EP2078087A1 - Procédé d'augmentation de la résistance aux pathogènes de plantes transgéniques - Google Patents

Procédé d'augmentation de la résistance aux pathogènes de plantes transgéniques

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Publication number
EP2078087A1
EP2078087A1 EP07821224A EP07821224A EP2078087A1 EP 2078087 A1 EP2078087 A1 EP 2078087A1 EP 07821224 A EP07821224 A EP 07821224A EP 07821224 A EP07821224 A EP 07821224A EP 2078087 A1 EP2078087 A1 EP 2078087A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
plant
acid molecule
sequence
seq
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP07821224A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Markus Frank
Patrick Schweizer
Dimitar Douchkov
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BASF Plant Science GmbH
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BASF Plant Science GmbH
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Application filed by BASF Plant Science GmbH filed Critical BASF Plant Science GmbH
Priority to EP12166996A priority Critical patent/EP2487245A3/fr
Priority to EP07821224A priority patent/EP2078087A1/fr
Publication of EP2078087A1 publication Critical patent/EP2078087A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
    • C12N15/8282—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for fungal resistance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for increasing the pathogen resistance in transgenic plants and / or plant cells, wherein a DNA sequence coding for a Hordeum vulgar Armadillo Repeat (HvARM) polynucleotide or a functional equivalent thereof, in the plant or plant cell introduced and expressed there.
  • HvARM Hordeum vulgar Armadillo Repeat
  • the present invention also relates to the use of nucleic acids encoding such a protein for the production of transgenic plants or plant cells having an increased pathogen resistance.
  • the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences which code for such a protein, which mediates an increased pathogen resistance in plants.
  • the invention relates to homologous sequences (ARM1) thereof, as well as their use in methods for achieving a pathogen resistance in plants, as well as nucleic acid constructs, expression casts and vectors comprising these sequences and which are suitable for mediating a fungal resistance in plants.
  • the invention further relates to these expression cassettes or vectors transformed transgenic organisms, in particular plants, derived cultures, parts or transgenic propagation material.
  • Plant diseases caused by various pathogens e.g. Viruses, bacteria and fungi caused by crop cultivation can lead to significant crop failures, which has economic consequences, but also threatens the safety of the human diet.
  • chemical fungicides have been used to control fungal diseases. Although the use of these substances has reduced the extent of plant diseases, it is still possible today that these compounds have a harmful effect on humans, animals and the environment.
  • genetic engineering manipulation e.g. by the introduction of external resistance genes or by the manipulation of endogenous gene expression in the plants to make targeted for the production of pathogen-resistant plants.
  • the invention relates to a method for increasing the resistance to one or more penetrating pathogen (s) in a monocot or dicotyledonous plant, or a part of a plant, eg in an organ, tissue, cell or part of a plant cell, eg an organelle, characterized in that a DNA sequence which codes for an armadillo repeat ARM1 protein and an increased pathogen resistance, preferably an increased fungal pathogen resistance, is introduced into the plant or plant cell and expressed there.
  • a DNA sequence which codes for an armadillo repeat ARM1 protein and an increased pathogen resistance, preferably an increased fungal pathogen resistance is introduced into the plant or plant cell and expressed there.
  • the invention relates to a method for increasing the resistance to one or more penetrating pathogen (s) in a monocot or dicotyledonous plant, or a part of a plant, eg in an organ, tissue, cell or part of a plant cell , eg in an organelle, characterized in that an endogenous DNA sequence which codes for an Armadillo Repeat ARM1 protein and an increased pathogen resistance, preferably an increased fungal pathogen resistance, in the plant, plant part or plant cell relative to the starting point or wild-type plant, or the part of which is increased, or that the endogenous gene sequence or preferably the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) is changed relative to the starting sequence.
  • an endogenous DNA sequence which codes for an Armadillo Repeat ARM1 protein and an increased pathogen resistance, preferably an increased fungal pathogen resistance, in the plant, plant part or plant cell relative to the starting point or wild-type plant, or the part of which is increased, or that the endogenous gene sequence or preferably
  • TIGS Transient Induced Gene Silencing
  • race-specific resistance is achieved in the method according to the invention.
  • a broad spectrum resistance against obligate biotrophic and / or hemibiotrohpe and / or necrotrophic fungi of plants, in particular against mesophyll and / or epidermis-penetrating pathogens can be achieved.
  • Armadillo Repeat motif was originally discovered in the segment polarity gene Armadillo from Drosophila melanogaster. It codes for a beta-catenin, which plays an important role in cell cell adhesion and cell differentiation.
  • Armadillo (Arm) Repeat proteins contain tandem copies of a degenerate sequence of approximately 42 amino acids, which encodes a three-dimensional structure for mediating protein-protein interactions (Azevedo et al., Trends Plant Sci. 6, 354 (2001) ). Most of these proteins are involved in intracellular signal transduction or in the regulation of gene expression in cellular development processes.
  • ARC1 belongs to the U-box subclass of Armadillo repeat proteins, which includes 18 genes in Arabidopsis (Azevedo et al., Trends Plant Sci. 6, 354 (2001)).
  • the U-Box is a mo- del consisting of approx. 70 amino acid residues.
  • Proteins are believed to form a third class of ubiquitin E3 ligases whose primary function is to establish the substrate specificity of the ubiquitination machinery (Hatakeyama et al., J. Biol. Chem. 76, 331 11 (2001)).
  • genes with a high homology to HvArm probably mediate similar functions.
  • the genes or the nucleic acids or proteins used have an identity of 40% or more, preferably 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%. or more compared to the respective sequence of HvARM (SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 63 [cDNA sequence with UTR] and protein sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, respectively).
  • the highest homology genes to HvArm from rice Acc #: XM_479734.1, XM_463544, AP003561, or XM_506432), tobacco (AY219234), and Arabidopsis (Acc.-No.
  • AK1 18613, AL138650, AL133314, AC010870, AY125543, AY087360, AB016888, AK175585, AL049655, AY096530 and AK1 18730) thus presumably perform functions similar to HvARM in the plant.
  • the homologous sequences are named "Armadillo Repeat ARM1" or "ARM1".
  • HvARM or HvARMI refer to such a sequence of barley, etc.
  • sequence (s) according to the invention is used for reasons of simplification, which, depending on the context, relates to the nucleic acid and / or amino acid sequences disclosed herein.
  • the polypeptide according to the invention which is encoded by a sequence according to the invention, has no U box in the 5'-UTR.
  • the invention consequently relates to a method for producing a plant with increased resistance to one or more plant pathogens, preferably with a broad spectrum resistance, in particular against fungal pathogens, for example from the class Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Chytridiomycetes or Oomycetes of powdery mildew fungi of the family Erysiphaceae, and more preferably of the genus Blumeria, by introducing and expressing a sequence according to the invention which is characterized in that it encodes a protein containing at least one armadillo repeat.
  • the protein contains two, more preferably more than two Armadillo repeats.
  • the cDNA encoding the protein comprises substantially no U box, i. either no U-box or no functional U-box.
  • the nucleic acid sequence of the invention i. that which codes for an Armadillo Repeat ARM1 protein which mediates an increased pathogen resistance, preferably an increased fungal pathogen resistance, and which is introduced and expressed in the process according to the invention into the plant or plant cell or a part thereof, or the same endogenous DNA sequence which is increased in the plant or plant cell relative to the starting or wild-type plant or its part, or wherein the endogenous gene sequence or preferably the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) relative to the starting sequence is changed is selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleic acid molecule which comprises at least one polynucleotide of the sequence shown in SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43 or 63;
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide whose sequence has an identity of at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% has the sequences SEQ ID No: 2;
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide recognized by a monoclonal antibody directed against a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecules of (a) to (c);
  • nucleic acid molecule which consists of a DNA library using a nucleic acid molecule according to (a) to (c) or its partial fragments of at least 15 nt, preferably 20 nt, 30 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, 200 nt or 500 nt can be isolated as a probe under stringent hybridization conditions;
  • the resistance to mesophyll- and / or epidermal cell-penetrating pathogens is preferably increased in particular.
  • the resistance is achieved by using a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, for example that of an ARM1 from rice (Acc. No .: XM_479734.1, XM_463544, AP003561, or XM_506432), tobacco (AY219234) and Arabidopsis (Acc. No NM_127878, AC004401, BT020206, AB007645, NM_115336, AK118613, AL138650,
  • methods known to those skilled in the art can also increase the endogenous expression or activity of one of these sequences, e.g. by mutation of a UTR region, preferably the 5 'UTR, a promoter region, a genomic coding region for the active site, for binding sites, for localization signals, for domains, clusters, etc. such as e.g. coding regions for coiled coil, HEAT, FBOX, LRR, IBIB, C2, WD40, Beach, U-box, or AND domains.
  • the activity can be increased according to the invention by mutations which influence the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure of the protein.
  • Mutations can be introduced, for example, by EMS mutagenesis. Domains can be identified by appropriate computer programs, such as SMART, or InterPRO, eg as described in Andersen P., The Journal of Biol. Chemistry, 279 (38) 40053 (2004) or Mudgil Y., Plant Physiology, 134, 59 (2004 ), and writings mentioned therein. The suitable mutants can then be identified eg by Tilling (eg according to Henikoff et al., Plant Physiol. 135 (2), 630 (2004)).
  • the introduction and expression of a sequence of the invention into a plant, or the enhancement or modification of an endogenous sequence of the invention, optionally one or both of the untranslated regions, in a plant is combined with an increase in polypeptide amount, activity or function other resistance factors, preferably a Bax inhibitor 1 protein (BI-1), preferably the Bax inhibitor 1 protein from Hordeum vulgare (GenBank Acc. No .: AJ290421), from Nicotiana tabacum (GenBank Acc. No .: AF390556) , Rice (GenBank Acc. No .: AB025926), Arabidopsis (GenBank Acc. No .: AB025927) and Tobacco and Rape (GenBank Acc. No .: AF390555, Bolduc N. et al., Planta 216, 377 (2003)) or ROR2 (eg from barley (GenBank Acc. No .: AY246906),
  • BI-1 Bax inhibitor 1 protein
  • SnAP34 eg from barley (GenBank Acc.-No .: AY247208) and / or the lumenal binding protein BiP eg from rice (GenBank Acc.No. AF006825)
  • An increase can be achieved eg by mutagenesis or overexpression of a transgene ,
  • a reduction in the protein amount or activity or function of the proteins RacB eg from barley (GenBank Acc. No .: AJ344223)
  • CSL1 eg from Arabidopsis (GenBank Acc. No .: NM116593)
  • HvNaOX For example, from barley (GenBank Acc.- No .: AJ251717)
  • MLO eg from barley (GenBank Acc.-No. Z83834) combined with the inventive method.
  • MLO activity or function of MLO, BI-1 and / or NaOX
  • WO 98/04586 WO 00/01722
  • WO 99/47552 the other writings mentioned below are reduced or inhibited, the content of which is hereby expressly and expressis verbis with recorded, in particular to describe the activity and inhibition of MLO.
  • the description of the cited documents describes methods, methods and particularly preferred embodiments for reducing or inhibiting the activity or function of MLO, the examples specifically state how this can be carried out.
  • BI-1 The reduction of the activity or function and optionally the expression of BI-1 is described in detail in WO 2003/020939, which is hereby expressly and expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the specification of the cited document describes methods and methods for reducing or inhibiting the activity or function of BI-1, the examples specifically indicating how this can be carried out.
  • the reduction or inhibition of the activity or function of BI-1 is particularly preferably carried out according to the embodiments particularly preferred in WO 2003/020939 and the examples and in the organisms shown there as particularly preferred, in particular in a plant, eg constitutively, or in a part thereof, eg in a tissue, but especially at least in the epidermis or a substantial part of the epidermal cells.
  • the increase in the amount of polypeptide, activity or function of Bax inhibitor 1 protein from Hordeum vulgare (GenBank Acc. No .: AJ290421), from Nicotiana tabacum (GenBank Acc. No .: AF390556), rice (GenBank Acc. No .: AB025926), Arabidopsis (GenBank Acc. No .: AB025927) or tobacco and oilseed rape (GenBank Acc. No .: AF390555, Bolduc N. et al., Planta 216, 377 (2003)) or of ROR2 (eg from barley (GenBank Acc.
  • an increase in expression can be achieved as described herein.
  • increasing expression or function herein is meant both activation or enhancement of expression or function of the endogenous protein, including de novo expression, as well as an increase or increase by the expression of a transgenic protein or factor.
  • Order in the context of the invention means “non-human organisms” as long as the term refers to a viable multicellular organism, preferably plants.
  • Plants in the context of the invention means all dicotyledonous or monocyledonous plants Preferred plants are those which can be subsumed under the class of the Liliatae (monocotyledoneae or monocotyledonous plants) The term includes the mature plants, seeds, shoots and seedlings, as well as derived parts, reproductive material, plant organs, tissues, protoplasts, callus and other cultures, for example cell cultures, as well as all other types of groupings of plant cells into functional or structural units.Red plants means plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
  • dicotyledonous plants include the mature plants, seeds, shoots and seedlings, as well as derived parts, propagates, plant organs, tissues, protoplasts, callus and other cultures, for example cell cultures, as well as all other types of groupings of plant cells into functional or structural units .
  • Mature plants means plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling. Keimling means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
  • Plant also includes annual and perennial dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants and includes, by way of example but not limitation, those of the genera, Bromus, Asparagus, Pennisetum, Lolium, Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum and Sac - charum.
  • the method is applied to monocotyledonous plants, for example from the family Poaceae, more preferably to the genera Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, and saccharum, most preferably to plants of agricultural importance , such as Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled), triticale, Avena sative (oats), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (maize), saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) or Oryza sative (rice).
  • the family Poaceae more preferably to the genera Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, and saccharum, most preferably to plants of agricultural importance , such as Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aesti
  • Epidermis tissue or epidermis means the outer layers of tissues of the plants, it may be monolayer to multi-layered, there is epidermis "enriched” gene expression, e.g. Cer3, which can serve as a marker (Hannoufa A. Plant J. 10 (3), 459 (1996)).
  • epidermis the skilled artisan preferably understands the predominant terminating tissue of primary aerial plant parts, such as the shoot, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, externally, the epidermal cells separate a water-repellent layer, the cuticle, and the roots are surrounded by the rhizodermis
  • the epidermis is similar in many respects, but also markedly different from it
  • the epidermis is formed from the outermost layer of the apicaemeristem, but the derivation of the rhizodermis is less clear Depending on the species, it can evolutionarily either the root cap or the primary bark be attributed.
  • the epidermis can be attributed numerous functions: It provides the plant protection against dehydration and regulates the transpiration rate It protects the plant from various chemical and physical external influences as well as animal and infestation by parasites. It is involved in gas exchange, the secretion of certain metabolites and the absorption of water. It contains receptors for light and mechanical stimuli. It acts as a signal transducer between environment and plant. According to the various functions, the epidermis contains a number of differently differentiated cells. There are also species-specific variants and different organization of the epidermes in the individual parts of a plant.
  • the "actual" epidermis cells the cells of the stomata (stomata) and the trichomes (Greek: trichoma, hair), epidermal appendages of various shapes, structures and functions.
  • epidermal cells constitute the major mass of the cells of the terminal tissue. They are either polygonal (of plate or tabular shape) or stretched in plan. The trained between them walls are often wavy or booked. What induces this form during development is unknown; the present hypotheses explain the situation only unsatisfactorily. Elongated epidermal cells are found on organs or organ parts which are self-stretched, e.g. on stems, petioles and leaf ribs as well as on the leaves of most monocotyledones.
  • the top and bottom of leaf blades may be covered by differently structured epidermis, whereby both the shape of the cells, the thickness of the walls, and the distribution and number of specialized cells (stomata and / or trichomes) per unit area may vary.
  • epidermis Most of the epidermis is single-layered, but have been detected in species from several families (Moraceae: here most Ficus species, Piperaceae: Peperonia [Peperonia], Begoniaceae, Malvaceae, etc.) multi-layered water-storing epidermis.
  • Cuticle which covers all epidermal surfaces as a continuous film. It can be either smooth or structured by protrusions, ridges, folds and furrows. However, a folding of the cuticle that is visible by viewing the surface is not always based on the formation of cuticular strips. There are certainly cases where a kutikulafaltung is only the expression of the underlying protuberances of the cell wall.
  • trichomes Epidermal appendages of various shapes, structures and functions are known as trichomes, also referred to herein as "epidermis” and appear as protective, supporting and glandular hairs in the form of dandruff, various papillae and roots as absorbing hair
  • Epithelial cells are involved in the formation of cells, often a trichome is formed from just one of these cells, sometimes several are involved in the formation.
  • papillae are protuberances of the epidermis surface
  • the textbook example of this is the papillae on flower surfaces of the pansy (viola tricolor) and the leaf surfaces of many species in the tropical rainforest. Forest. They give the surface a velvety consistency.
  • Some cells of epidermis can be designed as a water reservoir. A typical example is the bladder cells on the surfaces of many midday flowers and other succulents. In some plants, such as the campanula (Campanula persicifolia), the outer walls of the epidermis are thickened like a lens.
  • parenchymatous tissues The bulk of all tissues forms the ground tissue or parenchyma.
  • the parenchymatous tissues is the mesophyll, which may be differentiated in leaves in the parsed parenchyma and spongy parenchyma.
  • mesophyll the mesophyll
  • Parenchymatous cells are all living, mostly isodiametric, rarely elongated.
  • the pith of the shoots, the storage tissues of the fruits, seeds, the root and other subterranean organs are to be regarded as parenchyma as well as the mesophyll.
  • “Mesophyllic tissue” means the leaf tissue lying between the epidermis layers, consisting of the palisade tissue, the sponge tissue and the leaf veins.
  • the mesophyll is subdivided into palisade and sponge parenchyma in the leaves of most ferns and phanerogams, especially in the dicotyledons and many monocotyledons.
  • a "typical" leaf is dorsiventral built.
  • the palisade parenchyma is usually located on the upper side of the leaf just below the epidermis.
  • the sponge parenchyma fills the underlying space. It is interspersed with a voluminous intercellular system whose gas space is in direct contact with the outside world via the stomata.
  • the palisade parenchyma consists of elongated, cylindrical cells. In some species, the cells are irregular, sometimes they are forked (Y-shaped: armpalisadenparenchym). Such variants occur in ferns, conifers and a few angiosperms (for example in some ranunculaceae and caprifoliaceen species [example: elderberry]). In addition to the most widely used form of organization just described, the following variants have been demonstrated: Palisade parenchyma on the underside of the leaf. Especially noticeable in scale leaves. Example: Tree of Life (Thuja), as well as the leaves of wild garlic (Allium ursinum)
  • Palisade parenchyma on both sides of the leaf (top and bottom) is often found in plants of dry locations (xerophytes), e.g. in the compass plant (Lactuca serriola).
  • Ring-shaped closed palisade parenchyma is found, for example, in cylindrically organized leaves and in needles of the conifers.
  • the variability of the sponge parenchyma cells and the formation of the sponge parenchyma itself are even more diverse than those of the palisade parenchyma. It is usually referred to as a ventilation tissue, because it contains a large number of interconnected intercellular spaces.
  • the mesophyll may comprise the so-called assimilation tissue, but the terms mesophyll and assimilation tissue are not to be used as synonyms.
  • chloroplast-free leaves that differ only insignificantly in their structure from comparable, green leaves. Consequently, they contain mesophyll, but there is no assimilation; conversely, assimilation takes place, for example, in sprouts.
  • epidermis or epidermis cells can be characterized histologically or biochemically, including molecular biology.
  • the epidermis is characterized biochemically.
  • the epidermis may in one embodiment be characterized by the activity of one or more of the following promoters:
  • GLP4 acc. AJ310534; Wei.Y., Plant Molecular Biology 36, 101 (1998).
  • GLP2a acc. AJ237942, Swiss P., Plant J. 20, 541 (1999).
  • Prx7 acc. AJ003141, Kristensen B.K., Molecular Plant Pathology 2 (6), 311 (2001).
  • GerA acc. AF250933; Wu S., Plant Phys. Biochem. 38, 685 (2000).
  • RTBV acc. AAV62708, AAV62707; Klöti A., PMB 40, 249 (1999). Cer3; Hannoufa A., Plant J. 10 (3), 459 (1996).
  • the epidermis is characterized in that only a part of the promoters is active, e.g. 2, 3, 5 or 7 or more, but at least one of the above enumerated is active. In one embodiment, the epidermis is characterized in that all said promoters are active in the tissue or cell.
  • mesophyll or mesophyll cells can be biochemically characterized, including molecular biology or histology.
  • the mesophyll is biochemically characterized.
  • the mesophyll may in one embodiment be characterized by the activity of one or more of the following promoters:
  • PPCZmI PEPC
  • Kausch AP Plant Mol. Biol. 45, 1 (2001).
  • OsrbcS Kyozuka J. et al., Plant Phys. 102 (3), 991 (1993).
  • OsPPDK acc. AC099041.
  • TaGF-2.8 acc. M63223; Swiss P., Plant J. 20, 541 (1999).
  • TaFBPase acc. X53957.
  • TaWISI acc. AF467542
  • HvBISI acc. AF467539; US 2002201 15849.
  • ZmMISI acc. AF467514; US 2002201 15849.
  • HvPRIA acc. X74939; Bryngelsson et al., Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 7 (2), 267 (1994).
  • HvPRI b acc. X74940; Bryngelsson et al. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 7 (2), 267 (1994).
  • HvPrx ⁇ acc. AJ276227; Kristensen B.K., Molecular Plant Pathology 2 (6), 311 (2001).
  • HvPAL acc. X97313; Wei, Y. Plant Molecular Biology 36, 101 (1998).
  • the mesophyll is characterized in that only a part of the promoters is active, e.g. 2, 3, 5 or 7 or more, but at least one of those enumerated above. In one embodiment, the mesophyll is characterized in that all of the promoters mentioned are active in the tissue or cell.
  • all of the promoters mentioned are active in the epidermis of a plant used or produced according to the invention or a plant according to the invention in the epidermis and mesophyll. In one embodiment, only a portion of the promoters mentioned are active, e.g. 2, 5, 7 or more, but at least one of the promoters enumerated above is active in each case.
  • Nucleic acids means biopolymers of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds (polynucleotides, polynucleic acids) Depending on the type of sugar in the nucleotides (ribose or deoxyribose), a distinction is made between the two classes of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). ,
  • slaughter means all parts of plants obtained by agricultural cultivation of plants and collected during the harvesting process.
  • “Resistance” means preventing, repressing, reducing or attenuating disease symptoms of a plant that occur as a result of infestation by a pathogen.
  • the symptoms can be of a variety of types, but preferably include those which directly or indirectly lead to impairment of the quality of the plant, the quantity of the crop, the suitability for use as feed or food or even sowing, cultivation, harvesting or processing of the Harvest difficult.
  • the following disease symptoms are attenuated, reduced or prevented: formation of pustules and spore beds on the surfaces of the affected tissues, maceration of the tissues, spreading necrosis of the tissue, accumulation of mycotoxins e.g. from Fusarium graminearum or F. culmorum, penetration of the epidermis and / or mesophyll, etc.
  • an "increased pathogen resistance” means that the defense mechanisms of a particular plant or in a part of a plant, for example in an organ, a tissue, a cell or an organelle, by application of the method according to the invention in comparison to a suitable control, eg the wild type of the plant ("control plant", “starting plant”), to which the inventive method was not applied, under otherwise identical conditions (such as climatic or growing conditions , Pathogen species, etc.) has increased resistance to one or more pathogens.
  • control plant the wild type of the plant
  • starting plant to which the inventive method was not applied, under otherwise identical conditions (such as climatic or growing conditions , Pathogen species, etc.) has increased resistance to one or more pathogens.
  • a suitable control eg the wild type of the plant
  • starting plant e.g the wild type of the plant
  • the inventive method has increased resistance to one or more pathogens.
  • resistance is increased in the lemma, palea, and / or glume.
  • the increased resistance preferably manifests itself in a reduced expression of the disease symptoms, the disease symptoms also including, for example, the penetration efficiency of a pathogen into the plant or plant cell or the proliferation efficiency of the pathogen in or on the same, in addition to the above-mentioned impairments.
  • the disease symptoms are preferably reduced by at least 10% or at least 20%, more preferably by at least 40% or 60%, especially preferably by at least 70% or 80%, most preferably by at least 90% or 95% compared to the control plant.
  • the increased resistance expresses preference in a reduced expression of the disease symptoms, wherein disease symptoms - in addition to the above-mentioned impairments - also includes, for example, the penetration efficiency of a pathogen into the plant or plant cell or the proliferation in or on the same.
  • diseases in the cell wall structure can be a fundamental mechanism of pathogen resistance, such as e.g. shown in Jacobs A.K. et al., Plant Cell 15 (11), 2503 (2003).
  • Pathogen in the context of the invention means organisms whose interactions with a plant lead to the symptoms of the ailment described above, in particular pathogens refers to organisms from the kingdom of fungi. Pathogens are preferably understood to mean an epidermis or mesophyll cell-penetrating pathogen, particularly preferably pathogens which penetrate via stomata in plants and subsequently penetrate mesophyll cells. Organisms of the strains Ascomycota and Basidomycota are preferred. Particularly preferred are the families Blumeriaceae, Pucciniaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Hypocreaceae.
  • Ascomycota such as e.g. Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium wilt on tomato), Septoria nodorum and Septoria tritici (tuber fimbriae on wheat), Basidiomycetes such as e.g. Puccinia graminis (black rust on wheat, barley, rye, oats), Puccinia recondita (brown rust on wheat), Puccinia dispersa (brown rust on rye), Puccinia hordei (brown rust on barley), Puccinia coronata (crown rust on oats).
  • Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt on tomato
  • Septoria nodorum and Septoria tritici such as e.g. Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium wilt on tomato), Septoria nodorum and Septoria tritici (tuber fimbriae on wheat
  • the method according to the invention contributes to resistance
  • Puccinia graminis f.sp. hordei barley stem rust
  • Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei barley powdery mildew
  • Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (wheat mildew), Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, Puccinia striiformis, Septoria nodorum, Septoria tritici, Septoria avenae or Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Wheat stem rust), and / or
  • Puccinia purpurea Fusarium monilifonne, Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium oxysporum, and / or
  • nucleic acid (molecule) in a preferred embodiment also comprises the untranslated sequence located at the 3 'and at the 5' end of the coding gene region: at least 500, preferably 200, particularly preferably 100 nucleotides of Sequence upstream of the 5 'end of the coding region and at least 100, preferably 50, more preferably 20 nucleotides of the sequence downstream of the 3' end of the coding gene region. Also particularly preferred in the present invention are isolated nucleic acid sequences. An “isolated" nucleic acid molecule is separated from other nucleic acid molecules present in the natural source of the nucleic acid.
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid preferably does not have sequences that naturally flank the nucleic acid in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid originates (eg, sequences located at the 5 'and 3' ends of the nucleic acid; however, the above-mentioned embodiments including the 5 'and 3' UTR regions remain unaffected.
  • the isolated molecule may contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences that naturally contain the nucleic acid molecule in the genomic DNA of the cell, from which the nucleic acid is derived flank. All of the nucleic acid molecules mentioned here may be, for example, RNA, DNA or cDNA.
  • nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques and the sequence information provided herein. Also, with the aid of comparison algorithms, such as e.g. on the NCBI homepage at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, for example, a homologous sequence or homologous, conserved sequence regions at the DNA or amino acid level can be identified. Significant portions of this sequence or the entire homologous sequence can be used as a hybridization probe using standard hybridization techniques (such as described in Sambrook et al., Supra) to isolate further useful nucleic acid sequences from other organisms by screening cDNA and cDNA / or genomic banks are used.
  • standard hybridization techniques such as described in Sambrook et al., Supra
  • nucleic acid molecule according to the invention or a part thereof can be isolated by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers based on the sequences given here or parts thereof (eg, a nucleic acid molecule comprising the complete sequence or a part thereof, by polymerase chain reaction using isolated from oligonucleotide primers prepared on the basis of this same sequence).
  • mRNA can be isolated from cells (eg, by the guanidinium thiocyanate extraction method of Chirgwin et al., Biochemistry 18, 5294 (1979)) and therefrom by reverse transcriptase (eg, Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase, available from Gibco / BRL , Bethesda, MD or AMV Reverse Transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Russia, FL).
  • reverse transcriptase eg, Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase, available from Gibco / BRL , Bethesda, MD or AMV Reverse Transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Russia, FL.
  • Synthetic oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification can be prepared based on the sequences disclosed herein.
  • a nucleic acid of the invention may be amplified using cDNA or alternatively genomic DNA as a template and suitable oligonucleotide primers by standard PCR amplification techniques.
  • the thus amplified nucleic acid can be cloned into a suitable vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
  • Oligonucleotides which correspond to a nucleotide sequence which codes for a protein according to the invention can be prepared by standard synthesis methods, for example with an automatic DNA synthesizer.
  • fragment of DNA refers to portions of the DNA that encode a protein of the invention whose biological activity is to mediate an increase in pathogen resistance (preferably fungal pathogen resistance).
  • fragments of the protein refers to portions of the protein whose biological activity is to mediate an increase in pathogen resistance (preferably fungal pathogen resistance) in plants.
  • Armadillo Repeat Arm1 polypeptide or “Armadillo Repeat ARM1 protein” or “arm” or “A ⁇ m1” and their modifications means in the context of the invention a protein with one or more Armadillo repeats.
  • an Armadillo Repeat ARM1 protein is understood as meaning a protein with a homology to one of the amino acids shown in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 or amino acid sequences shown in the figures, eg an armadillo repeat ARM1 polypeptide from barley (HvARM) according to SEQ ID NO: 2 and / or Rice (Oryza sative) according to SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 8, and / or 10, and / or from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) according to SEQ ID NO .: 12 and / or from A.
  • HvARM barley
  • Rice Oryza sative
  • the invention relates to functional equivalents of the aforementioned polypeptide sequences.
  • polypeptide amount is meant, for example, the number of molecules or moles of armadillo repeat ARM1 polypeptide molecules in an organism, tissue, cell or cell compartment.
  • Increasing the amount of polypeptide means increasing the number of respective polypeptides in an organism, tissue, cell or cell compartment by a molar amount - for example, by any of the methods described below - as compared to a suitable control, e.g. the wild type (control plant) of the same genus and species to which this method was not applied, under otherwise identical conditions (such as culture conditions, age of the plants, etc.).
  • the increase is at least 5%, preferably at least 10% or at least 20%, particularly preferably at least 40% or 60%, very particularly preferably at least 70% or 80%, most preferably at least 90%, 95% or 99%, in particular 100%, more preferably more than 100%, preferably more than 150%, 200% or 300%.
  • Homology between two nucleic acid sequences means the identity of the nucleic acid sequence over the respective entire sequence length, which can be determined by comparison with the aid of the program algorithm GAP (Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, University of Wisconsin, Gene. tics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, USA; Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389 (1997)) using the following parameters:
  • Gap Weight 50 Length Weight: 3
  • Gap Weight 8 Length Weight: 2
  • sequence which has a homology of at least 80% polypeptide-based with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 a sequence understood that in a comparison with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 according to the above program algorithm with the above-mentioned parameter a homology of at least 80%.
  • Amiadillo repeat is meant a sequence containing tandem copies of a degenerate sequence of about 42 amino acids which encodes a three-dimensional structure for mediating protein-protein interactions (Azevedo et al., Trends Plant Sci., 6, 354 (2001)).
  • the polypeptide used in the method of the present invention or the polypeptide of the present invention has an activity involved in intracellular signal transduction or regulation of gene expression in cellular development processes.
  • the Armadillo repeat ARM1 protein is encoded, for example, by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having the sequence shown in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 , 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62;
  • nucleic acid molecule which comprises at least one polynucleotide of the sequence according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43 or 63;
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide whose sequence has an identity of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more to the sequences SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 having;
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide recognized by a monoclonal antibody directed against a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecules of (a) to (c);
  • nucleic acid molecule which under stringent conditions with a nucleic acid molecule according to (a) to (c) or its partial fragments consisting of at least 15 nucleotides (nt), preferably 20 nt, 30 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, 200 nt or 500 nt hybridized;
  • nucleic acid molecule which consists of a DNA library using a nucleic acid molecule according to (a) to (c) or its partial fragments of at least 15 nt, preferably 20 nt, 30 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, 200 nt or 500 nt can be isolated as a probe under stringent hybridization conditions;
  • polypeptide coding sequence of the invention has no U box in the 5'-UTR.
  • the activity of ARM1 in lemma, palea, and / or glume is increased.
  • “Introduction” or “introduction” in the context of the invention includes all methods which are suitable for introducing a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, directly or indirectly, into a plant or a cell, compartment, tissue, organ or semen thereof or there to generate.
  • the introduction can lead to a temporary (transient) or to a permanent (stable) presence of a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention.
  • Introduction includes, for example, methods such as transfection, transduction or transformation.
  • an expression cassette according to the invention into an organism or cells, tissues, organs, parts or seeds thereof (preferably in plants or plant cells, tissues, organs, parts or seeds) can advantageously be realized using vectors in which the Expression cassettes are included.
  • the expression cassette can be introduced into the vector (for example a plasmid) via a suitable restriction site.
  • the resulting plasmid is first introduced into E. coli cells. Correctly transformed E. coli cells are selected, grown and recovered the recombinant plasmid by methods familiar to those skilled in the art. Restriction analysis and sequencing can serve to verify the cloning step.
  • the vectors may be, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phages, viruses or agrobacteria.
  • the introduction of the expression cassette is realized by means of plasmid vectors. Preference is given to those vectors which enable a stable integration of the expression cassette into the host genome.
  • epitope is meant the specificity of antibody-determining regions of an antigen (the antigenic determinant). An epitope is therefore the part of an antigen that actually comes into contact with the antibody.
  • Such antigenic determinants are the regions of an antigen to which the T-cell receptors respond and subsequently produce antibodies that specifically bind the antigenic determinant / epitope of an antigen.
  • Antigens or their epitopes are thus able to induce the immune response of an organism with the consequence of the formation of specific - directed against the epitope - antibody.
  • Epitopes consist of e.g. from linear sequences of amino acids in the primary structure of proteins, or from complex secondary or tertiary protein structures.
  • a hapten is an epitope extracted from the context of the antigenic environment. Although haptens have by definition directed an antibody to themselves, haptens may not be able to recover after e.g. Injecting into an organism to induce an immune response.
  • haptens are coupled to carrier molecules.
  • DNP dinitrophenol
  • BSA bovine serum albumine
  • Haptens are therefore particularly (often low molecular weight or small) substances that do not trigger an immune response themselves, but very well when coupled to a large molecular weight carrier.
  • the antibodies thus produced are also those which can bind the hapten alone.
  • the present invention relates to an antibody to a polypeptide characterized herein, more particularly to a monoclonal antibody that binds a polypeptide comprising or consisting of an AA sequence according to the sequences set forth in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8 , 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 are shown.
  • Antibodies in the context of the present invention can be used for the identification and isolation of polypeptides disclosed according to the invention from organisms, preferably plants, particularly preferably monocotyledonous plants, or furthermore preferably dicotyledonous plants.
  • the antibodies may be monoclonal, polyclonal, or synthetic in nature, or may consist of antibody fragments such as Fab, Fv, or scFv fragments resulting from proteolytic degradation.
  • Single chain Fv (scFv) fragments are single-chain fragments which, linked by a flexible linker sequence, contain only the variable regions of the heavy and light antibody chains. Such scFv fragments can also be produced as recombinant antibody derivatives. A presentation of such antibody fragments on the surface of filamentous phage allows the direct selection of highly affine scFv molecules from combinatorial phage libraries.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the method described by Kohler and Milstein (Nature 256, 495 (1975)).
  • “Functional equivalents" of an Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 protein preferably means such polypeptides as those represented by the sequences SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 , 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 have homology of at least 40% and have substantially the same properties or functions. Preferably, the homology is 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, most preferably 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more.
  • Functional equivalence can be determined, for example, by comparing the phenotypes of test organisms after expression of the respective polypeptides under as identical conditions as possible.
  • Substantially equivalent properties of a functional equivalent means primarily conferring a pathogen resistant phenotype or conferring or increasing pathogen resistance to at least one pathogen in increasing the polypeptide level, activity or function of said functional armadillo repeat ARM1 protein equivalent in a plant, organ , Tissue, part or cells, in particular in epidermis and / or Mesophyllzel- len thereof, preferably as measured by the penetration efficiency of a pathogen as shown in the examples.
  • Aligninous conditions means that all framework conditions such as culture or breeding conditions, assay conditions (such as buffer, temperature, substrates, pathogen concentration, etc.) are kept substantially identical between the experiments to be compared and the approaches are determined solely by the sequence of the armadillo repeat ARM1 polypeptides, their source organism and optionally the pathogen to be compared.
  • “Functional equivalents” also means natural or artificial mutation variants of the Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 polypeptides according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 , 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 as well as homologous polypeptides from other monocotyledons and dicotyledonous plants, which furthermore have essentially the same properties. Preferred are homologous polypeptides from preferred plants described herein.
  • the sequences of other plants homologous to the Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 protein sequences disclosed in this invention may be e.g. by database searching or screening of gene banks - using the Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 protein sequences as a search sequence or probe - can be easily found.
  • Functional equivalents may e.g. also of one of the polypeptides according to the invention according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42 , 44, 60, 61 or 62 are derived by substitution, insertion or deletion and to these polypeptides homology of at least 40%, 50, 60%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, especially preferably have at least 98% and are characterized by substantially the same functional properties as the polypeptides according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62.
  • Functional equivalents are also those of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43 nucleic acid molecules derived by substitution, insertion or deletion, and have a homology of at least 40%, 50, 60%, preferably 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, most preferably at least 98% to one of the polynucleotides according to the invention according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43 and encode polypeptides having substantially identical functional properties as polypeptides according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 , 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62.
  • Examples of the functional equivalents of the Armadillo repeat ARM 1 proteins to be increased in the method according to the invention as shown in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 , 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 may be derived, for example, from organ- men, whose genomic sequence is known to find by homology comparisons from databases.
  • Nucleic acid sequences described as 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43, or parts thereof as a probe is a method familiar to those skilled in the art for identifying homologs in other species.
  • those of the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39 , 41, or 43 derived probes have a length of at least 20 bp, preferably at least 50 bp, more preferably at least 100 bp, most preferably at least 200 bp, most preferably at least 400 bp.
  • the probe may also be one or more kilobases long, e.g. 1 Kb, 1, 5 Kb or 3 Kb.
  • For the screening of the libraries can also be one of the under SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 , 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43 sequences complementary DNA strand, or a fragment thereof of a length between 20 bp and several kilobases.
  • Standard hybridization conditions is to be understood broadly and means stringent as well as less stringent hybridization conditions depending on the application. Such hybridization conditions are described, inter alia, in Sambrook J., Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. et al., In “Molecular Cloning (A Laboratory Manual)", 2nd Ed., CoId Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, pp. 9.31-9.57). or in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. described.
  • the conditions may be selected during the washing step from low-stringency conditions (approximately 2X SSC at 50 0 C) and high-stringency conditions (approximately 0.2X SSC at 50 0 C., preferably at 65 ° C) (2 O x SSC: 0 , 3M sodium citrate, 3M NaCl, pH 7.0).
  • the temperature may range from low stringency conditions at room temperature, about 22 ° C, to more stringent conditions. be raised at about 65 ° C. Both parameters, salt concentration and temperature, can be varied simultaneously or individually, keeping the other parameter constant.
  • denaturing agents such as formamide or SDS may also be used. In the presence of 50% formamide, hybridization is preferably carried out at 42 ° C.
  • Hybridization conditions may be selected, for example, from the following conditions:
  • Washing steps may be selected, for example, from the following conditions:
  • the hybridization conditions are chosen as follows:
  • a hybridization buffer containing formamide, NaCl and PEG 6000 is chosen.
  • the presence of formamide in the hybridization buffer destabilizes double-stranded nucleic acid molecules, allowing the hybridization temperature to be lowered to 42 ° C without lowering the stringency.
  • the use of salt in the hybridization buffer increases the renaturation rate of a duplex DNA, or the hybridization efficiency.
  • PEG increases the viscosity of the solution, which has a negative influence on renaturation rates, the presence of the polymer in the solution increases the concentration of the probe in the remaining medium, which increases the rate of hybridization.
  • the composition of the buffer is:
  • the hybridizations are carried out at 42 ° C for about 12 hours, for example overnight.
  • the filters are then 3x with 2x SSC + 0.1% SDS for about 10 min. gewa- see.
  • Gene expression and “expression” are to be used synonymously and mean the realization of the information stored in a nucleic acid molecule.
  • the "modification" of nucleotide or amino acid sequences according to the invention preferably comprises their mutations or mutations.
  • “Mutations” in the sense of the present invention means the modification of the nucleic acid sequence of a gene variant in a plasmid or in the genome of an organism. For example, mutations may arise as a result of errors in replication or may be caused by mutagens. The rate of spontaneous mutations in the cell genome of organisms is very low, but a variety of biological, chemical or physical mutagens and methods for random or targeted mutation of nucleotide sequences, and thus potentially also for altering the amino acid sequences encoded by them, are known to those skilled in the art ,
  • Mutations include substitutions, additions, deletions of one or more nucleic acid residues. Substitutions are understood as meaning the exchange of individual nucleic acid bases, a distinction being made between transitions (substitution of a purine for a purine base or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine base) and transversions (substitution of a pancy gene for a pyrimidine base (or vice versa).
  • Addition or insertion means the incorporation of additional nucleic acid residues into the DNA, which may lead to shifts in the reading frame.
  • Such frame shifts distinguish between “in frame” insertions / additions and “out of frame” insertions.
  • In “in-frame” insertions / additions the reading frame is preserved and a polypeptide increased by the number of amino acids encoded by the inserted nucleic acids is produced.
  • In “out of frame” insertions / additions the original reading frame is lost and the formation of a complete and functional polypeptide is no longer possible in many cases, depending of course on the location of the mutation.
  • Deletions describe the loss of one or more base pairs, which also result in "in frame” or “out of frame” shifts of the reading frame and the consequent consequences on the formation of an intact protein.
  • mutagenic agents useful for generating random or targeted mutations and the applicable methods and techniques are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Such methods and mutagens are e.g. described by van Harten A.M. ("Mutation breeding: theory and practical applications", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1998)), Friedberg E., Walker G., Siede W. ("DNA Repair and Mutagenesis", Blackwell Publishing (1995)).
  • Sankaranarayanan K. Gentile JM, Ferguson LR ("Protocols in Mutagenesis", Elsevier Health Sciences (2000)).
  • Chemical mutagens can be subdivided according to their mechanism of action.
  • base analogues eg 5-bromouracil, 2-aminopurine
  • monofunctional and bifunctional alkylating agents eg monofunctional such as ethyl methyl sulfonate, dimethyl sulfate or bifunctional such as dichloroethyl sulfite, mitomycin, nitrosoguanidine dialkylnitrosamine, N-nitrosoguanidine derivatives
  • intercalating Substances eg acridine, ethidium bromide.
  • Ionizing radiations are electromagnetic waves or particle radiations that are able to ionize molecules, ie to remove them from these electrons. The remaining ions are usually very reactive, so that if they arise in living tissue, they can cause great damage, for example to the DNA and (at low intensity) thereby induce mutations.
  • Ionizing radiations are, for example, gamma radiation (photon energy of about one megaelectron volt MeV), x-radiation (photon energy of several or many kiloelectron volts keV) or ultraviolet light (UV light, photon energy of more than 3.1 eV). UV light causes the formation of dimers between bases, most commonly thymidine dimers, which give rise to mutations.
  • EMS Ethylmethylsulfonate
  • Borchler JA Schwartz D., Biochem Genet 17 (1 1-12), 1173 (1979); Hoffmann GR, Mutat. Res. 75 (1), 63 (1980)
  • ionizing radiation by the use of biological mutagens eg Transposons (eg Tn5, Tn903, Tn916, TnIO00, Balcells et al., 1991, May BP et al., Proc Natl Acad., USA 100 (20), 11541 (2003)) or molecular biology methods such as mutagenesis Biol. 20 (5), 963 (1992)) by T-DNA insertion (Feldman KA, Plant J. 1, 71 (1991), Koncz et al., Plant Mol.
  • polypeptides for the process according to the invention which are obtained as a result of a mutation of a nucleotide sequence coding for a polypeptide according to the invention, e.g. according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 receives.
  • transgene is meant, for example, a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette or a vector containing said nucleic acid sequence or an organism transformed with said nucleic acid sequence, expression cassette or vector, all such genetically engineered constructions or organisms in which either
  • Natural genetic environment means the natural chromosomal locus in the lineage or the presence in a genomic library.
  • the natural, genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably at least partially preserved.
  • the environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp, preferably at least 500 bp, more preferably at least 1000 bp, most preferably at least 5000 bp.
  • non-natural, synthetic methods such as For example, a mutagenization is changed.
  • Corresponding methods are described (US 5,565,350, WO 00/15815).
  • the enhancement of pathogen resistance according to the invention can also be achieved by limiting the expression of the plant's own, i. endogenous protein which corresponds to the protein according to the invention or an endogenous nucleotide sequence which represents a sequence according to the invention and which may also comprise the 5 'and / or 3' UTR region. It is therefore a plant-specific nucleotide or peptide sequence which mediates an increase in the pathogen resistance and which preferably has one or more arm dilillope repeat sequences, or an amino acid sequence according to the invention which codes for such a protein.
  • This manipulation can be achieved by any alteration of the sequence, preferably a mutation, but can also be achieved, for example, by a change in the promoter DNA sequence of the protein-encoding gene.
  • Such a change which results in an altered, preferably increased expression rate of the endogenous gene according to the invention, can be effected by deletion or insertion of DNA sequences.
  • a change in the 5'-UTR region as a whole and / or the promoter sequence of endogenous genes according to the invention generally leads to a change in the expressed amount of the gene and / or the function of the expressed gene or gene product, and thus preferably also to a change in the detectable in the cell or plants activity.
  • the alteration of the 5 'UTR region as a whole and / or the promoter sequence of the endogenous gene according to the invention can also lead to a change in the amount and / or function of a protein according to the invention in the cell.
  • Another way to increase the activity and content of the endogenous protein of the invention is to use transcription factors involved in the transcription of the corresponding endogenous gene, e.g. upregulate by overexpression.
  • transcription factors involved in the transcription of the corresponding endogenous gene e.g. upregulate by overexpression.
  • the measures for the overexpression of transcription factors are known to the person skilled in the art and are likewise disclosed in the context of the present invention for proteins according to the invention.
  • an increased expression of an endogenous gene according to the invention can be achieved in that a regulatory protein which does not occur in the non-transformed organism interacts with the promoter of these genes.
  • a regulatory protein which does not occur in the non-transformed organism interacts with the promoter of these genes.
  • a regulator may be a chimeric protein consisting of a DNA binding domain and a transcriptional activator domain, as described, for example, in WO 96/06166.
  • transformation a variety of methods are available (Keown et al., Methods in Enzymology 185, 527 (1990)).
  • the DNA or RNA can be introduced directly by microinjection or by bombardment with DNA-coated microparticles.
  • the cell can be permeabilized chemically, for example with polyethylene glycol, so that the DNA can enter the cell by diffusion.
  • the DNA can also be introduced into the cell by protoplast fusion with other DNA-containing moieties such as minicells, cells, lysosomes or liposomes. Electroporation is another suitable method for introducing DNA, in which the cells are reversibly permeabilized by an electrical pulse.
  • transformation can also be carried out by bacterial infection by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
  • Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The methods are described, for example, in Horsch et al. Science 225, 1229 (1985).
  • the expression cassette should be integrated into special plasmids, which may either be an intermediate vector (English: Shuttle or Intermediate Vector) or a binary vector. If a Ti or Ri plasmid is used for transformation, at least the right border, but in most cases both the right and the left boundary of the Ti or Ri plasmid T-DNA is connected as flanking region with the introduced expression cassette.
  • binary vectors are used. Binary vectors can replicate in both E. coli and Agrobacterium. They usually contain a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker flanked by the right and left T-DNA restriction sequences. They can be transformed directly into Agrobacterium (Holsters et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.
  • the selection marker gene for example, the nptll gene, which confers resistance to kanamycin, allows selection of transformed agrobacteria.
  • the Agrobacterium acting as host organism in this case should already contain a helper Ti plasmid with the vir region, which is required for the transfer of the T-DNA to the plant cell.
  • Such transformed Agrobacterium can be used to transform plant cells.
  • the use of T-DNA to transform plant cells has been extensively studied and described (EP 120 516, Hoekema, The Binary Plant Vector System, Offsetdrukkerij Kanters BV, Alblasserdam, Chapter V. An et al., EMBO J. 4 , 277 (1985)).
  • Various binary vectors are known and are partially commercially available such as, for example, pBI101.2 or pBIN19 (Clontech Laboratories, Inc. USA).
  • plasmid In the case of injection or electroporation of DNA or RNA into plant cells, no special requirements are placed on the plasmid used. Simple plasmids such as the pUC series can be used. If complete plants are to be regenerated from the transformed cells, it is necessary that an additional selectable marker gene be present on the plasmid.
  • Stably transformed cells i. those which incorporate the introduced DNA integrally into the DNA of the host cell can be distinguished from untransformed if a selectable marker is part of the introduced DNA (McCormick et al., Plant Cell Reports 5, 81 (1986)).
  • a selectable marker is part of the introduced DNA.
  • any gene capable of conferring resistance to antibiotics or herbicides can function as a marker.
  • Transformed cells expressing such a marker gene are capable of surviving in the presence of concentrations of a corresponding antibiotic or herbicide that kill an untransformed wild-type.
  • Examples include the bar gene conferring resistance to the herbicide phosphinotricin (Rathore et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 21 (5), 871 (1993)), the nptll gene conferring resistance to kanamycin, the hpt- Gene conferring resistance to hygromycin, or the EPSP gene conferring resistance to the herbicide glyphosate.
  • the resulting plants can be grown and crossed in the usual way. Two or more generations should be cultured to ensure that genomic integration is stable and hereditary.
  • the construct to be expressed is cloned into a vector which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example into pBini 9 (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 8711 (1984)).
  • a complete plant can be obtained using methods known to those skilled in the art. This is an example of callus cultures. From these still undifferentiated cell masses, the image of shoot and root can be induced in a known manner. The obtained sprouts can be planted out and bred.
  • a further subject of the present invention is a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising the following elements in the 5'-3 'orientation:
  • regulatory sequences of a promoter active in plant cells operatively linked thereto a DNA sequence according to the invention, optionally operatively linked thereto regulatory sequences which can serve as transcription, termination and / or polyadenylation signals in the plant cell.
  • said expression constructs / expression cassettes is a nucleic acid molecule whose expression (transcription and optionally translation) generates an "Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 protein compound", preferably in functional linkage with at least one genetic control element (for example a promoter), which ensures expression in plants - tet.
  • at least one genetic control element for example a promoter
  • plant-specific genetic control elements for example promoters
  • the "Armadillo Repeat ARM1 Protein Compound” can also be produced in other organisms or in vitro and then introduced into the plant. All prokaryotic or eukaryotic genetic control elements (for example promoters) which permit expression in the particular plant selected for the production are preferred in this.
  • operatively linked or “functionally linked” is meant, for example, the sequential arrangement of a promoter with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed (for example an “armadillo repeat ARM1 protein compound") and, if appropriate, further regulative Elements such as a terminator such that each of the regulatory (or regulatory) elements can fulfill its function in the transgenic expression of the nucleic acid sequence, depending on the arrangement of the nucleic acid sequences to sense or anti-sense RNA. This does not necessarily require a direct link in the chemical sense. Genetic control sequences, such as enhancer sequences, may also exert their function on the target sequence from more distant locations or even from other DNA molecules.
  • the distance between the promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically is preferably less than 200 base pairs, more preferably less than 100 base pairs, most preferably less than 50 base pairs.
  • sequences can also be positioned between the two sequences, which, for example, have the function of a linker with specific restriction enzyme cleavage sites or a signal peptide.
  • insertion of sequences may result in the expression of fusion proteins.
  • the expression cassette consisting of a linkage of promoter and nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, can be present integrated in a vector and inserted into a plant genome by, for example, transformation.
  • the method according to the invention can advantageously be combined with further methods which bring about a pathogen resistance (for example against insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes etc.), stress resistance or another improvement of the plant properties.
  • a pathogen resistance for example against insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes etc.
  • stress resistance or another improvement of the plant properties. Examples are u.a. referred to as Dunwell J.M., J. Exp. Bot. 51, (Spec No.) 487 (2000).
  • the production or enhancement of the function of an Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 protein in a plant is combined with an increase in the activity of a Bax inhibitor 1 protein.
  • This can be accomplished, for example, by expression of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Bax inhibitor-1 protein, e.g. in mesophyll tissue and / or root tissue.
  • Nicotiana tabacum particularly preferred.
  • Another object of the invention relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding nucleic acid molecules for armadillo repeat ARM1 proteins from barley according to the polynucleotides SEQ.
  • Another object of the invention relates to the armadillo repeat ARM1 protein from barley according to SEQ. ID No .: 2 or one comprising these sequences, as well as functional equivalents thereof which are not one of the sequences of SEQ ID Nos. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, or 44, respectively.
  • transgenic expression cassettes comprising one of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention.
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Armadillo-Repeat ARM1 proteins from barley, wheat and maize is linked to at least one genetic control element as defined above in such a way that expression (transcription and optionally translation) in any organism - preferably in monocotyledonous plants - can be realized. Suitable genetic control elements are described above.
  • the transgenic expression cassettes may also contain other functional elements as defined above.
  • Such expression cassettes contain, for example, a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, e.g. one which is essentially identical to a nucleic acid molecule according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35 , 37, 39, 41, or 43 or a fragment according to the invention thereof, wherein said nucleic acid sequence is preferably in sense orientation or in antisense orientation to a promoter and thus can lead to the expression of sense or antisense RNA, wherein said promoter is an active in plants promoter, preferably a pathogen-inducible promoter.
  • transgenic vectors which include said transgenic expression cassettes.
  • Plant-specific promoters basically means any promoter that can control the expression of genes, in particular foreign genes, in plants or plant parts, cells, tissues, cultures.
  • the expression may be, for example, constitutive, inducible or developmentally dependent.
  • Constant promoter means those promoters which ensure expression in numerous, preferably all, tissues over a longer period of plant development, preferably at all times of plant development.
  • a plant promoter or a promoter derived from a plant virus Particularly preferred is the promoter of the 35S transcript of CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus) (Franck et al., Cell 21, 285 (1980); Odell et al., Nature
  • the ubiquitin 1 promoter (Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 675 (1992); Bruce et al., Acac., USA, 86, 9692 (1989)), the Smas promoter, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (US 5,683,439), the promoters of the vacuolar ATPase subunits or the promoter of a proline-rich protein from wheat (WO 91 / 13991), as well as other promoters of genes whose constitutive expression in plants is known to the person skilled in the art.
  • constitutive promoter particularly preferred is the
  • A. thaliana nitrilase-1 (nit1) gene (GenBank Acc. No .: Y07648.2, nucleotides 2456-4340, Hillebrand et al., Gene 170, 1997 (1996)).
  • promoters having specificities for the anthers, ovaries, flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds are used.
  • Seed-specific promoters are, for example, the promoter of phaseolin (US 5,504,200, Bustos et al., Plant Cell 1 (9), 839 (1989)), 2S-albumining (Joseffson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12196 (1987)), the legume (Shirsat et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 215 (2), 326 (1989)), the USP (unknown seed protein, Bäumlein et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 3), 459 (1991)), the napin gene (US 5,608,152, Stalberg et al., L.
  • phaseolin US 5,504,200, Bustos et al., Plant Cell 1 (9), 839 (1989)
  • 2S-albumining Jaseffson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262, 12196 (1987)
  • the legume Shirsat et al., Mol. Gen. Genet.,
  • seed-specific promoters are those of the genes coding for the High Molecular Weight Glutenin (HMWG), gliadin, branching enzyme, ADP-glucose pyrophosphatase (AGPase) or the starch synthase. Further preferred are
  • Promoters that allow seed-specific expression in monocotyledons such as corn, barley, wheat, rye, rice, etc.
  • the promoters of the lpt2 or lpt1 gene (WO 95/15389, WO 95/23230) or the promoters described in WO 99/16890 (promoters of the hordein gene, the glutelin gene, the oryzine gene , the prolamine gene, the gliadin gene, the zein gene, the kasirin gene or the
  • Tuber, storage-root or root-specific promoters are, for example, the platinum promoter class I (B33) and the promoter of the cathepsin D inhibitor from potato.
  • Leaf-specific promoters are, for example, the promoter of the cytosolic FBPase from potato (WO 97/05900), the SSU promoter (small subunit) of Rubisco (ribulose). 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase) or potato ST-LSI promoter (Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8, 2445 (1989)).
  • Epidermis-specific promoters are, for example, the promoter of the OXLP gene ("oxalate oxidase-like protein"; Wei et al., Plant Mol. Biol.
  • tissue specific promoters are e.g. Flower specific promoters such as the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635) or the promoter of the Prr gene (WO 98/22593) and anther specific promoters such as the 5126 promoter (US 5,689,049, US 5,689,051), the global Promoter and the ⁇ -zein promoter.
  • Flower specific promoters such as the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635) or the promoter of the Prr gene (WO 98/22593)
  • anther specific promoters such as the 5126 promoter (US 5,689,049, US 5,689,051), the global Promoter and the ⁇ -zein promoter.
  • the expression cassettes may also contain a chemically inducible promoter (reviewed in Gatz et al., Annu Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol. Biol., 48, 89 (1997)), which expresses the expression of the exogenous gene in the plant Timing can be controlled.
  • a chemically inducible promoter as e.g. Biol. 22: 361 (1993)
  • a salicylic acid inducible promoter WO 95/19443
  • a benzenesulfonamide inducible promoter EP 0 388 186
  • a tetracycline inducible promoter Promoter (Gatz et al., Plant J. 2, 397 (1992))
  • an abscisic inducible promoter EP 0 335 528) or an inducible by ethanol or cyclohexanone promoter (WO 93/21334)
  • WO 93/21334 can also be used .
  • active promoters which are pathogen-inducible promoters are used in plants.
  • Pathogen-inducible promoters include the promoters of genes induced as a result of pathogen attack, such as genes of PR proteins, SAR proteins, ⁇ -1,3-glucanase, chitinase, etc. (for example, Redolfi et al., Neth Plant Pathol 89, 245 (1983), Uknes et al., Plant Cell 4, 645 (1992); Van Loon Plant Mol. Viral.
  • wound inducible promoters such as the pinll gene (Ryan, Ann., Rev. Phytopath, 28, 425 (1990), Duan et al., Nat. Biotech., 14, 494 (1996)), the Woo1 and wun2 gene (US 5,428,148), the win1 and win2 genes (Stanford et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 215, 200 (1989)), the systemin gene (McGurl et al., Science 225, 1570 (1990); 1992)), the WIP1 gene (Rohmeier et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22, 783 (1993), Eckelkamp et al., FEBS Letters 323, 73 (1993)), the MPI gene (Corderok et al. , Plant J. 6 (2), 141 (1994)) and the like.
  • a source of further pathogen-inducible promoters is the PR gene family.
  • a number of elements in these promoters have proven to be advantageous.
  • the nucleotide region of nucleotide -364 to nucleotide -288 in the promoter of PR-2d mediates salicylate specificity (Buchel et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 30, 493 (1996)).
  • the sequence 5'-TCATCTTCTT-3 'appears repeatedly in the promoter of the barley ß-1, 3-glucanase and in more than 30 other stress-induced genes. This region binds a nuclear protein in tobacco, the amount of which is increased by salicylate.
  • the PR-1 promoters from tobacco and Arabidopsis are likewise suitable as pathogen-inducible promoters.
  • the "acidic PR-5" (aPR5) promoters are from barley (Schweizer et al., Plant Physiol. 114, 79 (1997)) and wheat (Rebmann et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 16, 329 (1991)).
  • aPR5 proteins accumulate in about 4 to 6 hours after pathogen attack and show very little
  • pathogen-inducible promoters include the flax Fis1 promoter (WO 96/34949), the Vst1 promoter (Schubert et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 34, 417 (1997)) and the tobacco EAS4 sesquiterpene cyclase promoter (US 6,100,451).
  • promoters induced by biotic or abiotic stress such as the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene (or gst1 promoter, for example). Biol. 22, 361 (1993)), the heat-inducible hsp70 or hsp ⁇ O promoter from tomato (US 5,187,267), the cold-inducible alpha-amylase promoter from the Potato (WO 96/12814), the light-inducible PPDK promoter or the wound-induced pinII promoter (EP-A 0 375 091).
  • the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene or gst1 promoter, for example.
  • Mesophyllic tissue means the leaf tissue lying between the epidermis layers, consisting of the palisade tissue, the sponge tissue and the leaf veins.
  • mesophyll tissue-specific promoters such as, for example, the promoter of the wheat germin 9f-3.8 gene
  • GenBank Acc. No .: M63224 or the barley GerA promoter (WO 02/057412). Said promoters are particularly advantageous because they are both mesophyll tissue-specific and pathogen-inducible. Also suitable is the mesophyll tissue specific Arabidopsis CAB-2 promoter (GenBank Acc. No .: X15222), as well as the Zea mays PPCZmI promoter (GenBank Acc. No .: X63869) or homologs thereof.
  • Mesophyll tissue-specific means a restriction of transcription of a gene to as few mesophyll tissue-containing plant tissue as possible due to the specific interaction of cis elements present in the promoter sequence and transcription factors binding to it, preferably a transcription restricted to the mesophyll tissue.
  • PPCZmI PEPC; Kausch, Plant Mol.
  • Epidermis tissue or epidermis means the outer tissue layers of the plants
  • Epidermis can be one to several layers; there is epidermis-enriched gene expression, such as Cer3, which can serve as a marker (Hannoufa, Plant J. 10 (3), 459 (1996)).
  • the skilled artisan preferably understands the predominant terminal tissue of primary aerial plant parts, such as the shoot, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.
  • suitable promoters are, for example, fertility-specific promoters, such as, for example, the fruit maturation-specific promoter from tomato (WO 94/21794, EP 409 625).
  • Developmentally-dependent promoters include, in part, the tissue-specific promoters, since the formation of individual tissues is naturally development-dependent.
  • constitutive, as well as leaf and / or stem-specific, pathogen-inducible, root-specific, mesophyll-tissue-specific promoters wherein constitutive, pathogen-inducible, mesophyll-tissue-specific and root-specific promoters are most preferred.
  • promoters may also be operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, which allow expression in other plant tissues or in other organisms, such as E. coli bacteria.
  • all promoters described above are suitable as plant promoters.
  • a second step by means of cDNA clones based on poly (A) + RNA molecules from another tissue, from the first bank by hybridization those clones are identified whose corresponding poly (A) + RNA molecules accumulate only in the desired tissue. Subsequently, with the aid of these cDNAs thus identified promoters are isolated, which have tissue-specific regulatory elements.
  • tissue-specific regulatory elements The skilled person is also available further PCR-based methods for the isolation of suitable tissue-specific promoters.
  • nucleic acid sequences contained in the expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention can be used with further genetic control sequences in addition to a promoter. tively linked.
  • genetic control sequences is to be understood broadly and means all those sequences which have an influence on the production or the function of the recombinant nucleic acid molecule according to the invention. Genetic control sequences, for example, modify transcription and translation in prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms.
  • the expression cassettes according to the invention 5'-upstream of the respective transgenic nucleic acid sequence comprise a promoter with a specificity as described above and 3'-downstream terminator sequence as additional genetic control sequence, and optionally further conventional regulatory elements, in each case functionally linked to the transgenic to be expressed nucleic acid sequence.
  • Genetic control sequences also include other promoters, promoter elements or minimal promoters that can modify the expression-controlling properties.
  • the tissue-specific expression can additionally take place as a function of specific stress factors.
  • Corresponding elements are, for example, water stress, abscisic acid (Lam E. and Chua NH, J. Biol. Chem. 266 (26), 17131 (1991)) and heat stress (Schoffl F. et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 217 (2-3), 246 (1989)).
  • Genetic control sequences also include the 5 'untranslated regions (5'-UTR), introns or the non-coding 3' region of genes such as the actin-1 intron, or the Adh1-S introns 1, 2 and 6 ( generally, "The Maize Handbook," Chapter 16, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, New York (1994)). These have been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of gene expression.
  • 5'-untranslated sequences may enhance the transient expression of heterologous genes, for example the translational enhancer 5'-leader sequence from the tobacco mosaic virus may be mentioned (GaIMe et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 15, 8693 (1987 They may further promote tissue specificity (Rouster J. et al., Plant J.
  • the recombinant nucleic acid molecule may advantageously contain one or more so-called enhancer sequences functionally linked to the promoter, which allow increased transgenic expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Also at the 3 'end of the transgenic nucleic acid sequences to be expressed additional advantageous sequences can be inserted, such as other regulatory elements or terminators. To express the transgene- The nucleic acid sequences may be contained in one or more copies in the gene construct.
  • Polyadenylation signals which are suitable as control sequences are plant polyadenylation signals, preferably those which essentially correspond to T-DNA polyadenylation signals from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in particular gene 3 of the T-DNA (octopine synthase) of the Ti plasmid pTiACHS (Gielen et al., EMBO J 3, 835 (1984)) or functional equivalents thereof.
  • particularly suitable terminator sequences are the OCS (octopine synthase) terminator and the NOS (nopaline synthase) terminator.
  • Control sequences are furthermore to be understood as meaning those which permit homologous recombination or insertion into the genome of a host organism or permit removal from the genome.
  • the natural promoter of a particular gene may be replaced with a promoter having specificity for the embryonic epidermis and / or the flower.
  • a recombinant nucleic acid molecule and a vector derived therefrom may contain further functional elements.
  • the term functional element is to be understood broadly and means all those elements which have an influence on the production, multiplication or function of the nucleic acid molecules, vectors or transgenic organisms according to the invention.
  • functional element is to be understood broadly and means all those elements which have an influence on the production, multiplication or function of the nucleic acid molecules, vectors or transgenic organisms according to the invention.
  • Deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (WO 98/45456), antibiotics or biocides, preferably herbicides, such as kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin, or phosphinotricin. Particularly preferred selection markers are those which confer resistance to herbicides.
  • NPTII gene conferring resistance to kanamycin or geneticinidine
  • HPT hyperglycine phosphotransferase
  • ALS acetolactate synthase gene
  • ALS acetolactate synthase gene conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides (eg mutant ALS variants with, for example, the S4 and / or Hra mutation), as well as the acetolactate synthase gene (ALS), which confers resistance to imidazolinone herbicides.
  • Reporter genes which code for easily quantifiable proteins and ensure an evaluation of the transformation efficiency or of the expression site or time point via intrinsic color or enzyme activity. Very particular preference is given to reporter proteins (Schenborn and Groskreutz, Mol. Biotechnol. 13 (1), 29 (1999)), such as the "green fluorescence protein” (GFP) (Sheen et al., Plant Journal 8 (5 777 (1995); Haseloff et al., Proc. Natl.
  • a selectable marker which confers on the successfully transformed cells resistance to a biocide (for example a herbicide), a metabolism inhibitor such as
  • the present invention furthermore relates to transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants which comprise a nucleic acid sequence or a recombinant nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, and also parts of the plants, transgenic harvest products and transgenic propagation material of these plants, such as protoplasts, plant cells, callosis, seeds, tubers, cuttings, as well as the transgenic offspring of this plant.
  • Another object of the invention relates to plants which contain by natural processes or artificially induced one or more mutations in a nucleic acid molecule, the the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1 1, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43, wherein said mutation is an increase in the activity, function or polypeptide amount of one of the nucleic acid molecules according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 1, 1, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43 causes coded polypeptide. For example, one made by Tilling and identified mutation.
  • the invention relates to a plant, in particular a monocotyledonous plant, containing a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention which contains a mutation which causes an increase in the activity of one of the proteins encoded by the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention in the plant or parts thereof.
  • the mutation relates to one or more amino acid residues which is marked as conserved or highly conserved in the consensus sequence shown in the figures.
  • a further subject of the invention therefore relates to transgenic plants transformed with at least
  • nucleic acid sequence comprising nucleic acid molecules according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, or 43, or the complementary nucleic acid sequences for functional equivalents of the polypeptides according to SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 , 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 60, 61 or 62 encoding nucleic acid molecules;
  • transgenic expression cassette comprising one of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention, or a vector of the invention, and cells, cell cultures, tissues, parts - such as in plant organisms leaves, roots, etc. - or propagating material derived from such organisms.
  • the plant according to the invention or the plant used according to the invention is not Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • transgenic organisms are preferred as “transgenic organisms.”
  • the transgenic organism is a mature plant, seed, shoot, and seedling, as well as derived parts, propagation material, and cultures, for example Cell culture.
  • “Mature plant” means plants any stage of development beyond the seedling.
  • “Seedling” means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development
  • Especially preferred plants as host organisms are plants to which the method according to the invention can be applied for the achievement of a pathogen resistance according to the abovementioned criteria monocotyledonous plant such as wheat, oats, millet, barley, rye, maize, rice, buckwheat, sorghum, triticale, spelled or sugarcane, in particular selected from the species Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp .spelta (spelled), triticale, Avena sative (oats), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (corn), Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) or Oryza sativa (rice).
  • the production of the transgenic organisms can be accomplished by the above-described methods of transforming or transfecting organisms.
  • transgenic plants are preferred which have increased Bax inhibitor 1 activity in mesophyll cells or root cells, particularly preferred are transgenic plants to the family belong to the Poaceae and have increased Bax inhibitor 1 activity in mesophyll cells or root cells, most preferred are transgenic plants selected from the plant genera Hordeum, Avena, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, Zea, Saccharum and Oryza, most preferably the plant species Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled), triticale, Avena sative (oats), Seeale cereale (rye), sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (maize), Saccharum officinarum ( Sugarcane) and Oryza sative (rice).
  • transgenic plants selected from the plant genera Hordeum, Avena, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, Zea, Saccharum and Oryza
  • Another object of the invention relates to the use of the transgenic organisms of the invention and the cells derived from them, cell cultures, parts - such as in transgenic plant organisms roots, leaves, etc.-, and transgenic propagation material such as seeds or fruits, for the production of food - or animal feed, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.
  • the invention further relates to a process for the recombinant production of pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals in host organisms wherein a host organism or a part thereof is transformed with one of the above-described expression nucleic acid molecules and said expression cassette contains one or more structural genes corresponding to the desired fine chemical or catalyze the biosynthesis of the desired fine chemical, the transformed host organism is grown and the desired fine chemical is isolated from the culture medium.
  • This process is widely applicable to fine chemicals such as enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, natural and synthetic flavorings, flavorings and dyes. Particularly preferred is the production of tocopherols and tocotrienols and carotenoids.
  • the expression of a structural gene can also be effected or influenced independently of the execution of the method according to the invention or the use of the articles according to the invention.
  • SEQ ID NO: 60, 61, 62 consensus sequences of the polynucleotide SEQ ID NO. from 1st to 22nd
  • SEQ ID NO: 64 5'UTR from HvArm The figures show:
  • FIG. 1 Nucleic acid sequences of ARM1 from barley, rice, and Arabidopsis thali- ana.
  • Figure 2 Polypeptide sequences of ARM1 from barley, rice, and Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • Figure 3 Sequence comparison of ARM1 protein sequences polypeptides from barley, rice, and Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • FIG. 4 Increase of the mildew resistance of wheat by introducing and expressing ARM repeat sequences
  • FIG. 5 Consensus sequences of the sequence comparison of ARM1 protein sequences
  • FIG. 6 Nucleic acid sequence of barley ARM1 including the 5 'UTR
  • oligonucleotides can be carried out, for example, in a known manner by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition, Wiley Press New York, pages 896-897).
  • the cloning steps carried out in the context of the present invention e.g. Restriction cleavage, agarose gel electrophoresis, purification of DNA fragments, transfer of nucleic acids to nitrocellulose and nylon membranes, linkage of DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli cells, culture of bacteria, propagation of phage and sequence analysis of recombinant DNA are performed as described in Sambrook et al. Coed Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989); ISBN 0-87969-309-6 described.
  • the sequencing of recombinant DNA molecules is carried out using a laser fluorescence DNA sequencer from MWG-Licor according to the method of Sanger (Sanger et al., Proc Natl Acad. See U. S.A. 74, 5463 (1977)).
  • the golden variety Golden Promise comes from Patrick Schweizer, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben.
  • the variety Pallas and the backcrossed line BCIngrid-mlo5 were provided by Lisa Munk, Department of Plant Pathology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark. Their preparation is described (Koller et al., Crop. Sci. 26, 903 (1986)).
  • the wheat variety Chancellor also comes from Patrick Schweizer, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben.
  • the plants are limiting in air conditioning or chambers at a daytime temperature of 24 ° C, at night cultured 20 0 C, 50 to 60% relative humidity and a 16 / ⁇ sthyroiden dark cycle with 30000 lux.
  • the wheat powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (DC) spear f. sp. used tritici. This mildew was isolated from field crops. Offspring of the inoculum are grown in climatic chambers under the same conditions as described above for barley and wheat plants by transferring the conidia of infested plant material to regularly grown, 7 day old plants at a density of 100 conidia / mm 2 .
  • RNA Extraction Buffer AGS, Heidelberg, Germany
  • central primary leaf segments of 5 cm in length are harvested and homogenized in liquid nitrogen in mortars.
  • the homogenate is stored at -70 0 C until RNA extraction.
  • RNA extraction kit (AGS, Heidelberg). This is done by adding 200 mg of the frozen leaf material in one Overlay microcentrifuge tubes (2 ml) with 1.7 ml RNA extraction buffer (AGS) and mix well immediately. After addition of 200 .mu.l chloroform is mixed well again and shaken at room temperature for 45 min on a horizontal shaker at 200 U / min. The mixture is then centrifuged for 15 minutes at 20000 g and 4 ° C for phase separation, the upper (aqueous) phase transferred to a new microcentrifuge tube and the lower discarded.
  • AGS RNA extraction kit
  • the aqueous phase is again purified with 900 ⁇ l of chloroform by homogenizing 3 times for 10 seconds and centrifuging again (see above) and lifting off.
  • 850 ⁇ l of 2-propanol are then added, homogenized and placed on ice for 30 to 60 minutes. Following that is centrifuged for 20 minutes (see above), the supernatant was carefully decanted, 2 ml of 70% ethanol (-20 0 C) were pipetted, mixed and centrifuged again for 10 min. The supernatant is then decanted again and the pelet carefully freed with a pipette of liquid residues before it is dried at a clean air workplace in the clean air stream.
  • RNA is dissolved in 50 ⁇ L DEPC water on ice, mixed and centrifuged for 5 min (see above). 40 .mu.l of the supernatant are transferred as RNA solution to a new microcentrifuge tube ported and stored at -70 0 C.
  • the concentration of RNA is determined photometrically.
  • the concentrations of the RNA solutions are subsequently adjusted to 1 ⁇ g / ⁇ L with DEPC water and checked in the agarose gel.
  • RNA concentrations in the horizontal agarose gel 1% agarose in 1 ⁇ MOPS buffer with 0.2 ⁇ g / mL ethidium bromide
  • 1 ⁇ l RNA solution with 1 ⁇ L 10 ⁇ MOPS, 1 ⁇ L color marker and 7 ⁇ L DEPC water offset according to their size at 120 V voltage in the gel in 1x MOPS running buffer over 1, 5 h separated and photographed under UV light. Any concentration differences of the RNA extracts are compensated with DEPC water and the adjustment is checked again in the gel.
  • RNA from barley epidermis was used as a template.
  • the RNA was isolated from epidermal cells of barley Ingrid + Bgt at 12 h and 24 h after infection.
  • the cDNA sequence of HvArm was extended by RACE technology using the GeneRacer Kit (INVITROGENE Life Technologies). For this purpose, 4000 ng total mRNA, 1 ⁇ L 10xCIP buffer, 10 units RNAse inhibitor, 10 units CIP ("calf intestinal phosphatase") and DEPC-treated water were up to a total volume of 10 ⁇ L for 1 h at 50 0 C treated. To precipitate the RNA, an additional 90 ⁇ L DEPC water and 100 ⁇ L phenokloroform were added and thoroughly mixed for about 30 seconds.
  • the upper phase was mixed with 2 ⁇ l of 10 mg / ml Mussei glycogen, 10 ⁇ l of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) in a new microreaction vessel. 220 ⁇ l of 95% ethanol was added and the mixture was incubated on ice. Subsequently, the RNA was precipitated by centrifugation for 20 min at 20,000 g and 4 ° C. The supernatant was discarded, 500 .mu.l 75% ethanol added, vortexed briefly and again centrifuged for 2 min (20,000 g).
  • RNA CAP structures were removed by adding 1 ⁇ l 1 OxTAP buffer, 10 units RNAsin and 1 unit TAP ("tobacco acid pyrophosphatase"). The mixture was incubated for 1 h at 37 ° C and then cooled on ice. The RNA was again - as described above - precipitated and transferred into a reaction vessel with 0.25 ug GeneRacer oligonucleotide primer. The oligonucleotide primer was resuspended in the RNA solution, the mixture incubated for 5 min at 70 0 C and then cooled on ice.
  • RNA was again precipitated as described above and resuspended in 7 ⁇ l of DEPC water.
  • Ten pmoles of GeneRacer oligo-dT primer and two ⁇ L of each dNTP solution (25 mM) were added to the RNA, heated to 70 ° C. for 10 min, and cooled again on ice.
  • the reaction was incubated at 50 ° C for 50 minutes.
  • GR 5 ' primer (Invitrogen): 5 ' cgactggagcacgaggacactga 3 ' (Seq ID No .: 47)
  • GR 3 ' primer (Invitrogen): 5 ' GCTGTCAACGATACGCTACGTAACG 3 ' (Seq ID No .: 51)
  • the batch (total volume 50 ⁇ l) had the following composition:
  • the PCR gave a product of about 850bp.
  • the resulting PCR product was isolated on a 1% A garose gel, extracted from the gel and cloned into pCR4-Topo (Invitrogen Life Technologies) by means of T-overhang ligation and sequenced.
  • the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is thus identical to the armadillo sequence of barley.
  • the batch (total volume 50 ⁇ l) had the following composition:
  • PCR revealed a product of 1326bp.
  • the resulting PCR product was isolated on a 1% agarose gel, extracted from the gel and cloned into pCR4-Topo (Invitrogen Life Technologies) by T-overhang ligation and sequenced.
  • the sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is thus identical to the armadillo sequence of barley.
  • BAC clones carrying the sequence of the invention were identified by PCR using primers 5 'TAA TGA TAA TCT TCC TAA TAC CCG TCA G and 5' CCT TTG AGG GGC AGA AGA GAT AG. Two overlapping BAC clones # 705A01 and # 581D24 were identified, which contained the identity HvARM gene.
  • BAC DNA of a single clone was isolated by Qiagen column (Maxi kit, Qiagen, isolation according to manufacturer's protocol).
  • Qiagen column Maxi kit, Qiagen, isolation according to manufacturer's protocol.
  • shear Hadroshear: Genomic Solutions
  • 5 - 10 kbp fragments were generated from this BAC DNA and filled the resulting ends with Klenow to blunt ends (reaction according to the manufacturer's protocol).
  • the selection of the fragment lengths took place via a 0.8% agarose gel in 0.5% TBE.
  • the corresponding fragment length region was excised from the gel and the DNA was eluted from the agarose gel using Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit (elution according to the manufacturer's protocol).
  • the eluted 5-10 kbp fragments are ligated into an EcoRV linearized pBluescript II SK (-) vector with smooth dephosphorylated ends (restriction and dephosphorylation according to the manufacturer's instructions) and transformed into highly competent E. coli cells by chemical-thermal transformation. Subsequently, the transformants are randomized using a picking robot (Qpick, Genetix) and transferred to microtiter plates with LB medium.
  • a picking robot Qpick, Genetix
  • the PCR was chosen because of its high sensitivity for the detection of the desired DNA sequence.
  • the analysis was carried out in 20 ⁇ l reaction volume.
  • the reaction consisted of 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0; 50 mM KCl; 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.2 mM dNTP; 2 mM MgCl 2, 0.6 ⁇ M each of oligonucleotides and Taq polymerase (concentration in the reaction mixture: ⁇ 1 U ⁇ h 1 ). Either 10ng of BAC pool DNA or 2 ⁇ l of bacterial culture (for colony PCR) was used per reaction.
  • the BAC DNA to be amplified and the primers were initially charged and then mixed with the PCR reaction mixture.
  • the template was heated to 95 ° C for 5 minutes prior to the addition of the PCR reaction mixture.
  • an initial 5 min step at 95 ° C was used.
  • the touch-down PCR reaction was carried out in the sections 30 sec 95 ° C; 30 sec temperature T and 60 sec 72 ° C for the first 10 cycles where T in the first cycle is 60 0 C and is lowered by 0.5 0 C for each cycle. Another 30 cycles were carried out in the sections 30 sec 95 ° C; 30 sec 55 ° C and 60 sec 72 ° C.
  • primer pairs 5 'ACC GAC TAG TCA CCA CCA CC ACC ACCA (containing a Spei site) and 5' GCA GGG CCC AGC GCC AGT CAA CAA CAA TAA C (contains an Apal interface) and BAC 705A01 as a template isolated by PCR a 3.0 Kbp fragment containing the full-length sequence of HvARM.
  • the PCR reaction was carried out under the following conditions: Reaction Buffer - 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8 at 25 ° C), 10 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 10 mM KCl, 1% (v / v)
  • Triton X-10 0.1 mg / ml BSA, 1 mM MgSO4, each dNTPs 0.2 mM, each 1 ⁇ M primer, 2.5 U
  • the Temerpatur program was: 94 ° for 2 min; then 5 cycles of 94 °, 30 sec 50 0 C, where the temperature at each cycle by 2 ° C (touchup) was raised to 60 0 C; thereafter 30 cycles of 94 ° C for 30 sec, 60 0 C for 30 seconds, 72 ° C for 6 min; Finally, an extension reaction was added at 72 ° C for 7 min.
  • the 3.0 Kbp PCR amplicon was digested with Apal and Spei, the DNA eluted from an agarose gel and cloned into Apal / Spel-digested plPKTA9 vector for transient overexpression.
  • MWG 32b 5 'gactcacactactctaatacc 3' (SEQ ID No .: 58)
  • the batch (total volume 50 ⁇ l_) had the following composition (the gene was divided into two parts for the PCR because of its size of 2775 bp):
  • the PCR gives a product of 1 143bp and 1705bp, respectively.
  • the resulting PCR product is isolated on a 1% agarose gel, extracted from the gel and cloned into pCR4-Topo (Invitrogen Life Technologies) by T-overhang ligation and sequenced.
  • the sequence reproduced under SEQ ID NO: is therefore identical to the Arabidopsis thaliana armadillo sequence.
  • the 1705bp PCR product is cloned into pUC18. This is followed by the cloning of AtArm 1 143bp into pUC18 AtArm 1705bp.
  • Example 6 Transient expression in barley and wheat by particle bombardment
  • pUbiGUS - GUS overexpression reporter gene construct (Schweizer et al., Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 12 (8), 647 (1999)).
  • plPKTA9 - Blank vector control (Zimmermann et al., Plant Physiology 142, 181 (2006)), plPKTA9_ARM40F - plPKTA9-based.
  • HvARM overexpressing construct BAC 581 D24 - HvARM containing BAC clone
  • the particles were introduced in a vacuum (3.6 ⁇ 10 3 Pa) by a helium pressure wave of 7.6 ⁇ 10 6 Pa onto 7 leaf segments of 7-day-old barley or wheat plants (barley: Golden Promise variety, wheat: Kanzler variety).
  • the leaf segments were placed in a Petri dish to 0.5% (w / v) Phytoagar, which was mixed with 20 ug mh 1 benzimidazole.
  • the leaves were then incubated C. and indirect daylight for 4 h at +20 0th
  • the bombarded leaves were transferred to 1% (w / v) phytoagar with 20 ⁇ g mh 1 benzimidazole in 20 x 20 cm polycarbonate dishes.
  • the barley leaves were infested with barley mildew spores and wheat leaves with wheat mildew spores by shaking spores of heavily infected barley or wheat leaves into the tower.
  • the inoculum density was around 200 spores / mm 2 . After 5 min, the dishes were removed, sealed and incubated at 20 0 C and indirect daylight for 40 to 48 hours.
  • TaPERO (WO 2005/035766) serves as a positive control for a successful melamine resistance in the transient assay.
  • Example 7 Expression in wheat by particle bombardment
  • Transgenic wheat Triticum aestivum was generated by particle bombardment according to methods known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the Armadillo-Repeat genes were fused with the wheat RbcS promoter (ribose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase small unit).
  • seedlings of the T1 generation were obtained therefrom which were resistant to Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici were tested.
  • the seedlings were planted in soil and after seven days as previously described with spores of Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici inoculated.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé permettant d'augmenter la résistance à un ou plusieurs agents pathogènes pénétrants dans une plante monocotylédone ou dicotylédone, ou bien dans une partie d'une plante, par exemple un organe, un tissu, une cellule ou une partie d'une cellule végétale, par exemple un organite, caractérisé en ce qu'une séquence d'ADN qui code pour une protéine de répétition Armadillo ARM1 et qui confère une résistance aux pathogènes renforcée, de préférence une résistance aux pathogènes fongiques renforcée, est introduite dans la plante ou dans la cellule végétale et exprimée dans celle-ci; ou en ce qu'une séquence d'ADN endogène qui code pour une protéine de répétition Armadillo ARM1 et qui confère une résistance aux pathogènes renforcée, de préférence une résistance aux pathogènes fongiques renforcée, est renforcée dans la plante ou dans la cellule végétale par rapport à la plante ou partie de plante de départ ou de type sauvage; ou en ce que la séquence génique endogène ou de préférence la région 5' non traduite (5'UTR) est modifiée par rapport à la séquence de départ. L'invention concerne également des plantes, des parties d'une plante, par exemple un organe, un tissu, une cellule ou une partie d'une cellule végétale, par exemple un organite, qui sont obtenus par le procédé ci-dessus, ainsi que le matériel de multiplication correspondant.
EP07821224A 2006-10-12 2007-10-12 Procédé d'augmentation de la résistance aux pathogènes de plantes transgéniques Withdrawn EP2078087A1 (fr)

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CN111580517B (zh) * 2020-05-12 2021-02-19 国家海洋技术中心 一种基于无人水面艇的多海湾区域路径遍历方法及系统
CN114134155B (zh) * 2021-06-29 2023-09-12 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 一种mlo基因突变体及其制备方法与应用

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