Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
  • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
  • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
  • C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
  • C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
  • C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
  • C08F212/08—Styrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F236/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
  • C08F236/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
  • C08F236/04—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
  • C08F236/10—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated with vinyl-aromatic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F36/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
  • C08F36/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
  • C08F36/04—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
  • C08F36/06—Butadiene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
  • C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D125/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
  • C09D125/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
  • C09D125/08—Copolymers of styrene
  • C09D125/10—Copolymers of styrene with conjugated dienes
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
  • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
  • D21H19/44—Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
  • D21H19/56—Macromolecular organic compounds or oligomers thereof obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
  • Y10T428/31895—Paper or wood
  • Y10T428/31899—Addition polymer of hydrocarbon[s] only
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
  • Y10T428/31895—Paper or wood
  • Y10T428/31906—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer

Definitions

• the invention relates to aqueous polymer dispersions obtainable by emulsion polymerization of monomers in the presence of inorganic polymer particles (in short inorganic particles) which are dispersible in the aqueous phase without surface-active auxiliaries.
• the invention also relates to the use of these aqueous polymer dispersions as binders in paper coating slips.
• polymer dispersions are desired which have the highest possible solids content with the lowest possible viscosity.
• paper coating slips In addition to binders and water, paper coating slips generally also contain pigments and other auxiliaries.
• the paper coating slip as a whole have a low viscosity.
• a low viscosity also allows a higher solids content. Since less water has to be removed during drying, energy costs can also be saved.
• the performance properties of the coated paper z. B. resistance to mechanical stress, in particular pick resistance, optical appearance, z. B. smoothness and gloss, and the printability should be as good as possible.
• EP-A 1 479 744 the addition of polymeric silicon compounds, for.
• water-soluble alkali metal silicates described in pressure-sensitive adhesives to improve the adhesion.
• paper coating compositions which contain in addition to an emulsion polymer in water dissolved or dispersed polysilicic acid or dispersed Siliziumdi- oxide.
• Object of the present invention were polymer dispersions with the highest possible solids content and low viscosity, as well as paper coating slips with low viscosity and good performance properties.
• aqueous polymer dispersions according to the invention are obtainable by emulsion polymerization of monomers in the presence of inorganic polymer particles (in short inorganic particles) which are dispersible in the aqueous phase without surface-active auxiliaries.
• the polymer formed from the monomers is therefore an emulsion polymer.
• the emulsion polymer is preferably at least 40 wt .-%, preferably at least 60 wt .-%, more preferably at least 80 wt .-% of so-called main monomers.
• the main monomers are selected from C 1 -C 20 -alkyl (meth) acrylates, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids containing up to 20 carbon atoms, vinylaromatics having up to 20 carbon atoms, ethylenically unsaturated nitriles, vinyl halides, vinyl ethers having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms Alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and one or two double bonds or mixtures of these monomers.
• (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester having a Ci-Cio-alkyl radical such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
• mixtures of (meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters are also suitable.
• Vinyl esters of carboxylic acids having 1 to 20 carbon atoms are, for. As vinyl laurate, stearate, vinyl propionate, vinyl versatate and vinyl acetate.
• Suitable vinylaromatic compounds are vinyltoluene, ⁇ - and p-methylstyrene, ⁇ -butylstyrene, 4-n-butylstyrene, 4-n-decylstyrene and preferably styrene.
• nitriles are acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
• the vinyl halides are chloro, fluoro or bromo substituted ethylenically unsaturated compounds, preferably vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride.
• vinyl ethers are, for. As vinyl methyl ether or vinyl isobutyl ether. Preference is given to vinyl ethers of alcohols containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. As hydrocarbons having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and one or two olefinic double bonds may be mentioned ethylene, propylene, butadiene, isoprene and chloroprene.
• Preferred main monomers are C 1 -C 10 -alkyl (meth) acrylates and mixtures of the alkyl (meth) acrylates with vinylaromatics, in particular styrene (collectively also referred to as polyacrylate binder) or hydrocarbons having 2 double bonds, in particular butadiene, or mixtures of such hydrocarbons with vinylaromatics , in particular styrene (collectively also referred to as polybutadiene binder).
• vinylaromatics in particular styrene (collectively also referred to as polyacrylate binder) or hydrocarbons having 2 double bonds, in particular butadiene, or mixtures of such hydrocarbons with vinylaromatics , in particular styrene (collectively also referred to as polybutadiene binder).
• the emulsion polymer is therefore preferably at least 60% by weight of butadiene or mixtures of butadiene and styrene or at least 60% by weight of C 1 to C 20 alkyl (meth) acrylates or mixtures of C 1 to C 20 alkyl (meth) acrylates and styrene.
• the emulsion polymer therefore particularly preferably comprises at least 40% by weight, preferably at least 60% by weight, particularly preferably at least 80% by weight, in particular at least 90% by weight, of hydrocarbons having 2 double bonds, in particular butadiene. or mixtures of such hydrocarbons with vinyl aromatics, in particular styrene.
• the emulsion polymer may contain other monomers, for.
• monomers with carboxylic acid sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid groups.
• Called z. As acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid or fumaric acid and aconitic acid.
• the emulsion polymers have a content of ethylenically unsaturated acids, in particular from 0.05 wt .-% to 5 wt .-%.
• hydroxyl-containing monomers in particular Ci-Cio-hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylates, or amides such as (meth) acrylamide.
• the inorganic or organic polymer particles are those which are dispersible in the aqueous phase without surface-active auxiliaries. Accordingly, preferably no o- surfactant used to disperse the particles in water, a co-use of such aids is in principle possible.
• hydrophilic groups eg. As hydroxyl groups or primary amino groups, more preferably hydroxyl groups, are stable in water dispersible.
• Hydrophilic groups are for this purpose in particular on the surface of the (on) organic particles.
• silica sols may be mentioned.
• silica particles are formed.
• silcasol is understood to mean water-dispersed silica particles.
• the silica particles carry hydroxyl groups which are not condensed to form silica structures. These hydroxyl groups cause self-dispersibility of the silica particles; the concomitant use of other surfactants is therefore not required.
• the silica particles may be chemically modified, e.g. For example, the hydroxyl groups may be partially reacted with other compounds, thereby z.
• silica particles are available which contain other organic groups in addition to the hydroxyl groups, for. B. primary amino groups.
• B. primary amino groups are foreign atoms, in particular metal atoms of the III main group, z.
• boron or in particular aluminum incorporated into the silicon dioxide lattice structure. A content of such foreign atoms may be advantageous in particular at or in the vicinity of the surface of the silica particles.
• the silica particles may contain other ingredients (see above) or impurities, e.g. B. by other minerals.
• the content of such constituents or impurities is generally less than 10 wt .-%, more preferably less than 5, or less than 3 wt .-%, in particular less than 1 wt .-%, based on the silica particles.
• Suitable silica sols are, for. B. by the company HC Starck under the brand name Levasil ® available.
• the inorganic particles preferably have a weight-average particle diameter of less than 200 nm, in particular less than 150 nm, particularly preferably small particles. ner 120 nm and most preferably less than 80 nm; Preferably, the weight-average particle diameter is greater than 2 nm and in particular greater than 5 nm, particularly preferably greater than 10 nm and in particular greater than 20 nm.
• the content of the inorganic particles in the aqueous polymer dispersion is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by weight.
• the content is particularly preferably at least 0.5 parts by weight and very particularly preferably at least 1 part by weight of the inorganic particles per 100 parts by weight of emulsion polymer.
• the content is not more than 20 parts by weight and most preferably not more than 15 or. 10 parts by weight of the inorganic particles per 100 parts by weight of emulsion polymer.
• the preparation of the aqueous polymer dispersion according to the invention is carried out by emulsion polymerization
• ionic and / or nonionic emulsifiers and / or protective colloids or stabilizers are used as surface-active compounds.
• the surfactant is usually used in amounts of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the monomers to be polymerized.
• Water-soluble initiators for the emulsion polymerization are z.
• ammonium and alkali metal salts of peroxodisulfuric z.
• sodium peroxodisulfate, hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides eg. B. tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
• red-ox reduction-oxidation
• the amount of initiators is generally 0.1 to 10 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, based on the monomers to be polymerized. It is also possible to use a plurality of different initiators in the emulsion polymerization.
• polymerization regulators can be used, for. B. in amounts of 0 to 3 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers to be polymerized, by which the molecular weight is reduced. Suitable z.
• B. Compounds with a thiol group such as tert-butylmercaptan, thioglycolic acid ethylacrylic ester, mercaptoethynol, Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or tert-dodecyl mercaptan or regulator without thiol group, in particular z.
• the emulsion polymerization is generally carried out at 30 to 130, preferably 50 to 100 0 C.
• the polymerization medium can consist of water only, as well as mixtures of water and thus miscible liquids such as methanol. Preferably, only water is used.
• the emulsion polymerization can be carried out both as a batch process and in the form of a feed process, including a stepwise or gradient procedure.
• the feed process in which one submits a portion of the polymerization, heated to the polymerization, polymerized and then the rest of the polymerization, usually over several spatially separate feeds, one or more of which monomers in pure or in emulsified form, continuously , gradually or with the addition of a concentration gradient while maintaining the polymerization of the polymerization zone supplies.
• the polymerization can also z. B. be presented for better adjustment of the particle size of a polymer seed.
• the manner in which the initiator is added to the polymerization vessel in the course of the free radical aqueous emulsion polymerization is known to one of ordinary skill in the art. It can be introduced both completely into the polymerization vessel, or used continuously or in stages according to its consumption in the course of the free radical aqueous emulsion polymerization. In particular, this depends on the chemical nature of the initiator system as well as on the polymerization temperature. Preferably, a part is initially charged and the remainder supplied according to the consumption of the polymerization.
• the individual components can be added to the reactor in the feed process from above, in the side or from below through the reactor bottom.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion is obtainable by emulsion polymerization of monomers in the presence of inorganic polymer particles (short inorganic particles) which are dispersible in the aqueous phase without surface-active auxiliaries.
• the inorganic particles are dispersed in the aqueous phase without surfactants.
• the emulsion polymerization of the monomers is preferably carried out in the presence of the organic particle (s).
• the inorganic particles can be NEN be submitted before the emulsion polymerization in the polymerization or added during the emulsion.
• the addition of the inorganic particles may be continuous over the entire polymerization time or over a limited time interval.
• the inorganic particles may also be added during the emulsion polymerization in one or more batches.
• the aqueous phase in which the emulsion polymerization is carried out preferably contains more than 50% by weight of the inorganic particles, more preferably more than 70% by weight, very preferably more than 80% by weight and in particular more than 90 wt .-% of the inorganic particles before 90 wt .-% of all monomers which form the emulsion polymer, are polymerized.
• the content of the emulsion polymer and of the inorganic particles in the aqueous polymer dispersion (solids content) in a preferred embodiment is at least 50% by weight, in particular at least 55% by weight and very particularly preferably at least 60% by weight at least 65 wt .-%, based on the aqueous polymer dispersion.
• the aqueous polymer dispersion is suitable as a binder, in particular as a binder in paper coating slips.
• Ingredients include paper coating slips in particular
• auxiliaries for.
• the binder As the binder, the above aqueous polymer dispersion containing the emulsion polymer and the inorganic particles is used. Other binders, for. As well as natural polymers, such as starch, can be used. Vorzugswei- is the proportion of the above aqueous polymer dispersion (calculated as a solid, ie emulsion polymer and inorganic particles, without water) at least 50 wt .-%, more preferably at least 70 wt .-%, most preferably 100 wt .-%, based on the Total amount of binder.
• the paper coating slips preferably comprise binders in amounts of from 1 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably from 5 to 20 parts by weight, of binder, based on 100 parts by weight of pigment.
• Suitable thickeners b) besides synthetic polymers, in particular celluloses, are preferably carboxymethylcellulose.
• pigment d is understood here as inorganic solids. These solids are responsible as pigments for the color of the paper coating slip (especially white) and / or have only the function of an inert filler.
• the pigment is generally white pigments, e.g. As barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfoaluminate, kaolin, talc, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, chalk or coating Clay or silicates.
• the preparation of the paper coating slip can be done by conventional methods.
• the paper coating slips of the invention have a low viscosity and are well suited for the coating of z. B. raw paper or cardboard.
• the coating and subsequent drying can be carried out by customary methods.
• the coated papers or cartons have good performance properties; in particular, they are also readily printable in the known printing processes, such as flexographic, letterpress, gravure or offset printing. Especially in the offset process they produce a high pick resistance and a fast and good color and water acceptance.
• the papers coated with the paper coating slips can be used well in all printing processes, in particular in offset printing.
• the Brookfield viscosity was measured at 100 rpm and is reported in mPas. When silica sol Levasil ® 200A / 30 of the firm HC Starck was used (200 is the specific surface area (square meters per gram) at 30, the concentration in water).
• the total amount of feed 1A and feed 1 B was metered in continuously within 240 minutes and feed 2 within 270 minutes with constant flow rates. Over the entire metering time, the mass flows of feed 1 A and feed 1 B were homogenized just before they entered the reactor. Subsequently allowed to the reactor contents for 1 hour at 90 0 C to react further. Thereafter, the reactor contents were cooled to room temperature and the pressure vessel was relieved to atmospheric pressure. The coagulum formed was separated from the dispersion by filtration through a sieve (100 micron mesh).
• Feed 1 B homogeneous mixture of 1426 g of styrene 28 g of tertiary dodecylmercaptan
• the aqueous copolymer dispersion D1 obtained had a solids content of 56.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the aqueous dispersion.
• the Glass transition temperature was determined to 12 0 C and the particle size to 154 nm.
• the viscosities before / after neutralization are given in Table 1.
• the total amount of feed 1A and feed 1 B were metered in continuously within 240 minutes and feed 2 within 270 minutes with constant flow rates. Over the entire metering time, the mass flows of feed 1 A and feed 1 B were homogenized just before they entered the reactor. Subsequently allowed to the reactor contents for 1 hour at 90 0 C to react further. Thereafter, the reactor contents were cooled to room temperature and the pressure vessel was relieved to atmospheric pressure. The coagulum formed was separated from the dispersion by filtration through a sieve (100 micron mesh).
• Feed 2 263 g of a 7 wt .-% aqueous sodium persulfate solution
• the obtained aqueous copolymer dispersion VD had a solids content of 56.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the aqueous dispersion.
• the Glass transition temperature was determined to 13 0 C and the particle size to 159 nm.
• the viscosities before / after neutralization are given in Table 1.
• the solids contents were determined by drying a defined amount of the respective aqueous copolymer dispersion (about 5 g) at 140 ° C. in a drying oven until the weight remained constant. Two separate measurements were carried out in each case. The values given in the examples represent the mean value of these two measurement results.
• the determination of the glass transition temperature was carried out according to DIN 53765 by means of a DSC820 instrument, TA8000 series from Mettler-Toledo Int. Inc ..
• the average particle diameter of the polymer particles was determined by dynamic light scattering on a 0.005 to 0.01 wt .-% aqueous polymer dispersion at 23 0 C using an Autosizer IIC from. Malvern Instruments, England.
• the mean diameter of the cumulant evaluation (cumulant z-average) of the measured autocorrelation function (ISO standard 13321) is given.
• Brookfield viscosity was determined according to DIN EN ISO 2555 with spindle 3 at 20 and 100 rpm, 23 ° C, 60 sec.
• the pH was determined according to DIN ISO 976. The viscosity was measured before and after adjustment of the pH to 6.5.
• Coating color production According to the recipe, the corresponding amounts of the binders were added to an aqueous dispersion of pigments and homogenized with a quick-make. In the same way, other prescribed starting materials are incorporated. Synthetic co-binders or thickeners are expediently added as the last component, the amount being selected such that the desired viscosity is achieved.
• the viscosity is tested according to Brookfield, DIN EN ISO 2555, RTV at 100 rpm, 23 ° C., the spindle size being described as being based on the viscosity present.
• the coating colors were adjusted to pH 9 with 10% NaOH.
• a coated test paper (MZ II) repeatedly prints a coated paper strip at short intervals. After a few passes, there is a plucking that leads to spots and spots on the printed paper. The result is given as the number of prints until the first picking occurs.
• the water retention according to Gradek indicates how quickly a coating color dehydrates. Fast drainage is synonymous with poor running properties on the coating machine.
• the coating color is at a slight overpressure (0.5 bar) in a tube which is closed at the bottom with a polycarbonate membrane with a defined pore size (5 ⁇ m, diameter 47 mm).
• the penetrating water is absorbed by filter paper. The less water is released, the better the water retention and the better the running properties of the coating color.
• the amount of water is given in grams / square meter.
• the high shear viscosity is tested with rotary viscometers (in this case ThermoHaake rotary viscometer Rheostress 600).
• a low high-shear viscosity is synonymous with good running properties at high machine speeds (high shear rates on the blade), the indication is in mPas.
• the coating paint based on VD was not manageable because of the high viscosity.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Paper (AREA)
• Paints Or Removers (AREA)
• Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)

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• 2007
  • 2007-12-11 WO PCT/EP2007/063678 patent/WO2008071686A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2007-12-11 US US12/518,110 patent/US20100021754A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2007-12-11 CN CNA200780046294XA patent/CN101558085A/zh active Pending
  • 2007-12-11 EP EP07857373A patent/EP2102247A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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