylates, degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 20 from BASF SE.
- Typical anionic emulsifiers are, for example, alkali metal and ammonium salts of alkyl sulfates (alkyl radical: C8 to C12), of sulfuric monoesters of ethoxylated alkanols (degree of ethoxylation from 4 to 30, alkyl radical: C12 to C18) and ethoxylated alkylphenols (degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 50, alkyl radical: C 4 to C 12), of alkylsulfonic acids (alkyl radical: C 12 to C 18) and of alkylarylsulfonic acids (alkyl radical: Cg to Cis).
- alkyl sulfates alkyl radical: C8 to C12
- sulfuric monoesters of ethoxylated alkanols degree of ethoxylation from 4 to 30, alkyl radical: C12 to C18
- ethoxylated alkylphenols degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 50
- R 1 and R 2 are H atoms or C 4 - to C 24 -alkyl and are not simultaneously H atoms, and M 1 and M 2 may be alkali metal ions and / or ammonium ions proved.
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably linear or branched alkyl radicals having 6 to 18 C atoms, in particular having 6, 12 and 16 C atoms or hydrogen, where R 1 and R 2 are not both simultaneously H and Atoms are.
- M 1 and M 2 are preferably sodium, potassium or ammonium, with sodium being particularly preferred.
- Particularly advantageous compounds (I) are those in which M 1 and M 2 are sodium, R 1 is a branched alkyl radical having 12 C atoms and R 2 is an H atom or R 1 .
- technical mixtures are used which have a proportion of 50 to 90% by weight of the monoalkylated product, such as, for example, Dowfax® 2A1 (trademark of the Dow Chemical Company).
- Suitable cationic emulsifiers are generally cationic salts having C ⁇ to Cis-alkyl, -alkylaryl or heterocyclic radicals, for example primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary ammonium salts, alkanolammonium salts, pyridinium salts, imidazolinium salts, oxazolinium salts, morpholinium salts, thiazolinium salts and salts of amine oxides, quinolinium salts, isoquinolinium salts, tropylium salts, sulfonium salts and phosphonium salts.
- Examples include dodecylammonium acetate or the corresponding sulphate, the sulphates or acetates of the various 2- (N, N, N-trimethylammonium) ethyl paraffins, N-cetylpyridinium sulfate, N-laurylpyridinium sulfate and N-cetyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium sulfate, N-dodecyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium sulfate, N-octyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium sulfate, N, N-distearyl-N, N-dimethylammonium sulfate, and the mini-surfactant N, N '- (lauryldimethyl) ethylenediamine disulfate, ethoxylated tallow fatty alkyl N-methylammonium sulfate and ethoxylated oley
- the anionic counter groups are as low as possible nucleophilic, such as perchlorate, Sulfate, phosphate, nitrate and carboxylates such as acetate, trifluoroacetate, trichloroacetate, propionate, oxalate, citrate, benzoate, and conjugated anions of organosulfonic acids such as methylsulfonate, trifluoromethylsulfonate and para-toluenesulfonate, furthermore tetrafluoroborate, tetraphenylborate, tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate , Tetrakis [bis (3,5-trifluoromethyl) phenyl] borate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate or hexafluoroantimonate.
- nucleophilic such as perchlorate, Sulfate, phosphate, nitrate and carboxylates
- Preferred emulsifiers are nonionic emulsifiers, in particular ethoxylated alcohols and sorbitan esters, particularly preferably ethoxylated fatty alcohols and sorbitan fatty acid esters.
- Very particularly preferred mixtures include ethoxylated alcohols and sorbitan esters.
- the mixtures contain ethoxylated alcohols and sorbitan esters.
- a polymer based on the ene reaction product of polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride PIBSA
- PIBSA polyisobutylene and maleic anhydride
- block copolymers are suitable, as described in Macromolecules 38 (16), 6882-6887, block copolymers based on isoprene and methyl methacrylate as described in WO 2008/009424, or poly ((ethylene -co-butylene) -block-ethylene oxide).
- the emulsifiers preferably used as dispersants are advantageously used in a total amount of 0.005 to 20 wt .-%, preferably 0.01 to 15 wt .-%, in particular 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the total mixture.
- the total amount of the protective colloids used as dispersing agents in addition to or instead of the emulsifiers is often from 0.1 to 10% by weight and frequently from 0.2 to 7% by weight, based in each case on the overall batch.
- the inverse miniemulsion according to the invention in which the monomers are present, comprises a continuous nonpolar phase and a discontinuous polar phase.
- the polar phase comprises a polar liquid and the non-polar phase a non-polar liquid.
- the effect substance is essentially in the discontinuous phase in solid, dissolved, emulsified or dispersed form.
- the monomers, dispersants or enzymes can be present both distributed in one of the two phases as well as in both phases, or at the interface of the two phases.
- the monomer is at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight and in particular at least 80% by weight in the polar phase.
- the polar liquid consists of at least one monomer and at least one effect substance.
- the mean size of the droplets of the discontinuous phase of the inverse miniemulsion according to the invention can preferably be determined according to the principle of quasi-elastic dynamic light scattering on a 1% by weight miniemulsion obtainable by diluting the inverse miniemulsion with the appropriate continuous phase and optionally separating one organic phase (the so-called z-mean droplet diameter d z of the unimodal analysis of the autocorrelation function). Further determination methods are light or electron microscopy, as well as Feldflußfr sotechnik.
- the values for d z thus determined for the inverse miniemulsions are normally below 10000 nm, often below 1000 nm, usually below 500 nm.
- the d z range from 2000 nm to 1000 nm is favorable in accordance with the invention. In the normal case, d z is according to the invention Inverse mini-emulsion to be used above 40 nm.
- Suitable polar liquids are those whose solubility in the continuous nonpolar phase under reaction conditions is below 40% by weight, preferably below 10% by weight and in particular below 1% by weight (in each case based on the total amount of the continuous phase) that a separate discontinuous polar phase is present.
- the polar liquid at 20 ° C. dissolves the polymer of the capsule shell at most to 10% by weight, preferably at most up to 3% by weight and especially at most up to 0.5% by weight, in each case based on the total mass of the polymer.
- Suitable polar liquids are, for example, monools, such as Cs-C ⁇ -alkanols, in particular tert-butanol and tert. -Amyl alcohol, pyridine, poly-Ci-C4-alkylenglykoldi- Ci-C4-alkyl ethers, in particular polyethylene glycol di-Ci-C4-alkyl ethers, such.
- Dimethoxyethane diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether 500, C 2 -C 4 -alkylene carbonates, in particular propylene carbonate, C 3 -C 6 -alkyl acetic acid esters, in particular tert-butylacetic acid esters, acetone, 1, 4-dioxane, 1, 3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, Dimethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, aqueous buffers or water.
- Suitable polar liquids are also the abovementioned monomers or mixtures thereof.
- the polar liquid may, for example, also comprise the effect substance used or may consist of it.
- Preferred polar liquid is propylene carbonate and propylene carbonate containing mixtures.
- the polar liquid is the monomer or monomers.
- the polar liquid comprises less than 5% by weight, preferably less than 1% by weight and in particular less than 0.1% by weight of water.
- the polar liquid contains water, it is advantageous if the aqueous reaction medium at room temperature (20 to 25 0 C) has a pH of 2 to 1 1, often from 3 to 9 and often from 6 to 8.
- a pH is set in which the enzyme has a high catalytic activity and a long service life.
- acid for example sulfuric acid
- bases for example aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides, in particular sodium or potassium hydroxide, or buffer substances, for example KaIi- umdihydrogenphosphat / disodium hydrogen phosphate, acetic acid / sodium acetate, ammonium hydroxide / Ammonium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate
- hydrophiles are, for example, organic or inorganic salts or uncharged, very polar compounds.
- inorganic salts are sodium nitrite, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium chloride, rubidium chloride.
- organic salts are trialkylammonium salts, ionic liquids such as ethyl-methylimidazolium salts, or oligomers having stoichiometric proportions of anionic and cationic groups in the main or side chain. Preference is given to hydrophiles which do not reduce the catalytic activity of the enzymes.
- Suitable nonpolar liquids are those whose solubility in the discontinuous polar phase at reaction conditions is below 10% by weight, preferably below 1% by weight and in particular below 0.1% by weight (in each case based on the total amount of the continuous phase) so that there is a separate continuous polar phase.
- Suitable non-polar liquids are, for example, liquid aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons having 5 to 30 C atoms, for example n-pentane and isomers, cyclopentane, n-hexane and isomers, cyclohexane, n-heptane and isomers, n-octane and isomers, n-nonane and isomers, n-decane and isomers, n-dodecane and isomers, n-tetradecane and isomers, n-hexadecane and isomers, n-octadecane and isomers, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cumene, o-, m- or p-xylene, mesitylene.
- hydrocarbon mixtures in the boiling range from 30 to 250 0 C come as partially hydrogenated petroleum distillates (eg Isopar® brands Fa. Exxon Mobil).
- olefins for example polyisobutylenes or C6 to C30 alpha-olefins.
- hydroxy compounds such as saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols having 10 to 28 carbon atoms, for example n-dodecanol, n-tetradecanol, n-hexadecanol and their isomers or cetyl alcohol, esters, such as fatty acid esters having 10 to 28 carbon atoms in the acid moiety and 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety or esters of carboxylic acids and fatty alcohols having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid moiety and 10 to 28 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety.
- esters such as fatty acid esters having 10 to 28 carbon atoms in the acid moiety and 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety or esters of carboxylic acids and fatty alcohols having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid moiety and 10 to 28 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety.
- non-polar liquids are paraffin oil (linear hydrocarbon mixture), silicone oil (polysiloxane), perfluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorosilicone oil, perfluorinated polyether, fluorosilane or siloxane, such as dimethylsiloxane.
- non-polar liquids are liquid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons having 5 to 30 carbon atoms, in particular partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillates.
- non-polar liquids are paraffin oil.
- the total amount of polar and nonpolar liquids is chosen so that the total batch reaches 100% by weight. It is generally from 10 to 90% by weight, preferably from 40 to 70% by weight, based on the total batch.
- the quantitative ratio of polar to nonpolar liquid is chosen so that a discontinuous phase is formed which essentially contains the polar liquid.
- 20 to 80 preferably 40 to 70 wt .-% of nonpolar liquid used, each based on the total batch.
- from 20 to 80% by weight, preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, of polar liquid is used, in each case based on the overall batch.
- from 20 to 80 preferably from 35 to 55,% by weight of hydrocarbon mixtures and from 20 to 70% by weight, preferably from 30 to 60% by weight, of propylene carbonate are used, in each case based on the overall batch. Care must be taken that the miniemulsions do not undergo a phase reversal, i. that the hydrophobic continuous phase does not become the disperse phase.
- Effect substances are, for example, colorants, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents, fertilizers, additives for food or animal feed, auxiliaries for polymers, paper, textile, leather or detergents and cleaners.
- colorants are dyes, printing inks, pigments, UV absorbers, optical brighteners or IR dyes. While organic dyes have an absorption maximum in the wavelength range from 400 to 850 nm, optical brighteners have one or more absorption maxima in the range from 250 to 400 nm. Optical brighteners emit fluorescence radiation in the visible range when irradiated with UV light. Examples of optical brighteners are compounds from the classifications the bisstyrylbenzenes, stilbenes, benzoxazoles, coumarins, pyrenes and naphthalenes. Also suitable are markers for liquids, for example mineral oil markers. UV absorbers are generally UV-absorbing compounds which deactivate the absorbed radiation without radiation. Such compounds are used for example in sunscreens and for the stabilization of organic polymers.
- Cosmetics are substances or preparations of substances that are exclusively or predominantly intended to be externally on the human body or in his oral cavity for cleaning, care, for
- anti-insect agents such as icaridine or N, N-diethyl-metatoluamide (DEET).
- Suitable crop protection agents are acaricides, algicides, aphicides, bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, germination inhibitors, safeners or growth regulators.
- Fungicides are compounds that kill fungi and their spores or inhibit their growth.
- Insecticides are compounds that are especially effective against insects and their developmental forms.
- Herbicides are compounds which are active against generally all wild and cultivated plants that are undesirable at their respective location (harmful plants).
- fertilizers are mineral single or multi-nutrient fertilizers, organic and organic-mineral fertilizers or fertilizers with trace nutrients.
- the effect substances are pesticides or mixtures of pesticides.
- the crop protection agents are preferably herbicides, insecticides or fungicides.
- the fungicide is selected from:
- Azoxystrobin Dimoxystrobin, Enestroburin, Fluoxastrobin, Kresoxim-methyl, Metomino Strobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Pyribencarb, Trifloxystrobin, 2- (2- (6- (3-Chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy) -5-fluoro pyrimidin-4-yloxy) -phenyl) -2-methoxy-imino-N-methyl-acetamide, 2- (ortho - ((2,5-dimethylphenyl-oxymethylene) -phenyl) - Methyl 3-methoxyacrylate, 3-methoxy-2- (2- (N- (4-methoxy-phenyl) -cyclopropane-carboxymethoxysilanes) -methylo-acrylic acid methyl ester, 2- (2- (3- (2,6- di-chlorophenyO-i-methyl-allylideneaminooxymeth
- Carboxylic acid morpholides Dimethomorph, Flumorph; Benzoic acid amides: flumetover, fluopicolide, fluopyram, zoxamide, N- (3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) -3-formylamino-2-hydroxybenzamide;
- carboxylic acid amides carpropamide, diclocymet, mandipropamide, oxytetra- cyclin, silthiofam, N- (6-methoxypyridin-3-yl) cyclopropanecarboxamide;
- Triazoles azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole, penconazole, propiconazole , Prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole, 1- (4-chloro-phenyl) -2 - ([1, 2,4] triazol-1-yl) -cycloheptanol;
- - imidazoles cyazofamide, imazalil, imazalil sulfate, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole; Benzimidazoles: benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole;
- Pyridines fluazinam, pyrifenox, 3- [5- (4-chloro-phenyl) -2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl] -pyridine, 3- [5- (4-methyl-phenyl) -2, 3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl] -pyridine, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-methanesulfonylpyridine, 3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile, N- (1 - (5-Bromo-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl) -ethyl) -2,4-dichloronotinamide, N - ((5-bromo-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl) -methyl) -2,4 -dichlornicotinamid;
- - piperidines fenpropidine
- Dicarboximides fluorimide, iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin;
- non-aromatic 5-membered heterocycles famoxadone, fenamidone, octhilinone, trialnazole, 5-amino-2-isopropyl-3-oxo-4-ortho-tolyl-2,3-dihydropyrazole-1-thiocarboxylic acid S-allyl ester;
- acibenzolar-S-methyl acibenzolar-S-methyl, amisulbrom, anilazine, blasticidin-S, captafol, captan, quinomethionate, dazomet, debacarb, diclomethine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-methylsulfate, fenoxanil, folpet, oxolinic acid, piperaline, proquinazid, pyroquilon, qui - Noxyfen, triazoxide, tricyclazole, 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-chromen-4-one, 5-chloro-1 - (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl) -2-methyl-1 H-benzoimidazole, 5-chloro-7- (4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl) -6- (2,4,6-trifluorophenyl) - [1,2,4] triazolo [1,5-a
- antibiotics kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, polyoxines, streptomycin, validamycin A;
- Nitrophenyl derivatives binapacryl, diclorane, dinobutone, dinocap, nitrothal-isopropyl, tecnazene;
- fentin salts such as fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide
- Sulfur-containing heterocyclyl compounds dithianone, isoprothiolanes
- Organophosphorus compounds edifenphos, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, Iprobenfos, phosphorous acid and its salts, pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl;
- Organochlorine compounds chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, dichlorophene, flusulphamide, hexachlorobenzene, pencycuron, pentachlorophenol and its salts, phthalide, quintozene, thiophanate-methyl, tolylfluanid, N- (4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl) -N-ethyl-4- methyl-benzenesulfonamide;
- Inorganic active ingredients phosphorous acid and its salts, Bordeaux broth, copper salts such as copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, basic copper sulfate, sulfur;
- the herbicide is selected from:
- Acetamides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, meta la, metazachlor, napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamide, pretilachlor, propachlor, thenylchloro;
- Amino acid analogues bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate, sulfosate;
- Aryloxyphenoxypropionates Clodinafop, Cyhalofop-butyl, Fenoxaprop, Fluazifop, Haloxyfop, Metamifop, Propaquizafop, Quizalofop, Quizalofop-P-tefuryl;
- Bipyridyls diquat, paraquat;
- Carbamates and thiocarbamates asulam, butylates, carbamides, desmedipham, dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb, molinates, orbencarb, phenmedipham, prosulphocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb, triallates;
- Dinitroanilines Benfluralin, Ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, Prodiamine, Triflura- Nn; Diphenyl ether: acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen;
- Hydroxybenzonitriles bromoxynil, dichlobenil, loxynil;
- Imidazolinone imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr; Phenoxyacetic acids: clomeprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop;
- Pyridines aminopyralid, clopyralid, diflufenican, dithiopyr, fluridone, fluroxypyr, picoloram, picolinafen, thiazopyr, thiazopyr;
- Sulfonylureas amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl,
- Triazines ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozine, hexazinone, metachronon, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, triaziflam;
- Ureas chlorotoluron, da- muron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;
- acetolactate synthase bispyribac sodium, cloransulam Methyl, diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam, metosulam, orthosulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl, pyribenzoxime, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfones, pyroxsulam;
- the insecticide / nematicide is selected from:
- Organo (thio) phosphates acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, disulphoton, ethion, fenitrothion, fenthione, isoxathione, malathion, methamidophosphate, methidathion , Methyl parathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidone,
- Carbamates alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb, furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, triazamates;
- - pyrethroids allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, lambda-cyanothyrin, permethrin, prallethrin , Pyrethrin I and II, resmethrin, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, profluthrin, dimefluthrin,
- Inhibitors of insect growth a) Chitin synthesis inhibitors: Benzoylureas: Chlorofluorazuron, Cyramazine, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, He- xaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron; Buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox, etoxazole, clofentazine; b) ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) Juvenoids: Pyriproxyfen, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spinotetramat;
- Nicotine receptor agonists / antagonists clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, 1- (2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl) -2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl- [1, 3,5] triazinane;
- GABA antagonists endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, 5-amino-1 - (2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl) -4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-thiocarbon acid amide;
- Macrocyclic lactones abamectin, emamectin, milbemectin, lepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram;
- METI II and III substances Acequinocyl, Fluacyprim, Hydramethylnon;
- Inhibitors of mixed function oxidases piperonyl butoxide
- the crop protection agents are preferably herbicides.
- the plant protection agents are preferably insecticides.
- the crop protection agents are preferably fungicides.
- the fungicides are preferably azoles.
- the azoles are preferably epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole or metconazole.
- suitable effect substances are additives for food or animal feed, such as food colorants, amino acids, vitamins, preservatives, antioxidants, odorants or flavorings.
- auxiliaries for polymers are flame retardants, viscosity improvers or polar liquids, as they can be used in the discontinuous phase.
- auxiliaries for paper are alkenylsuccinic anhydrides or dialkyldiketenes.
- detergents for detergents and cleaners are surfactants or emulsifiers, as they can also be used as dispersants in the inverse miniemulsion.
- enzymes such as hydrolases or amidases can be used as auxiliaries.
- Preferred effect substances are crop protection agents and fertilizers, in particular pesticides.
- the effect materials can be used in pure form, technical grade, as an extract or in mixture with other effect substances.
- the effect substances are dissolved or in solid form in the dispersed phase.
- the total amount of effect substances is from 0.1 to 90% by weight, preferably from 5 to 50% by weight, based on the total batch.
- the effect substances can be released from the microcapsules by diffusion through the capsule wall or by degradation of the capsule wall.
- the rate of release can be controlled selectively by internal and external influences which influence the diffusion or degradation.
- Internal influences for controlling the release of the effect substance are, for example, the biodegradability, the chemical, mechanical and physical stability of the microcapsules and the polarity, thickness and uniformity (holes or defects) of the capsule wall.
- compounds according to the invention may preferably be present in the capsule interior or in the capsule wall, which influence the release, so-called releasers.
- Suitable release agents are, for example, enzymes, preferably lipases which hydrolyse the polyester.
- the enzymes may be the same ones used for the enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of the monomers.
- Acids, bases, radical formers or salts for generating an osmotic pressure are also suitable as releasers. Mixtures of releasers are also possible.
- the total amount of the releaser is generally from 0.01 to 20% by weight, based on the total batch. The amount depends on the desired release rate and the prevailing conditions. The skilled person will determine the rate of release of the effect substance by varying the amount under the intended release conditions.
- External influences to control the release of the effect substance are, for example, acidic or basic conditions, microbiological or enzymatic degradation of the capsule wall, mechanical pressure or radiation, such as UV or electron radiation.
- preservatives for example preservatives, thickeners, release agents or protective colloids and emulsifiers, which can also be used in the process according to the invention, are known to the person skilled in the art and are added in customary amounts, depending on the desired use after the preparation of the microcapsules.
- the process according to the invention is advantageously carried out such that in each case at least one dispersant, at least one nonpolar liquid, at least one polar liquid, at least one monomer, at least one enzyme catalyzing the polymerization and at least one effect substance are combined in any order and an inverse miniemulsion is produced therefrom. It is also possible to produce premixes.
- at least one enzyme catalyzing the polymerization is introduced into a previously prepared inverse miniemulsion.
- the process according to the invention preferably takes place in such a way that at least one dispersing agent is introduced into at least one subset of a liquid and a subset of the monomers.
- the effect substance and a partial amount of the monomers is separately introduced into at least a subset of the liquid.
- the two mixtures are combined and made an inverse miniemulsion.
- portions of the monomers and the enzyme are introduced into the mini-emulsion.
- “Subset of the monomers” in this context means between 0 and 100% of the total monomers contained in the reaction mixture.
- At least one subset means more than 0% of the amount contained in the total batch.
- a partial amount of the monomers is introduced into the miniemulsion, wherein the partial amount is more than 1%, preferably more than 10%.
- the process of the invention is generally carried out at a reaction temperature of 5 to 100 0 C, often from 20 to 80 0 C and often from 30 to 65 0 C. In general, the process is carried out at a pressure (absolute values) usually from 0, 8 to 10 bar, preferably from 0.9 to 2 bar and in particular at 1 bar (atmospheric pressure).
- the person skilled in the art directs the reaction time according to the desired properties of the microcapsule, for example the degree of polymerization or the thickness of the capsule shell.
- the enzyme may be destroyed or reused, the microcapsules isolated, or the reaction mixture otherwise isolated or further processed.
- the solid capsule shell of the monomers forms during the reaction time in the inverse miniemulsion catalyzing the enzyme.
- the formation of solid capsule shells produces a microcapsule suspension of microcapsules with a solid capsule shell from the miniemulsion.
- the releaser can be introduced at any process step. If the releaser comprises an enzyme, it is preferably added after the emulsification. Other additives, such as preservatives, can be introduced at any process step.
- the preparation of the inverse miniemulsion, which must be present invention, can be done according to the prior art. For this, a macroemulsion is prepared by introducing energy into the mixture of the phases by shaking, whipping, stirring, turbulent mixing; by injecting one fluid into another; by vibrations and cavitation in the mixture (eg ultrasound); by emulsifying centrifuges; through colloid mills and homogenizers; or by means of a jet nozzle, as described for example in WO 2006/053712.
- the macroemulsion is converted by homogenization into a miniemulsion with droplet sizes below 1000 nm.
- Homogenization is preferably carried out at 0 to 100 ° C. by use of ultrasound, high-pressure homogenizers or other high-energy homogenization apparatus, such as jet nozzles.
- the polymers of the capsule shell can be postcrosslinked by known methods. Usually suitable are free-radical processes, for example by radical initiators or by UV-initiated crosslinking, or addition processes, for example with
- Diisocyanates or carbodiimides or processes for transesterification of free OH groups for example enzymatic transesterification or, for example, transesterification of citric acid triesters.
- the post-crosslinking can be carried out after completion of the capsule shell or simultaneously to the inventive production of the capsule shell.
- microcapsules prepared according to the invention can be provided with a second capsule shell by known methods, for example by organometallic-catalyzed radical polymerization, by enzyme-catalyzed polymerization, by polyaddition to produce polyurethane or epoxy resin as second shell, or by polycondensation to produce polyesters or polyamides.
- the capsules are possible without further workup.
- the preparation according to the invention of the microcapsules they can be isolated if necessary, that is to be freed from solvents. Suitable methods are, for example, evaporation, spray drying, freeze drying, centrifugation, filtration or vacuum drying. In a preferred embodiment, the microcapsules are not isolated after preparation.
- microcapsules can be converted into dispersions according to the invention by dispersing the microcapsules in water or aqueous solutions, for example by phase transfer methods or flush-analogous transfer methods.
- the dispersion prepared according to the invention comprising microcapsules or the further processed product may be used as a component in colorants, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, crop protection agents, fertilizers, food or animal food additives, auxiliaries for polymers, paper, textile, leather, paints or detergents and cleaners. be used. It is advantageous that the effect material can be selectively released again, especially in the biosphere, where polyester-degrading enzymes are ubiquitous.
- the present invention relates to an agrochemical formulation comprising microcapsules according to the invention or microcapsules prepared according to the invention.
- formulation auxiliaries in the context of the invention are auxiliaries which are suitable for the formulation of agrochemical active substances, such as solvents, carriers, surfactants (ionic or nonionic surfactants, adjuvants, dispersants), Preservatives, defoamers and / or antifreeze agents
- seed treatment auxiliaries may optionally also be dyes, binders, gelling agents and / or thickeners.
- the agrochemical formulations may comprise 0 to 90% by weight, preferably 1 to 85% by weight, more preferably 5 to 80% by weight, and especially 5 to 65% by weight of formulation aid.
- the present invention relates to methods for controlling undesired plant growth, wherein the undesirable plants, the soil on which the unwanted plants grow, or their seeds are treated with an agrochemical formulation according to the invention.
- the present invention relates to methods for controlling unwanted insect or M on attack on plants and / or for controlling phytopathogenic fungi, wherein the fungi / insects, their habitat or to be protected against fungal or insect infestation plants or soils or the plants, the soil on which the plants grow, or their seeds are treated with an agrochemical formulation according to the invention.
- the present invention relates to methods for treating seed with an agrochemical formulation according to the invention and seed treated with an agrochemical formulation according to the invention.
- agrochemical formulations according to the invention are suitable for controlling the following plant diseases:
- Albugo spp. White rust on ornamental plants, vegetable crops (eg A. Candida) and sunflowers (eg BA tragopogonis); Alternaria spp. (Blackness, black spot) on vegetables, oilseed rape (for example BA brassicola or A. brassicae), sugar beet (for example BA tenuis), fruit, rice, soya beans and on potatoes (eg BA solani or A. alternata) and tomatoes (eg BA solani or A Alternata) and Alternaria spp. (Earwires) on wheat; Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. on cereals and vegetables, eg.
- Botrytis cinerea Botryotinia fuckeliana: gray mold, gray mold) on berry and pome fruit (including strawberries), vegetables (including salad, carrots, celery and cabbage), oilseed rape, flowers, vines, forestry crops and wheat (cereal); Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on salad; Ceratocystis (Syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (Bläuepilz) on deciduous and coniferous trees, z. BC ulmi (elm dying, Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercospora spp.
- sorokiniana brown spot
- rice e.g., BC miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae
- Colletotrichum Trigonalhum
- Teomorph Glomerella
- spp. Bodening spots, anthracnose) on cotton (eg BC gossypii), maize (eg BC graminicola: stalk rot and stinging spots), soft fruit, potatoes (eg BC coccodes: wilting), beans (eg BC Lindemuthiantum) and soybeans ( BC truncatum); Corticium spp., Z.
- BC sasakii (leaf sheath burn) on rice; Corynespora cassiicola (leaf spot) on soybeans and ornamental plants; Cycloconium spp., Z. BC oleaginum on olive; Cylindrocarpon spp. (for example, fruit tree crayfish or vine dying, Teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) on fruit trees, grapevines (eg C.
- liriodendri Teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri, 'Black Foot Disease') and many ornamental shrubs; Dematophora (Teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root / stem rot) on soybeans; Diaporthe spp. z. BD phaseolorum (stalk disease) on soybeans; Drechslera (Syn. Helminthosporium, Teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp.
- ampelina burning spots); Entyloma oryzae (leaf sting) on rice; Epicocum spp. (Earwires) on wheat; Erysiphe spp. (Powdery mildew) on sugar beet (E. betae), vegetables (eg BE pisi), such as cucumber (for example BE cichoracearum) and cabbage plants, such as rapeseed (for example, B. cruciferarum); Eutypa lata (Eutypa crab or ben, Anamorph: Cytosporina lata, Syn. Libertella blepharis) on fruit trees, vines and many ornamental shrubs; Exserohilum (Syn.
- Helminthosporium) spp. on maize eg BE turcicum
- Fusarium (Teleomorph: Gibberella) spp. Wang, root and Stfitelfäu- Ie
- BF graminearum or F. culmorum root rot and pigeon or whitish sprout
- F. oxysporum on tomatoes
- F. solani on soybeans
- F. verticillioides on maize
- Gaeuman- nomyces graminis blackleg
- cereals eg wheat or barley
- maize Gibberella spp.
- cereals eg BG zeae
- rice eg BG fujikuroi: Bakanae disease
- BH vastatrix (coffee leaf rust) of coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (Syn. Cladosporium vitis) on grapevines; Macrophomina phaseolina (Syn. Phaseoli) (root / stem rot) on soybeans and cotton; Microdochium (Syn. Fusarium) nivale (snow mold) on cereals (eg wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powdery mildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., Z. BM laxa, M. fructicola and M. fructigena (flower and lace drought) on stone fruits and other rosaceae; Mycosphaerella spp.
- BM graminicola anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septoria leaf drought
- M. fijiensis black sigatoka disease
- Peronospora spp. Downy mildew
- cabbage for example BP brassicae
- oilseed rape for example P. parasitica
- onion plants for example P. destructor
- tobacco for example P. tabacina
- soybeans for example P. manshurica
- BP capsici e.g. BP capsici
- soybeans eg BP megasperma, Syn. P. sojae
- potatoes and tomatoes eg. BP infestans: herbaceous and brown rot
- deciduous trees eg BP ramorum: sudden oak mortality
- Plasmodiophora brassicae cabbage hernia
- Plasmopara spp. E.g. BP viticola (vines-Peronospora, downy mildew) on vines and P.
- Podosphaera spp. Panephaera spp. (Powdery mildew) of rosaceae, hops, kernels and berries, eg. BP leucotricha to apple; Polymyxa spp., Z. Cereals, such as barley and wheat (P. graminis) and sugar beets (P. betae) and the virus diseases transmitted as a result; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (straw break, teleomorph: Tapesia yallunae) on cereals, eg. Wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora (downy mildew) on various plants, e.g.
- BP cubensis on cucurbits or P. humili Hop Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (Red burner, Anamorph: Phialophora) on grapevine; Puccinia spp. (Rust disease) on various plants, eg. BP triticina (wheat brown rust), P. striiformis (yellow rust), P. hordei (dwarf rust), P. graminis (black rust) or P. recondita (rye brown rust) on cereals, such as.
- BP asparagi Pyrenophora (anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (leaf drought) on wheat or P. teres (net stains) on barley; Pyricularia spp., E.g. BP oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice leaf-fire) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals; Pythium spp. (Turnip disease) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton, oilseed rape, sunflower, sugar beets, vegetables and other plants (eg BP ultimum or P.
- Pyrenophora anamorph: Drechslera
- tritici-repentis leaf drought
- P. teres net stains
- Pyricularia spp. E.g. BP oryzae (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, rice leaf-fire) on rice and P. grisea on lawn and cereals
- BR solani root / stem rot
- R. solani leaf-sheathing
- cerealis pointed eye-spot on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (soft rot) on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, grapevine and tomato; Rhynchosporium secalis (leaf spot) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S. attenuatum (sheath blight) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (Stem or white rot) on vegetables and crops such as oilseed rape, sunflowers (eg Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and soybeans (eg BS rolfsii); Septoria spp. on different plants, eg.
- BS glycines leaf spot on soybeans, S. tritici (Sep- toria leaf drought) on wheat and S. (Syn. Stagonospora) nodorum (leaf and spice tan) on cereals; Uncinula (Syn. Erysiphe) necator (powdery mildew, anamorphic: Oidium tuckeri) on grapevine; Setospaeria spp. (Leaf spot) on maize (for example B. turcicum, Syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) and turf; Sphacelotheca spp.
- BT deformans curling disease
- T. pruni pocket disease
- Thielaviopsis spp. Black root rot
- tobacco, pome fruit, vegetable crops, soybeans and cotton eg. BT basicola (Syn. Chalar elegans)
- Tilletia spp. Stone or Stinkbrand of cereals, such.
- BT tritici Syn. T. caries, Weizensteinbrand
- T. controversa Zwergsteinbrand
- Typhula incarnata snow
- Urocystis spp. E.g.
- BU occulta (stem brandy) on rye; Uromyces spp. (Rust) on vegetables, such as beans (for example, appendiculatus appendix, Syn. U. phaseoli) and sugar beet (for example, Betae); Ustilago spp. (Firefighting) on cereals (for example BU nuda and U. avaenae), maize (for example maydis: corn bump sting) and sugarcane; Venturia spp. (Scab) on apples (eg BV inaequalis) and pears; and Verticillium spp. (Deciduous and cloudy) on various plants, such as fruit and ornamental trees, vines, soft fruit, vegetables and crops, such as z. BV dahliae on strawberries, rapeseed, potatoes and tomatoes.
- Uromyces spp. (Rust) on vegetables, such as beans (for example, appendiculatus appendix, Syn. U. phase
- the agrochemical formulations according to the invention are also suitable for controlling harmful fungi in the protection of materials and buildings (eg wood, paper, dispersions for painting, fibers or fabrics) and in the protection of stored products.
- harmful fungi Ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp .; Basidiomycetes such as Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp., Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp.
- Tyromyces spp. Deuteromycetes such as Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Alternaria spp., Paecilomyces spp. and Zygomycetes such as Mucor spp., moreover, in the protection of the following yeasts: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisae.
- the agrochemical formulations according to the invention are also suitable for controlling undesired plant growth. Control of undesired plant growth is the destruction of weeds. Weeds are understood in the broadest sense as all those plants that grow in places where they are undesirable, such as:
- Dicotyledonous weeds of the genus Sinapis, Lepidium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricaria, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xantium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solanum , Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver, Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus, Taraxacum.
- Monocotyledonous weeds of the genus Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleum, Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristyslis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ishaemum , Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenium, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera.
- the process according to the invention offers many advantages over conventional processes for the production of microcapsules: low reaction temperatures and largely neutral pH values allow the encapsulation of temperature- and pH-sensitive effect substances; the polymers for the capsule shell can be prepared directly in situ without consuming expensive storage; the polymer is produced by the enzyme at low temperatures and not by energy-consuming, classical polymerization processes, which usually require completely anhydrous conditions; the polymerization catalyst is very well biocompatible and can be reused as opposed to organometallic polymerization catalysts.
- the microcapsules prepared according to the invention and the dispersions containing microcapsules offer advantages: the capsule shell of the microcapsule is denser than in other manufacturing processes, it can be more easily varied in thickness or be provided with an additional capsule shell, they can optionally be selectively dismantled to release the effect substances.
- the capsule core of the microcapsules may comprise temperature-labile or otherwise sensitive effect substances, it may also comprise effect substances dissolved in polar liquid.
- Another advantage of the dispersions is that they can be obtained directly from the production process.
- Suitable nonpolar phase was a partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate having a boiling point 260-280 0 C, for example, Isopar ® by the company. Exxon Mobil Chemical, or a paraffin oil (white, CAS 8012-95-1) were used.
- an immobilized lipase of Candida antarctica type B was used, for example, an enzyme which is a Candida antarctica type B lipase immobilized on spherical polymer beads, available from Novozymes, Denmark.
- a dispersant as a mixture of emulsifiers which contains ethoxilier- te fatty alcohols, and sorbitan fatty acid esters, for example, 51, 72 wt .-% Arlacel P134 ® (polyethylene glycol-30 dipolyhydroxystearate, Fa. Uniqema), 34.48 wt .-% clamping ® 85 (sorbitan trioleate, Fa. Uniqema) and 6.90 wt .-% Cremophor ® A6 (Uniqema sorbitan monooleate, Fa.) (Ceteareth-6 and stearyl alcohol, Fa. BASF) and 6.9 wt .-% span ® 80 wherein the wt .-% are based on the total amount of dispersant.
- Arlacel P134 ® polyethylene glycol-30 dipolyhydroxystearate, Fa. Uniqema
- dispersant B a polyester-polyethylene oxide-polyester block copolymer was at a molecular weight of> 1000 g / mol is used, which is prepared by reacting condensed 12-hydroxystearic acid with polyethylene oxide according to the teaching of EP 0000424 B1 (Hypermer ® B- 246, Croda).
- the monomer used was ⁇ -caprolactone for the preparation of the polymer-containing capsule shell, for example the company Fluka with a content of> 99%.
- the effect substance used was a fungicidal pesticide, for example triticonazole.
- a colorant for example, Basacid ® Blue 756 (CI. Acid Blue 9, triphenylmethane dye, for example, available from BASF SE) was used as effect substance.
- Basacid® Blue 756 is insoluble in Isopar ® V while it dissolves in propylene carbonate and caprolactone.
- propylene carbonate was used as effect substance.
- the dye Sudan® Blue anthraquinone dye, Cl. Solvent Blue 79, available, for example, from BASF SE
- Sudan® Blue anthraquinone dye, Cl. Solvent Blue 79, available, for example, from BASF SE. It dissolves only in very hydrophobic media, such as Isopar ® V and polycaprolactone. However, it is slightly soluble in water or propylene carbonate. example 1
- the dispersant was weighed into the sample vessel and dissolved in the partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate.
- the caprolactone and propylene carbonate were added with vigorous stirring by magnetic stirring to the oil phase, then the water was added and pre-emulsified.
- Hielscher's ultrasonic processor UP 400S an inverse miniemulsion was prepared from this under ice-cooling (5 min, 100%, sonotrode H7).
- the droplet size distribution of the miniemulsion at 200-1000 nm was determined by means of a light microscope (1000 ⁇ magnification). After the ultrasonic emulsification, 20 mg of enzyme was added to each reaction, and the miniemulsion was polymerized at 40 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the microcapsules had a particle diameter of 5 to 20 ⁇ m (see Figure 1, for clarity, the capsule shell and the non-polar phase were stained with Sudan Blue).
- the dispersant was weighed into the sample vessel and dissolved in the partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate.
- the propylene carbonate was added with vigorous stirring by magnetic stirring to the oil phase, then the water was added and pre-emulsified.
- ultrasound processor UP 400S from the company Hielscher was from it under ice cooling an inverse mini-emulsion prepared (5 min, 100%, sonotrode H7).
- the droplet size distribution of the miniemulsion at 200-1000 nm was determined by means of a light microscope (1000 ⁇ magnification). After the ultrasound emulsification, the caprolactone was added to the batch and gently stirred. 20 mg of enzyme was added and at 40 0 C, the miniemulsion is polymerized for 24 hours.
- microcapsules had a particle diameter of 5 to 20 ⁇ m.
- Figure 2 shows capsules with polycaprolactone shell in a continuous phase of partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate stained with Sudan Blue. Individual bulk particles of polycaprolactone were also colored blue by Sudan Blue.
- the dispersant was weighed into the sample vessel and dissolved in the partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate.
- the Basacid Blue was dissolved in propylene carbonate with magnetic stirring, then the water was added.
- the propylene carbonate phase was added to the oil phase and pre-emulsified.
- Hielscher's ultrasonic processor UP 400S an inverse miniemulsion was prepared from this under ice-cooling (5 min, 100%, sonotrode H7).
- the droplet size distribution of the miniemulsion at 200-1000 nm was determined by means of a light microscope (1000 ⁇ magnification). After the ultrasonic emulsification 20 mg of enzyme were added and at 40 0 C, the mini-emulsion is polymerized for 24 hours.
- the microcapsules had a particle diameter of 5 to 20 ⁇ m.
- Figure 3 shows microcapsules whose capsule core is colored by the effect substance Basacid Blue. The continuous phase is colorless. In addition, a ca 10 ⁇ m large, undissolved Basacid blue crystal can be seen and a ca. 30 ⁇ m long particle of polycaprolactone.
- the dispersant was weighed into the sample vessel and dissolved in the partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate.
- the effect triticonazole was dissolved in propylene carbonate and caprolactone.
- the propylene carbonate phase was added to the oil phase and pre-emulsified.
- Hielscher's ultrasonic processor UP 400S an inverse miniemulsion was prepared from this under ice-cooling (5 min, 100%, sonotrode H7). After the ultrasonic emulsification, 100 mg of enzyme was added, and at 60 ° C., the miniemulsion was stirred for 24 hours. After the polymerization, a sample was diluted with paraffin oil and stained with Sudan Blue.
- microcapsules also burst were to be recognized.
- the microcapsules have a particle diameter of ⁇ 1 micron to 10 microns. Bulk polymer could not be identified. By adding water, the microcapsules can be converted into the aqueous phase.
- dispersant B 1.20 g of dispersant B The dispersant was placed in a sample vessel and dissolved with stirring in partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate. In another vessel triticonazole was dissolved in a mixture of caprolactone and sorbitol. The homogeneous solutions were then mixed together and pre-emulsified by stirring with the magnetic stirrer (60 min at room temperature). Using ultrasound (ultrasound processor UP 400S from Hielscher), an inverse miniemulsion was prepared therefrom while cooling with an ice bath (5 min, 100% with sonotrode H7) and polymerized at 60 ° C. for 48 h after addition of 100 mg of enzyme. Electron micrographs show the resulting spherical particles with particle sizes of 1-10 microns.
- the dispersants were placed in a sample vessel and dissolved in paraffin oil with stirring.
- triticonazole and glycerol were dissolved in caprolactone.
- the homogeneous solutions were then mixed together and pre-emulsified by stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at room temperature.
- ultrasound ultrasonic processor UP 400S of the company. Hielscher
- Electron microscopic investigations show spherical particles with sizes of 1-10 ⁇ m.
- the dispersant was placed in a sample vessel and dissolved with stirring in partially hydrogenated mineral oil distillate.
- triticonazole and D-sorbitol were dissolved in a mixture of caprolactone and propylene carbonate.
- the homogeneous solutions were then mixed together and pre-emulsified by stirring with a magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at room temperature.
- ultrasound ultrasound processor UP 400S from Hielscher
- an inverse miniemulsion was prepared therefrom while cooling with an ice bath (5 min, 100% with sonotrode H7) and polymerized at 60 ° C. for 48 h after addition of 100 mg of enzyme.
- the resulting capsules showed particle sizes of 1-10 microns.
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Abstract
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln, enthaltend einen effektstoffhaltigen Kapselkern und eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle, umfassend die Bildung der Kapselhülle mittels enzymkatalysierter Polymerisation von Monomeren, welche in einer inversen Miniemulsion vorliegen; sowie Mikrokapseln und Dispersionen. Verwendung besagter Mikrokapseln und Mikrokapseln enthaltender Dispersionen als Komponente in Farbmitteln, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffen für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmitteln für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder oder Wasch-und Reinigungsmittel.
Description
Enzymatisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln umfassend eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle und einen effektstoffhaltigen Kap- seikern. Ein weiterer Gegenstand betrifft Mikrokapseln und Mikrokapseln enthaltende Dispersionen erhältlich nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren. Ein weiterer Gegenstand betrifft die Verwendung besagter Mikrokapseln und Mikrokapseln enthaltenden Dispersionen als Komponente in Farbmittel, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffe für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmittel für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder, Anstrichmittel oder Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel.
Kombinationen bevorzugter Merkmale mit anderen bevorzugten Merkmalen werden von der vorliegenden Erfindung umfasst.
Mikrokapseln sind in den verschiedensten Ausführungsformen bekannt und werden je nach Dichtigkeit der Kapselwand zu sehr unterschiedlichen Zwecken verwendet. Beispielsweise dienen sie dem Schutz von Kernmaterialien, die erst durch gezielte mechanische Zerstörung der Kapselhülle freigesetzt werden sollen, beispielsweise von Farbstoffvorstufen für Durchschreibepapiere oder von verkapselten Duftstoffen. In solchen Anwendungsbereichen kennt man Kapselhüllmaterialien auf Gelatine-, Polyurethan-Harz-, Melamin-Formaldehyd-Harz- sowie Polyacrylatbasis. Andere Anforderungen werden an Wandmaterialien für pflanzliche oder pharmazeutische Wirkstoffe als Kernmaterialien gestellt, bei denen es auf eine Durchlässigkeit der Kapselhülle an- kommt, die eine kontrollierte Freisetzung und den zielgerichteten Transport der Wirkstoffe ermöglicht. Hier kennt man neben den durch chemische Verfahren hergestellten Kapseln auch mechanisch-physikalische Herstellverfahren.
Zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln sind chemische oder physikalische Methoden allge- mein bekannt. Bei physikalische Methoden werden üblicherweise gelöste Polymere auf das zu verkapselnde Material aufgebracht und durch physikalische Methoden, wie Sprühtrocknung oder Lösungsmittelentzug, in eine feste Kapselwand überführt. Bei chemischen Methoden bildet sich die feste Kapselwand durch chemische Reaktion, beispielsweise durch Polymerisation von Monomeren, auf dem zu verkapselnden Ma- terial. Ein zusätzlicher physikalischer Schritt zur Bildung der festen Mikrokapsel ist nicht notwendig.
Mikrokapseln umfassend eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle und einen effektstoffhaltigen Kapselkern, sowie deren Herstellverfahren, sind allgemein bekannt. Derartige Mikro- kapseln lassen sich ausgehend von polymeren Einsatzstoffen für die Kapselhülle herstellen.
Fig
So betrifft EP 1 421 990 ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln, wobei ein Polyester, der dispergiert in einem Polyol ist, mit einem Enzym als Effektstoff, das dispergiert in einem Polyol ist, emulgiert wird.
US 4,637,905 betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln mit 1 bis 2000 μm, wobei eine Dispersion von Polymilchsäure mit einem Protein als Effektstoff hergestellt, ein Teil des Lösungsmittels abgedampft und schließlich die eingeengte Dispersion in ein drittes Lösemittel gegeben wird zur Verkapselung des Effektstoffes. WO 2002/069922 betrifft Mikrokapseln mit einem Oxidoreduktase-haltigen wässrigen Kern und einer polyesterhaltigen Hülle. Die Herstellung erfolgt durch emulgieren einer wässerigen Enzymlösung mit einer in einem organischen Lösemittel gelösten Polyester, gefolgt vom Einbringen der Primäremulsion in ein wässeriges Lösemittel und anschließend der Entfernung der organischen Lösemittel.
EP 1 275 378 betrifft ein physikalisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von partikulären Konstrukten, wobei eine Emulsion aus Synthethase und Alkyl-Coenzym A hergestellt, dann polymerisiert, und schließlich durch Entfernen der Lösungsmittel das partikuläre
Konstrukt hergestellt wird.
US 6,022,500 betrifft ein physikalisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von polymeren Mik- rosphären, wobei zunächst in Emulsion aus Monomeren eine polymere Mikrosphäre hergestellt und isoliert wird, welche anschließend mit einer Substanzlösung in Kontakt gebracht wird, so dass die Mikrosphäre mit dieser Substanz dabei gefüllt wird.
Die Verwendung von Enzymen zur Polymerisation von Monomeren in wässeriger E- mulsion ist allgemein bekannt, zum Beispiel aus WO 2004/035801 , WO 2006/058697 oder WO 2006/058696. Dabei entstehen jeweils Polymerpartikel mit einer massiven Polymermatrix.
DE 102005007374 betrifft Nanopartikel vom Kern-Schale Typ. Als Schale wird ein Polymer definiert, das hydrophob und biokompatibel ist. Das Polymer ist beispielsweise Polyacrylat, Polyepoxid, Polyurethan oder Polyester. Als Kern wird ein Aktivstoff definiert, welcher vom Polymer der Schale eingeschlossen ist. Die Herstellung erfolgt durch radikalische Polymerisation, Polyaddition, Polykondensation oder enzymatische oder anionische Polymerisation. Einzelheiten des Verfahrens oder Beispiele werden nicht genannt.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung war es, ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln umfassend eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle und ein effektstoffhaltigen Kapselkern zur Verfügung zu stellen. Insbesondere war es Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Verfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen, bei dem die polymerhaltige Kapsel- hülle im Wesentlichen aus Monomeren erst während der Verkapselung aufgebaut wird. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Aufgabe war, die polymerhaltige Kapselhülle unter milden Re-
aktionsbedingungen herzustellen, so dass auch empfindliche Effektstoffe verkapselt werden können.
Die Aufgabe wurde gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln, ent- haltend einen effektstoffhaltigen Kapselkern und eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle, umfassend die Bildung der Kapselhülle mittels enzymkatalysierter Polymerisation von Monomeren, welche in einer inversen Miniemulsion vorliegen.
Mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird im Allgemeinen ein Ensemble von Mikrokapseln hergestellt. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren führt in der Regel zu gleich oder ähnlich geformten Mikrokapseln. Erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Mikrokapseln können eine beliebige Form annehmen. Sie sind bevorzugt im Wesentlichen kugelförmig, zum Beispiel ideal kugelförmig, aufgebaut.
Eine erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Mikrokapsel umfasst eine Kapselhülle und einen Kapselkern. Erfindungsgemäß soll auch eine Mikrokapsel erhalten werden, die mindestens eine Kapselhülle und mindestens einen Kapselkern umfasst. So kann eine Mikrokapsel zum Beispiel einen Kapselkern und zwei Kapselhüllen aufweisen. Ebenso kann eine Mikrokapsel zum Beispiel mehrere Kapselkerne, zum Beispiel zwei nebeneinan- der oder zwei ineinander liegende Kapselkerne, und eine Kapselhülle, zum Beispiel zwei nebeneinander oder ineinander liegende Kapselhüllen aufweisen. Bevorzugt umfasst eine Mikrokapsel eine Kapselhülle und einen Kapselkern. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren führt in der Regel zu gleich oder ähnlich aufgebauten Mikrokapseln. Da das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ein Ensemble von Mikrokapseln herstellt, können einzel- ne wenige Mikrokapseln in ihrem Aufbau abweichen und beispielsweise keinen Kapselkern enthalten.
Der mittlere Durchmesser der Mikrokapseln (bestimmbar als Z-mittel durch Lichtstreuung einer 1 Gew.-%-igen wässerigen Dispersion von Mikrokapseln, erhältlich durch Verdünnen der Mikrokapseln mit Wasser und gegebenenfalls Abtrennen einer organischen Phase) kann in weitem Bereich variieren. Er beträgt im Allgemeinen mehr als 0,1 μm, bevorzugt mehr als 0,6 μm, besonders bevorzugt mehr als 0,8 μm. Der Durchmesser liegt bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,1 bis 2000 μm, bevorzugt von 0,6 bis 1000 μm, insbesondere von 0,8 bis 800 μm. Ein Kapseldurchmesser, der im unteren Bereich liegt, ist bevorzugt wenn eine höhere mechanische Stabilität der Mikrokapseln gewünscht ist. Ein Durchmesser im höheren Bereich wird bevorzugt, um möglichst viel Kapselinhalt in wenig Wandmaterial zu verpacken.
Die Dicke der Kapselhülle kann im weiten Bereich variieren. Sie beträgt im Allgemei- nen von 0,1 bis 90 %, bevorzugt von 0,5 bis 20 % des Kapselradius (bestimmbar über Licht-/Elektronenmikroskopie oder Lichtstreuung).
Die Oberfläche der Mikrokapseln kann funktionelle Gruppen aufweisen. Sie ist bevorzugt wenig, insbesondere nicht funktionalisiert, um kovalente oder ionische Wechselwirkungen während der Lagerung oder Anwendung zu verhindern. Falls die Oberfläche wenig funktionalisiert ist, befinden sich bevorzugt unter 0,02 funktionelle Gruppen pro nm2 auf der Oberfläche (beispielsweise bestimmbar durch Quantifizierung der funktionellen Gruppen mittels Titration, durch Markierung mit Farbreagenzien, oder, falls die Gruppen elektrische Ladungen haben, durch Messung der elekrophoretischen Beweglichkeit oder des ζ-Potentials). Unter funktionellen Gruppen auf der Oberfläche werden erfindungsgemäß solche verstanden, die gezielt durch spezielle Monomere in die Po- lymeroberfläche eingeführt werden. Endständige Alkohol-, Säure- oder Estergruppen der Hüllpolymere sind naturgemäß anwesend.
Der Kapselkern umfasst mindestens einen Effektstoff. Der Effektstoff liegt dabei im Kern in der Regel in fester, gelöster, emulgierter oder dispergierter Form vor. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfasst der Kapselkern mindestens einen Effektstoff und mindestens einen inerten Stoff, der bevorzugt eine Flüssigkeit ist. Als inerter Stoff kommen beispielsweise alle im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren anwesenden Verbindungen in Betracht: Dispergiermittel, polare und/oder unpolare Flüssigkeiten, Wasser oder die katalytisch wirkenden Enzyme. Insbesondere umfasst der Kapselkern mindes- tens einen Effektstoff und mindestens ein polares Lösemittel. Der Kapselkern kann auch nicht vollständig polymerisiertes Monomer enthalten. Nach einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfasst der Kapselkern mindestens eine polare Flüssigkeit, die die disperse Phase der inversen Miniemulsion bildet.
Erfindungsgemäß werden in dem Verfahren zur Herstellung der Mikrokapseln Enzyme eingesetzt, die die Polymerisation der Monomere, die in einer inversen Miniemulsion vorliegen, katalysieren unter Bildung der Kapselhülle.
Zur Beschreibung von Enzymen werden die vom „Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB)" entwickelten EC Klassen verwendet.
Als Enzyme sind alle Enzymklassen, bevorzugt Hydrolasen und Oxidoreduktasen, besonders bevorzugt Hydrolasen, geeignet. Auch Mischungen verschiedener Enzymklassen sind geeignet.
Als Hydrolasen [EC 3.x.x.x] geeignet sind beispielsweise Esterasen [EC 3.1.x.x], Proteasen [EC 3.4.X.X], Hydrolasen, welche mit anderen C-N-Bindungen als Peptid- Bindungen reagieren [EC 3.5. x.x] oder Hydrolasen, die mit Säureanydriden reagieren [EC 3.6. x.x]. Erfindungsgemäß vorteilhaft werden insbesondere Carboxylesterasen [EC 3.1.1.1], Lipasen [EC 3.1.1.3] oder Cutinasen [EC 3.1.1.47] eingesetzt. Beispiele hier- für sind Lipase aus Achromobacter sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Candida antarcti- ca, Mucor sp., Penicilium sp., Geotricum sp., Rhizopus sp., Burkholderia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas cepacia, Thermomyces sp., Schweinepankreas oder Wei-
zenkeimen sowie Carboxylesterasen aus Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp., Rhizopus sp., Thermoanaerobium sp., Schweineleber oder Pferdeleber.
Selbstverständlich ist es möglich, eine einzelne Hydrolase oder ein Gemisch verschie- dener Hydrolasen einzusetzen. Auch ist es möglich, die Hydrolasen in freier und/oder immobilisierter Form einzusetzen.
Bevorzugt wird Lipase aus Pseudomonas cepacia, Burkholderia platarii oder Candida antarctica Typ B in freier oder immobilisierter Form (beispielsweise Novozym® 435 der Fa. Novozymes A/S, Dänemark) eingesetzt.
Als Oxidoreduktasen [EC 1.x.x.x] bevorzugt geeignet sind Peroxidasen [EC 1.11.1.x] und Laccasen [EC 1.10.3.2] in freier oder immobilisierter Form. Enzymspezifische Hilfsstoffe wie Eisensalze, Acetylaceton oder Wasserstoffperoxid sind dem Fachmann allgemein bekannt.
Die Gesamtmenge der eingesetzten Enzyme beträgt in der Regel von 0,001 bis 40 Gew.-%, häufig von 0,1 bis 15 Gew.-% und oft von 0,5 bis 10 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge an Monomeren. Die Menge hängt ab von der Reinheit des eingesetzten Enzyms. Technische oder immobilisierte Enzyme werden in der Regel in höheren Mengen eingesetzt als gereinigte Enzyme. Der Fachmann wird die Menge Katalysator auch danach ausrichten, wie schnell die Reaktion ablaufen soll.
Enzymkatalysierte Polymerisationen von Monomeren sind allgemein bekannt, beispielsweise aus Kobayashi et al., Chem. Rev 2001 , 101 , 3793-3818. Der Fachmann wählt dazu je nach Monomertyp ein die Polymerisation katalysierendes Enzym aus. Oxidoreduktasen katalysieren beispielsweise die Polymerisation von Phenolen, Anili- nen oder vinylischen Monomeren. Hydrolasen katalysieren beispielsweise die Polymerisation von Diolen mit Disäuren bzw. Diestern, von Diaminen mit Disäuren bzw. Diestern, von Lactonen oder von Carbonaten. Die Anwendung einer enzymkatalysierten Polymerisation kann in Anwesenheit anderer die Polymerisation katalysierender Verbindungen stattfinden. Die Anwendung einer enzymkatalysierten Polymerisation kann auch vor oder nach nicht-enzymatisch katalysierten Polymerisation stattfinden.
Geeignete Monomere zur Umsetzung mit Hydrolasen sind Hydroxycarbonsäureverbin- dungen, Dialkoholverbindungen oder Disäureverbindungen, besonders Hydroxycar- bonsäureverbindungen. Eine Kombination vorstehender Monomere ist ebenfalls möglich, wobei die Kombination von Dialkoholverbindungen und Disäureverbindungen bevorzugt ist.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden die Monomere mit einem Startermono- mer kombiniert, das eine Hydroxycarbonsäureverbindung, Dialkoholverbindung oder
eine Disäureverbindung ist. Bevorzugt ist das Startermonomer eine Dialkoholverbin- dung wie unten stehend beschrieben, besonders Ethylenglykol, 1 ,4-Butandiol, Glyce- rin, Sorbit, Monosacchrid, Disaccharid, Polysaccharid oder hydroxy-funktionelle, dendritische Polyester auf Basis 2,2-Dimethylolpropionsäure (Boltorn®-Typen, kom- merziell erhältlich von Perstorp).
Als Hydroxycarbonsäureverbindungen kann man die freien Hydroxycarbonsäuren mit mindestens einer freien Alkoholgruppe und mindestens einer freien Carbonsäuregruppe, deren d-Cs-Alkylester und/oder deren Lactone verwenden. Beispielhaft genannt seien Glykolsäure, D-, L-, D,L-Milchsäure, 6-Hydroxyhexansäure (6-
Hydroxycapronsäure), 3-Hydroxybuttersäure, 3-Hydroxyvaleriansäure, 3- Hydroxycapronsäure, deren cyclische Derivate wie Glycolid (1 ,4-Dioxan-2,5-dion), D-, L-, D,L-Dilactid (3,6-Dimethyl-1 ,4-dioxan-2,5-dion), ε-Caprolacton, ß-Butyrolacton, y- Butyrolacton, ω-Dodecanolid (Oxacyclotridecan-2-on), ω-Undecanolid (Oxacyclodode- can-2-on) oder ω-Pentadecanolid (Oxacyclohexadecan-2-on).
Als Lactone sind auch Bis- oder Tris-Lactone geeignet, welche zwei bzw. drei Lac- tongruppen enthalten. Beispielsweise kann (2,2'-Bis-(ε-caprolactone-4-yl)propan verwendet werden. Bis-Lactone können beispielsweise synthetisiert werden gemäß Palmgren et al., Journal of Polymer Science A, 1997, 35, 1635-1649. Ebenso geeignet sind die Ester der Kohlensäure (Carbonate), besonders lineare und cyclische aliphatische Carbonate, bevorzugt Ci bis Cs-Alkylester der Kohlensäure, insbesondere Trimethylencarbonat. Carbonate, die mit dem jeweiligen Enzym nicht reagieren, beispielsweise Propylencarbonat, sind als Monomer nicht geeignet. Als Hydroxycarbonsäureverbindungen können auch die der oben genannten Hydroxy- carbonsäure Verbindungen analogen Thiocarbonsäure und ihre Ester und Thiolactone verwendet werden.
Selbstverständlich können auch Mischungen unterschiedlicher Hydroxycarbonsäureverbindungen verwendet werden. Bevorzugte Hydroxycarbonsäureverbindungen sind Lactone, insbesondere C2 bis Ciβ- Alkylenlactone, ganz besonders bevorzugt ε-Caprolacton.
Als Dicarbonsäureverbindungen können prinzipiell alle C2-C4o-aliphatischen, C3-C20- cycloaliphatischen, aromatischen oder heteroaromatischen Verbindungen eingesetzt werden, welche mindestens zwei Carbonsäuregruppen (Carboxygruppen; -COOH) oder Derivate davon aufweisen. Als Derivate finden insbesondere Ci-Cio-Alkyl-, bevorzugt Methyl, Ethyl-, n-Propyl oder Isopropyl-Mono- oder Diester vorgenannter Dicar- bonsäuren, sowie die entsprechenden Dicarbonsäureanhydride Verwendung. Beispiele für Dicarbonsäureverbindungen sind Ethandisäure (Oxalsäure), Propandisäu- re (Malonsäure), Butandisäure (Bernsteinsäure), Pentandisäure (Glutarsäure), Hexan- disäure (Adipinsäure), Heptandisäure (Pimelinsäure), Octandisäure (Korksäure), No- nandisäure (Azelainsäure), Decandisäure (Sebacinsäure), Undecandisäure, Dodecan- disäure, Tridecandisäure (Brassylsäure), C32-Dimerfettsäure Benzol-1 ,2-dicarbonsäure
(Phthalsäure), Benzol-1 ,3-dicarbonsäure (Isophthalsäure) oder Benzol-1 ,4- dicarbonsäure (Terephthalsäure), deren Methylester, beispielsweise Ethandisäuredi- methylester, Propandisäuredimethylester, Butandisäuredimethylester, Pentandisäure- dimethylester, Hexandisäuredimethylester, Heptandisäuredimethylester, Octandisäu- redimethylester, Nonandisäuredimethylester, Decandisäuredimethylester, Undecandi- säuredimethylester, Dodecandisäuredimethylester, Tridecandisäuredimethylester, C32- Dimerfettsäuredimethylester, Phthalsäuredimethylester, Isophthalsäuredimethylester oder Terephthalsäuredimethylester, sowie deren Anhydride, beispielsweise Butandi- carbonsäure-, Pentandicarbonsäure- oder Phthalsäureandhydrid. Selbstverständlich können auch Gemische vorgenannter Dicarbonsäureverbindungen eingesetzt werden. Oligoester und Polyester mit mindestens zwei freien Carboxygruppen, insbesondere carboxyterminierte Oligo- und Polyester können ebenfalls als Dicarbonsäurekompo- nente eingesetzt werden. Ebenso können auch die Ester von Polycarbonsäuren wie beispielsweise Citronensäure und Butantetracarbonsäure verwendet werden.
Bevorzugt werden die freien Dicarbonsäuren, besonders C4 bis C36 aliphatische Dicar- bonsäuren, insbesondere Butandisäure, Hexandisäure, Decandisäure, Dodecandisäu- re bzw. deren entsprechenden Dimethyl- und Diethylester eingesetzt.
Als Diolverbindungen können verzweigte oder lineare Alkane mit 2 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen, bevorzugt 4 bis 14 Kohlenstoffatomen, Cycloalkane mit 5 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen oder aromatische Verbingungen verwendet werden, die mindestens zwei Alkoholgruppen enthalten. Beispiele geeigneter Alkandiole sind Ethylenglykol, 1 ,2-Propandiol, 1 ,3-Propandiol, 1 ,2- Butandiol, 1 ,4-Butandiol, 1 ,5-Pentandiol, 1 ,6-Hexandiol, 1 ,7-Heptandiol, 1 ,8-Octandiol, 1 ,9-Nonandiol, 1 ,10-Decandiol, 1 ,1 1-Undecandiol, 1 ,12-Dodecandiol, 1 ,13- Tridecandiol, 2,4-Dimethyl-2-ethyl-1 ,3-hexandiol, 2,2-Dimethyl-1 ,3-propandiol (Neopen- tylglykol), 2-Ethyl-2-butyl-1 ,3-propandiol, 2-Ethyl-2-isobutyl-1 ,3-propandiol oder 2,2,4- Trimethyl-1 ,6-hexandiol. Insbesondere geeignet sind Ethylenglykol, 1 ,3-Propandiol, 1 ,4-Butandiol und 2,2-Dimethyl-1 ,3-propandiol, 1 ,6-Hexandiol oder 1 ,12-Dodecandiol. Beispiele für Cycloalkandiole sind 1 ,2-Cyclopentandiol, 1 ,3-Cyclopentandiol, 1 ,2- Cyclohexandiol, 1 ,3-Cyclohexandiol, 1 ,4-Cyclohexandiol, 1 ,2-Cyclohexandimethanol (1 ,2-Dimethylolcyclohexan), 1 ,3-Cyclohexandimethanol (1 ,3-Dimethylolcyclohexan), 1 ,4-Cyclohexandimethanol (1 ,4-Dimethylolcyclohexan) oder 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1 ,3- cyclobutandiol.
Beispiele geeigneter aromatischer Diole sind 1 ,4-Dihydroxybenzol, 1 ,3- Dihydroxybenzol, 1 ,2-Dihydroxybenzol, Bisphenol A (2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)- propan), 1 ,3-Dihydroxynaphthalin, 1 ,5-Dihydroxynaphthalin oder 1 ,7- Dihydroxynaphthalin. Als Diolverbindungen können jedoch auch Polyetherdiole, beispielsweise Diethylengly- kol, Triethylenglykol, Polyethylenglykol (mit mehr als 4 Ethylenoxideinheiten), Propy- lenglykol, Dipropylenglykol, Tripropylenglykol, Polypropylenglykol (mit mehr als 4 Pro-
pylenoxideinheiten) und Polytetrahydrofuran (PoIy-THF), insbesondere Diethylenglykol, Triethylenglykol und Polyethylenglykol (mit mehr als 4 Ethylenoxideinheiten), eingesetzt werden. Als PoIy-THF, Polyethylenglykol oder Polypropylenglykol finden Verbindungen Verwendung, deren zahlenmittleres Molekulargewicht (Mn) in der Regel im Bereich von 200 bis 10000, bevorzugt von 600 bis 5000 g/mol liegt.
Ebenfalls geeignet sind Oligoester und Polyester mit mindestens zwei freien Alkoholgruppen, bevorzugt dihydroxyterminierte Oligo- und Polyester. Weitere Beispiele geeigneter Diolverbindungen mit mehr als zwei Alkoholgruppen sind Glycerin, Sorbit, Trimethylolpropan, Pentaerythrit, Monosacharide wie Fructose, Glyco- se oder Mannose, Disacharide wie Sucrose, Oligosacharide sowie deren Substitutionsprodukte, oder Cellulosederivate wie Acetate.
Als Diolverbindungen können auch ein der oben genannten Diolverbindungen analoges Dithiol verwendet werden. Selbstverständlich können auch Mischungen vorgenannter Diolverbindungen oder Dithiole verwendet werden.
Bevorzugt werden aliphatische Alkandiole und Polyetherdiole, besonders bevorzugt lineare und verzweigte aliphatische Alkandiole mit 2 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere Ethylenglykol, 1 ,4-Butandiol, 1 ,6-Hexandiol, Sorbit und Neopentylglykol.
Aus den oben beschriebenen Monomeren können lineare, verzweigte oder vernetzte Polyester entstehen, je nachdem ob difunktionelle Monomere oder höherfunktionelle Monomere eingesetzt werden.
Geeignete Monomere zur Umsetzung mit Oxidoreduktasen sind Phenole, Aniline und vinylische Monomere. Als Phenole sind Phenol und ein- und mehrfach substituiertes Phenol geeignet. Substituenten können beispielsweise Halogen, Ci-Cis-Alkyl, ein oder mehrkerniges Aryl oder Amin sein. Als Aniline sind Anilin und ein- und mehrfach substituierte Aniline geeignet. Substituenten können beispielsweise Halogen, Ci-Cis-Alkyl, ein oder mehrkerniges Aryl oder Hydroxy sein. Als vinylische Monomere sind Verbindungen mit mindestens einer nicht aromatischen Doppelbindung geeignet. Beispiele sind (Meth)Acrylsäure und ihre Ci bis C3o-aliphatischen Alkylester, Itaconsäure und ihre Ci bis C3o-aliphatischen Alkylester, oder Styrole. Als Styrole sind Styrol und ein- und mehrfach substituierte Styrole geeignet. Substituenten können beispielsweise Ha- logen, Ci-Cis-Alkyl, ein oder mehrkerniges Aryl, Amin oder Hydroxy sein.
Bevorzugt werden vinylische Monomere, insbesondere (Meth)Acrylsäure und ihre Ci bis C3o-aliphatischen Alkylester oder Styrol.
Die Monomere sind in der Regel in der Reaktionsmischung zu 0,1 bis 20 Gew.-%Gew.- %, bevorzugt zu 0,5 bis 10 Gew.-%Gew.-%, insbesondere zu 1 bis 5 Gew.-%Gew.-% bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz enthalten. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist
mindestens ein Lacton zu 0,1 bis 20 Gew.-%Gew.-%, bevorzugt zu 0,5 bis 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere zu 1 bis 5 Gew.-% bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz enthalten.
Nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können Dispergiermittel eingesetzt werden. Diese können prinzipiell Schutzkolloide, Emulgatoren oder deren Gemische sein. Dabei ist es selbstverständlich, dass die Emulgatoren und/oder Schutzkolloide so ausgewählt werden, dass sie insbesondere mit den eingesetzten Enzymen verträglich sind und diese nicht deaktivieren.
Man kann die Polymerisation in Gegenwart von Schutzkolloiden durchführen, gegebenenfalls auch zusätzlich zu Emulgatoren. Sie haben in der Regel mittlere Molmassen Mw von oberhalb 500, vorzugsweise von mehr als 1000 g/mol. Beispiele für Schutzkolloide sind Polyvinylalkohole, Cellulosederivate wie Carboxymethylcellulose, Polyvinyl- pyrrolidon, Polyethylenglykole, Pfropfpolymerisate von Vinylacetat und/oder Vinylpropi- onat auf Polyethylenglykolen, ein- oder beidseitig mit Alkyl-, Carboxyl- oder Ami- nogruppen endgruppenverschlossene Polyethylenglykole, Polydiallyldimethylammoni- umchloride und/oder Polysaccharide wie insbesondere wasserlösliche Stärken oder Stärkederivate.
Häufig werden als Dispergiermittel ausschließlich Emulgatoren eingesetzt. Im allgemeinen werden Emulgatoren verwendet, deren relative Molekulargewichte im Unterschied zu den Schutzkolloiden üblicherweise unter 1000 g/mol liegen. Sie können sowohl anionischer, kationischer oder nichtionischer Natur sein. Selbstverständlich müssen im Falle der Verwendung von Gemischen grenzflächenaktiver Substanzen die Ein- zelkomponenten miteinander verträglich sein, was im Zweifelsfall an Hand weniger Vorversuche überprüft werden kann. Im allgemeinen sind anionische Emulgatoren untereinander und mit nichtionischen Emulgatoren verträglich. Desgleichen gilt auch für kationische Emulgatoren, während anionische und kationische Emulgatoren meistens nicht miteinander verträglich sind.
Man kann die Polymerisation gegebenenfalls auch in Gegenwart von feinverteilten, wasserunlöslichen anorganischen Emulgatoren (sog. Pickering-Emulgatoren), beispielsweise Bariumsulfat, durchführen.
Gebräuchliche nichtionische Emulgatoren sind z.B. ethoxylierte Mono-, Di- und Tri- Alkylphenole (Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 50, Alkylrest: C4 bis C12) sowie ethoxylierte Fettalkohole (Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 80; Alkylrest: Cs bis C36). Beispiele hierfür sind die Lutensol® A-Marken (C12 bis Cu-Fettalkoholethoxylate, Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 8), Lutensol® AO-Marken (C13 bis Cis-Oxoalkoholethoxylate, Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 30), Lutensol® AT-Marken (C16 bis Cis-Fettalkoholethoxylate, Ethoxilierungsgrad von 1 1 bis 80), Lutensol® ON-Marken (C10-Oxoalkoholethoxylate, Ethoxilie-
rungsgrad von 3 bis 11 ) und die Lutensol® TO-Marken (C13-Oxoalkoholethoxylate, Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 20) der BASF SE.
Übliche anionische Emulgatoren sind z.B. Alkalimetall- und Ammoniumsalze von Alkyl- sulfaten (Alkylrest: C8 bis C12), von Schwefelsäurehalbestern ethoxylierter Alkanole (Ethoxilierungsgrad von 4 bis 30, Alkylrest: C12 bis Ciβ) und ethoxylierter Alkylphenole (Ethoxilierungsgrad von 3 bis 50, Alkylrest: C4 bis C12), von Alkylsulfonsäuren (Alkylrest: C12 bis Ciβ) und von Alkylarylsulfonsäuren (Alkylrest: Cg bis Cis).
Als weitere anionische Emulgatoren haben sich ferner Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel (I)
worin R1 und R2 H-Atome oder C4- bis C24-Alkyl bedeuten und nicht gleichzeitig H- Atome sind, und M1 und M2 Alkalimetallionen und/oder Ammoniumionen sein können, erwiesen. In der allgemeinen Formel (I) bedeuten R1 und R2 bevorzugt lineare oder verzweigte Alkylreste mit 6 bis 18 C-Atomen, insbesondere mit 6, 12 und 16 C-Atomen oder Wasserstoff, wobei R1 und R2 nicht beide gleichzeitig H-Atome sind. M1 und M2 sind bevorzugt Natrium, Kalium oder Ammonium, wobei Natrium besonders bevorzugt ist. Besonders vorteilhaft sind Verbindungen (I), in denen M1 und M2 Natrium, R1 ein verzweigter Alkylrest mit 12 C-Atomen und R2 ein H-Atom oder R1 ist. Häufig werden technische Gemische verwendet, die einen Anteil von 50 bis 90 Gew.-% des monoal- kylierten Produktes aufweisen, wie beispielsweise Dowfax® 2A1 (Marke der Dow Chemical Company). Geeignete kationische Emulgatoren sind in der Regel einen Cβ- bis Cis-Alkyl-, - Alkylaryl- oder heterocyclischen Rest aufweisende kationische Salze, zum Beispiel primäre, sekundäre, tertiäre oder quartäre Ammoniumsalze, Alkanolammoniumsalze, Pyridiniumsalze, Imidazoliniumsalze, Oxazoliniumsalze, Morpholiniumsalze, Thiazolini- umsalze sowie Salze von Aminoxiden, Chinoliniumsalze, Isochinoliniumsalze, Tropyli- umsalze, Sulfoniumsalze und Phosphoniumsalze. Beispielhaft genannt seien Dodecy- lammoniumacetat oder das entsprechende Sulfat, die Sulfate oder Acetate der verschiedenen 2-(N,N,N-Trimethylammonium)ethylparaffinsäureester, N- Cetylpyridiniumsulfat, N-Laurylpyridiniumsulfat sowie N-Cetyl-N,N,N- trimethylammoniumsulfat, N-Dodecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumsulfat, N-Octyl-N,N,N- trimethlyammoniumsulfat, N,N-Distearyl-N,N-dimethylammoniumsulfat sowie das Ge- mini-Tensid N,N'-(Lauryldimethyl)ethylendiamindisulfat, ethoxyliertes Talgfettalkyl-N- methylammoniumsulfat und ethoxyliertes Oleylamin (beispielsweise Uniperol® AC der BASF Aktiengesellschaft, ca. 12 Ethylenoxideinheiten). Wesentlich ist, dass die anionischen Gegengruppen möglichst gering nucleophil sind, wie beispielsweise Perchlorat,
Sulfat, Phosphat, Nitrat und Carboxylate, wie Acetat, Trifluoracetat, Trichloracetat, Propionat, Oxalat, Citrat, Benzoat, sowie konjugierte Anionen von Organosulfonsäuren, wie zum Beispiel Methylsulfonat, Trifluormethylsulfonat und para-Toluolsulfonat, weiterhin Tetrafluoroborat, Tetraphenylborat, Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borat, Tetra- kis[bis(3,5-trifluormethyl)phenyl]borat, Hexafluorophosphat, Hexafluoroarsenat oder Hexafluoroantimonat.
Bevorzugte Emulgatoren sind nichtionische Emulgatoren, insbesondere ethoxylierte Alkohole und Sorbitanester, besonders bevorzugt ethoxylierte Fettalkohole und Sorbi- tanfettsäureester. Ganz besonders bevorzugte Mischungen umfassen ethoxylierte Alkohole und Sorbitanester. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthalten die Mischungen ethoxylierte Alkohole und Sorbitanester.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist ein Polymer auf Basis des En- Reaktionsprodukt von Polyisobutylen und Maleinsäureanydrid (PIBSA) und
Di(alkyl)ethanolamin geeignet. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind Block-Copolymere geeignet, wie sie in Macromolecules 38 (16), 6882-6887 beschrieben werden, Block-Copolymere auf Basis Isopren und Methyl methacrylat wie sie in WO 2008/009424 beschrieben werden, oder Poly((ethylen-co-butylen)-block- ethylenoxid).
Die als Dispergiermittel bevorzugt eingesetzten Emulgatoren werden vorteilhaft in einer Gesamtmenge von 0,005 bis 20 Gew.-%, vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 15 Gew.-%, insbesondere 0,1 bis 10 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz, eingesetzt.
Die Gesamtmenge der als Dispergiermittel zusätzlich oder statt der Emulgatoren eingesetzten Schutzkolloide beträgt oft 0,1 bis 10 Gew.-% und häufig 0,2 bis 7 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz.
Die erfindungsgemäße inverse Miniemulsion, in welcher die Monomere vorliegen, um- fasst eine kontinuierliche unpolare Phase und eine diskontinuierliche polare Phase. Die polare Phase umfasst eine polare Flüssigkeit und die unpolare Phase eine unpolare Flüssigkeit.
Der Effektstoff liegt im Wesentlichen in der diskontinuierlichen Phase in fester, gelöster, emulgierter oder dispergierter Form vor. Die Monomere, Dispergiermittel oder Enzyme können sowohl nur in einer der beiden Phasen als auch in beiden Phasen verteilt vorliegen, oder an der Grenzfläche der beiden Phasen. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform liegt das Monomer zu mindestens 50 Gew.%, bevorzugt mindestens 60 Gew.% und insbesondere mindestens 80 Gew.% in der polaren Phase vor.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform besteht die polare Flüssigkeit aus mindestens einem Monomer und mindestens einem Effektstoff.
Die mittlere Größe der Tröpfchen der diskontinuierlichen Phase der erfindungsgemä- ßen inversen Miniemulsion lässt sich bevorzugt nach dem Prinzip der quasielastischen dynamischen Lichtstreuung an einer 1 Gew.-%-igen Miniemulsion, erhältlich durch Verdünnen der inversen Miniemulsion mit der entsprechenden kontinuierlichen Phase und gegebenenfalls Abtrennen einer organischen Phase, bestimmen (der sogenannte z-mittlere Tröpfchendurchmesser dz der unimodalen Analyse der Autokorrelationsfunk- tion). Weitere Bestimmungsmethoden sind die Licht- oder Elektronenmikroskopie, sowie die Feldflußfraktionierung. Erfindungsgemäß sind die solchermaßen für die inverse Miniemulsionen ermittelten Werte für dz normalerweise unter 10000 nm, häufig unter 1000 nm, meist unter 500 nm. Günstig ist erfindungsgemäß der dz-Bereich von 2000 nm bis 1000 nm. Im Normalfall beträgt dz der erfindungsgemäß einzusetzenden inver- sen Miniemulsion über 40 nm.
Geeignete polare Flüssigkeiten sind solche, deren Löslichkeit in der kontinuierlichen unpolaren Phase bei Reaktionsbedingungen unter 40 Gew.-%, bevorzugt unter 10 Gew.-% und insbesondere unter 1 Gew.-% (jeweils bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge der kontinuierlichen Phase) liegt, so dass eine separate diskontinuierliche polare Phase vorliegt. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform löst die polare Flüssigkeit bei 20 0C das Polymer der Kapselhülle höchstens zu 10 Gew.%, bevorzugt höchstens zu 3 Gew.% und besonders höchstens zu 0,5 Gew.% auf, jeweils bezogen Gesamtmasse des Polymers.
Geeignete polare Flüssigkeiten sind beispielsweise Monoole, wie Cs-Cβ-Alkanolen, insbesondere tert.-Butanol und tert. -Amylalkohol, Pyridin, Poly-Ci-C4-alkylenglykoldi- Ci-C4-alkylethern, insbesondere Polyethylenglycoldi-Ci-C4-alkylether, wie z.B. Di- methoxyethan, Diethylenglycoldimethylether, Polyethylenglycoldimethylether 500, C2- C4-Alkylencarbonaten, insbesondere Propylencarbonat, Cs-Cβ-Alkylessigsäureestern, insbesondere tert.-Butyl-essigsäureester, Aceton, 1 ,4-Dioxan, 1 ,3-Dioxolan, Tetra- hydrofuran, Dimethoxymethan, Dimethoxyethan, wässerige Puffer oder Wasser. Selbstverständlich ist es auch möglich, Gemische vorgenannter Lösemittel einzusetzen. Geeignete polare Flüssigkeiten sind auch die vorstehend genannten Monomere oder deren Mischungen.
Die polare Flüssigkeit kann beispielsweise auch den eingesetzten Effektstoff umfassen oder sie kann aus ihm bestehen. Bevorzugte polare Flüssigkeit ist Propylencarbonat und propylencarbonathaltige Mischungen. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die polare Flüssigkeit das Monomer oder die Monomere.
Wenn als Monomer ein Lacton eingesetzt wird, umfasst die polare Flüssigkeit unter 5 Gew.-%, bevorzugt unter 1 Gew.-% und insbesonder unter 0,1 Gew.-% Wasser. Wenn die polare Flüssigkeit Wasser enthält, ist es von Vorteil, wenn das wässrige Reaktionsmedium bei Raumtemperatur (20 bis 25 0C) einen pH-Wert von 2 bis 1 1 , häufig von 3 bis 9 und oft von 6 bis 8 aufweist. Insbesondere wird im wässrigen Reaktionsmedium ein solcher pH-Wert eingestellt, bei welchem das Enzym eine hohe katalyti- sche Aktivität und hohe Standzeit aufweist. Die entsprechenden Maßnahmen zur pH- Werteinstellung, d.h. Zugabe von entsprechenden Mengen an Säure, beispielsweise Schwefelsäure, Basen, beispielsweise wässrige Lösungen von Alkalihydroxiden, ins- besondere Natrium- oder Kaliumhydroxid, oder Puffersubstanzen, beispielsweise KaIi- umdihydrogenphosphat / Dinatriumhydrogenphosphat, Essigsäure / Natriumacetat, Ammoniumhydroxid / Ammoniumchlorid, Kaliumdihydrogenphosphat / Natriumhydroxid, Borax / Salzsäure, Borax / Natriumhydroxid oder Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethan / Salzsäure sind dem Fachmann geläufig.
Um die Polarität der polaren Phase weiter zu steigern, kann sie sogenannte Hydrophile zusätzlich enthalten. Geeignete Hydrophile sind beispielsweise organische oder anorganische Salze oder ungeladene, sehr polare Verbindungen. Beispiele für anorganische Salze sind Natriumnitrit, Natriumchlorid, Kaliumchlorid, Lithiumchlorid, Rubidium- chlorid. Beispiele für organische Salze sind Trialkylammoniumsalze, ionische Flüssigkeiten, wie Ethyl-Methylimidazoliumsalze, oder Oligomere mit stöchiometrischen Anteilen an anionischen und kationischen Gruppen in der Haupt- oder Seitenkette. Bevorzugt werden Hydrophile, welche die katalytische Aktivität der Enzyme nicht reduzieren.
Geeignete unpolare Flüssigkeiten sind solche, deren Löslichkeit in der diskontinuierlichen polaren Phase bei Reaktionsbedingungen unter 10 Gew.-%, bevorzugt unter 1 Gew.-% und insbesondere unter 0,1 Gew.-% (jeweils bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge der kontinuierlichen Phase) liegt, so dass eine separate kontinuierliche polare Phase vorliegt.
Geeignete unpolare Flüssigkeiten sind beispielsweise flüssige aliphatische oder aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe mit 5 bis 30 C-Atomen, beispielsweise n-Pentan und Isomere, Cyclopentan, n-Hexan und Isomere, Cyclohexan, n-Heptan und Isomere, n- Octan und Isomere, n-Nonan und Isomere, n-Decan und Isomere, n-Dodecan und I- somere, n-Tetradecan und Isomere, n-Hexadecan und Isomere, n-Octadecan und I- somere, Benzol, Toluol, Ethylbenzol, Cumol, o-, m- oder p-Xylol, Mesitylen. In Betracht kommen auch Kohlenwasserstoffgemische im Siedebereich von 30 bis 250 0C wie teilhydrierte Mineralöldestillate (z.B. Isopar® Marken, Fa. Exxon Mobil). Geeignet sind auch Olefine, beispielsweise Polyisobutylene oder C6 bis C30 alpha-Olefine. Ebenfalls einsetzbar sind Hydroxyverbindungen, wie gesättigte und ungesättigte Fettalkohole mit 10 bis 28 C-Atomen, beispielsweise n-Dodecanol, n-Tetradecanol, n- Hexadecanol und deren Isomeren oder Cetylalkohol, Ester, wie beispielsweise Fett-
säureester mit 10 bis 28 C-Atomen im Säureteil und 1 bis 10 C-Atomen im Alkoholteil oder Ester aus Carbonsäuren und Fettalkoholen mit 1 bis 10 C-Atomen im Carbonsäureteil und 10 bis 28 C-Atomen im Alkoholteil. Weitere geeignete unpolare Flüssigkeiten sind Parafinöl (lineare Kohlenwasserstoffgemischs), Siliconöl (Polysiloxan), perfluorier- te Kohlenwasserstoffe, Fluorsiliconöl, perfluorierte Polyether, Fluorsilan oder Siloxan, wie Dimethylsiloxan.
Bevorzugte unpolare Flüssigkeiten sind flüssige aliphatische und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe mit 5 bis 30 C-Atomen, insbesondere teilhydrierte Mineralöldestillate. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform sind unpolare Flüssigkeiten Parafinöl. Selbstverständlich ist es auch möglich, Gemische vorgenannter Lösemittel einzusetzen.
Die Gesamtmenge an polaren und unpolaren Flüssigkeiten wird so gewählt, dass der Gesamtansatz 100 Gew.-% erreicht. Sie beträgt im Allgemeinen von 10 bis 90 Gew.- %, bevorzugt von 40 bis 70 Gew.-% bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz.
Das Mengenverhältnis von polarer zu unpolarer Flüssigkeit wird dabei so gewählt, dass eine diskontinuierliche Phase entsteht, die im Wesentlichen die polare Flüssigkeit enthält. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden 20 bis 80, bevorzugt 40 bis 70 Gew.-% unpolare Flüssigkeit verwendet, jeweils bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden 20 bis 80 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 30 bis 60 Gew.-% polare Flüssigkeit verwendet, jeweils bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden 20 bis 80, bevorzugt 35 bis 55 Gew.-% Kohlenwasserstoffgemische und 20 bis 70 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 30 bis 60 Gew.- % Propylencarbonat verwendet, jeweils bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz. Dabei ist darauf zu achten, dass die Miniemulsionen nicht eine Phasenumkehr erleiden, d.h. dass die hydrophobe kontinuierliche Phase nicht zur dispersen Phase wird.
Unter Effektstoffen sollen im Rahmen der Erfindung Stoffe verstanden werden, die in der gewerblichen Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Produktes vom Anwender gewünschte Effekte hervorrufen.
Effektstoffe sind beispielsweise Farbmittel, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffe für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmittel für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder oder Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel.
Beispiele für Farbmittel sind Farbstoffe, Drucktinten, Pigmente, UV Absorber, optische Aufheller oder IR-Farbstoffe. Während organische Farbstoffe ein Absorptionsmaximum im Wellenlängenbereich von 400 bis 850 nm besitzen, haben optische Aufheller ein oder mehrere Absorptionsmaxima im Bereich von 250 bis 400 nm. Optische Aufheller emittieren bekanntlich beim Bestrahlen mit UV-Licht eine Fluoreszenzstrahlung im sichtbaren Bereich. Beispiele für optische Aufheller sind Verbindungen aus den Klas-
sen der Bisstyrylbenzole, Stilbene, Benzoxazole, Cumarine, Pyrene und Naphthaline. Geeignet sind auch Markierungsstoffe für Flüssigkeiten, beispielsweise Mineralölmar- ker. Unter UV-Absorbern werden im Allgemeinen UV-Strahlen absorbierende Verbindungen verstanden, die die absorbierte Strahlung strahlungslos deaktivieren. Solche Verbindungen werden beispielsweise in Sonnenschutzmitteln und zur Stabilisierung von organischen Polymeren eingesetzt.
Weitere geeignete Effektstoffe sind Kosmetika. Kosmetika sind Stoffe oder Zubereitungen aus Stoffen, die ausschließlich oder überwiegend dazu bestimmt sind, äußerlich am Körper des Menschen oder in seiner Mundhöhle zur Reinigung, Pflege, zum
Schutz, zur Erhaltung eines guten Zustandes, zur Parfümierung, zur Veränderung des Aussehens oder dazu angewendet zu werden, den Körpergeruch zu beeinflussen. Geeignet sind beispielsweise auch Antiinsektenmittel, wie Icaridin oder N,N-Diethyl-meta- toluamid (DEET).
Als Effektstoffe können außerdem alle Pharmaka eingesetzt werden.
Als Effektstoffe können auch Pflanzenschutzmittel und Düngemittel verwendet werden. Geeignete Pflanzenschutzmittel sind Akarizide, Algizide, Aphizide, Bakterizide, Fungi- zide, Herbizide, Insektizide, Molluskizide, Nematizide, Keimungshemmstoffe, Safener oder Wachstumsregulatoren. Fungizide sind Verbindungen, die Pilze und deren Sporen abtöten oder ihr Wachstum hemmen. Insektizide sind Verbindungen, die sich in ihrer Wirkung besonders gegen Insekten und deren Entwicklungsformen richten. Unter Herbiziden versteht man Verbindungen, die aktiv sind gegen allgemein alle Wild- und Kulturpflanzen, die an ihrem jeweiligen Standort unerwünscht sind (Schadpflanzen). Beispiele für Düngemittel sind mineralische Ein- oder Mehrnährstoffdünger, organische und organisch-mineralische Dünger oder Dünger mit Spurennährstoffen.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Effektstoffe Pflanzenschutzmittel oder Mischungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Pflanzenschutzmittel bevorzugt Herbizide, Insektizide oder Fungizide.
Die folgende Liste von Pflanzenschutzmittel zeigt mögliche Wirkstoffe auf, soll aber nicht auf diese beschränkt sein.
Das Fungizid wird ausgewählt aus:
A) Strobilurine:
Azoxystrobin, Dimoxystrobin, Enestroburin, Fluoxastrobin, Kresoxim-methyl, Meto- minostrobin, Orysastrobin, Picoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Pyribencarb, Trifloxystrobin, 2-(2-(6-(3-Chlor-2-methyl-phenoxy)-5-fluor-pyrimidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl)-2-methoxy- imino-N-methyl-acetamid, 2-(ortho-((2,5-Dimethylphenyl-oxymethylen)phenyl)-
3-methoxy-acrylsäuremethylester, 3-Methoxy-2-(2-(N-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopro- panecarboximidoylsulfanylmethyO-phenyO-acrylic acid methyl ester, 2-(2-(3-(2,6-di- chlorphenyO-i-methyl-allylideneaminooxymethyO-phenyO^-methoxyimino-N-methyl- acetamide; B) Carbonsäureamide:
- Carbonsäureanilide: Benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M, Benodanil, Bixafen, Boscalid, Carboxin, Fenfuram, Fenhexamid, Flutolanil, Furametpyr, Isopyrazam, Isotianil, Kiralaxyl, Mepronil, Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Ofurace , Oxadixyl, Oxycarboxin, Penthiopyrad, Tecloftalam, Thifluzamide, Tiadinil, 2-Amino-4-methyl-thiazole-5-carbonsäureanilid, 2-Chlor-N-(1 ,1 ,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-nicotinamid, 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H- pyrazol-4-carbonsäure(2',4'-difluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H- pyrazol-4-carbonsäure(2',4'-dichlorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H- pyrazol-4-carbonsäure(2',5'-difluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amide , 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure(2',5'-dichlorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amide, 3-Difluormethyl-1 - methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (3',5'-difluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amide, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (3',5'-dichlorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (3'-fluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (3'-chlorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (2'-fluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (2'-chlorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (3',4',5'-trifluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluor- methyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure (2',4',5'-trifluorbiphenyl-2-yl)-amid, 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure [2-(1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3-hexafluor- propoxy)-phenyl]amid , 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure- [2-(1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrafluorethoxy)-phenyl]amid, 3-Difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol- 4-carbonsäure(4'-trifluormethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)amid, N-(3',4'-dichlor-5-fluor-bi- phenyl-2-yl)-3-difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(2-(1 ,3-di- methyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1 ,3,3-trimethyl-5-fluor-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(4'-chlor-3',5'-difluor-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbon- säureamid, N-(4'-chlor-3',5'-difluor-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-trifluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyr- azol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(3',4'-dichlor-5'-fluor-biphenyl-2-yl)-3-trifluormethyl- 1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(3',5'-difluor-4'-methyl-biphenyl-2-yl)- 3-difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(3',5'-difluor-4'-methyl- biphenyl-2-yl)-3-trifluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid, N-(2-bicyclopropyl-2-yl-phenyl)-3-difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäure- amid, N-(cis-2-bicyclopropyl-2-yl-phenyl)-3-difluormethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazol- 4-carbonsäureamid, N-(trans-2-bicyclopropyl-2-yl-phenyl)-3-difluormethyl-1-methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-4-carbonsäureamid;
- Carbonsäuremorpholide: Dimethomorph, Flumorph; - Benzoesäureamide: Flumetover, Fluopicolide, Fluopyram, Zoxamid, N-(3-Ethyl- 3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl)-3-formylamino-2-hydroxy-benzamid;
- Sonstige Carbonsäureamide: Carpropamid, Diclocymet, Mandipropamid, Oxytetra-
cyclin, Silthiofam, N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropancarbonsäureamid;
C) Azole:
- Triazole: Azaconazol, Bitertanol, Bromuconazol, Cyproconazol, Difenoconazol, Dini- conazol, Diniconazol-M, Epoxiconazol, Fenbuconazol, Fluquinconazol, Flusilazol, Flutriafol, Hexaconazol, Imibenconazol, Ipconazol, Metconazol, Myclobutanil, Oxpo- conazol, Paclobutrazol, Penconazol, Propiconazol, Prothioconazol, Simeconazol, Tebuconazol, Tetraconazol, Triadimefon, Triadimenol, Triticonazol, Uniconazol, 1 -(4-Chlor-phenyl)-2-([1 ,2,4]triazol-1 -yl)-cycloheptanol;
- Imidazole: Cyazofamid, Imazalil, Imazalilsulfat, Pefurazoat, Prochloraz, Triflumizol; - Benzimidazole: Benomyl, Carbendazim, Fuberidazole, Thiabendazol;
- Sonstige: Ethaboxam, Etridiazol, Hymexazol, 2-(4-Chlor-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4- dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-inyloxy-acetamid;
D) Stickstoffhaltige Heterocyclylverbindungen
- Pyridine: Fluazinam, Pyrifenox, 3-[5-(4-Chlor-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]- pyridin, 3-[5-(4-Methyl-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridin, 2,3,5,6-Tetra- chlor-4-methansulfonylpyridin, 3,4,5-Trichlor-pyridin-2,6-dicarbonitril, N-(1 -(5-Brom- 3-chlor-pyridin-2-yl)-ethyl)-2,4-dichlornicotinamid, N-((5-Brom-3-chlor-pyridin-2-yl)- methyl)-2,4-dichlornicotinamid;
- Pyrimidine: Bupirimat, Cyprodinil, Diflumetorim, Fenarimol, Ferimzone, Mepanipyrim, Nitrapyrin, Nuarimol, Pyrimethanil;
- Piperazine: Triforine;
- Pyrrole: Fludioxonil, Fenpiclonil;
- Morpholine: Aldimorph, Dodemorph, Dodemorphacetat, Fenpropimorph, Tridemorph;
- Piperidine: Fenpropidin; - Dicarboximide: Fluorimid, Iprodione, Procymidone, Vinclozolin;
- nichtaromatische 5-Ring-Heterocyclen: Famoxadon, Fenamidon, Octhilinon, Probe- nazol, 5-Amino-2-isopropyl-3-oxo-4-ortho-tolyl-2,3-dihydropyrazol-1-thiocarbonsäure- S-allylester;
- sonstige: Acibenzolar-S-methyl, Amisulbrom, Anilazin, Blasticidin-S, Captafol, Cap- tan, Chinomethionat, Dazomet, Debacarb, Diclomezine, Difenzoquat, Difenzoquat- methylsulfat, Fenoxanil, Folpet, Oxolinsäure, Piperalin, Proquinazid, Pyroquilon, Qui- noxyfen, Triazoxid, Tricyclazol, 2-Butoxy-6-jod-3-propyl-chromen-4-on, 5-Chlor- 1 -(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1 H-benzoimidazol, 5-Chlor-7-(4-methyl- piperidin-1 -yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluor-phenyl)-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin, 6-(3,4-Dichlor- phenyl)-5-methyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 6-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-
5-methyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 5-Methyl-6-(3,5,5-trimethyl-hexyl)- [1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 5-Methyl-6-octyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyri- midin-7-ylamin, 6-Methyl-5-octyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 6-Ethyl- 5-octyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 5-Ethyl-6-octyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo- [1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 5-Ethyl-6-(3,5,5-trimethyl-hexyl)-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimi- din-7-ylamin, 6-Octyl-5-propyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 5-Methoxy- methyl-6-octyl-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin, 6-Octyl-5-trifluormethyl-
[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyτimidin-7-ylamin und 5-Trifluormethyl-6-(3,5,5-trimethyl-hexyl)- [1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidin-7-ylamin;
E) Carbamate und Dithiocarbamate
- Thio- und Dithiocarbamate: Ferbam, Mancozeb, Maneb, Metam, Methasulphocarb, Metiram, Propineb, Thiram, Zineb, Ziram;
- Carbamate: Diethofencarb, Benthiavalicarb, Iprovalicarb, Propamocarb, Propamo- carb-hydrochlorid, Valiphenal, N-(1-(1-(4-Cyanophenyl)ethansulfonyl)-but-2-yl)carb- aminsäure-(4-fluorphenyl)ester;
F) Sonstige Fungizide - Guanidine: Dodine, Dodine freie Base, Guazatin, Guazatinacetat, Iminoctadin, Imi- noctadin-triacetat, Iminoctadin-tris(albesilat);
- Antibiotika: Kasugamycin, Kasugamycinhydrochlorid-Hydrat, Polyoxine, Streptom- ycin, Validamycin A;
- Nitrophenylderivate: Binapacryl, Dicloran, Dinobuton, Dinocap, Nitrothal-isopropyl, Tecnazen;
- Organometallverbindungen: Fentin-Salze wie beispielsweise Fentin-acetat, Fentin- chlorid, Fentin-hydroxid;
- Schwefelhaltige Heterocyclylverbindungen: Dithianon, Isoprothiolane;
- Organophosphorverbindungen: Edifenphos, Fosetyl, Fosetyl-Aluminium, Iprobenfos, Phosphorige Säure und ihre Salze, Pyrazophos, Tolclofos-methyl;
- Organochlorverbindungen: Chlorthalonil, Dichlofluanid, Dichlorphen, Flusulfamide, Hexachlorbenzol, Pencycuron, Pentachlorphenol und dessen Salze, Phthalid, Quintozen, Thiophanat-Methyl, Tolylfluanid, N-(4-Chlor-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl- 4-methyl-benzolsulfonamid; - Anorganische Wirkstoffe: Phosphorige Säure und ihre Salze, Bordeaux Brühe, Kupfersalze wie beispielsweise Kupferacetat, Kupferhydroxid, Kupferoxychlorid, basisches Kupfersulfat, Schwefel;
- Sonstige: Biphenyl, Bronopol, Cyflufenamid, Cymoxanil, Diphenylamin, Metrafenon, Mildiomycin, Oxin-Kupfer, Prohexadion-Calcium, Spiroxamin, Tolylfluanid, N-(Cyclo- propylmethoxyimino-(6-difluormethoxy-2,3-difluor-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenylacetamid, N'-(4-(4-Chlor-3-trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylforma- midin, N'-(4-(4-Fluor-3-trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-meth- ylformamidin, N'-(2-Methyl-5-trifluormethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)- N-ethyl-N-methylformamidin, N'-(5-Difluormethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl- propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidin;
G) Wachstumsregler
Abscisinsäure, Amidochlor, Ancymidol , 6-Benzylaminopurin, Brassinolid, Butralin, Chlormequat (Chlormequatchlorid), Cholinchlorid, Cyclanilid, Daminozid, Dikegulac, Dimethipin, 2,6-Dimethylpuridin, Ethephon, Flumetralin, Flurprimidol , Fluthiacet, For- chlorfenuron, Gibberellinsäure, Inabenfid, lndol-3-essigsäure, Maleinsäurehydrazid, Mefluidid, Mepiquat (Mepiquatchlorid), Metconazol, Naphthalenessigsäure, N-6-Ben- zyladenin, Paclobutrazol, Prohexadion (Prohexadion-Calcium), Prohydrojasmon, Thidi-
azuron, Triapenthenol, Tributylphosphorotrithioat, 2,3,5-tri-Jodbenzoesäure, Trinexa- pac-ethyl und Uniconazol;
Das Herbizid wird ausgewählt aus:
- Acetamide: Acetochlor, Alachlor, Butachlor, Dimethachlor, Dimethenamid, Flufena- cet, Mefenacet, Meto Ia chlor, Metazachlor, Napropamid, Naproanilid, Pethoxamid, Pretilachlor, Propachlor, Thenylchlor;
- Aminosäureanaloga: Bilanafos, Glyphosat, Glufosinat, Sulfosat; - Aryloxyphenoxypropionate: Clodinafop, Cyhalofop-butyl, Fenoxaprop, Fluazifop, Ha- loxyfop, Metamifop, Propaquizafop, Quizalofop, Quizalofop-P-tefuryl;
- Bipyridyle: Diquat, Paraquat;
- Carbamate und Thiocarbamate: Asulam, Butylate, Carbetamide, Desmedipham, Di- mepiperat, Eptam (EPTC), Esprocarb, Molinate, Orbencarb, Phenmedipham, Prosul- focarb, Pyributicarb, Thiobencarb, Triallate;
- Cyclohexanedione: Butroxydim, Clethodim, Cycloxydim, Profoxydim, Sethoxydim, Tepraloxydim, Tralkoxydim;
- Dinitroaniline: Benfluralin, Ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, Prodiamine, Triflura- Nn; - Diphenylether: Acifluorfen, Aclonifen, Bifenox, Diclofop, Ethoxyfen, Fomesafen, Lac- tofen, Oxyfluorfen;
- Hydroxybenzonitrile: Bromoxynil, Dichlobenil, loxynil;
- Imidazolinone: Imazamethabenz, Imazamox, Imazapic, Imazapyr, Imazaquin, Imaze- thapyr; - Phenoxyessigsäuren: Clomeprop, 2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, Dichlorprop, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop;
- Pyrazine: Chloridazon, Flufenpyr-ethyl, Fluthiacet, Norflurazon, Pyridat;
- Pyridine: Aminopyralid, Clopyralid, Diflufenican, Dithiopyr, Fluridone, Fluroxypyr, Pi- cloram, Picolinafen, Thiazopyr, Thiazopyr; - Sulfonylharnstoffe: Amidosulfuron, Azimsulfuron, Bensulfuron, Chlorimuron-Ethyl,
Chlorsulfuron, Cinosulfuron, Cyclosulfamuron, Ethoxysulfuron, Flazasulfuron, Fluce- tosulfuron, Flupyrsulfuron, Foramsulfuron, Halosulfuron, Imazosulfuron, lodosulfuron, Mesosulfuron, Metsulfuron-methyl, Nicosulfuron, Oxasulfuron, Primisulfuron, Prosul- furon, Pyrazosulfuron, Rimsulfuron, Sulfometuron, Sulfosulfuron, Thifensulfuron, Triasulfuron, Tribenuron, Trifloxysulfuron, Triflusulfuron, Tritosulfuron, 1-((2-Chlor- 6-propyl-imidazo[1 ,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)sulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)harn- stoff;
- Triazine: Ametryn, Atrazin, Cyanazin, Dimethametryn, Ethiozin, Hexazinon, Meta- mitron, Metribuzin, Prometryn, Simazine, Terbuthylazine, Terbutryn, Triaziflam; - Harnstoffe: Chlorotoluron, Daimuron, Diuron, Fluometuron, Isoproturon, Linuron, Me- thabenzthiazuron,Tebuthiuron;
- andere Hemmstoffe der Acetolactatsynthase: Bispyribac-Natrium, Cloransulam-
Methyl, Diclosulam, Florasulam, Flucarbazone, Flumetsulam, Metosulam, Ortho- sulfamuron, Penoxsulam, Propoxycarbazone, Pyribambenz-Propyl, Pyribenzoxim, Pyriftalid, Pyriminobac-methyl, Pyrimisulfan, Pyrithiobac, Pyroxasulfone, Pyroxsulam;
- Sonstige: Amicarbazon, Aminotriazol, Anilofos, Beflubutamid, Benazolin, Bencarba- zon, Benfluresate, Benzofenap, Bentazone, Benzobicyclon, Bromacil, Bromobutide,
Butafenacil, Butamifos, Cafenstrole, Carfentrazone, Cinidon-Ethlyl, Chlorthal, Cinme- thylin, Clomazone, Cumyluron, Cyprosulfamide, Dicamba, Difenzoquat, Diflufen- zopyr, Drechslera monoceras, Endothal, Ethofumesat, Etobenzanid, Fentrazamide, Flumiclorac-Pentyl, Flumioxazin, Flupoxam, Fluorochloridone, Flurtamone, Indano- fan, Isoxaben, Isoxaflutole, Lenacil, Propanil, Propyzamide, Quinclorac, Quinmerac, Mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, Naptalam, Oxadiargyl, Oxadiazon, Oxaziclomefone, Pentoxazone, Pinoxaden, Pyraclonil, Pyraflufen-ethyl, Pyrasulfotol, Pyrazoxyfen, Pyrazolynat, Quinoclamine, Saflufenacil, Sulcotrion, Sulfentrazon, Terbacil, Tefur- yltrione, Tembotrione, Thiencarbazone, Topramezon, 4-Hydroxy-3-[2-(2-methoxy- ethoxymethyl)-6-trifluormethyl-pyridin-3-carbonyl]-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-on, (3-[2- Chlor-4-fluor-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluormethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyπmidin-1-yl)- phenoxy]-pyridin-2-yloxy)-essigsäureethylester, θ-Amino-δ-chlor^-cyclopropyl- pyrimidin-4-carboxylsäuremethylester, 6-Chlor-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-phenoxy)- pyridazin-4-ol, 4-Amino-3-chlor-6-(4-chlor-phenyl)-5-fluor-pyridin-2-carboxylsäure, 4- Amino-3-chlor-6-(4-chlor-2-fluor-3-methoxy-phenyl)-pyridin-2- carboxylsäuremethylester, und 4-Amino-3-chlor-6-(4-chloro-3-dimethylamino-2-fluor- phenyl)-pyridin-2-carboxyl säuremethylester.
Das Insektizid/Nematizid wird ausgewählt aus:
- Organo(thio)phosphate: Acephat, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-Methyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, Dicrotophos, Dimetho- at, Disulfoton, Ethion, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Isoxathion, Malathion, Methamido- phos, Methidathion, Methyl-Parathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Oxydemeton- Methyl, Paraoxon, Parathion, Phenthoate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon,
Phorate, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-Methyl, Profenofos, Prothiofos, Sulprophos, Tetra- chlorvinphos, Terbufos, Triazophos, Trichlorfon;
- Carbamate: Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Fenoxycarb, Furathiocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Triazamate;
- Pyrethroide: Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, Cyphenothrin, Cyper- methrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Esfenvalerat, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Imiprothrin, Lambda-Cyha- lothrin, Permethrin, Prallethrin, Pyrethrin I und II, Resmethrin, Silafluofen, tau-Fluva- linat, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin, Profluthrin, Dimefluthrin,
Hemmstoffe des Insektenwachstums: a) Chitinsynthese-Hemmstoffe: Benzoylharn- stoffe: Chlorfluazuron, Cyramazin, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, He-
xaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron; Buprofezin, Diofe- nolan, Hexythiazox, Etoxazol, Clofentazin; b) Ecdyson-Antagonisten: Halofenozid, Methoxyfenozid, Tebufenozid, Azadirachtin; c) Juvenoide: Pyriproxyfen, Methoprene, Fenoxycarb; d) Lipidbiosynthese-Hemmstoffe: Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spi- rotetramat;
- Nikotinreceptor-Agonisten/Antagonisten: Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Nitenpyram, Acetamiprid, Thiacloprid, 1-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-yl- methyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1 ,3,5]triazinan;
- GABA-Antagonisten: Endosulfan, Ethiprol, Fipronil, Vaniliprol, Pyrafluprol, Pyriprol, 5-Amino-1 -(2,6-dichlor-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-thiocarbon- säureamid;
Macrocyclische Lactone: Abamectin, Emamectin, Milbemectin, Lepimectin, Spino- sad, Spinetoram;
Mitochondriale Elektronentransportketten-Inhibitor (METI) I Akarizide: Fenazaquin, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad, Flufenerim;
METI Il und III Substanzen: Acequinocyl, Fluacyprim, Hydramethylnon;
- Entkoppler: Chlorfenapyr;
- Hemmstoffe der oxidativen Phosphorylierung: Cyhexatin, Diafenthiuron, Fenbutatin- oxid, Propargit; - Hemmstoffe der Häutung der Insekten: Cryomazin;
- Hemmstoffe von ,mixed function oxidases': Piperonylbutoxid;
- Natrumkanalblocker: Indoxacarb, Metaflumizon;
- Sonstige: Benclothiaz, Bifenazate, Cartap, Flonicamid, Pyridalyl, Pymetrozin, Schwefel, Thiocyclam, Flubendiamid, Chlorantraniliprol, Cyazypyr (HGW86); Cye- nopyrafen, Flupyrazofos, Cyflumetofen, Amidoflumet, Imicyafos, Bistrifluron, und
Pyrifluquinazon.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Pflanzenschutzmittel bevorzugt Herbizide. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Pflanzen- Schutzmittel bevorzugt Insektizide. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Pflanzenschutzmittel bevorzugt Fungizide. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Fungizide bevorzugt Azole. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Azole bevorzugt Epoxiconazol, Fluquinconazol oder Metconazol.
Weitere geeignete Effektstoffe sind Zusatzstoffe für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, wie Lebensmittelfarbstoffe, Aminosäuren, Vitamine, Konservierungsmittel, Antioxidantien, Geruchs- oder Geschmackstoffe.
Beispiele für Hilfsmittel für Polymere sind Flammschutzmittel, Viskositätsverbesserer oder polare Flüssigkeiten, wie sie in der diskontinuierlichen Phase eingesetzt werden können. Beispiele für Hilfsmittel für Papier sind Alkenylbernsteinsäureanhydride oder Dialkyldiketene. Beispiele für Hilfsmittel für Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel sind Tenside
oder Emulgatoren, wie sie auch als Dispergiermittel in der inversen Miniemulsion eingesetzt werden können. Ebenso können als Hilfsmittel Enzyme, wie Hydrolasen oder Amidasen eingesetzt werden.
Bevorzugte Effektstoffe sind Pflanzenschutzmittel und Düngemittel, insbesondere Pflanzenschutzmittel.
Die Effektstoffe können in Reinform, technischer Qualität, als Extrakt oder in Mischung mit anderen Effektstoffen eingesetzt werden. Die Effektstoffe liegen gelöst oder in fes- ter Form in der dispergierten Phase vor. Die Gesamtmenge der Effektstoffe beträgt 0,1 bis 90 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 5 bis 50 Gew.-% bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz.
Die Effektstoffe können aus den Mikrokapseln freigesetzt werden mittels Diffusion durch die Kapselwand oder durch Abbau der Kapselwand. Die Freisetzungsrate kann gezielt gesteuert werden durch innere und äußere Einflüsse, welche die Diffusion oder den Abbau beeinflussen.
Innere Einflüsse zur Steuerung der Freisetzung des Effektstoffes sind beispielsweise die biologische Abbaubarkeit, die chemische, mechanische und physikalische Stabilität der Mikrokapseln und die Polarität, Dicke und Einheitlichkeit (Löcher oder Fehlstellen) der Kapselwand. Zudem können erfindungsemäß bevorzugt Verbindungen im Kapselinneren oder in der Kapselwand anwesend sein, welche die Freisetzung beeinflussen, sogenannte Freisetzer. Geeignete Freisetzer sind beispielsweise Enzyme, bevorzugt polyesterhydrolysierende Lipasen. Die Enzyme können dieselben sein, die zur enzym- katalysierten Polymerisation der Monomere genutzt wurden. Als Freisetzer sind auch Säuren, Basen, Radikalbildner oder Salze zur Erzeugung eines osmotischen Drucks geeignet. Mischungen von Freisetzern sind ebenfalls möglich. Die Gesamtmenge des Freisetzers beträgt im Allgemeinen von 0,01 bis 20 Gew.% bezogen auf den Gesamtansatz. Die Menge richtet sich nach der gewünschten Frei- setzungsrate und den dabei herrschenden Bedingungen. Der Fachmann wird durch Variation der Menge unter den angestrebten Freisetzungsbedingungen die Geschwindigkeit der Freisetzung des Effektstoffes bestimmen.
Äußere Einflüsse zur Steuerung der Freisetzung des Effektstoffes sind beispielsweise saure oder basische Bedingungen, mikrobiologischer oder enzymatischer Abbau der Kapselwand, mechanischer Druck oder Strahlung, wie UV- oder Elektronenstrahlung.
Weitere Zusatzstoffe, beispielsweise Konservierungsmittel, Verdicker, Trennmittel o- der Schutzkolloide und Emulgatoren, wie sie auch im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren eingesetzt werden können, sind dem Fachmann bekannt und werden je nach ge- wünschtem Verwendungszweck nach der Herstellung der Mikrokapseln in üblicher Menge zugesetzt.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erfolgt vorteilhaft dergestalt, dass jeweils mindestens ein Dispergiermittel, mindestens eine unpolare Flüssigkeit, mindestens eine polare Flüssigkeit, mindestens ein Monomer, mindestens ein die Polymerisation katalysierendes Enzym und mindestens ein Effektstoff in beliebiger Reihenfolge zusammengeführt werden und daraus eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt wird. Ebenso ist es möglich Vormischungen herzustellen. Bevorzugt wird mindestens ein die Polymerisation katalysierendes Enzym in eine zuvor hergestellte inverse Miniemulsion eingebracht.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erfolgt bevorzugt dergestalt, dass mindestens ein Dispergiermittel in wenigstens eine Teilmenge einer Flüssigkeit und eine Teilmenge der Monomere eingebracht wird. Der Effektstoff und eine Teilmengen der Monomere wird separat davon in mindestens einer Teilmenge der Flüssigkeit eingebracht. Die beiden Mischungen werden zusammengeführt und eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt. Anschließend werden Teilmengen der Monomere sowie das Enzym in die Mini- emulsion eingebracht. „Teilmenge der Monomere" bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang zwischen von 0 bis 100 % der gesamten im Reaktionsansatz enthaltenen Monomere. „Wenigstens eine Teilmenge" bedeutet mehr als 0 % der im Gesamtansatz enthaltenen Menge.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird eine Teilmenge der Monomere in die Miniemulsion eingebracht, wobei die Teilmenge über 1 %, bevorzugt über 10 %, beträgt.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erfolgt in der Regel bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von 5 bis 100 0C, oft von 20 bis 80 0C und häufig von 30 bis 65 0C. Im Allgemeinen erfolgt das Verfahren bei einem Druck (Absolutwerte) in der Regel von 0,8 bis 10 bar, bevorzugt von 0,9 bis 2 bar und insbesondere bei 1 bar (Atmosphärendruck). Der Fachmann richtet die Reaktionszeit nach den gewünschten Eigenschaften der Mikro- kapsel, beispielsweise dem Polymerisationsgrad oder der Dicke der Kapselhülle. Nach der gewünschten Reaktionszeit kann das Enzym zerstört oder wiederverwendet, die Mikrokapseln isoliert oder die Reaktionsmischung anderweitig isoliert oder weiterverarbeitet werden.
Im Allgemeinen bildet sich die feste Kapselhülle aus den Monomeren während der Reaktionszeit in der inversen Miniemulsion unter Katalyse des Enzyms. Durch die Bildung fester Kapselhüllen entsteht aus der Miniemulsion eine Mikrokapsel-Suspension von Mikrokapseln mit fester Kapselhülle.
Der Freisetzer kann an einem beliebigen Verfahrensschritt eingebracht werden. Um- fasst der Freisetzer ein Enzym, wird er bevorzugt nach der Emulgierung zugesetzt. Weitere Zusatzstoffe, wie Konservierungsmittel, können an einem beliebigen Verfahrensschritt eingebracht werden.
Die Herstellung der inversen Miniemulsion, die erfindungsgemäß vorliegen muß, kann nach dem Stand der Technik erfolgen. Dazu wird eine Makroemulsion hergestellt durch Einbringen von Energie in die Mischung der Phasen durch Schütteln, Schlagen, Rühren, turbulentes Mischen; durch Einspritzen einer Flüssigkeit in eine andere; durch Schwingungen und Kavitation in der Mischung (z.B. Ultraschall); durch Emulgierzentri- fugen; durch Kolloidmühlen und Homogenisatoren; oder mittels einer Strahldüse, wie beispielsweise in WO 2006/053712 beschrieben. Die Makroemulsion wird durch Homogenisieren in eine Miniemulsion mit Tropfengrößen von unter 1000 nm überführt. Die Homogenisierung erfolgt bevorzugt bei 0 bis 100 0C durch Anwendung von Ultra- schall, Hochdruckhomogenisatoren oder anderen hochenergetischen Homogenisierungsapparaturen, wie Strahldüsen.
Die Polymere der Kapselhülle können durch bekannte Verfahren nachvernetzt werden. Geeignet sind üblicherweise radikalische Verfahren, beispielsweise durch Radikalstar- ter oder durch UV-initiierte Vernetzung, oder Additionsverfahren, beispielsweise mit
Diisocyanaten oder Carbodiimiden oder Verfahren zur Umesterung freier OH-Gruppen, beispielsweise enzymatische Umesterungsverfahren oder beispielsweise Umesterung von Citronensäuretriestern. Die Nachvernetzung kann nach Fertigstellung der Kapselhülle erfolgen oder gleichzeitig zu erfindungsgemäßen Herstellung der Kapselhülle.
Die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Mikrokapseln können nach bekannten Verfahren mit einer zweiten Kapselhülle versehen werden, beispielsweise durch metallorganisch- katalysierte, radikalische Polymerisation, durch enzymkatalysierte Polymerisation, durch Polyadditon zur Herstellung von Polyurethan bzw. Epoxidharz als zweite Hül- Ie, oder durch Polykondensationzur Herstellung von Polyestern oder Polyamiden.
Die weitere Verwendung der Kapseln ist auch ohne weitere Aufarbeitung möglich. Nach der erfindungsgemäßen Herstellung der Mikrokapseln können sie bei Bedarf isoliert werden, das heißt von Lösungsmitteln befreit werden. Geeignete Methoden sind beispielsweise Eindampfen, Sprühtrocknung, Gefriertrocknung, Zentrifugation, Filtration oder Vakuumtrockung. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden die Mikrokapseln nach der Herstellung nicht isoliert.
Desweiteren können die Mikrokapseln in erfindungsgemäße Dispersionen überführt werden, indem die Mikrokapseln in Wasser oder wässerigen Lösungen dispergiert werden, beispielsweise durch Phasentransferverfahren oder Flush-analoge Transferverfahren.
Die erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Dispersion enthaltend Mikrokapseln oder das weiter aufgearbeitete Produkt können als Komponente in Farbmitteln, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffe für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmitteln für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder, Anstrichmittel oder Wasch- und Reini-
gungsmittel eingesetzt werden. Vorteilhaft ist, dass der Effektstoff gezielt wieder freigesetzt werden kann, insbesondere in der Biosphäre, wo Polyester abbauende Enzyme ubiquitär vorkommen.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung eine agrochemische Formulierung umfassend erfindungsgemäße Mikrokapseln oder erfindungsgemäß hergestellte Mikrokapseln.
Die agrochemischen Formulierungen können weitere Formulierungshilfsmittel enthal- ten. Der Ausdruck „Formulierungshilfsmittel" im Sinne der Erfindung sind Hilfsstoffe, die zur Formulierung von agrochemischen Wirkstoffen geeignet sind, wie Lösungsmittel, Träger, Tenside (ionische oder nicht-ionische Tenside, Adjuvantien, Dispergiermittel), Konservierungsmittel, Entschäumer und/oder Gefrierschutzmittel. Hilfsstoffe für Saatgutbehandlung können optional auch Farbstoffe, Bindemittel, Geliermittel und/oder Verdicker sein.
Im Allgemeinen können die agrochemischen Formulierungen 0 bis 90 Gew.%, bevorzugt 1 bis 85 Gew.%, besonders bevorzugt 5 bis 80 Gew.% und insbesondere 5 bis 65 Gew.% Formulierungshilfsmittel umfassen.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung Verfahren zur Bekämpfung unerwünschten Pflanzenwuchses, wobei man die unerwünschten Pflanzen, den Boden auf denen die unerwünschten Pflanzen wachsen, oder deren Saatgüter mit einer erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierung behandelt.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung Verfahren zur Bekämpfung von unerwünschtem Insekten- oder M üben befall auf Pflanzen und/oder zur Bekämpfung von phytopathogenen Pilzen, wobei man die Pilze / Insekten, deren Lebensraum oder die vor Pilz- oder Insektenbefall zu schützenden Pflanzen oder Böden bzw. die Pflanzen, den Boden auf denen die Pflanzen wachsen, oder deren Saatgüter mit einer erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierung behandelt.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung Verfahren zur Behandlung von Saatgut mit einer erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierung sowie Saatgut behandelt mit einer erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierung.
Speziell eignen sich die erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierungen zur Bekämpfung folgender Pflanzenkrankheiten:
Albugo spp. (Weißer Rost) an Zierpflanzen, Gemüsekulturen (z.B: A. Candida) und Sonnenblumen (z. B. A. tragopogonis); Alternaria spp. (Schwärze, Schwarzfleckigkeit)
an Gemüse, Raps (z. B. A. brassicola oder A. brassicae), Zuckerrüben (z. B. A. tenuis), Obst, Reis, Sojabohnen sowie an Kartoffeln (z. B. A. solani oder A. alternata) und Tomaten (z. B. A. solani oder A. alternata) und Alternaria spp. (Ährenschwärze) an Weizen; Aphanomyces spp. an Zuckerrüben und Gemüse; Ascochyta spp. an Getreide und Gemüse, z. B. A. tritici (Blattdürre) an Weizen und A. hordei an Gerste; Bipolaris und Drechslera spp. (Teleomorph: Cochliobolus spp.) an Mais (z. B. D. maydis), Getreide (z. B. B. sorokiniana: Braunfleckigkeit), Reis (z. B. B. oryzae) und Rasen; Blumeria (früher: Erysiphe) graminis (Echter Mehltau) an Getreide (z. B. Weizen oder Gerste); Botryosphaeria spp. ('Black Dead Arm Disease') an Weinreben (z. B. B. obtusa); Botrytis cinerea (Teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: Grauschimmel, Graufäule) an Beeren- und Kernobst (u.a. Erdbeeren), Gemüse (u.a. Salat, Möhren, Sellerie und Kohl), Raps, Blumen, Weinreben, Forstkulturen und Weizen (Ährenschimmel); Bremia lactucae (Falscher Mehltau) an Salat; Ceratocystis (Syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (Bläuepilz) an Laub- und Nadelgehölzen, z. B. C. ulmi (Ulmensterben, Holländische Ulmenkrank- heit) an Ulmen; Cercospora spp. (Cercospora-Blattflecken) an Mais, Reis, Zuckerrüben (z. B. C. beticola), Zuckerrohr, Gemüse, Kaffee, Sojabohnen (z. B. C. sojina oder C. kikuchii) und Reis; Cladosporium spp. an Tomate (z. B. C. fulvum: Samtflecken-Krankheit) und Getreide, z. B. C. herbarum (Ährenschwärze) an Weizen; Claviceps purpurea (Mutterkorn) an Getreide; Cochliobolus (Anamorph: Helminthosporium oder Bipolaris) spp. (Blattflecken) an Mais (z. B. C. carbonum) , Getreide (z. B. C. sativus, Anamorph: B. sorokiniana: Braunfleckigkeit) und Reis (z. B. C. miyabeanus, Anamorph: H. oryzae); Colletotrichum (Teleomorph: Glomerella) spp. (Brennflecken, Anthraknose) an Baumwolle (z. B. C. gossypii), Mais (z. B. C. graminicola: Stängelfäule und Brennflecken), Beerenobst, Kartoffeln (z. B. C. coccodes: Welke), Bohnen (z. B. C. lindemuthi- anum) und Sojabohnen (z. B. C. truncatum); Corticium spp., z. B. C. sasakii (Blattscheidenbrand) an Reis; Corynespora cassiicola (Blattflecken) an Sojabohnen und Zierpflanzen; Cycloconium spp., z. B. C. oleaginum an Olive; Cylindrocarpon spp. (z. B. Obstbaum-Krebs oder Rebensterben, Teleomorph: Nectria oder Neonectria spp.) an Obstgehölzen, Weinreben (z. B. C. liriodendri, Teleomorph: Neonectria liriodendri, .Black Foot Disease') und vielen Ziergehölzen; Dematophora (Teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (Wurzel-/Stängelfäule) an Sojabohnen; Diaporthe spp. z. B. D. phaseolorum (Stängelkrankheit) an Sojabohnen; Drechslera (Syn. Helminthosporium, Teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. an Mais, Getreide, wie Gerste (z. B. D. teres, Netzflecken) und an Weizen (z. B. D. tritici-repentis: DTR-Blattdürre), Reis und Rasen; Esca-Krankheit (Rebstocksterben, Apoplexie) an Weinrebe, verursacht durch Formitiporia (Syn. Phelli- nus) punctata, F. mediterranea, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (früher Phaeoacremo- nium chlamydosporum), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum und/oder Botryosphaeria obtusa; Elsinoe spp. an Kern- (E. pyri) und Beerenobst (E. veneta: Brennflecken) sowie Weinrebe (E. ampelina: Brennflecken); Entyloma oryzae (Blattbrand) an Reis; Epicoc- cum spp. (Ährenschwärze) an Weizen; Erysiphe spp. (Echter Mehltau) an Zuckerrübe (E. betae), Gemüse (z. B. E. pisi), wie Gurken- (z. B. E. cichoracearum) und Kohlgewächsen, wie Raps (z. B. E. cruciferarum).; Eutypa lata (Eutypa-Krebs oder -Abster-
ben, Anamorph: Cytosporina lata, Syn. Libertella blepharis) an Obstgehölzen, Weinreben und vielen Ziergehölzen; Exserohilum (Syn. Helminthosporium) spp. an Mais (z. B. E. turcicum); Fusarium (Teleomorph: Gibberella) spp. (Welke, Wurzel- und Stängelfäu- Ie) an verschiedenen Pflanzen, wie z. B. F. graminearum oder F. culmorum (Wurzel- faule und Taub- oder Weißährigkeit) an Getreide (z. B. Weizen oder Gerste), F. oxy- sporum an Tomaten, F. solani an Sojabohnen und F. verticillioides an Mais; Gaeuman- nomyces graminis (Schwarzbeinigkeit) an Getreide (z. B. Weizen oder Gerste) und Mais; Gibberella spp. an Getreide (z. B. G. zeae) und Reis (z. B. G. fujikuroi: Bakanae- Krankheit); Glomerella cingulata an Weinrebe, Kernobst und anderen Pflanzen und G. gossypii an Baumwolle; Grainstaining complex an Reis; Guignardia bidwellii (Schwarzfäule) an Weinrebe; Gymnosporangium spp. an Rosaceen und Wacholder, z. B. G. sabinae (Birnengitterrost) an Birnen; Helminthosporium spp. (Syn. Drechslera, Teleomorph: Cochliobolus) an Mais, Getreide und Reis; Hemileia spp., z. B. H. vastatrix (Kaffeeblattrost) an Kaffee; lsariopsis clavispora (Syn. Cladosporium vitis) an Weinre- be; Macrophomina phaseolina (Syn. phaseoli) (Wurzel-/Stängelfäule) an Sojabohnen und Baumwolle; Microdochium (Syn. Fusarium) nivale (Schneeschimmel) an Getreide (z. B. Weizen oder Gerste); Microsphaera diffusa (Echter Mehltau) an Sojabohnen; Monilinia spp., z. B. M. laxa, M. fructicola und M. fructigena (Blüten- und Spitzendürre) an Steinobst und anderen Rosaceen; Mycosphaerella spp. an Getreide, Bananen, Beerenobst und Erdnüssen, wie z. B. M. graminicola (Anamorph: Septoria tritici, Septo- ria-Blattdürre) an Weizen oder M. fijiensis (Schwarze Sigatoka-Krankheit) an Bananen; Peronospora spp. (Falscher Mehltau) an Kohl (z. B. P. brassicae), Raps (z. B. P. para- sitica), Zwiebelgewächsen (z. B. P. destructor), Tabak (P. tabacina) und Sojabohnen (z. B. P. manshurica); Phakopsora pachyrhizi und P. meibomiae (Sojabohnenrost) an Sojabohnen; Phialophora spp. z. B. an Weinreben (z. B. P. tracheiphila und P. tetra- spora) und Sojabohnen (z. B. P. gregata: Stängelkrankheit); Phoma Ungarn (Wurzel- und Stängelfäule) an Raps und Kohl und P. betae (Blattflecken) an Zuckerrüben; Pho- mopsis spp. an Sonnenblumen, Weinrebe (z. B. P. viticola: Schwarzflecken-Krankheit) und Sojabohnen (z. B. Stielfäule: P. phaseoli, Teleomorph: Diaporthe phaseolorum); Physoderma maydis (Braunfleckigkeit) an Mais; Phytophthora spp. (Welke, Wurzel-, Blatt-, Stängel- und Fruchtfäule) an verschiedenen Pflanzen, wie an Paprika und Gurkengewächsen (z. B. P. capsici), Sojabohnen (z. B. P. megasperma, Syn. P. sojae), Kartoffeln und Tomaten (z. B. P. infestans: Kraut- und Braunfäule) und Laubgehölzen (z. B. P. ramorum: Plötzliches Eichensterben); Plasmodiophora brassicae (Kohlhernie) an Kohl, Raps, Rettich und anderen Pflanzen; Plasmopara spp., z. B. P. viticola (Re- ben-Peronospora, Falscher Mehltau) an Weinreben und P. halstedii an Sonnenblumen; Podosphaera spp. (Echter Mehltau) an Rosaceen, Hopfen, Kern- und Beerenobst, z. B. P. leucotricha an Apfel; Polymyxa spp., z. B. an Getreide, wie Gerste und Weizen (P. graminis) und Zuckerrüben (P. betae) und die dadurch übertragenen Viruserkrankun- gen; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Halmbruch, Teleomorph: Tapesia yallun- dae) an Getreide, z. B. Weizen oder Gerste; Pseudoperonospora (Falscher Mehltau) an verschiedenen Pflanzen, z. B. P. cubensis an Gurkengewächsen oder P. humili an
Hopfen; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (Roter Brenner, Anamorph: Phialophora) an Weinrebe; Puccinia spp. (Rostkrankheit) an verschiedenen Pflanzen, z. B. P. triticina (Weizenbraunrost), P. striiformis (Gelbrost), P. hordei (Zwergrost), P. graminis (Schwarzrost) oder P. recondita (Roggenbraunrost) an Getreide, wie z. B. Weizen, Gerste oder Roggen, und an Spargel (z. B. P. asparagi); Pyrenophora (Anamorph: Drechslera) tritici-repentis (Blattdürre) an Weizen oder P. teres (Netzflecken) an Gerste; Pyricularia spp., z. B. P. oryzae (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea, Reis-Blattbrand) an Reis und P. grisea an Rasen und Getreide; Pythium spp. (Umfallkrankheit) an Rasen, Reis, Mais, Weizen, Baumwolle, Raps, Sonnenblumen, Zuckerrüben, Gemüse und anderen Pflanzen (z. B. P. ultimum oder P. aphanidermatum); Ramularia spp., z. B. R. collo-cygni (Sprenkelkrankheit/Sonnenbrand-Komplex/Physiological leaf spots) an Gerste und R. beticola an Zuckerrüben; Rhizoctonia spp. an Baumwolle, Reis, Kartoffeln, Rasen, Mais, Raps, Kartoffeln, Zuckerrüben, Gemüse und an verschiedenen weiteren Pflanzen, z. B. R. solani (Wurzel-/Stängelfäule) an Sojabohnen, R. solani (Blattscheidenbrand) an Reis oder R. cerealis (Spitzer Augenfleck) an Weizen oder Gerste; Rhizopus stolonifer (Weichfäule) an Erdbeeren, Karotten, Kohl, Weinrebe und Tomate; Rhynchosporium secalis (Blattflecken) an Gerste, Roggen und Triticale; Sa- rocladium oryzae und S. attenuatum (Blattscheidenfäule) an Reis; Sclerotinia spp. (Stängel- oder Weißfäule) an Gemüse- und Ackerbaukulturen, wie Raps, Sonnenblu- men (z. B. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) und Sojabohnen (z. B. S. rolfsii); Septoria spp. an verschiedenen Pflanzen, z. B. S. glycines (Blattflecken) an Sojabohnen, S. tritici (Sep- toria-Blattdürre) an Weizen und S. (Syn. Stagonospora) nodorum (Blatt- und Spelzbräune) an Getreide; Uncinula (Syn. Erysiphe) necator (Echter Mehltau, Anamorph: Oidium tuckeri) an Weinrebe; Setospaeria spp. (Blattflecken) an Mais (z. B. S. turci- cum, Syn. Helminthosporium turcicum) und Rasen; Sphacelotheca spp. (Staubbrand) an Mais, (z. B. S. reiliana: Kolbenbrand), Hirse und Zuckerrohr; Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Echter Mehltau) an Gurkengewächsen; Spongospora subterranea (Pulverschorf) an Kartoffeln und die dadurch übertragenen Viruserkrankungen; Stagonospora spp. an Getreide, z. B. S. nodorum (Blatt- und Spelzbräune, Teleomorph: Leptosphaeria [Syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum) an Weizen; Synchytrium endobioticum an Kartoffeln (Kartoffelkrebs); Taphrina spp., z. B. T. deformans (Kräuselkrankheit) an Pfirsich und T. pruni (Taschenkrankheit) an Pflaumen; Thielaviopsis spp. (Schwarze Wurzelfäule) an Tabak, Kernobst, Gemüsekulturen, Sojabohnen und Baumwolle, z. B. T. basicola (Syn. Chala- ra elegans); Tilletia spp. (Stein- oder Stinkbrand) an Getreide, wie z. B. T. tritici (Syn. T. caries, Weizensteinbrand) und T. controversa (Zwergsteinbrand) an Weizen; Typhula incarnata (Schneefäule) an Gerste oder Weizen; Urocystis spp., z. B. U. occulta (Stän- gelbrand) an Roggen; Uromyces spp. (Rost) an Gemüsepflanzen, wie Bohnen (z. B. U. appendiculatus, Syn. U. phaseoli) und Zuckerrüben (z. B. U. betae); Ustilago spp. (Flugbrand) an Getreide (z. B. U. nuda und U. avaenae), Mais (z. B. U. maydis: Mais- beulenbrand) und Zuckerrohr; Venturia spp. (Schorf) an Äpfeln (z. B. V. inaequalis) und Birnen; und Verticillium spp. (Laub- und Triebwelke) an verschiedenen Pflanzen, wie Obst- und Ziergehölzen, Weinreben, Beerenobst, Gemüse- und Ackerbaukulturen, wie
z. B. V. dahliae an Erdbeeren, Raps, Kartoffeln und Tomaten.
Die erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierungen eignen sich außerdem zur Bekämpfung von Schadpilzen im Material- und Bautenschutz (z. B. Holz, Papier, Dis- persionen für den Anstrich, Fasern bzw. Gewebe) und im Vorratsschutz. Im Holz- und Bautenschutz finden insbesondere folgende Schadpilze Beachtung: Ascomyceten wie Ophiostoma spp., Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomium spp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.; Basidiomyceten wie Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp., Pleurotus spp., Po- ria spp., Serpula spp. und Tyromyces spp., Deuteromyceten wie Aspergillus spp., CIa- dosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Alternaria spp., Paecilomyces spp. und Zygomyceten wie Mucor spp., darüber hinaus im Materialschutz folgende Hefepilze: Candida spp. und Saccharomyces cerevisae.
Die erfindungsgemäßen agrochemischen Formulierungen eignen sich außerdem zur Kontrolle unerwünschten Pflanzenwuchses. Unter Kontrolle unerwünschten Pflanzenwuchses versteht man die Zerstörung von Unkräutern. Unkräuter werden im weitesten Sinn verstanden als alle diejenigen Pflanzen, die an Stellen wachsen, wo sie unerwünscht sind, wie zum Beispiel:
Dicotyledonous Unkräuter der Gattung: Sinapis, Lepidium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricaria, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xan- thium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solanum, Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver, Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus, Taraxacum.
Monocotyledonous Unkräuter der Gattung: Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleum, Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristyslis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ischaemum, Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenium, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera.
Insgesamt bietet das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren viele Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln: niedere Reaktionstemperaturen und weitgehend neutrale pH-Werte erlauben die Verkapselung Temperatur- und pH- empfindlicher Effektstoffe; die Polymere für die Kapselhülle können direkt in situ hergestellt werden ohne aufwendige Lagerhaltung zu betreiben; das Polymer wird durch das Enzym bei niederen Temperaturen hergestellt und nicht durch energieaufwendige, klassische Polymerisationsverfahren, die meistens völlig wasserfreie Bedingungen verlangen; der Polymerisationskatalysator ist sehr gut biologisch verträglich und kann wiederverwendet werden im Gegensatz zu metallorganischen Polymerisationskatalysatoren.
Ebenso bieten die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Mikrokapseln sowie die Dispersionen enthaltend Mikrokapseln Vorteile: die Kapselhülle der Mikrokapsel ist dichter als
bei anderen Herstellverfahren, sie kann leichter in ihrer Dicke variiert werden oder mit einer zusätzlichen Kapselhülle versehen werden, sie kann gegebenenfalls gezielt wieder abgebaut werden um die Effektstoffe freizusetzen. Der Kapselkern der Mikrokap- seln kann temperaturlabile oder anderweitig sensitive Effektstoffe umfassen, er kann auch in polarer Flüssigkeit gelöste Effektstoffe umfassen. Weiterer Vorteil der Dispersionen ist, dass sie direkt aus dem Herstellverfahren erhalten werden können.
Nachfolgende Beispiele erläutern die Erfindung ohne sie einzuschränken.
Beispiele
Einsatzstoffe:
Als unpolare Phase wurde ein teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat mit Siedepunkt von 260 bis 280 0C, zum Beispiel Isopar® von der Fa. Exxon Mobil Chemical, oder ein Paraffinöl (weiss, CAS 8012-95-1 ) verwendet.
Als Enzym zur Polymerisation der Monomere wurde eine immobilisierte Lipase aus Candida antarctica Typ B verwendet, beispielsweise ein Enzym, welches eine auf sphärischen Polymerkügelchen immobilisierte Lipase aus Candida antarctica Typ B ist, erhältlich von Novozymes, Dänemark.
Als Dispergiermittel A wurde eine Mischung von Emulgatoren verwendet, die ethoxilier- te Fettalkohole und Sorbitanfettsäureester enthält, zum Beispiel 51 ,72 Gew.-% Arlacel® P134 (Polyethylenglykol-30-dipolyhydroxystearat, Fa. Uniqema), 34,48 Gew.-% Span® 85 (Sorbitantrioleat, Fa. Uniqema) und 6,90 Gew.-% Cremophor® A6 (Ceteareth-6 und Stearylalkohol, Fa. BASF) und 6,9 Gew.-% Span® 80 (Sorbitanmonooleat, Fa. Uniqema), wobei die Gew.-% bezogen sind auf die Gesamtmenge Dispergiermittel.
Als Dispergiermittel B wurde ein Polyester-Polyethylenoxid-Polyester-Block- copolymerisat mit einer Molmasse >1000 g/mol verwendet, das durch Umsetzung von kondensierter 12-Hydroxystearinsäure mit Polyethylenoxid gemäß der Lehre der EP 0 000 424 B1 hergestellt wird (Hypermer® B-246, Fa. Croda).
Als Dispergiermittel C wurde ein Polyethylenglykolsorbitanmonooleat mit einem Ethoxi- lierungsgrad von 20 verwendet (Tween® 80).
Als Monomer wurde ε-Caprolacton zur Herstellung der polymerhaltigen Kapselhülle verwendet, zum Beispiel der Fa. Fluka mit einem Gehalt von >99%.
Als Effektstoff wurde ein fungizides Pflanzenschutzmittel verwendet, beispielsweise Triticonazol. Alternativ wurde ein Farbmittel, beispielsweise Basacid® Blau 756 (Cl. Acid Blue 9, Triphenylmethan-Farbstoff, beispielsweise erhältlich von BASF SE) als Effektstoff verwendet. Basacid Blau 756 ist unlöslich in Isopar® V, während er sich in Propylencarbonat und in Caprolacton löst. Als weitere Alternative wurde Propylencar- bonat als Effektstoff eingesetzt.
Zum Anfärben für die Lichtmikroskopie wurde der Farbstoff Sudan® Blau (Anthrachi- non-Farbstoff, Cl. Solvent Blue 79, erhältlich beispielsweise von BASF SE) verwendet. Er löst sich nur in sehr hydrophoben Medien, wie in Isopar® V und Polycaprolacton. Er ist in Wasser oder Propylencarbonat jedoch gering löslich.
Beispiel 1
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung von 80,0 g inverser Miniemulsion: 38,00 g teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat 2,00 g Dispergiermittel A 0,80 g ε-Caprolacton 39,20 g Propylencarbonat 0-10 μl Wasser
Das Dispergiermittel wurde in das Probengefäß eingewogen und im teilhydrierten Mineralöldestillat gelöst. Das Caprolacton und Propylencarbonat wurden unter starkem Rühren mittels Magnetrührer zur Ölphase gegeben, dann das Wasser zugesetzt und voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher wurde daraus unter Eiskühlung eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100%, Sonotrode H7). Mittels Lichtmikroskop (1000-fache Vergrößerung) wurde die Tropfengrößenverteilung der Miniemulsion mit 200-1000 nm bestimmt . Nach der Ultraschallemulgierung wurde zu jedem Ansatz 20 mg Enzym gegeben und bei 400C wurde die Miniemulsion 24 Stunden lang polymerisiert. Die Mikrokapseln hatten einen Teilchendurchmesser von 5 bis 20 μm (siehe Abbildung 1 ; zur Verdeutlichung wurde die Kapselhülle und die unpolare Phase mit Sudan Blau eingefärbt).
Wasserzusatz Ansatz A) 0 μl Wasser Ansatz B) 1 μl Wasser Ansatz C) 2 μl Wasser Ansatz D) 10 μl Wasser
Beispiel 2
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung von 20,0 g inverser Miniemulsion: 9,50 g Teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat 0,50 g Dispergiermittel A 0,20 g ε-Caprolacton
9,80 g Propylencarbonat 2 μl Wasser
Das Dispergiermittel wurde in das Probengefäß eingewogen und im teilhydrierten Mi- neralöldestillat gelöst. Das Propylencarbonat wurde unter starkem Rühren mittels Magnetrührer zur Ölphase gegeben, dann das Wasser zugesetzt und voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher wurde daraus unter Eiskühlung
eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100%, Sonotrode H7). Mittels Lichtmikroskop (1000-fache Vergrößerung) wurde die Tropfengrößenverteilung der Miniemulsion mit 200-1000 nm bestimmt. Nach der Ultraschallemulgierung wurde das Caprolacton zum Ansatz gegeben und vorsichtig eingerührt. 20 mg Enzym wurde zugegeben und bei 400C wird die Miniemulsion 24 Stunden lang polymerisiert. Die Mikrokapseln hatten einen Teilchendurchmesser von 5 bis 20 μm. Die Abbildung 2 zeigt Kapseln mit PoIy- caprolacton-Hülle in einer kontinuierlichen Phase von teilhydriertem Mineralöldestillat, das mit Sudan Blau eingefärbt wurde. Einzelne Bulk-Teilchen von Polycaprolacton wurden auch blau eingefärbt durch Sudan Blau.
Beispiel 3
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung von 20,0 g inverser Miniemulsion: 9,50 g Teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat
0,50 g Dispergiermittel A
0,20 g ε-Caprolacton
9,80 g Propylencarbonat
50 mg Basacid Blau 756 2 μl Wasser
Das Dispergiermittel wurde in das Probengefäß eingewogen und im teilhydrierten Mineralöldestillat gelöst. Im Propylencarbonat wurde unter Rühren mittels Magnetrührer das Basacid Blau gelöst, dann das Wasser zugesetzt. Die Propylencarbonatphase wurde zur Ölphase gegeben und voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher wurde daraus unter Eiskühlung eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100%, Sonotrode H7). Mittels Lichtmikroskop (1000-fache Vergrößerung) wurde die Tropfengrößenverteilung der Miniemulsion mit 200-1000 nm bestimmt. Nach der Ultraschallemulgierung wurden 20 mg Enzym zugegeben und bei 400C wird die Mini- emulsion 24 Stunden lang polymerisiert.
Die Mikrokapseln hatten einen Teilchendurchmesser von 5 bis 20 μm. Die Abbildung 3 zeigt Mikrokapseln, deren Kapselkern vom Effektstoff Basacid Blau gefärbt ist. Die kontinuierliche Phase ist farblos. Außerdem ist ein ca 10 μm großer, nicht gelöster Basacid Blau Kristall zu sehen und ein ca. 30 μm langes Partikel von Polycaprolacton.
Beispiel 4
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung von 20,0 g inverser Miniemulsion: 9,50 g Teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat 0,50 g Dispergiermittel A 1 ,0 g ε-Caprolacton
8,55 g Propylencarbonat 0,45 g Triticonazol
Das Dispergiermittel wurde in das Probengefäß eingewogen und im teilhydrierten Mineralöldestillat gelöst. Der Effektstoff Triticonazol wurde in Propylencarbonat und Caprolacton gelöst. Die Propylencarbonatphase wurde zur Ölphase gegeben und vor- emulgiert. Mittels Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher wurde daraus unter Eiskühlung eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100%, Sonotrode H7). Nach der Ultraschallemulgierung wurden 100 mg Enzym zugegeben und bei 60 0C wurde die Miniemulsion 24 Stunden lang gerührt. Nach der Polymerisation wurde eine Probe mit Paraffinöl verdünnt und mit Sudanblau angefärbt. Im Mikroskop bei 400-facher Vergrößerung waren deutlich Mikrokapseln (auch geplatzte) zu erkennen. Die Mikrokapseln haben einen Teilchendurchmesser von < 1 μm bis 10 μm. Bulkpolymer konnte nicht identifiziert werden. Durch Zugabe von Wasser Hessen sich die Mikrokapseln in die wässrige Phase überführen.
Beispiel 5
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung einer inversen Miniemulsion: 22,8 g Teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat 6,0 g ε-Caprolacton
19.2 mg D-Sorbitol 329 mg Triticonazol
1 ,20 g Dispergiermittel B Das Dispergiermittel wurde in einem Probengefäß vorgelegt und unter Rühren in teilhydriertem Mineralöldestillat gelöst. In einem weiteren Gefäß wurde Triticonazol in einem Gemisch aus Caprolacton und Sorbitol gelöst. Die homogenen Lösungen wurden sodann miteinander vermischt und durch Rühren mit dem Magnetrührer (60 min bei Raumtemperatur) voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschall (Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher) wurde hieraus unter Kühlung mit einem Eisbad eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100 % mit Sonotrode H7) und nach Zugabe von 100 mg Enzym 48 h bei 60 0C polymersiert. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen zeigen die erhaltenen sphärischen Teilchen mit Teilchengrößen von 1-10 μm.
Beispiel 6
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung einer inversen Miniemulsion: 45,60 g Paraffinöl 1 1 ,34 g ε-Caprolacton
18.3 mg Glycerin
60 mg Dispergiermittel C
658 mg Triticonazol 2,40 g Dispergiermittel B
Die Dispergiermittel wurden in einem Probengefäß vorgelegt und unter Rühren in Pa- raffinöl gelöst. In einem weiteren Gefäß wurden Triticonazol und Glycerin in Caprolac- ton gelöst. Die homogenen Lösungen wurden sodann miteinander vermischt und durch Rühren mit einem Magnetrührer 60 min bei Raumtemperatur voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschall (Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher) wurde hieraus unter Kühlung mit einem Eisbad eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100 % mit So- notrode H7) und nach Zugabe von 100 mg Enzym 48 h bei 60 0C polymersiert. Elekt- ronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen sphärische Teilchen mit Größen von 1-10 μm.
Beispiel 7
Folgende Mengen wurden eingesetzt zur Herstellung der inversen Miniemulsion: 120 g Teilhydriertes Mineralöldestillat 24,0 g Propylencarbonat 6,0 g ε-Caprolacton 19,2 mg D-Sorbitol 1 ,65 g Triticonazol 3,0 g Dispergiermittel B
Das Dispergiermittel wurde in einem Probengefäß vorgelegt und unter Rühren in teilhydriertem Mineralöldestillat gelöst. In einem weiteren Gefäß wurden Triticonazol und D-Sorbitol in einem Gemisch aus Caprolacton und Propylencarbonat gelöst. Die homogenen Lösungen wurden sodann miteinander vermischt und durch Rühren mit einem Magnetrührer 60 min bei Raumtemperatur voremulgiert. Mittels Ultraschall (Ultraschallprozessor UP 400S der Fa. Hielscher) wurde hieraus unter Kühlung mit einem Eisbad eine inverse Miniemulsion hergestellt (5 min, 100 % mit Sonotrode H7) und nach Zugabe von 100 mg Enzym 48 h bei 60 0C polymersiert. Bei Lichtmikroskopischen Aufnahmen (1000-fache Vergrößerung) zeigten die entstandenen Kapseln Teilchengrößen von 1-10 μm.
Claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mikrokapseln, enthaltend einen effektstoffhaltigen Kapselkern und eine polymerhaltige Kapselhülle, umfassend die Bildung der Kapselhülle mittels enzym katalysierter Polymerisation von Monomeren, welche in einer inversen Miniemulsion vorliegen.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , in dem die disperse Phase der inversen Miniemulsion eine polare Flüssigkeit umfasst.
3. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, in dem das Enzym eine Hydrolase umfasst.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, in dem das Enzym eine Lipase oder Esterase umfasst.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, in dem das Monomer ein Lacton umfasst.
6. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, in dem das Enzym eine Oxidore- duktase umfasst.
7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, in dem der Effektstoff ein Farbmittel, Kosmetikum, Pharmakum, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoff für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmittel für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder oder
Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel ist.
8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, in dem der Effektstoff ein Pflan- zenshutzmittel oder ein Düngemittel ist.
9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, in dem mindestens ein Freisetzer anwesend ist, welcher die Geschwindigkeit der Freisetzung mindestens eines Effektstoffes aus den erfindungsgemäßen Mikrokapseln beeinflusst.
10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, in dem der Freisetzer mindestens ein Enzym umfasst.
1 1. Mikrokapseln erhältlich mittels eines Verfahrens gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10.
12. Dispersionen enthaltend Mikrokapseln gemäß Anspruch 11.
Fig
13. Verwendung von Mikrokapseln erhältlich nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 als Komponente in Farbmitteln, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffen für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmitteln für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder oder Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel.
14. Verwendung von Dispersionen enthaltend Mikrokapseln erhältlich nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 als Komponente in Farbmitteln, Kosmetika, Pharmaka, Pflanzenschutzmittel, Düngemittel, Zusatzstoffen für Lebensmittel oder Tierfutter, Hilfsmitteln für Polymere, Papier, Textil, Leder, Anstrichmittel oder Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel.
15. Agrochemische Formulierung umfassend Mikrokapseln gemäß Anspruch 1 1 oder hergestellt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10.
16. Verfahren zur Bekämpfung unerwünschten Pflanzenwuchses dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die unerwünschten Pflanzen, den Boden auf denen die unerwünschten Pflanzen wachsen, oder deren Saatgüter mit einer Formulierung gemäß Anspruch 15 behandelt.
17. Verfahren zur Bekämpfung von unerwünschtem Insekten- oder Milbenbefall auf Pflanzen und/oder zur Bekämpfung von phytopathogenen Pilzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man die Pilze / Insekten, deren Lebensraum oder die vor Pilz- oder Insektenbefall zu schützenden Pflanzen oder Böden bzw. die Pflanzen, den Boden auf denen die Pflanzen wachsen, oder deren Saatgüter mit ei- ner Formulierung gemäß Anspruch 15 behandelt.
18. Saatgut behandelt mit einer Formulierung gemäß Anspruch 15.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP08736352A EP2142293A2 (de) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-18 | Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapseln |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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|---|---|---|---|
| EP07107015 | 2007-04-26 | ||
| EP08736352A EP2142293A2 (de) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-18 | Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapseln |
| PCT/EP2008/054702 WO2008132067A2 (de) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-18 | Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapseln |
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| EP08736352A Withdrawn EP2142293A2 (de) | 2007-04-26 | 2008-04-18 | Enzymatisches verfahren zur herstellung von mikrokapseln |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8263327B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2142293A2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2010524675A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN101668586A (de) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0810016A2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2682017A1 (de) |
| IL (1) | IL201174A0 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2009143560A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2008132067A2 (de) |
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| CA2664242A1 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2008-04-10 | Basf Se | Comb polymers and use thereof for the production of active or effective ingredient formulations |
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| PL2088856T3 (pl) * | 2006-11-30 | 2011-02-28 | Basf Se | Preparaty agrochemiczne zawierające kopolimery oparte na diizocyjanianach |
| PL2099292T3 (pl) * | 2006-11-30 | 2010-10-29 | Basf Se | Preparaty agrochemiczne zawierające kopolimery N-winyloamidu |
| CN101557705B (zh) | 2006-11-30 | 2015-01-07 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 包含基于烯属不饱和二羧酸单酯和二酯的共聚物的农业化学配制剂 |
| WO2010046286A1 (de) * | 2008-10-24 | 2010-04-29 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von effektstoff-haltigen mikropartikeln |
| CN102612362A (zh) * | 2009-08-05 | 2012-07-25 | 皮里斯股份公司 | 脂质运载蛋白突变蛋白的控制释放制剂 |
| AP3439A (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2015-10-31 | Mateo Herroro Maria Pilar | Insecticide and acaricide paints that inhibit chitin synthesis, regulate insect juvenile hormone andrepel arthropods, for controlling endemic disease s, pests and allergens |
| DE102010049754A1 (de) * | 2010-10-29 | 2012-05-03 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Enzymhaltige Miniemulsion |
| FR2984354A1 (fr) * | 2011-12-20 | 2013-06-21 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede de preparation d'alliage polymere/enzymes |
| KR101362479B1 (ko) | 2012-02-15 | 2014-02-12 | 주식회사 나노브릭 | 캡슐 및 그 제조 방법 |
| US9468207B2 (en) | 2012-04-12 | 2016-10-18 | Maria Pilar Mateo Herrero | Insecticide and acaricide paints that inhibit chitin synthesis, regulate insect juvenile hormone and repel arthropods, for controlling endemic diseases, pests and allergens |
| US9145340B2 (en) | 2012-08-13 | 2015-09-29 | Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc | Method of reducing atmospheric ammonia in livestock and poultry containment facilities |
| US9961922B2 (en) | 2012-10-15 | 2018-05-08 | Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc | Animal feed and/or water amendments for lowering ammonia concentrations in animal excrement |
| US11254620B2 (en) | 2013-08-05 | 2022-02-22 | Verdesian Life Sciences U.S., Llc | Micronutrient-enhanced polymeric seed coatings |
| TW201522390A (zh) | 2013-08-27 | 2015-06-16 | 特級肥料產品公司 | 聚陰離子聚合物 |
| WO2015035031A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 | 2015-03-12 | Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc | Polymer-boric acid compositions |
| CN104418971B (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-07-13 | 同济大学 | 葡萄糖氧化酶介导自由基引发体系及其制备水凝胶的方法 |
| US10519070B2 (en) | 2014-05-21 | 2019-12-31 | Verdesian Life Sciences U.S., Llc | Polymer soil treatment compositions including humic acids |
| WO2015179552A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 | 2015-11-26 | Verdesian Life Sciences, Llc | Polymeric compositions |
| CN104877790A (zh) * | 2015-04-01 | 2015-09-02 | 四川大学 | 制革用高效复配脂肪酶 |
| CA3010154A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Basf Se | Biodegradable polyester capsules comprising an aqueous core and a pesticide |
| CN105664810B (zh) * | 2016-03-04 | 2017-04-05 | 南京高正农用化工有限公司 | 一种可生物降解的羧甲基纤维素微囊及其制备方法 |
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| PL2099292T3 (pl) | 2006-11-30 | 2010-10-29 | Basf Se | Preparaty agrochemiczne zawierające kopolimery N-winyloamidu |
| JP5323715B2 (ja) | 2006-11-30 | 2013-10-23 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピア | 1−ビニル−2−ピロリジノンコポリマーを含む農薬製剤 |
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2008
- 2008-04-18 RU RU2009143560/05A patent/RU2009143560A/ru unknown
- 2008-04-18 BR BRPI0810016-0A2A patent/BRPI0810016A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-04-18 US US12/597,074 patent/US8263327B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-04-18 JP JP2010504643A patent/JP2010524675A/ja active Pending
- 2008-04-18 WO PCT/EP2008/054702 patent/WO2008132067A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2008-04-18 CA CA002682017A patent/CA2682017A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-04-18 CN CN200880013461A patent/CN101668586A/zh active Pending
- 2008-04-18 EP EP08736352A patent/EP2142293A2/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2009
- 2009-09-24 IL IL201174A patent/IL201174A0/en unknown
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| Title |
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| See references of WO2008132067A3 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| WO2008132067A3 (de) | 2008-12-31 |
| WO2008132067A2 (de) | 2008-11-06 |
| CN101668586A (zh) | 2010-03-10 |
| US20100120617A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
| US8263327B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
| BRPI0810016A2 (pt) | 2014-10-14 |
| JP2010524675A (ja) | 2010-07-22 |
| RU2009143560A (ru) | 2011-06-10 |
| CA2682017A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
| IL201174A0 (en) | 2010-05-17 |
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