EP1747275A2 - Nouvelles sequences d'acide nucleique et leur utilisation dans des procedes permettant d'obtenir une resistance aux pathogenes chez les plantes - Google Patents

Nouvelles sequences d'acide nucleique et leur utilisation dans des procedes permettant d'obtenir une resistance aux pathogenes chez les plantes

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Publication number
EP1747275A2
EP1747275A2 EP05740264A EP05740264A EP1747275A2 EP 1747275 A2 EP1747275 A2 EP 1747275A2 EP 05740264 A EP05740264 A EP 05740264A EP 05740264 A EP05740264 A EP 05740264A EP 1747275 A2 EP1747275 A2 EP 1747275A2
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Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
acid molecule
plant
seq
polypeptide
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EP05740264A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Markus Frank
Ralf-Michael Schmidt
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BASF Plant Science GmbH
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BASF Plant Science GmbH
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Publication of EP1747275A2 publication Critical patent/EP1747275A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance

Definitions

  • the invention relates inter alia to new polypeptides and nucleic acid sequences coding for them from plants, and expression cassettes and vectors comprising these sequences.
  • the invention further relates to transgenic plants transformed with these expression cassettes or vectors, cultures derived therefrom, parts or transgenic propagation material.
  • the invention further relates to methods for producing or increasing a pathogen resistance in plants by reducing the expression of at least one callose synthase polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof.
  • the aim of biotechnological work on plants is the production of plants with advantageous, new properties, for example to increase agricultural productivity, to increase the quality of food or to produce certain chemicals or pharmaceuticals (Dunwell JM (2000) J Exp Bot 51 Spec No: 487-96 ).
  • the plant's natural defense mechanisms against pathogens are often inadequate. Fungal diseases alone result in crop losses of many billions of US dollars a year.
  • the introduction of foreign genes from plants, animals or microbial sources can strengthen the immune system. Examples are protection against insect damage in tobacco by expression of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins under the control of the 35 S CaMV promoter (Vaeck et al.
  • fungi penetrate the host tissue through the stomata (e.g. rust fungi, Septoria, Fusarium species) and penetrate the mesophyll tissue during others penetrate the underlying epidermal cells via the cuticle (eg Blumeria species).
  • a disadvantage of the pathogen resistance caused by Mio is that Mlo-deficient plants - even in the absence of a pathogen - initiate a defense mechanism that manifests itself, for example, in the spontaneous death of leaf cells (Wolter M et al. (1993) Mol Gen Genet 239: 122 -128), which explains the increased susceptibility to necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens.
  • An increase in the defense against pathogens in plants against necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens should be achievable by increasing the activity of a Bax inhibitor-1 protein in mesophyll tissue of plants.
  • the penetration barrier known from the defense reaction against epidermis-penetrating pathogens does not seem to have any significance in mesophyll tissue-penetrating pathogens (e.g. rust, Septoria or Fusarium species) (e.g. Scharen, In Septoria and Stagonospora diseases of wheat, eds. Van Ginkel, McNab , pp.19-22).
  • mesophyll tissue-penetrating pathogens e.g. rust, Septoria or Fusarium species
  • Scharen In Septoria and Stagonospora diseases of wheat, eds. Van Ginkel, McNab , pp.19-22.
  • no method is known with which the resistance of plants to pathogens can be generated, which infect plants by penetrating plant guard cells with subsequent penetration of the mesophyll tissue.
  • the invention relates to a method for increasing the resistance to mesophyll cell-penetrating pathogens in a plant, or an organ, tissue or a cell thereof, characterized in that the callose synthase activity in the plant or an organ, tissue or a cell thereof in Compared to control plants is reduced.
  • the pathogens are selected from the families of the Pucciniaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Hypocreaceae.
  • cDNA sequences coding for callose synthases disclosed here according to the invention result in an increase in resistance to fungal pathogens, which penetrate into plants through stomata and subsequently penetrate the mesophyll tissue, in particular against Pathogens from the Pucciniaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Hypocreaceae families.
  • the plant is preferably a monocotyledonous plant.
  • the activity of the callose synthase polypeptide is mesophyll tissue-specific, for example by recombinant expression of a nucleic acid molecule coding for said callose synthase polypeptide to induce a co-suppression effect under the control of a mesophyll tissue promoter.
  • the amount of polypeptide, activity or function of a callose synthase in a plant is reduced combined with an increase in the amount of polypeptide, activity or function of a Bax Inhibitor 1 protein (BI-1), preferably the Bax Inhibitor 1 protein Hordeum vulgare (GenBank Acc.-No .: AJ290421, SEQ ID NO: 37) or the Bax Inhibitor 1 protein from Nicotiana tabacum (GenBank Acc.-No .: AF390556, SEQ ID NO: 39).
  • BI-1 Bax Inhibitor 1 protein
  • nucleic acid molecules suitable for the expression of the BI-1 are e.g.
  • BI1 genes from rice (GenBank Acc.-No .: AB025926), Arabidopsis (GenBank Acc.-No .: AB025927), tobacco and rapeseed (GenBank Acc.-No .: AF390555, Bolduc N et al. (2003) Planta 216: 377-386).
  • callose polymers are an important metabolic product of higher plants and are synthesized as part of the formation of pollen tubes, phragmoplasts, papillae or as a sealing compound for cell wall pores, and in the sieve plates of the phloem elements, a ubiquitous spread of callose synthase polypeptides is in Suspect plants. For this reason, the method according to the invention can in principle be applied to all types of plants.
  • the sequences from other plants homologous to the callose synthase sequences disclosed in the context of this invention can e.g. by database search or by screening gene banks - using the callose synthase sequences as search sequence vzw. Probe, can be easily found.
  • Plants in the context of the invention means all dicotyledonous or monocyledonous plants. Preferred are plants which can be subsumed under the class of the Liliatae (Monocotyledoneae or monocotyledonous plants). Included in the term are the mature plants, seeds, shoots and seedlings, and parts derived therefrom, reproductive material, plant organs, tissue, protoplasts, callus and other cultures, for example cell cultures, as well as all other types of groupings of plant cells into functional or structural units. Mature plants mean plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling. Seedling means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
  • Plant also includes annual and perennial dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants and includes, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, those of the genera, Bromus, Asparagus, Pennisetum, Lolium, Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum and Saccharum.
  • the method is applied to monocotyledonous plants, for example from the Poaceae family, particularly preferably to the genera Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, and Saccharum, very particularly preferably to plants of agricultural importance, such as eg Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled), Triticale, Avena sative (oat), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (corn), Saccharum officinarum ( Sugar cane) or Oryza sative (rice).
  • the Poaceae family particularly preferably to the genera Oryza, Zea, Avena, Hordeum, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, and Saccharum, very particularly preferably to plants of agricultural importance, such as eg Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum a
  • Mesophyll tissue means the leaf tissue lying between the epidermis layers, consisting of the palisade tissue, the sponge tissue and the leaf veins.
  • Nucleic acids means biopolymers of nucleotides that are linked to one another via phosphodiester bonds (polynucleotides, polynucleic acids). Depending on the sugar type in the nucleotides (ribose or deoxyribose), a distinction is made between the two classes of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).
  • RNA ribonucleic acids
  • DNA Deoxyribonucleic acids
  • harvest means all parts of the plant obtained through agricultural cultivation of plants and collected during the harvesting process.
  • “Resistance” means the reduction or reduction in the symptoms of a plant's disease as a result of an infestation by a pathogen.
  • the symptoms can be of various types, but preferably include those which directly or indirectly impair the quality of the plant, the quantity of the yield, the suitability for use as feed or food, or also sowing, cultivation, harvesting or processing of the harvested material difficult.
  • "Giving”, "existing”, “producing” or “increasing” pathogen resistance means that the defense mechanisms of a particular plant type or variety by using the method according to the invention compared to the wild type of the plant ("control plant””startingplant") not the method of the invention was used, under otherwise identical conditions (such as climate or cultivation conditions, pathogen type etc.) has an increased resistance to one or more pathogens.
  • the increased resistance is preferably expressed in a reduced form of the disease symptoms, disease symptoms - in addition to the above-mentioned impairments - also including, for example, the penetration efficiency of a pathogen into the plant or plant cell or the proliferation efficiency in or on the same.
  • the disease symptoms are preferably reduced by at least 10% or at least 20%, particularly preferably by at least 40% or 60%, very particularly preferably by at least 70% or 80%, most preferably by at least 90% or 95%.
  • pathogen means organisms whose interactions with a plant lead to the symptoms of the disease described above, in particular pathogen organisms from the realm of the fungi.
  • Pathogen is preferably understood to mean a pathogen penetrating mesophyll tissue, particularly preferably pathogens which penetrate into plants via stomata and subsequently penetrate the mesophyll tissue.
  • Organisms of the Ascomycota and Basidomycota strains are preferred.
  • the families Pucciniaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Hypocreaceae are particularly preferred.
  • Organisms from these families belonging to the genera Puccinia, Fusarium or Mycosphaerella are particularly preferred.
  • the species Puccinia triticina, Puccinia striiformis, Mycosphaerella graminicola, Stagonospora nodorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae and Microdochium nivale are very particularly preferred.
  • Ascomycota such as e.g. Fusarium oxysporum (fusarium wilt on tomato), Septoria nodorum and Septoria tritici (tan on wheat), Basidimyeye such as Puccinia graminis (black rust on wheat, barley, rye, oats), Puccinia recondita (brown rust on wheat), Puccinia dispersa (Brown rust on rye), Puccinia hordei (brown rust on barley), Puccinia coronata (crown rust on oats).
  • Puccinia graminis black rust on wheat, barley, rye, oats
  • Puccinia recondita brown rust on wheat
  • Puccinia dispersa Brown rust on rye
  • Puccinia hordei brown rust on barley
  • Puccinia coronata crown rust on oat
  • the method according to the invention leads to resistance Barley against the pathogen: Puccinia graminis f.sp. hordei (barley stem rust),
  • Puccinia purpurea Fusarium monilifonne, Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium oxysporum.
  • callose synthase polypeptide means in the context of the invention a protein with the activity mentioned below.
  • the invention relates to a callose synthase polypeptide, for example a barley callose synthase polypeptide according to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8 and / or its homologue from maize (Zea mays) SEQ ID NO: 10, 11 , 13, 15, 17 and / or from rice (Oryza sative) according to SEQ ID NO: 19, 21 and / or wheat (Triticum aestivum) according to SEQ ID NO: 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and / or 33 and / or A.thaliana SEQ ID NO: 34 or a fragment thereof.
  • the invention relates to functional equivalents of the aforementioned polypeptide sequences.
  • “Quantity of polypeptide” means, for example, the number of Kailoses synthase polypeptides in an organism, a tissue, a cell or a cell compartment.
  • “Reduction” in the amount of polypeptide means the quantitative reduction in the number of callose synthase polypeptides in an organism, a tissue, a cell or a cell compartment - for example by one of the methods described below - compared to the wild type (control plant) of the same genus and Species to which this method has not been applied, under otherwise the same general conditions (such as culture conditions, age of plants, etc.).
  • the reduction is at least 10%, preferably at least 10% or at least 20%, particularly preferably at least 40% or 60%, very particularly preferably at least 70% or 80%, most preferably at least 90% or 99%.
  • a callose synthase polypeptide means the formation or synthesis of linear ⁇ -1 ⁇ 3 glycosidically linked glucan polymers which can also have 1- ⁇ 6 glycosidically linked or 1 ⁇ 4 glycosidically linked branches (callose polymers).
  • "diminishing" the activity or function of a callose synthase means diminishing the ability to synthesize or prolong kailose polymers in a cell, tissue or organ, for example by one of the methods described below, compared to the wild type of the same genus and species to which this method was not applied, under otherwise the same general conditions (such as culture conditions, age of the plants, etc.).
  • the reduction is at least 10%, preferably at least 10% or at least 20%, particularly preferably by at least 40% or 60%, very particularly preferably by at least 70% or 80%, most preferably by at least 90%, 95% or more , Reduction is also to be understood to mean the change in the substrate specificity, as can be expressed, for example, by the kcat / km value.
  • the reduction is at least 10%, preferably at least 10% or at least 20%, particularly preferably by at least 40% or 60%, very particularly preferably by at least 70% or 80%, most preferably by at least 90%, 95% or more ,
  • Callose deposits can be in tissue sections by e.g. Coloring can be made visible with aniline blue. The kailose stained with aniline blue can be recognized by the yellow, UV-induced fluorescence of the aniline blue fluorochrome.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to the generation of pathogen resistance by reducing the function, activity or amount of polypeptide at least one callose synthase polypeptide comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 and / or a polypeptide which has a homology of at least 40% to these and / or a functional equivalent of the aforementioned polypeptides.
  • Homology between two nucleic acid sequences is understood to mean the identity of the nucleic acid sequence over the respective total sequence length, which can be determined by comparison using the program algorithm GAP (Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, University of Wisconsin, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, USA; Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389ff) using the following parameters:
  • Gap Weight 50 Length Weight: 3
  • Average Match 10 Average Mismatch: 0
  • a sequence which has a homology of at least 80% on a nucleic acid basis with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 is understood to mean a sequence which, when compared with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 according to the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has a homology of has at least 80%.
  • Gap Weight 8 Length Weight: 2
  • a sequence which has a homology of at least 80% on a polypeptide basis with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 is understood to mean a sequence which, when compared with the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 according to the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has a homology of has at least 80%.
  • the callose synthase activity available to the plant, plant organ, tissue or cell is reduced in that the activity, function or amount of polypeptide of at least one polypeptide in the plant, plant organ, tissue or the like -
  • the cell is reduced, which is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of:
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide, comprising those in SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 sequence shown;
  • nucleic acid molecule the at least one polynucleotide of the sequence according to SEQ ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 includes;
  • nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide, the sequence of which is at least 40% identical to the sequences SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35;
  • nucleic acid molecule coding for a callose synthase which, under stringent conditions, with a nucleic acid molecule according to (a) to (c) or its partial fragments consisting of at least 15 nucleotides (nt), preferably 20 nt, 30 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, Hybridizes 200 nt or 500 nt;
  • Nucleic acid molecule coding for a callose synthase which is derived from a DNA bank using a nucleic acid molecule according to (a) to (c) or its partial fragments of at least 15 nt, preferably 20 nt, 30 nt, 50 nt, 100 nt, 200 nt or 500 nt can be isolated as a probe under stringent hybridization conditions;
  • the activity of said polypeptides in the mesophyll cells of a plant is preferably reduced as explained above.
  • Epitope means the regions of an antigen which determine the specificity of the antibodies (the antigenic determinant).
  • An epitope is therefore the part of an antigen that actually comes into contact with the antibody.
  • Such antigenic determinates are the areas of an antitens to which the T-cell receptors react and subsequently produce antibodies that specifically bind the antigenic determinant / epitope of an antigen. Antigens or their epitopes are therefore able to induce the immune response of an organism with the result of the formation of specific antibodies directed against the epitope.
  • Epitopes consist, for example, of linear sequences of amino acids in the primary structure of proteins, or of complex secondary or tertiary protein structures.
  • a hapten is an epitope that has been removed from the context of the antigen environment. Although haptens by definition have an antibody directed against them, haptens may not be able to induce an immune response after, for example, injection into an organism.
  • haptens are coupled to carrier molecules.
  • DNP dinitrophenol
  • BSA bovine serum albumine
  • Haptens are therefore (often small-molecular) substances that do not trigger an immune reaction themselves, but very well if they were coupled to a large-molecular carrier.
  • the antibodies produced in this way there are also those that can bind the hapten alone.
  • Antibodies within the scope of the present invention can be used for the identification and isolation of polypeptides disclosed according to the invention from organisms, preferably plants, particularly preferably monocot plants.
  • the antibodies can be monoclonal, polyclonal, synthetic in nature or consist of antibody fragments such as Fab, Fv or scFv fragments that result from proteolytic degradation.
  • Single chain Fv (scFv) fragments are single-chain fragments which, linked via a flexible linker sequence, only contain the variable regions of the heavy and light antibody chains. Such scFv fragments can also be produced as recombinant antibody derivatives. A presentation of such antibody fragments on the surface of filamentous phages enables the direct selection of highly affinity-binding scFv molecules from combinatorial phage libraries.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the method described by Köhler and Milstein (Nature 256 (1975), 495).
  • “Functional equivalents” of a callose synthase polypeptide preferably means those polypeptides which are those which are defined by the sequences SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 described polypeptides have a homology of at least 40% and have substantially the same properties or function.
  • Substantially identical properties of a functional equivalent means above all the conferment of a pathogen-resistant phenotype or the conferral or increase of the pathogen resistance to at least one pathogen with a decrease in the amount of polypeptide, activity or function of the functional callose synthase equivalent in a plant, organ, tissue , Part or cells, especially in mesophyll cells thereof.
  • the efficiency of the pathogen resistance can be maintained both downwards and upwards compared to a value when one of the callose synthase polypeptides is reduced according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 differ.
  • Preferred functional equivalents are those in which the efficiency of the pathogen resistance - measured, for example, based on the penetration efficiency of a pathogen - does not deviate from a comparison value that is obtained by more than 50%, preferably 25%, particularly preferably 10% by reducing a callose synthase polypeptide according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35.
  • a comparison value is obtained when one of the callose synthase polypeptides is reduced according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35.
  • the comparison is preferably carried out under analog conditions.
  • Alignment conditions means that all framework conditions such as culture or breeding conditions, assay conditions (such as buffer, temperature, substrates, pathogen concentration etc.) are kept identical between the experiments to be compared and the approaches are determined solely by the sequence of the callose to be compared. Distinguish synthase polypeptides, their organism of origin and possibly the pathogen.
  • “Functional equivalents” also means natural or artificial mutation variants of the callose synthase polypeptides according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 and homologous polypeptides from other monocotyledonous plants which still have essentially the same properties. Homologous polypeptides from preferred plants described above are preferred.
  • the sequences from other plants (e.g. Oryza satellite) which are homologous to the callose synthase sequences disclosed in the context of this invention can e.g. by database search or screening of gene banks - using the callose synthase sequences as search sequence vzw. Probe - easy to find.
  • Functional equivalents can e.g. also of one of the polypeptides according to the invention according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 derived from substitution, insertion or deletion and have at least 60%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, particularly preferably at least 95%, very particularly preferably at least 98% homology to these polypeptides and are distinguished by essentially the same properties as the polypeptide according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35.
  • Functional equivalents are also of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention according to SEQ ID NO:: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 nucleic acid molecules derived by substitution, insertion or deletion, and have a homology of at least 60%, preferably 80%, preferably at least 90%, particularly preferably at least 95%, very particularly preferably at least 98% to one of the polynucleotides according to the invention according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 and code for polypeptides with essentially identical properties to polypeptides according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 or 35.
  • ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 can be derived, for example, from organisms whose genomic sequence is known, for example from Oryza sative, by homology comparisons from databases.
  • nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 derived probe is a person skilled in the art common method to identify homologs in other species.
  • the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 derived probe s a length of at least 20 bp, preferably at least 50 bp, particularly preferably at least 100 bp, very particularly preferably at least 200 bp, most preferably at least 400 bp.
  • the probe can also be one or more kilobases long, e.g. 1 Kb, 1, 5 Kb or 3 Kb.
  • kilobases long, e.g. 1 Kb, 1, 5 Kb or 3 Kb.
  • SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 described sequences of complementary DNA strand, or a fragment thereof a length between 20 bp and several kilobases can be used.
  • DNA molecules which, under standard conditions, are compatible with the SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 described and coding for callose synthases nucleic acid molecules, the one to these hybridize complementary nucleic acid molecules or parts of the aforementioned and code as complete sequences for polypeptides that have the same properties as those under SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 described polypeptides.
  • Standard hybridization conditions is to be understood broadly and means stringent as well as less stringent hybridization conditions depending on the application. Such hybridization conditions are described, inter alia, in Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T et al., In Molecular Cloning (A Laboratory Manual), 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, pages 9.31-9.57) or in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. described. Those skilled in the art would choose hybridization conditions that would allow them to distinguish specific from non-specific hybridizations.
  • the conditions during the washing step can be selected from conditions with low stringency (with approximately 2X SSC at 50 ° C.) and those with high stringency (with approximately 0.2X SSC at 50 ° C., preferably at 65 ° C.) (20X SSC: 0 , 3M sodium citrate, 3M NaCl, pH 7.0).
  • the temperature during the washing step can be raised from low stringent conditions at room temperature, approximately 22 ° C, to more stringent conditions at approximately 65 ° C. Both parameters, salt concentration and temperature, can be varied simultaneously or individually, the other parameter being kept constant. Denaturing agents such as formamide or SDS can also be used during hybridization. In the presence of 50% formamide, the hybridization is preferably carried out at 42 ° C.
  • Hybridization conditions can for example be selected from the following conditions: a) 4X SSC at 65 ° C, b) 6X SSC at 45 ° C, c) 6X SSC, 100 ⁇ g / ml denatured, fragmented fish sperm DNA at 68 ° C, d) 6X SSC, 0.5% SDS, 100 ⁇ g / ml denatured, salmon sperm DNA at 68 ° C, e) 6X SSC, 0.5% SDS, 100 ⁇ g / ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide at 42 ° C.
  • Washing steps can be selected, for example, from the following conditions: a) 0.015 M NaCl / 0.0015 M sodium citrate / 0.1% SDS at 50 ° C. b) 0.1X SSC at 65 ° C. c) 0.1X SSC, 0.5% SDS at 68 ° C. d) 0.1X SSC, 0.5% SDS, 50% formamide at 42 ° C. e) 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 42 ° C. f) 2X SSC at 65 ° C (weakly stringent condition).
  • the hybridization conditions are chosen as follows:
  • a hybridization buffer which contains formamide, NaCl and PEG 6000.
  • the presence of formamide in the hybridization buffer destabilizes double-stranded nucleic acid molecules, which can reduce the hybridization temperature to 42 ° C without reducing the stringency.
  • the use of salt in the hybridization buffer increases the renaturation rate of a duplex or the hybridization efficiency.
  • PEG increases the viscosity of the solution, which has a negative impact on renaturation rates, the presence of the polymer in the solution increases the concentration of the probe in the remaining medium, which increases the hybridization rate.
  • the composition of the buffer is as follows:
  • an increase in resistance in the method according to the invention is achieved in that
  • the transcription of at least one of the genes coding for a callose synthase is reduced by expression of an endogenous or artificial transcription factor;
  • an exogenous factor reducing the callose synthase activity is added to the food or the medium.
  • Gene expression and expression are to be used synonymously and mean the realization of the information which is stored in a nucleic acid molecule. Decreasing expression of a kailose synthase gene therefore includes reducing the amount of polypeptide of this callose synthase polypeptide, callose synthase activity, or callose synthase function. The reduction in the gene expression of a callose synthase gene can be achieved in a variety of ways, for example by one of the methods listed below.
  • a callose synthase activity or callose synthase function is to be interpreted broadly and encompasses the partial or essentially complete inhibition based on different cell biological mechanisms or blocking the functionality of a callose synthase polypeptide in a plant or a part, tissue, organ, cell or seed derived therefrom.
  • a reduction in the sense of the invention also includes a quantitative reduction of a callose synthase polypeptide to an essentially complete absence of the callose synthase polypeptide (ie lack of detectability of callose synthase activity or callose synthase function or lack of immunological seeability) of the callose synthase polypeptide and also reduced callose deposits due to a pathogen attack).
  • a specific callose synthase polypeptide or the callose synthase activity or callo- se-synthase function in a cell or an organism preferably by more than 50%, particularly preferably by more than 80%, very particularly preferably by more than 90%, compared to the wild type of the same genus and species (“control plant”) on the this method was not used, otherwise the same general conditions (such as culture conditions, age of the plants etc.) were reduced.
  • a reduction in the callose synthase activity is achieved in the method according to the invention by using at least one method from the group selected from:
  • dsRNA double-strand ribonucleic acid molecules
  • the sense strand of the dsRNA molecule being at least 30% homologous to the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, for example to one of the nucleic acid molecules according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 or comprises a fragment of at least 17 base pairs which comprises at least a 50% homology to a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, for example according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34, or a functional equivalent thereof, or an expression thereof guaranteeing expression cassette or expression cassettes.
  • nucleic acid molecule coding for an antisense ribonucleic acid molecule which has at least 30% homology to the non-coding strand of one of the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention, for example a nucleic acid molecule according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 or comprises a fragment of at least 15 base pairs which comprises at least a 50% homology to a non-coding strand of a nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, for example according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 or a functional equivalent thereof.
  • RNA sequences a callose synthase gene
  • RNA sequences a callose synthase transcript
  • ⁇ -Anomeric nucleic acid sequences are also included.
  • nucleic acid molecules coding for sense ribonucleic acid molecules of a polypeptide according to the invention for example according to the sequences SEQ ID No: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35 or for polypeptides which have at least 40% homology to the amino acid sequence of a protein according to the invention, or is a functional equivalent thereof.
  • a reduction in the callose synthase activity, function or amount of polypeptides is preferably achieved by a reduced expression of an endogenous callose synthase gene.
  • double-stranded RNA interference double-stranded RNA interference
  • dsRNAi double-stranded RNA interference
  • Matzke MA et al. (2000) Plant Mol Biol 43: 401-415; Fire A. et al (1998) Nature 391: 806-811; WO 99/32619; WO 99/53050; WO 00/68374; WO 00/44914; WO 00/44895; WO 00/49035; WO 00/63364.
  • Efficient gene suppression can also be shown in the case of transient expression or after transient transformation, for example as a result of a biolistic transformation (Schweizer P et al.
  • dsRNAi methods are based on the phenomenon that the simultaneous introduction of complementary strand and counter strand of a gene transcript results in highly efficient suppression of the expression of the corresponding gene.
  • the phenotype caused is very similar to that of a corresponding knock-out mutant (Waterhouse PM et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 95: 13959-64).
  • callose synthase - nucleic acid sequence preferably means one of the sequences according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34, or sequences essentially identical to these, preferably at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% or more, for example about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or more, or fragments thereof that are at least 17 base pairs long.
  • the homology as defined above is at least 50%, for example about 80%, or about 90%, or about 100% between the "sense" strand of an inhibitory dsRNA and a portion of a callose synthase Nucleic acid sequence (or between the "antisense" strand and the complementary strand of a callose synthase nucleic acid sequence).
  • the length of the section is about 17 bases or more, for example about 25 bases, or about 50 bases, about 100 bases, about 200 bases or about 300 bases.
  • an "essentially identical" dsRNA can also be defined as a nucleic acid sequence which is capable of hybridizing with part of a callose synthase gene transcript under stringent conditions.
  • the "antisense" RNA strand can also contain insertions, deletions and individual ones
  • Point mutations compared to the complement of the "sense" RNA strand are at least 80%, e.g., about 90%, or about 95%, or about 100% between the "anti-sense" RNA strand and the complement of the "sense" RNA strand.
  • Part of the" sense "RNA transcript" of a nucleic acid molecule coding for a callose synthase polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof means fragments of an RNA or mRNA transcribed from a nucleic acid molecule coding for a callose synthase polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof preferably from a callose synthase gene.
  • the fragments preferably have a sequence length of approximately 20 bases or more, for example approximately 50 bases, or approximately 100 bases, or approximately 200 bases, or approximately 500 bases.
  • the complete transcribed RNA or mRNA is also included.
  • the dsRNA can consist of one or more strands of polymerized ribonucleotides.
  • modifications of both the sugar-phosphate framework and the nucleosides For example, the phosphodiester bonds of natural RNA can be modified to include at least one nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom.
  • Bases can be modified in such a way that the activity is restricted, for example, by adenosine deaminase. Such and other modifications are described below in the methods for stabilizing antisense RNA.
  • dsRNA molecules each comprising one of the ribonucleotide sequence sections defined above, can also be introduced into the cell or the organism.
  • the dsRNA can be produced enzymatically or completely or partially chemically-synthetically. If the two strands of dsRNA are to be brought together in a cell or plant, this can be done in different ways:
  • the formation of the RNA duplex can be initiated either outside the cell or inside it.
  • the dsRNA can also comprise a hairpin structure in that the “sense” and “antisense” strand are connected by a “linker” (for example an intron).
  • linker for example an intron.
  • the self-complementary dsRNA structures are preferred because they only require the expression of a construct and the complementary strands always comprise an equimolar ratio.
  • the expression cassettes coding for the “antisense” or “sense” strand of a dsRNA or for the self-complementary strand of the dsRNA are preferably inserted into a vector and stable into the using the methods described below (for example using selection markers) Genome of a plant inserted to ensure permanent expression of the dsRNA.
  • the dsRNA can be introduced using an amount that allows at least one copy per cell. Higher quantities (e.g. at least 5, 10, 100,
  • 500 or 1000 copies per cell may result in an efficient reduction.
  • a 100% sequence identity between dsRNA and a callose synthase gene transcript or the gene transcript of a functionally equivalent gene is not absolutely necessary in order to bring about an efficient reduction in callose synthase expression.
  • the method is tolerant of sequence deviations, such as may arise as a result of genetic mutations, polymorphisms or evolutionary divergences.
  • sequence deviations such as may arise as a result of genetic mutations, polymorphisms or evolutionary divergences.
  • SEQ SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 or 34 may also have an advantageous effect in other plant species.
  • the dsRNA preferably comprises sequence regions of callose synthase transcripts which correspond to conserved regions. Said conserved areas can easily be derived from sequence comparisons.
  • a dsRNA can be synthesized chemically or enzymatically.
  • Cellular RNA polymerases or bacteriophage RNA polymerases (such as T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase) can be used for this.
  • Corresponding methods for in vitro expression of RNA are described (WO 97/32016; US 5,593,874; US 5,698,425, US 5,712,135, US 5,789,214, US 5,804,693).
  • a chemically or enzymatically synthesized in vitro dsRNA can be completely or partially purified from the reaction mixture, for example by extraction, precipitation, electrophoresis, chromatography or combinations of these methods, before being introduced into a cell, tissue or organism.
  • the dsRNA can be introduced directly into the cell or it can also be applied extracellularly (e.g. into the interstitial space).
  • the plant is preferably transformed stably with an expression construct which realizes the expression of the dsRNA.
  • an expression construct which realizes the expression of the dsRNA.
  • Hybridization can be carried out in a conventional manner via the formation of a stable duplex or, in the case of genomic DNA Binding of the antisense nucleic acid molecule with the duplex of the genomic DNA through specific interaction in the large groove of the DNA helix.
  • Synthase polypeptide can be used using the nucleic acid sequence coding for this polypeptide, for example the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 or a nucleic acid molecule coding for a functional equivalent thereof, are derived from the Watson and Crick base pair rules.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire transcribed mRNA of said polypeptide, restricted to the coding region or consist only of an oligonucleotide which is complementary to part of the coding or non-coding sequence of the mRNA.
  • the oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region that comprises the translation start for said polypeptide.
  • Antisense nucleic acid molecules can have a length of, for example, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides, but can also be longer and comprise 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 or 5000 nucleotides.
  • Antisense nucleic acid molecules can be expressed recombinantly or chemically or enzymatically
  • nucleic acid sequence can be synthesized using methods known to those skilled in the art. Natural or modified nucleotides can be used in chemical synthesis. Modified nucleotides can give the antisense nucleic acid molecule increased biochemical stability and lead to increased physical stability of the duplex formed from the antisense nucleic acid sequence and sense target sequence.
  • nucleotides such as 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5- (carboxy-hydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl- 2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, ß-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyl-guanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3- Methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylamino-methyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, ß-
  • a callose synthase polypeptide in a further preferred embodiment, can be inhibited by nucleic acid molecules which are complementary to the regulatory region of a callose synthase gene (for example a .nem callose synthase promoter and / or enhancer) and form triple-helical structures with the DNA double helix there, so that the transcription of the callose synthase gene is reduced.
  • a callose synthase gene for example a .nem callose synthase promoter and / or enhancer
  • Appropriate methods are described (Helene C (1991) Anticancer Drug Res 6 (6): 569-84; Helene C et al. (1992) Ann NY Acad Sei 660: 27-36; Mower LJ (1992) Bioassays 14 (12) : 807-815).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can be an ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid.
  • ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid molecules form specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which - in contrast to the conventional ⁇ -nucleic acids - the two strands run parallel to one another (Gautier C et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15: 6625-6641).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can also contain 2'-O-methylribonucleotides (Inoue et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res 15: 6131-6148) or chimeric RNA-DNA analogs (Inoue et al. (1987) FEBS Lett 215: 327-330).
  • Catalytic RNA molecules or ribozymes can be adapted to any target RNA and cleave the phosphodiester structure at specific positions, whereby the target RNA is functionally deactivated (Tanner NK (1999) FEMS Microbiol Rev 23 (3): 257 -275). This does not modify the ribozyme itself, but is able to cleave further target RNA molecules analogously, which gives it the properties of an enzyme.
  • ribozymes e.g. "Hammerhead” ribozymes; Haselhoff and Gerlach (1988) Nature 334: 585-591
  • the antisense strategy described above can advantageously be coupled with a ribozyme method.
  • the incorporation of ribozyme sequences into “antisense” RNAs gives these "antisense” RNAs this enzyme-like, RNA-cleaving property and thus increases their efficiency in inactivating the target RNA.
  • the production and use of appropriate ribozyme "Antisense” RNA molecules are described, for example, by Haseloff et al. (1988) Nature 334: 585-591.
  • Ribozyme technology can increase the efficiency of an antisense strategy.
  • Suitable target sequences and ribozymes can, for example, as described in "Steinecke P, Ribozymes, Methods in Cell Biology 50, Galbraith et al. Eds, Academic Press, Inc. (1995), pp. 449-460", by secondary structure calculations of ribozyme and Target RNA and their interaction can be determined (Bayley CC et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol. 18 (2): 353-361; Lloyd AM and Davis RW et al. (1994) Mol Gen Genet. 242 (6) : 653-657).
  • Tetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed which have regions complementary to the mRNA of the callose synthase polypeptide to be suppressed (see also US Pat. No. 4,987,071 and US Pat. No. 5,116,742).
  • RNA with homology to an endogenous gene can reduce or switch off its expression, similar to that described for antisense approaches (Jorgensen et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol 31 (5): 957-973; Goring et al. (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 88: 1770-1774; Smith et al. (1990) Mol Gen Genet 224: 447-481; Napoli et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 279-289; Van der Krol et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2: 291-99).
  • the introduced construct can represent the homologous gene to be reduced in whole or in part.
  • the possibility of translation is not necessary.
  • the application of this technology to plants is described, for example, by Napoli et al. (1990) The Plant Cell 2: 279-289 and in US 5,034,323.
  • the suppression is realized using a sequence which is essentially identical to at least a part of the nucleic acid sequence coding for a callose synthase polypeptide or a functional equivalent thereof, for example the nucleic acid molecule according to the invention, e.g. the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID No: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32 and / or 34 or the nucleic acid sequence coding for a functional equivalent thereof.
  • a dominant-negative callose synthase variant can be achieved, for example, by changing amino acid residues that are part of the catalytic center and as a result of which the polypeptide loses its activity.
  • Amino acid residues to be mutated are preferably those which are conserved in the callose synthase polypeptides of various organisms. Such conserved areas can be determined, for example, by means of computer-aided comparison ("alignment").
  • These mutations to achieve a dominant-negative callose synthase variant are preferably carried out at the level of the nucleic acid sequence coding for callose synthase polypeptides.
  • a corresponding mutation can be implemented, for example, by PCR-mediated in vitro mutagenesis using appropriate oligonucleotide primers through which the desired mutation is introduced. Methods familiar to the person skilled in the art are used for this. For example, the "LA PCR in vitro mutagenesis kit” (Takara Shuzo, Kyoto) can be used for this purpose. Introduction of callose synthase genes, RNAs or polypeptide-binding factors.
  • a decrease in callose synthase gene expression is also associated with specific DNA binding factors e.g. possible with factors of the type of zinc finger transcription factors. These factors attach to the genomic sequence of the endogenous target gene, preferably in the regulatory areas, and bring about repression of the endogenous gene.
  • the use of such a method enables the expression of an endogenous callose synthase gene to be reduced without its sequence having to be genetically manipulated.
  • Appropriate processes for the production of such factors are described (Dreier B et al. (2001) J Biol Chem 276 (31): 29466-78; Dreier B et al. (2000) J Mol Biol 303 (4): 489-502; Beerli RR et al. (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 97 (4): 1495-1500; Beerli RR et al. (2000) J Biol Chem
  • a suitable piece of a callose synthase gene can be selected using a suitable piece of a callose synthase gene.
  • This section is preferably in the region of the promoter region. For gene suppression, however, it can also lie in the area of the coding exons or introns.
  • the corresponding sections are available to the person skilled in the art by means of a database query from the gene bank or, starting from a callose synthase cDNA, the gene of which is not present in the gene bank, by screening a genomic library for corresponding genomic clones. The processes required for this are familiar to the person skilled in the art.
  • factors can be introduced into a cell that inhibit the callose synthase target polypeptide itself.
  • the polypeptide binding factors can e.g. Aptamers (Famulok M and Mayer G (1999) Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 243: 123-36) or antibodies or antibody fragments. The extraction of these factors is described and known to the person skilled in the art.
  • a cytoplasmic scFv antibody was used to modulate the activity of the phytochrome A protein in genetically modified tobacco plants (Owen M et al. (1992) Biotechnology (N Y) 10 (7): 790-794;
  • Gene expression can also be suppressed by tailor-made, low molecular weight synthetic compounds, for example of the polyamide type
  • oligomers consist of the building blocks 3- (dimethylamino) propylamine, N-methyl-3-hydroxypyrrole, N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole and can be adapted to each piece of double-stranded DNA so that they bind sequence-specifically into the major groove and the expression block the genetic sequences there. Corresponding methods are described (see, inter alia, Bremer RE et al. (2001) Bioorg Med Chem. 9 (8): 2093-103; Ansari AZ et al.
  • Callose synthase expression can also be effectively accomplished by induction of specific callose synthase RNA degradation by the plant using a viral expression system (Amplikon) (Angell, SM et al. (1999) Plant J. 20 (3): 357-362 ) will be realized.
  • viral expression system Amplikon
  • VIGS viral induced gene silencing
  • PTGS post-transcriptional gene silencing
  • a nucleic acid construct which contains at least part of an endogenous callose synthase gene, which by deletion, addition or substitution of at least one nucleotide is changed so that the functionality is reduced or completely abolished.
  • the change can also affect the regulatory elements (for example the promoter) of the gene, so that the coding sequence remains unchanged, but expression (transcription and / or translation) is omitted and reduced.
  • the modified region at its 5 'and 3' ends is flanked by further nucleic acid sequences which must be of sufficient length to enable the recombination to take place.
  • the length is usually in the range from several hundred or more bases to several kilobases (Thomas KR and Capecchi MR (1987) Cell 51: 503; Strepp et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 95 (8): 4368-4373).
  • the host organism - for example a plant - is transformed with the recombination construct using the methods described below, and successfully recombined clones are selected using, for example, antibiotic or herbicide resistance.
  • Suitable methods for reducing the callose synthase activity are the introduction of nonsense mutations in endogenous callose synthase genes, for example by generating knockout mutants with the aid of e.g. T-DNA mutagenesis (Koncz et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol 20 (5): 963-976), ENU- (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) - mutagenesis or homo-recombination (Hohn B and Puchta (1999) H Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 96: 8321-8323.) Or EMS Mutangenese (Birchler JA, Schwartz D. Biochem Genet.
  • Point mutations can also be generated using DNA-RNA hybrid oligonucleotides, which are also known as "chimeraplasty” (Zhu et al. (2000) Nat Biotechnol 18 (5): 555-558, Cole-Strauss et al. (1999) Nucl Acids Res 27 (5): 1323-1330; Kmiec (1999) Gene therapy American Scientist 87 (3): 240-247).
  • “Mutations” in the sense of the present invention means the change in the nucleic acid sequence of a gene variant in a plasmid or in the genome of an organism. Mutations can arise, for example, as a result of errors in replication or can be caused by mutagens. The rate of spontaneous mutations in the cell genome of Organisms are very small, however, a large number of biological, chemical or physical mutagens are known to the skilled person. Mutations include substitutions, additions, deletions of one or more nucleic acid residues.
  • Substitution is the exchange of individual nucleic acid bases, and a distinction is made between transitions (substitution of a purine base for a purine base or a pyrimidine base for a pyrimidine base) and transversions (substitution of a purine base for a pyrimidine base or vice versa).
  • Addition or insertion is understood to mean the incorporation of additional nucleic acid residues into the DNA, which can lead to shifts in the reading frame. With such reading frame shifts, a distinction is made between “in frame” insertions / additions and “out of frame” insertions. With the “in-frame” insertions / additions, the reading frame is retained and a polypeptide that is enlarged by the number of amino acids coded by the inserted nucleic acids is formed. With “out of frame” insertions / additions, the original reading frame is lost and the formation of one complete and functional polypeptide is no longer possible.
  • Deletions describe the loss of one or more base pairs, which likewise lead to "in frame” or “out of frame” shifts in the reading frame and the associated consequences with regard to the formation of an intact protein.
  • mutagenic agents which can be used to generate random or targeted mutations and the methods and techniques which can be used are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • Such methods and mutagens are e.g. described by A.M. van Harten [(1998), “Mutation breeding: theory and practical applications", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK], E Friedberg, G Walker, W Siede [(1995), “DNA Repair and Mutagenesis", Blackwell Publishing ], or K. Sankaranarayanan, JM Gentile, LR Ferguson [(2000) “Protocols in Mutagenesis", Elsevier Health Sciences].
  • Common molecular biology methods and procedures such as the vitro mutagen kits, LA PCR in vitro mutagenesis kit "(Takara Shuzo, Kyoto) or PCR mutagenesis using suitable primers can be used to introduce targeted mutations.
  • Chemical mutagens can be classified according to their mechanism of action. There are base analogs (e.g. 5-bromouracil, 2-amino purine), mono- and bifunctional alkylating agents (e.g. monofunctional such as ethyl methyl sulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, or bifunctional such as dichloroethyl sulfite, mitomycin, nitrosoguanidines - dialkylnitrosamines, N-nitrosoguanidine derivatives) or intercalating substances (eg acridines, ethidium bromide).
  • base analogs e.g. 5-bromouracil, 2-amino purine
  • mono- and bifunctional alkylating agents e.g. monofunctional such as ethyl methyl sulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, or bifunctional such as dichloroethyl sulfite, mitomycin, nitrosoguanidines - dialkylnitro
  • Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic waves or particle radiation that is able to ionize molecules, i.e. remove from these electrons. The remaining ions are usually very reactive, so that if they arise in living tissue, they can do great damage to the DNA, for example, and (at low intensity) thereby induce mutations.
  • Ionizing radiation is e.g. Gamma radiation (photon energy of about one megaelectron volt MeV), X-ray radiation (photon energy of several or many kiloelectron volts keV) or ultraviolet light (UV light, photon energy of over 3.1 eV). UV light causes dimers to form between bases, the most common being thymidine dimers, which cause mutations.
  • EMS Ethyl methyl sulfonate
  • ionizing Radiation is eg through the use of biological mutagens Transposons (e.g. Tn5, Tn903, Tn916, Tn1000, Balcells et al., 1991, May BP et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Be US A.
  • polypeptides can also be used for the method according to the invention which are obtained as a result of a mutation of a polypeptide according to the invention e.g. according to SEQ. ID No .: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33 and / or 35.
  • anti callose synthase compounds All substances and compounds which, directly or indirectly, reduce the amount of polypeptide, amount of RNA, gene activity or polypeptide activity of a callose synthase polypeptide are consequently combined under the name "anti callose synthase compounds".
  • anti callose synthase ver binding explicitly includes the nucleic acid sequences, peptides, proteins or other factors used in the methods described above.
  • an increase in resistance to pathogens from the families of the Pucciniaceae, Mycosphaerellaceae and Hypocreaceae in a monocotyledonous plant, or an organ, tissue or a cell thereof is achieved by:
  • Transgene means, for example, with respect to a nucleic acid sequence, an expression cassette or a vector containing said nucleic acid sequence or an organism transformed with said nucleic acid sequence, expression cassette or vector, all such constructions which have been obtained by genetic engineering methods or organisms in which either
  • a genetic control sequence functionally linked to the callose synthase nucleic acid sequence, for example a promoter, or
  • Natural genetic environment means the natural chromosomal locus in the organism of origin or the presence in a genomic library.
  • the natural, genetic environment of the nucleic acid sequence is preferably at least partially preserved.
  • the environment flanks the nucleic acid sequence at least on one side and has a sequence length of at least 50 bp, preferably at least 500 bp, particularly preferably at least 1000 bp, very particularly preferably at least 5000 bp.
  • non-natural, synthetic methods such as mutagenization.
  • Corresponding methods are described (US 5,565,350; WO 00/15815).
  • introduction includes all processes which are suitable for introducing or generating an “anti callose synthase compound”, directly or indirectly, into a plant or a cell, compartment, tissue, organ or seed thereof. Direct and indirect procedures are included.
  • the introduction can lead to a temporary (transient) presence of an “anti callose synthase compound” (for example a dsRNA) or else to a permanent (stable) one.
  • the "anti callose synthase compound” can perform its function directly (for example by insertion into an endogenous callose synthase gene).
  • the function can also be carried out indirectly after transcription into an RNA (for example in the case of antisense approaches) or after transcription and translation in a protein (for example in the case of binding factors).
  • Both direct and indirect acting "anti callose synthase compounds” are included according to the invention.
  • “Introduction” includes, for example, methods such as transfection, transduction or transformation.
  • Anti-callose synthase compound thus also includes, for example, recombinant expression constructs which express (ie transcription and possibly translation), for example, a callose synthase dsRNA or a callose synthase "antisense" RNA - preferably in a plant or a Part, tissue, organ or seeds of the same - condition.
  • nucleic acid molecule in said expression constructs / expression cassettes there is a nucleic acid molecule, the expression (transcription and possibly translation) of which generates an "anti callose synthase compound", preferably in functional connection with at least one genetic control element (for example a promoter) which ensures expression in plants.
  • at least one genetic control element for example a promoter
  • plant-specific genetic control elements for example promoters
  • the "anti callose synthase compound” can also be produced in other organisms or in vitro and then introduced into the plant. In this, all prokaryotic or eukaryotic genetic control elements (for example promoters) are preferred which allow expression in the plant chosen for the production.
  • a functional link is understood to mean, for example, the sequential arrangement of a promoter with the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed (for example an "anti callose synthase compound") and possibly other regulatory elements such as a terminator such that each of the regulatory elements has its function in the transgenic expression of the nucleic acid sequence, depending on the arrangement of the nucleic acid sequences to sense or anti-sense RNA. This does not necessarily require a direct link in the chemical sense. Genetic control sequences, such as, for example, enhancer sequences, can also perform their function on the target sequence from more distant positions or even from other DNA molecules.
  • nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically is positioned behind the sequence which acts as a promoter, so that both sequences are covalently linked to one another.
  • the distance between the promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically is preferably less than 200 base pairs, particularly preferably less than 100 base pairs, very particularly preferably less than 50 base pairs.
  • sequences can also be positioned between the two sequences, which for example have the function of a linker with certain restriction enzyme interfaces or a signal peptide.
  • the insertion of sequences can also lead to the expression of fusion proteins.
  • the expression cassette consisting of a linkage of promoter and nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, can preferably be integrated in a vector and inserted into a plant genome by, for example, transformation.
  • an expression cassette is also to be understood to mean constructions in which a promoter - for example by homologous recombination - is placed behind an endogenous callose synthase gene, and by expression of an antisense callose synthase RNA the reduction according to the invention of a callose synthase polypeptide is effected.
  • an "anti callose synthase compound" for example a nucleic acid sequence coding for a callose synthase dsRNA or a callose synthase antisense RNA
  • Both approaches lead to expression cassettes in the sense of the invention.
  • Plant-specific promoters basically means any promoter that can control the expression of genes, in particular foreign genes, in plants or plant parts, cells, tissues, cultures.
  • the expression can, for example, be constitutive, inducible or development-dependent.
  • “Constitutive” promoter means those promoters which ensure expression in numerous, preferably all, tissues over a relatively long period of plant development, preferably at all times during plant development.
  • a plant promoter or a plant virus-derived promoter is preferably used.
  • the promoter of the 35S transcript of the CaMV cauliflower mosaic virus is particularly preferred (Franck et al. (1980) Cell 21: 285-294; Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313: 810-812; Shewmaker et al. (1985) Virology 140: 281-288; Gardner et al.
  • the constitutive promoter is the promoter of the nitrilase-1 (nitl) gene from A. thaliana (GenBank Acc.-No .: Y07648.2, nucleotides 2456-4340, Hillebrand et al. (1996) Gene 170: 197-200 ).
  • promoters with specificities for the anthers ovaries, flowers, leaves, stems, roots and seeds are used.
  • Seed-specific promoters such as, for example, the promoter of phaseoline (US 5,504,200; Bustos MM et al. (1989) Plant Cell 1 (9): 839-53), of the 2S albuming gene (Joseffson LG et al. (1987) J Biol Chem 262: 12196-12201), the legumin (Shirsat A et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet 215 (2): 326-331), the USP (unknown seed protein; Bäumlein H et al.
  • Brassica promoter (WO 91/13980).
  • Further suitable seed-specific promoters are those of the genes coding for "high molecular weight glutenin” (HMWG), gliadin, branching enzyme, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase (AGPase) or starch synthase.
  • HMWG high molecular weight glutenin
  • AGPase ADP glucose pyrophosphatase
  • starch synthase also preferred are promoters which allow seed-specific expression in monocotyledons such as corn, barley, wheat, rye, rice etc.
  • the promoter of the lpt2 or lpt1 gene (WO 95/15389, WO 95/23230) or the promoters described in WO 99/16890 (promoters of the hordein gene, the glutelin gene, the oryzine gene, etc.) can be used advantageously Prolamin gene, gliadin gene, zein gene, kasirin gene or secalin gene).
  • Tuber, storage root or root-specific promoters such as the patatin promoter class I (B33), and the potato cathepsin D inhibitor promoter.
  • Leaf-specific promoters such as the promoter of the cytosolic FBPase from potato (WO 97/05900), the SSU promoter (small subunit), the Rubisco (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase) or the ST-LSI promoter from potato (Stockhaus et al. (1989 ) EMBO J 8: 2445-2451).
  • Epidermis-specific promoters such as the promoter of the OXLP gene (“oxalate oxidase like protein”; Wei et al. (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 101-112).
  • Flower-specific promoters such as the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635) or the promoter of the P-rr gene (WO 98/22593).
  • Anther-specific promoters such as the 5126 promoter (US 5,689,049, US 5,689,051), the glob-l promoter and the ⁇ -
  • the expression cassettes can also contain a chemically inducible promoter (review article: Gatz et al. (1997) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48: 89-108), by which the expression of the exogenous gene in the plant is controlled at a specific point in time can be.
  • a chemically inducible promoter e.g. the PRP1 promoter (Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22: 361-366), a salicylic acid-inducible promoter (WO 95/19443), a benzenesulfonamide-inducible promoter (EP 0 388 186), a tetracycline-inducible promoter Promoter (Gatz et al.
  • inducible promoters for expressing the RNAi constructs used to reduce the amount of polypeptide, activity or function to reduce the callose synthase is very particularly advantageous, which, for example when using pathogen-inducible promoters, enables expression only when required (ie pathogen attack) ,
  • the process according to the invention therefore uses active promoters in plants which are pathogen-inducible promoters.
  • Pathogen-inducible promoters include the promoters of genes that are induced as a result of pathogen attack, such as genes from PR proteins, SAR proteins, ⁇ -1, 3-glucanase, chitinase, etc. (e.g. Redolfi et al. (1983) Neth J Plant Pathol 89: 245-254; Uknes, et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4: 645-656; Van Loon (1985) Plant Mol Viral 4: 111-116; Marineau et al. (1987) Plant Mol Biol 9 : 335-342; Matton et al. (1987) Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2: 325-342; Somssich et al.
  • wound-inducible promoters such as that of the pinll gene (Ryan (1990) Ann Rev Phytopath 28: 425-449; Duan et al. (1996) Nat Biotech 14: 494-498), the wunl and wun2 gene (US 5,428,148), the winl and win2 genes (Stanford et al. (1989) Mol Gen Genet 215: 200-208), the Systemin (McGurl et al. (1992) Science 225: 1570-1573), the WIP1 gene (Rohmeier et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22: 783- 792; Eckelkamp et al. (1993) FEBS Letters 323: 73-76), the MPI gene (Corderok et al. (1994) Plant J 6 (2): 141-150) and the like.
  • the pinll gene Rost al. (1990) Ann Rev Phytopath 28: 425-449; Duan et al. (1996) Nat Biotech 14
  • the PR gene family is a source of further pathogen-inducible promoters. A number of elements in these promoters have proven to be advantageous. Region -364 to -288 in the promoter of PR-2d mediates salicylate specificity (Buchel et al. (1996) Plant Mol Biol 30, 493-504). The sequence 5'-TCATCTTCTT-3 'appears repeatedly in the barley promoter ß-1, 3-glucanase and in more than 30 other stress-induced genes. This region binds a nuclear protein in tobacco, the abundance of which is increased by salicylate.
  • the PR-1 promoters from tobacco and Arabidopsis are also suitable as pathogen-inducible promoters.
  • aPR5 acidic Pf? -5"
  • aPR5 proteins accumulate in about 4 to 6 hours after pathogen attack and show only a very low background expression (WO 99/66057).
  • One approach to achieve an increased pathogen-induced specificity is the production of synthetic promoters from combinations of known pathogen-responsive elements (Rushton et al. (2002) Plant Cell 14, 749-762; WO 00/01830; WO 99/66057).
  • Other pathogen-inducible promoters of various types are known to the person skilled in the art (EP-A 1 165 794; EP-A 1 062 356; EP-A 1 041 148; EP-A 1 032 684).
  • pathogen-inducible promoters include the flax F / ' st promoter (WO 96/34949), the Vst1 promoter (Schubert et al. (1997) Plant Mol Biol 34: 417-426) and the EAS4 sesquiterpenes cyclase promoter from tobacco (US 6,100,451).
  • promoters that are induced by biotic or abiotic stress such as the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene (or gstl promoter) e.g. from potato (WO 96/28561; Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22: 361-366), the heat-inducible hsp70 or hsp ⁇ O promoter from tomato (US Pat. No. 5,187,267), the cold-inducible alpha-amylase promoter from the potato ( WO 96/12814), the light-inducible PPDK promoter or the wound-induced pinII promoter (EP-A 0 375 091).
  • the pathogen-inducible promoter of the PRP1 gene e.g. from potato
  • WO 96/28561 Ward et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 22: 361-366
  • the heat-inducible hsp70 or hsp ⁇ O promoter from tomato
  • mesophyll tissue-specific promoters such as the promoter of the wheat germin 9f-3.8 gene (GenBank Acc.-No .: M63224) or the barley GerA promoter (WO 02/057412) are used. Said promoters are particularly advantageous because they are both mesophyll-specific and pathogen-inducible.
  • the mesophyll tissue-specific Arabidopsis CAB-2 promoter (GenBank Acc.-No .: X15222) and the Zea mays PPCZml promoter (GenBank Acc.-No .: X63869) or homologues thereof are also suitable.
  • mesophyll tissue means a restriction of the transcription of a gene caused by the specific interaction of cis elements present in the promoter sequence and transcription factors binding thereon to as few plant tissue as possible containing the mesophyll tissue, preferably a transcription restricted to the mesophyll tissue.
  • suitable promoters are, for example, fruit-ripening-specific promoters, such as the fruit-ripening-specific promoter from tomato (WO 94/21794, EP 409 625).
  • Development-dependent promoters partly include the tissue-specific promoters, since the formation of individual tissues is naturally development-dependent.
  • Constitutive, leaf and / or stem-specific, pathogen-inducible, root-specific, mesophyll tissue-specific promoters are particularly preferred, with constitutive, pathogen-inducible, mesophyll tissue-specific and root-specific promoters being most preferred.
  • promoters can be functionally linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed, which enable expression in other plant tissues or in other organisms, such as, for example, E. coli bacteria.
  • all promoters described above can be considered as plant promoters.
  • the nucleic acid sequences contained in the expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention can be functionally linked to further genetic control sequences in addition to a promoter.
  • the term “genetic control sequences” is to be understood broadly and means all those sequences which have an influence on the formation or the function of the expression cassette according to the invention. Genetic control sequences modify, for example, transcription and translation in prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms.
  • the expression cassettes according to the invention preferably comprise 5'-upstream of the respective nucleic acid sequence to be expressed transgenically, a promoter with the specificity described above and 3'-downstream a terminator sequence as an additional genetic control sequence, and optionally further customary regulatory elements. elements, each functionally linked to the transgenic nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • Genetic control sequences also include further promoters, promoter elements or minimal promoters that can modify the expression-controlling properties. Genetic control sequences can, for example, also result in tissue-specific expression depending on certain stress factors. Corresponding elements are, for example, for water stress, abscisic acid (Lam E and Chua NH, J Biol Chem 1991; 266 (26): 17131 -17135) and heat stress (Schoffl F et al., Molecular & General Genetics 217 (2-3): 246-53, 1989).
  • Genetic control sequences also include the 5 'untranslated regions, introns or non-coding 3' regions of genes such as the actin-1 intron, or the Adh1-S introns 1, 2 and 6 (general: The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116 , Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, New York (1994)). It has been shown that these can play a significant role in regulating gene expression. It has been shown that 5'-untranslated sequences can increase the transient expression of heterologous genes.
  • An example of translation enhancers is the 5 'leader sequence from the tobacco mosaic virus (Gallie et al. (1987) Nucl Acids Res 15: 8693-8711) and the like. They can also promote tissue specificity (Rouster J et al. (1998) Plant J 15: 435-440).
  • the expression cassette can advantageously contain one or more so-called “enhancer sequences” functionally linked to the promoter, which enable an increased transgenic expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Additional advantageous sequences, such as further regulatory elements or terminators, can also be inserted at the 3 'end of the nucleic acid sequences to be expressed transgenically.
  • the nucleic acid sequences to be expressed transgenically can be contained in one or more copies in the gene construct.
  • Polyadenylation signals suitable as control sequences are plant polyadenylation signals, preferably those which essentially correspond to T-DNA polyadenylation signals from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, in particular gene 3 of T-DNA (octopine synthase) of the Ti plasmid pTiACHS (Gielen et al. (1984) EMBO J 3: 835 ff) or functional equivalents thereof.
  • Examples of particularly suitable terminator sequences are the OCS (octopine synthase) terminator and the NOS (nopalin synthase) terminator.
  • Control sequences are also to be understood as those which enable homologous recombination or insertion into the genome of a host organism or which allow removal from the genome.
  • homologous recombination for example, the natural promoter of a specific gene can be exchanged for a promoter with specificity for the embryonic epidermis and / or the flower.
  • an expression cassette and the vectors derived from it can contain further functional elements.
  • the term functional element is to be understood broadly and means all those elements which have an influence on the production, multiplication or function of the expression cassettes, vectors or transgenic organisms according to the invention. Examples include, but are not limited to:
  • Selection markers which confer resistance to a metabolism inhibitor such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (WO 98/45456), antibiotics or biocides, preferably herbicides, such as, for example, kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin, or phosphinotricin etc.
  • herbicides such as, for example, kanamycin, G 418, bleomycin, hygromycin, or phosphinotricin etc.
  • Particularly preferred selection markers are those which confer resistance to herbicides.
  • Examples include: DNA sequences that code for phosphinothricin acetyltransferases (PAT) and inactivate glutamine synthase inhibitors (bar and pat gene), 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase genes (EPSP synthase genes) that are resistant to Glyphosat ® (N- (phosphonomethyl) glycine), the gox gene (glyphosate oxidoreductase) coding for the glyphosat ® degrading enzyme, the deh gene (coding for a dehalogenase which inactivates dalapon), sulfonylurea and imidazolinone inactivating acetolactate synthases and bxn genes for bromoxynil degrading Nitrilase enzymes encode the aasa gene that confers resistance to the antibiotic apectinomycin, the streptomycinphosphotransferase (SPT) gene that confers resistance to str
  • reporter genes which code for easily quantifiable proteins and which, by means of their own color or enzyme activity, ensure an assessment of the transformation efficiency or the location or time of expression.
  • Reporter proteins such as the "green fluorescence protein" (GFP) (Sheen et al. (1995) Plant Journal 8 (5): 777-784; Haseloff et al. (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 94 (6): 2122-2127; Reichel et al. (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 93 (12): 5888- 5893; Tian et al.
  • ß-galactosidase encode a protein that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissue and thus enables a direct analysis of the promoter activity without the addition of additional additives or chromogenic substrates; Dellaporta et al., In: Chromosome Structure and Function: Impact of New Concepts, 18th Stadler Genetics Symposium, 11: 263-282, 1988), ß-glucuronidase is very particularly preferred (Jefferson et al., EMBO J. 1987, 6, 3901-3907).
  • Origins of replication which ensure an increase in the expression cassettes or vectors according to the invention in, for example, E. coli.
  • Examples are ORI (origin of DNA replication), the pBR322 ori or the P15A ori (Sambrook et al .: Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual, 2 ⁇ d ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989).
  • a selectable marker which gives the successfully transformed cells resistance to a biocide (for example a herbicide), a metabolism inhibitor such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (WO 98/45456 ) or an antibiotic.
  • a biocide for example a herbicide
  • a metabolism inhibitor such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (WO 98/45456 ) or an antibiotic.
  • the selection marker allows the selection of the transformed cells from untransformed ones (McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84).
  • an expression cassette according to the invention into an organism or cells, tissues, organs, parts or seeds thereof (preferably in plants or plant cells, tissues, organs, parts or seeds) can advantageously be implemented using vectors in which the Expression cassettes are included.
  • the expression cassette can be inserted into the vector (e.g. a plasmid) via a suitable restriction site.
  • the resulting plasmid is first introduced into E. coli. Correctly transformed E. coli are selected, grown and the recombinant plasmid obtained using methods familiar to the person skilled in the art. Restriction analysis and sequencing can be used to check the cloning step.
  • Vectors can be, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phages, viruses or even agrobacteria.
  • the expression cassette is introduced by means of plasmid vectors.
  • Preferred vectors are those which enable stable integration of the expression cassette into the host genome. The production of a transformed organism (or a transformed cell) requires that the corresponding DNA molecule and thus the RNA molecules or proteins formed as a result of its gene expression be introduced into the corresponding host cell.
  • transformation or transduction or transfection
  • the DNA or RNA can be introduced directly by microinjection or by bombardment with DNA-coated microparticles.
  • the cell can also be chemically permeabilized, for example with polyethylene glycol, so that the DNA can get into the cell by diffusion.
  • the DNA can also be obtained by protoplast fusion with other DNA-containing units such as minicells, cells, lysosomes or liposomes. Electroporation is another suitable method for introducing DNA in which the cells are reversibly permeabilized by an electrical pulse.
  • Suitable methods are, in particular, protoplast transformation by polyethylene glycol-induced DNA uptake, the biological method using the gene gun, the so-called “particle bombardment” method, electroporation, the incubation of dry embryos in DNA-containing solution and microinjection.
  • a transformation can also be carried out by bacterial infection using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
  • the methods are described, for example, by Horsch RB et al. (1985) Science 225: 1229f).
  • the expression cassette is to be integrated into special plasmids, either into an intermediate vector (English: shuttle or intermediate vector) or a binary vector. If a Ti or Ri plasmid is used for transformation, there is at least the right boundary, but mostly the right and the left Limitation of the Ti or Ri plasmid T-DNA as a flanking region connected to the expression cassette to be inserted.
  • Binary vectors are preferably used.
  • Binary vectors can replicate in both E.coli and Agrobacterium. They usually contain a selection marker gene and a linker or polylinker flanked by the right and left T-DNA delimitation sequence. They can be transformed directly into Agrobacterium (Holsters et al. (1978) Mol Gen Genet 163: 181-187).
  • the selection marker gene allows selection of transformed agrobacteria and is, for example, the nptll gene which confers resistance to kanamycin.
  • the Agrobacterium which acts as the host organism in this case, should already contain a plasmid with the vir region. This is necessary for the transfer of T-DNA to the plant cell. An Agrobacterium transformed in this way can be used to transform plant cells.
  • T-DNA for the transformation of plant cells has been intensively investigated and described (EP 120 516; Hoekema, In: The Binary Plant Vector System, Offsetdrukkerij Kanters BV, Alblasserdam, Chapter V; An et al. (1985) EMBO J 4: 277-287).
  • Various binary vectors are known and some are commercially available, for example pBI101.2 or pBIN19 (Clontech Laboratories, Inc. USA).
  • plasmid In the case of injection or electroporation of DNA or RNA into plant cells, there are no special requirements for the plasmid used. Simple plasmids such as the pUC series can be used. If complete plants are to be regenerated from the transformed cells, it is necessary that there is an additional selectable marker gene on the plasmid.
  • Stably transformed cells ie those which contain the introduced DNA integrated into the DNA of the host cell, can be selected from untransformed cells if a selectable marker is part of the introduced DNA.
  • Any gene that can confer resistance to antibiotics or herbicides can act as a marker (see above).
  • Transformed cells that express such a marker gene are able to survive in the presence of concentrations of an appropriate antibiotic or herbicide that kill an untransformed wild type. Examples are mentioned above and preferably comprise the bar gene which confers resistance to the herbicide phosphinotricin (Rathore KS et al.
  • the construct to be expressed is preferably cloned into a vector which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example pBin19 (Bevan et al. (1984) Nucl Acids Res 12: 8711f).
  • Plant can be obtained using methods known to those skilled in the art. This is based on callus cultures, for example. The formation of shoots and roots can be induced in a known manner from these still undifferentiated cell masses. The sprouts obtained can be planted out and grown.
  • the method according to the invention can advantageously be combined with further methods which bring about pathogen resistance (for example against insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes etc.), stress resistance or another improvement in the plant properties.
  • pathogen resistance for example against insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes etc.
  • stress resistance or another improvement in the plant properties. Examples include named at Dunwell JM, Transgenic approvals to crop improvement, J Exp Bot. 2000; 51 Spec No; Pages 487-96.
  • the decrease in the activity of a callose synthase in a plant is combined with an increase in the activity of a Bax Inhibitor 1 protein.
  • This can be done, for example, by expressing a nucleic acid sequence coding for a Bax inhibitor-1 protein, e.g. in mesophyll tissue and / or root tissue.
  • the Bax inhibitor-1 proteins from Hordeum vulgar (SEQ ID NO: 37) or Nicotiana tabacum SEQ ID NO: 39) are particularly preferred.
  • nucleic acid molecules the nucleic acid molecules coding for callose synthase polypeptides from barley, wheat and corn according to the polynucleotides SEQ. ID No: 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, and / or 32, as well as the complementary nucleic acid sequences, and those derived by degeneration of the genetic code Sequences and those for functional equivalents of the polypeptides according to SEQ. ID No .: 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 and / or 33 encoding nucleic acid molecules, the nucleic acid molecules not consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, 18, 20 or 34.
  • Another object of the invention relates to the callose synthase polypeptide from barley, wheat, corn according to SEQ. ID No .: 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31 or 33 or one that contains these sequences, as well as functional equivalents thereof, which are not from SEQ ID NO: 2, 19, 21 or 35 exist.
  • dsRNA molecule double-stranded RNA nucleic acid molecules
  • dsRNA molecule double-stranded RNA nucleic acid molecules
  • the sense strand of said dsRNA molecule at least a homology of 30%, preferably at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, particularly preferably at least 90%, very particularly preferably 100% to a nucleic acid molecule according to SEQ.
  • the double-stranded structure can be formed from a single, self-complementary strand or from two complementary strands.
  • “sense” and “antisense” sequences are linked by a connecting sequence (“linker”) and can, for example, form a hairpin structure.
  • the connecting sequence can very particularly preferably be an intron which is spliced out after synthesis of the dsRNA.
  • the nucleic acid sequence coding for a dsRNA can contain further elements, such as transcription termination signals or polyadenylation signals.
  • the invention further relates to transgenic expression cassettes which comprise one of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention.
  • the nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptides from barley, wheat and maize is linked with at least one genetic control element according to the above definition in such a way that expression (transcription and possibly translation) in any organism - preferably in monocotyledonous plants - can be realized. Suitable genetic control elements are described above.
  • the transgenic expression cassettes can also contain further functional elements as defined above.
  • Such expression cassettes contain, for example, a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention, e.g. one which is essentially identical to a nucleic acid molecule according to ID No: 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 32, or a fragment thereof according to the invention, said nucleic acid sequence being preferred is present in a sense orientation or in an antisense orientation to a promoter and can thus lead to expression of sense or antisense RNA, the promoter being an active promoter in plants, preferably a promoter inducible by pathogen attack ,
  • transgenic vectors are also included which contain said transgenic expression cassettes.
  • Another object of the invention relates to plants that contain natural processes or artificially induced mutations in a nucleic acid molecule that the nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID No: 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 32 which do not consist of SEQ ID NO: 1, 18, 20 and 34, the said Mutation a reduction in the activity, function or amount of polypeptide of one of the nucleic acid molecules according to SEQ. ID No: 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 32 encoded polypeptides.
  • Plants belonging to the Poaceae family are preferred, plants selected from the plant genera Hordeum, Avena, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, Zea, Saccharum and Oryza are particularly preferred, plants selected from the species Hordeum vulgare (barley) are very particularly preferred, Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled), Triticale, Avena sative (oat), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (maize), Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) and Oryza sative ( Rice).
  • the invention relates to a monocot organism containing a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention which contains a mutation which brings about a reduction in the activity of one of the proteins coded by the nucleic acid molecules according to the invention in the organisms or parts thereof.
  • Another object of the invention relates to transgenic plants, transformed with at least a) a nucleic acid sequence, the nucleic acid molecules according to SEQ. ID No: 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, or 32, contain the complementary nucleic acid sequences, and those for functional equivalents of the polypeptides according to SEQ.
  • nucleic acid molecules which are preferably not of SEQ ID NO: 1, 18, 20 and 34 correspond to b) a double-stranded RNA nucleic acid molecule (dsRNA molecule) which brings about a reduction in a callose synthase, the sense strand of said dsRNA molecule having at least a homology of 30%, preferably at least 40%, 50%, 60% , 70% or 80%, particularly preferably at least 90%, very particularly preferably 100% to a nucleic acid molecule according to SEQ.
  • dsRNA molecule double-stranded RNA nucleic acid molecule
  • transgenic expression cassette which comprises one of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention, or a vector according to the invention, as well as cells, cell cultures, tissues, parts - such as leaves, roots etc. in plant organisms - or propagation material derived from such organisms.
  • Preferred host or starting organisms as transgenic organisms are, above all, plants as defined above. For example, all genera and species of higher and lower plants belonging to the class of Liliopsidae.
  • the transgenic organism is a mature plant, seed, sprout and seedling, as well as parts, propagation material and cultures derived therefrom, for example cell cultures.
  • “Ripe plant” means plants at any stage of development beyond the seedling.
  • “Seedling” means a young, immature plant at an early stage of development.
  • Plants particularly preferred as host organisms are plants to which the method according to the invention for achieving pathogen resistance can be applied in accordance with the above-mentioned criteria.
  • the plant is a monocot plant such as e.g.
  • Wheat oats, millet, barley, rye, corn, rice, buckwheat, sorghum, triticale, spelled or sugar cane, especially selected from the species Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled ), Triticale, Avena sative (oats), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (maize), Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) or Oryza sative (rice).
  • the production of the transgenic organisms can be carried out using the processes described above for the transformation or transfection of organisms.
  • the invention further relates to the transgenic plants described according to the invention, which additionally have an increased Bax inhibitor 1 activity, preference is given to plants which have an increased Bax inhibitor 1 activity in mesophyll cells or root cells; transgenic plants which are particularly preferred are belong to the family of the Poaceae and have an increased Bax inhibitor 1 activity in mesophyll cells or root cells, most preferred are transgenic plants selected from the plant genera Hordeum, Avena, Seeale, Triticum, Sorghum, Zea, Saccharum and Oryza, the plant species are most preferred Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Triticum aestivum subsp.spelta (spelled), Triticale, Avena sative (oat), Seeale cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor (millet), Zea mays (corn), Saccharum officina
  • Another object of the invention relates to the use of the transgenic organisms according to the invention and the cells, cell cultures, parts derived from them, such as roots, leaves, etc. in transgenic plant organisms, and transgenic propagation material such as seeds or fruits, for the production of Food or feed, pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the recombinant production of pharmaceuticals or fine chemicals in host organisms, wherein a host organism or a part thereof is transformed with one of the nucleic acid molecules described above, expression cassettes and this expression cassette contains one or more structural genes which code for the desired fine chemical or catalyze the biosynthesis of the desired fine chemical, the transformed host organism is grown and the desired fine chemical is isolated from the growth medium.
  • This process is widely applicable to fine chemicals such as enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, natural and synthetic flavors, aromas and colors.
  • the production of tocopherols and tocotrienols and carotenoids is particularly preferred.
  • the transformed host organisms are grown and isolated from the host organisms or from the growth medium using methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the production of pharmaceuticals, such as antibodies or vaccines, is described in Hood EE, Jilka JM (1999). Curr Opin Biotechnol. 10 (4): 382-6; Ma JK, Vine ND (1999). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 236: 275-92.
  • expression of a structural gene can of course also take place or be influenced independently of the execution of the method according to the invention or the use of the objects according to the invention.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 nucleic acid sequence coding for the kailose synthase polypeptide-1 (HvCSL-1) from Hordeum vulgar.
  • SEQ ID NO: 3 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-2 (HvCSL-2) from Hordeum vulgar.
  • SEQ ID NO: 5 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-3 (HvCSL-3) from Hordeum vulgar.
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-7 (HvCSL-7) from Hordeum vulgar.
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-1 (ZmCSL-1) from Zea mays.
  • SEQ ID NO: 12 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-1a (ZmCSL-la) from Zea mays.
  • SEQ ID NO: 14 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose Zea mays synthase polypeptide-2 (ZmCSL-2).
  • SEQ ID NO: 16 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-3 (ZmCSL-3) from Zea mays.
  • SEQ ID NO: 18 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-1 (OsCSL-1) from Oryza sativa.
  • SEQ ID NO: 20 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-2 (OsCSL-2) from Oryza sativa.
  • SEQ ID NO: 21 amino acid sequence of the Oryza sative callose synthase polypeptide-2.
  • SEQ ID NO: 22 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-1 from (TaCSL-1) Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 23 amino acid sequence of Triticum aestivum callose synthase polypeptide-1.
  • SEQ ID NO: 24 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-2 (TaCSL-2) from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 25 amino acid sequence of Triticum aestivum callose synthase polypeptide-2.
  • SEQ ID NO: 26 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-4 (TaCSL-4) from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 27 amino acid sequence of the callose synthase polypeptide-4 from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 28 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-5 (TaCSL-5) from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 29 amino acid sequence of the callose synthase polypeptide-5 from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 30 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-6 (TaCSL- ⁇ ) from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 31 amino acid sequence of the callose synthase polypeptide-6 from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 32 nucleic acid sequence coding for the callose synthase polypeptide-7 (TaCSL-7) from Triticum aestivum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 33 amino acid sequence of Triticum aestivum callose synthase polypeptide-7.
  • SEQ ID NO: 34 nucleic acid sequence coding for the glucan synthase like polypeptide-5 from A.thalina (accession no. NM_116593).
  • SEQ ID NO: 35 amino acid sequence of the callose synthase coding for the glucan synthase like polypeptide-5 from A.thalina.
  • SEQ ID NO: 36 nucleic acid sequence coding for Bax inhibitor 1 from Hordeum vulgare. GenBank Acc.-No .: AJ290421
  • SEQ ID NO: 37 amino acid sequence of the Hordeum vulgare Bax Inhibitor 1 polypeptide.
  • SEQ ID NO: 38 nucleic acid sequence coding for Bax inhibitor 1 from Nicotiana tabacum. (GenBank Acc.-No .: AF390556) 39. SEQ ID NO: 39 amino acid sequence of the Bax inhibitor 1 polypeptide from Nicotiana tabacum.
  • SEQ ID NO: 41 Gene Racer 5'-nested primer, Invitrogen 5'- GGACACTGACATGGACTGAAGGAGTA-3 '
  • SEQ ID NO: 43 GeneRacer TM 5 'primer: 5'-CGACTGGAGCACGAGGACACTGA-3
  • SEQ ID NO: 44 RACE-5'nested HvCSLI: 5'-TCTGGCTTTATCTGGTGTTGGAGAATC-3 '
  • SEQ ID NO: 45 GeneRacer TM 3 'primer: 5'-GCTGTCAACGATACGCTACGTAACG-3
  • SEQ ID NO: 46 GeneRacer TM 3'-Nested Primer: 5'-CGCTACGTAACGGCATGACAGTG-3
  • SEQ ID NO: 47 M13-fwd: 5'-GTAAAACGACGGCCAGTG-3 '
  • oligonucleotides can be carried out, for example, in a known manner using the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd edition, Wiley Press New York, pages 896-897).
  • the cloning steps carried out in the context of the present invention e.g. Restriction cleavages, agarose gel electrophoresis, purification of DNA fragments, transfer of nucleic acids to nitrocellulose and nylon membranes, linking of DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli cells, cultivation of bacteria, multiplication of phages and sequence analysis of recombinant DNA are carried out as in Sambrook et al , (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISBN 0-87969-309-6.
  • the sequencing of recombinant DNA molecules takes place with a laser fluorescence DNA sequencer from MWG-Licor according to the method of Sanger (Sanger et al. (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 74: 5463-5467).
  • the barley variety Ingrid comes from Patrick Schweizer, Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben.
  • the Pallas variety and the BCIngrid-m / o5 back line was provided by Lisa Munk, Department of Plant Pathology, Royal Veterinary and Agriculturai University, Copenhagen, Denmark. Their preparation is described (K ⁇ lster P et al. (1986) Crop Sei 26: 903-907).
  • the seeds which have been pre-germinated in the dark on moist filter paper for 12 to 36 hours, are placed on the edge of a square pot (8x8cm) in type P Fruhstorfer soil, covered with soil and regularly watered with tap water, unless otherwise stated. All plants are grown in climate cabinets or chambers at 16 to 18 ° C, 50 to 60% relative humidity and a 16-hour light / 8-hour dark cycle with 3000 or 5000 lux (50 or 60 ⁇ mols- m- 2 photons- flux-tight) cultured for 5 to 8 days and used in the seedling stage in the experiments. In experiments in which applications are carried out on primary blades, these have been fully developed.
  • the plants are cultivated in climatic chambers or chambers at 24 ° C during the day, 20 ° C at night, 50 to 60% relative atmospheric humidity and a 16-hour light / ⁇ -hour dark cycle at 30,000 lux.
  • barley powdery mildew Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f.sp. Hordei Em.Marchai of breed A6 (Wiberg A (1974) Hereditas 77: 89- 148) (BghA6) is used. This was provided by the Institute for Biometry, JLU G corden.
  • the inoculum is grown in climatic chambers under the same conditions as described above for the plants, by transferring the conidia from infected plant material to regularly grown, 7-day-old barley plants cv. Golden promise at a density of 100 conidia / mm 2 .
  • BghA6 is inoculated using 7-day-old seedlings by shaking off the conidia of plants already infected in an inoculation tower with approximately 100 conidia / mm 2 (unless stated otherwise).
  • RNA Extraction Buffer AChinsky RNA Extraction Buffer
  • central primary leaf segments of 5 cm in length are harvested and homogenized in liquid nitrogen in mortars.
  • the homogenate is stored at -70 ° C. until the RNA extraction.
  • Total RNA is extracted from the frozen leaf material with the aid of an RNA extraction kit (AGS, Heidelberg).
  • AGS RNA extraction kit
  • 200 mg of the frozen leaf material is overlaid in a microcentrifuge tube (2 mL) with 1.7 mL RNA extraction buffer (AGS) and immediately mixed well.
  • AGS RNA extraction buffer
  • the mixture is then centrifuged for 15 min at 20,000 g and 4 ° C., the upper aqueous phase is transferred to a new microcentrifuge tube and the lower one is discarded.
  • the aqueous phase is cleaned again with 900 ⁇ L chloroform by homogenizing 3 times for 10 sec and centrifuging again (see above) and lifting off.
  • 850 ⁇ L 2-propanol is then added, homogenized and placed on ice for 30 to 60 min. Subsequently, centrifuging for 20 min (see above), carefully decanting the supernatant, adding 2 mL 70% ethanol (-20 ° C), mixing and centrifuging again for 10 min. The supernatant is then decanted again and the pelet is carefully removed from liquid residues with a pipette before it is dried in a clean air workstation in a clean air stream.
  • RNA is then dissolved in 50 ⁇ L DEPC water on ice, mixed and centrifuged for 5 min (see above). 40 ⁇ l of the supernatant are transferred as an RNA solution into a new microcentrifuge tube and stored at -70 ° C.
  • the concentration of the RNA is determined photometrically.
  • the RNA solution is diluted 1:99 (v / v) with distilled water and the absorbance (photometer DU 7400,
  • RNA contents are then adjusted to 1 ⁇ g / ⁇ L with DEPC water and checked in an agarose gel.
  • RNA concentrations in the horizontal agarose gel 1% agarose in 1 x MOPS buffer with 0.2 ⁇ g / mL ethidium bromide
  • 1 ⁇ L RNA solution with 1 ⁇ L 10 ⁇ MOPS, 1 ⁇ L color marker and 7 ⁇ L DEPC water added, separated according to their size at 120 V voltage in the gel in 1 x MOPS running buffer for 1.5 hours and photographed under UV light. Any differences in concentration of the RNA extracts are compensated with DEPC water and the adjustment is checked again in the gel.
  • RNA from barley seedlings was used as a template.
  • the RNA was from cv. Ingrid isolated 7 days after germination.
  • RNA from cv. Ingrid and the back-crossed lines with mlo5 1, 2 and 5 days after inoculation with S ⁇ //? A6 were isolated on the 7th day after germination.
  • the following primers were used for the RT-PCR:
  • the PCR product was separated using 2% w / v agarose gel electrophoresis. An RT-PCR product with a total of 249 bp was obtained.
  • the corresponding cDNA was isolated from an agarose gel and cloned into the pTOPO vector (Invitrogen Life Technologies) by means of T-overhang ligation.
  • the cDNAs were sequenced from the plasmid DNA using the "Thermo Sequenase Fluorescent Labeled Primer Cycle Sequencing Kit" (Amersham, Freiburg, Germany).
  • the HvCSLI cDNA sequence was extended using RACE technology using the "GeneRacer Kit” (INVITROGENE Life Technologies). For this purpose, 100 ng poly-A mRNA, 1 ⁇ L 10xCIP buffer, 10 units RNAse inhibitor, 10 units CIP ("calf intestinal phosphatase") and DEPC-treated water up to a total volume of 10 ⁇ L for 1 h at 50 ° C treated. To precipitate the RNA, a further 90 ⁇ L of DEPC water and 100 ⁇ L of phenol hloroform were added and mixed thoroughly for about 30 seconds.
  • the upper phase was mixed with 2 ⁇ l 10 mg / ml Mussei Glycogen, 10 ⁇ l 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) in a new micro reaction vessel. 220 ul 95% ethanol were added and the mixture incubated on ice. The RNA was then precipitated by centrifugation for 20 min at 20,000 g and 4 ° C. The supernatant was discarded, 500 ⁇ l of 75% ethanol were added, vortexed briefly and centrifuged again for 2 min (20,000 g). The supernatant was again discarded, the precipitate was air-dried for 2 min at room temperature and then suspended in 6 ⁇ l of DEPC water.
  • RNA CAP structures were removed by adding 1 ⁇ l 10xTAP buffer, 10 units RNAsin and 1 unit TAP ("tobacco acid pyrophosphatase"). The mixture was incubated for 1 h at 37 ° C and then cooled on ice. The RNA was again precipitated as described above and transferred to a reaction vessel with 0.25 ⁇ g GeneRacer oligonucleotide primer. The oligonucleotide primer was resuspended in the RNA solution, the mixture was incubated for 5 min at 70 ° C. and then cooled on ice. 1 ul
  • RACE-HvCSL1 5'-GCCCAACATCTCTTCCTTTACCAACCT-3 '(SEQ ID NO: 42)
  • GeneRacer TM 3 'Primer 5 "-GCTGTCAACGATACGCTACGTAACG-3 (SEQ ID NO: 45)
  • the mixture (total volume 25 ⁇ L) had the following composition:
  • the PCR conditions were:
  • the PCR product obtained was isolated on a gel, extracted from the gel and cloned into pTOPO by means of T-overhang ligation and sequenced.
  • the sequence shown under SEQ ID NO: 1 is therefore identical to the HvCSLI sequence from barley.
  • Leaf material from barley cv. Ingrid was treated with conidiospores of the avirulent powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. 7 days after germination. sp. tritici and the virulent powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei.0, 24 or 48 h after inoculation, leaf material from these interactions was harvested. In addition, non-infected material was harvested as a control at the same time.
  • the harvested leaf material was packed in aluminum foil and immediately frozen in liquid N 2 . The storage took place at -80 ° C. After reduction of the sheet material was the RNA was isolated with the RNeasy Maxi Kit ® from QIAGEN (Hilden) according to manufacturer's instructions. The elution was carried out with 1.2 ml of RNase-free water. The RNA was then precipitated and taken up in the corresponding volume H 2 0. The RNA concentrations were determined with the Eppendorf BioPhotometer 6131.
  • RNA samples from Table 1 were used for the quantitative PCR. Any DNA still present was first digested from the individual RNA samples. The digestion was carried out with DNA-free TM from AMBION (Huntingdon, USA) as follows:
  • the mixture was incubated at 37 ° C. for 60 min. Then 6 ⁇ l DNase Inactivation Reagent were added and the mixture was mixed well. After a further incubation time of 2 min at room temperature, the solution was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 1 min in order to pellet the DNase inactivation reagent. The RNA was transferred to a new tube and stored at -20 ° C.
  • the approach was different from the manufacturer's instructions with the Taq Man Reverse Transcription Reagents from APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS (Applera GmbH, Darmstadt):
  • the mixture was incubated at 25 ° C. for 10 min, followed by an incubation at 37 ° C. for 60 min. Finally, the batch was heat-inactivated at 95 ° C. for 5 min.
  • 3 ⁇ l of the transcribed DNA was used for the quantitative PCR.
  • the 18S rRNA was also determined as an internal standard. A triplicate determination was carried out on all samples. The batches were pipetted into a 96 well plate. First, the SYBR Green ® Master Mix with the primers and the corresponding the amount of water, then the DNA was pipetted in individually and the mixture was mixed.
  • the primers were searched for using the Primer Express program from APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS (Applera Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt) from the EST sequence.
  • the plate was centrifuged at RT and 2500 rpm (centrifuge 4K15C, SIGMA, Osterode) for 1 min, after which the samples were measured directly.
  • the ABI PRISM 7000 from APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS (Applera Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt) was used for the quantitative PCR.
  • the evaluation was carried out using the program ABI PRISM 7000 SDS from APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS (Applera Germany GmbH, Darmstadt).
  • Table 3 shows the expression data of HvCSLI. The measurement was carried out twice and the individual measured values were determined three times. The averaged values and the associated standard deviation are shown.
  • HvGsH The expression data of HvGsH are shown, which consist of two measurements with a respective triple determination.
  • the RNA used was DNA digested and then transcribed into DNA using the Taq Man Reverse Transcription Reagent. 18S rRNA was used as an endogenous control. The 0 h value of the measurement served as a comparison value or calibrator for each interaction.
  • Example 5 Northern blot analysis To prepare for Northern blotting, the RNA is separated in the agarose gel under denaturing conditions. A portion of RNA solution (corresponding to 5 ⁇ g RNA) is mixed with the same volume of sample buffer (with ethidium bromide), denatured for 5 min at 94 ° C, placed on ice for 5 min, briefly centrifuged and applied to the gel. The 1 x MOPS gel (1.5% agarose, ultra pure) contains 5 volume percent concentrated formaldehyde solution (36.5% [v / v]). The RNA is separated at 100 V for 2 h and then blotted.
  • sample buffer with ethidium bromide
  • Northern blotting is performed as an upward RNA transfer in the capillary stream.
  • the gel is first swung in 25 mM sodium hydrogen / dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and cut to size.
  • Whatman paper is prepared so that it rests on a horizontal plate and protrudes on two sides into a tub with 25 mM sodium hydrogen / dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 6.5).
  • the gel is placed on this paper, whereby uncovered parts of the Whatman paper are covered with a plastic film.
  • the gel is then covered with a positively charged nylon membrane (Boehringer-Mannheim) free of air bubbles, after which the membrane is again covered with absorbent paper in several layers about 5 cm high.
  • the absorbent paper is weighed down with a glass plate and a 100 g weight.
  • the blotting is carried out overnight at room temperature.
  • the membrane is briefly swung in A. bidest and irradiated with RNA light with a light energy of 125 mJ in the Crosslinker (Biorad) for UV fixation.
  • the uniform RNA transfer to the membrane is checked on the UV light bench.
  • 10 ⁇ g of total RNA from each sample are separated on an agarose gel and blotted onto a positively charged nylon membrane by capillary transfer. Detection is carried out with the DIG system.
  • RNA probes labeled with digogygenin or fluorescein are produced. These are generated by in vitro transcription of a PCR product using a T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase with labeled UTPs.
  • the plasmid vectors described above serve as templates for the PCR-supported amplification.
  • RNA polymerases are used to produce the antisense strand, the T7 RNA polymerase or the SP6 RNA polymerase.
  • the insert of the individual vectors is amplified by PCR with flanking standard primers (M13 fwd and rev).
  • the reaction proceeds with the following final concentrations in a total volume of 50 ⁇ L PCR buffer (Silverstar):
  • the amplification is temperature controlled in a thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmar 2400):
  • the success of the reaction is checked in a 1% agarose gel.
  • the products are then processed using a "High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit” (Boehringer Mannheim) cleaned up. About 40 ⁇ L of column eluate is obtained, which is checked again in the gel and stored at -20 ° C.
  • RNA polymerization, hybridization and immunodetection are largely carried out according to the manufacturer of the kit for non-radioactive RNA detection (DIG System User's Guide, DIG-Luminescence detection Kit, Boehringer-Mannheim, Kogel et al. (1994) Plant Physiol 106: 1264-1277).
  • 4 ⁇ l of purified PCR product are mixed with 2 ⁇ L transcription buffer, 2 ⁇ l NTP labeling mix, 2 ⁇ l NTP mix and 10 ⁇ l DEPC water.
  • 2 ⁇ L of the T7 RNA polymerase solution are pipetted in. The reaction is then carried out at 37 ° C. for 2 h and then made up to 100 ⁇ L with DEPC water.
  • the RNA probe is detected in the ethidium bromide gel and stored at -20 ° C.
  • the membranes are first swung for 1 hour at 68 ° C. in 2 ⁇ SSC (salt, sodium citrate), 0.1% SDS buffer (sodium dodecyl sulfate), the buffer being renewed 2 to 3 times.
  • the membranes are then placed on the inner wall of 68 ° C preheated hybridization tubes and incubated for 30 min with 10 mL D / g-Easy hybridization buffer in the preheated hybridization oven.
  • 10 ⁇ L probe solution in 80 ⁇ L hybridization buffer is denatured at 94 ° C. for 5 min, then placed on ice and centrifuged briefly.
  • the probe is then transferred to 10 ml of 68 ° C. warm hybridization buffer, and the buffer in the hybridization tube is replaced by this probe buffer.
  • the hybridization then also takes place at 68 ° C. overnight.
  • RNA-RNA hybrids Before immunodetection of RNA-RNA hybrids, the blots are washed stringently twice for 20 min each in 0.1% (w / v) SDS, 0.1 x SSC at 68 ° C.
  • the blots are first swirled twice for 5 min at RT in 2 x SSC, 0.1% SDS. This is followed by 2 stringent washing steps at 68 ° C in 0.1 x SSC, 0.1% SDS for 15 min each. The solution is then replaced by washing buffer without tween. It is shaken for 1 min and the solution is replaced by a blocking reagent. After shaking for a further 30 min, 10 ⁇ L of anti-fluorescein antibody solution were added and shaken for a further 60 min. This is followed by two 15 minute washing steps in washing buffer with tween. The membrane is then equilibrated in substrate buffer for 2 min and, after dripping, transferred to a copy film.
  • a mixture of 20 ⁇ L CDP-Star TM and 2 mL substrate buffer is then evenly distributed on the "RNA side" of the membrane.
  • the membrane is then covered with a second copy film and heat-sealed at the edges with air bubbles and watertight.
  • the membrane is then covered with a X-ray film in a dark room for 10 min and this is then developed.
  • the exposure time is varied depending on the strength of the luminescence reaction. If not specifically marked, the solutions are included in the scope of delivery of the kit (DIG-Luminescence detection Kit, Boehringer-Mannheim). All others are prepared from the following stock solutions by dilution with autoclaved, distilled water. Unless otherwise specified, all stock solutions are prepared with DEPC (like DEPC water) and then autoclaved.
  • DEPC water Distilled water is treated overnight at 37 ° C with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC, 0.1%, w / v) and then autoclaved
  • MOPS buffer 0.2 M MOPS (morpholine-3-propanesulfonic acid), 0.05 M sodium acetate, 0.01 M EDTA, pH adjusted to pH 7.0 with 10 M NaOH
  • RNA sample buffer 760 ocL formamide, 260 ⁇ L formaldehyde, 100 ⁇ L ethidium bromide (10 mg / mL), 80 ⁇ L glycerol, 80 ⁇ L bromophenol blue (saturated), 160 ⁇ L 10 x MOPS, 100 ⁇ L water.
  • 10 x wash buffer without tween 1.0 M maleic acid, 1.5 M NaCl; without DEPC, adjust to pH 7.5 with NaOH (solid, approx. 77 g) and 10 M NaOH.
  • Wash buffer with tween from wash buffer without tween with tween (0.3%, v / v)
  • 10 x blocking reagent Suspend 50 g blocking powder (Boehringer-Mannheim) in 500 mL wash buffer without Tween.
  • Substrate buffer Adjust 100 mM Tris (trishydroxymethylamino-methane), 150 mM NaCI with 4 M HCl to pH 9.5.
  • x color markers 50% glycerol (v / v), 1.0 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.25% bromophenol blue (w / v), 0.25% xylene cyanol (w / v).
  • All plasmids which are used for in vitro transcription contain the T7 and SP6 promoter (pGEM-T, Promega) at the respective ends of the inserted nucleic acid sequence, which enables the synthesis of sense or antisense RNA.
  • the Plasmids can be linearized with suitable restriction enzymes in order to ensure correct transcription of the inserted nucleic acid sequence and to prevent reading through in vector sequences.
  • 10 ⁇ g of plasmid DNA are cut with the side of the insert located distally from the promoter.
  • the cut plasmids are extracted in 200 ⁇ l of water with the same volume of phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol, transferred to a new Eppendorf reaction vessel (RNAse free) and centrifuged at 20,000 g for 5 min.
  • 180 ⁇ l of the plasmid solution are mixed with 420 ⁇ l of ethanol, placed on ice and then precipitated by centrifugation for 30 min at 20,000 g and -4 ° C.
  • the precipitate is taken up in 10 ul TE buffer.
  • the plasmid pTOPO-HvCSL1 is digested with Spei and sense-RNA is transcribed with the T7-RNA polymerase. Furthermore, pTOPO-HvCSLI is digested with Ncol and antisense-RNA is transcribed with the SP6-RNA polymerase. RNA polymerases are obtained from Röche Molecular Biology, Mannheim, Germany.
  • Each transcription batch contains in a volume of 40 ⁇ l:
  • 4 ⁇ l of the dsRNA are ethanol-precipitated (by adding 6 ⁇ l water, 1 ⁇ l 3M sodium acetate solution and 25 ⁇ l ethanol, and centrifugation for at least 5 min at 20,000 g and 4 ° C.) and resuspended in 500 ⁇ l water.
  • the absorption spectrum between see 230 and 300 nm is measured, or the absorption at 280 and 260 nm is determined in order to determine the purity and the concentration of the dsRNA.
  • 80 to 100 ⁇ g dsRNA with an OD Mein OD ⁇ ratio of 1.80 to 1.95 are obtained. Digestion with DNase I can be carried out as an option, but does not significantly affect the following results.
  • the dsRNA of the human thyroid receptor acts as the control dsRNA (starting vector pT7betaSal (Norman C et al. (1988) Cell 55 (6): 989-1003); the sequence of the insert is described under GenBank Acc.-No .: NM_000461) ,
  • the plasmid is digested with Pvull, for the antsense RNA with HindIII and the RNA is then transcribed with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase.
  • the individual process steps for the production of the control dsRNA are carried out analogously to those described above for the HvCSLI dsRNA.
  • Example 7 Transient transformation, RNAi and evaluation of fungal pathogen development
  • Barley cv Ingrid leaf segments are transformed with an HvCSLI dsRNA together with a GFP expression vector.
  • the leaves are then inoculated with Bgh and the result is analyzed after 48 h using light and fluorescence microscopy.
  • the penetration in GFP-expressing cells is assessed by the detection of house tory in living cells and by evaluation of the fungal development in these cells.
  • bombarding barley cv Ingrid with HvCSLI -dsRNA leads to a reduced number of cells successfully penetrated by Bgh compared to cells bombarded with a foreign control dsRNA (human thyroid hormone receptor dsRNA, TR).
  • the resistance-inducing effect of HvCSLI -dsRNA results in an average decrease in penetration efficiency by Bgh of at least 20%.
  • Tungsten particles with a diameter of 1.1 ⁇ m are coated with dsRNA (preparation see above) together with plasmid DNA of the vector pGFP (GFP under the control of the pUBI promoter) as transformation markers.
  • Double-stranded RNA was synthesized in vitro by fusing "sense” and “antisense” RNA (see above).
  • tungsten particles M 17, diameter 1, 1 ⁇ m; Bio-Rad, Kunststoff
  • 1 ml of autoclaved distilled water washed twice with 1 mL absolute ethanol, dried and taken up in 1 ml 50% glycerol (approx. 50 mg / ml stock solution).
  • the solution is diluted to 25 mg / ml with 50% glycerol, mixed well before use and suspended in an ultrasonic bath.
  • the pressure in the chamber is reduced by 0.9 bar and the tungsten particles are blown onto the surface of the plant tissue with 9 bar helium gas pressure.
  • the chamber is immediately ventilated.
  • the leaves are plasmid (pGFP; Schweizer P et al. (1999) Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12: 647-54; provided by Dr. P. Schweizer Schweizer P, Institute of Plant Genetics IPK, Gatersleben, Germany) shot at.
  • the Macrocarrier is thoroughly cleaned with water.
  • the leaves are inoculated with 100 conidia / mm 2 of the powdery mildew of mildew of barley (breed A6) and incubated for a further 4036 to 48 h under the same conditions.
  • Leaf segments are bombarded with the coated particles using a "particulate inflow gun”. 312 ⁇ g of tungsten particles are applied per shot. 4 hours after the bombing, inoculation with Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei powdery mildew (breed A6) and inoculated after another 40 h for signs of infection.
  • the result eg the penetration efficiency, defined as the percentage of attacked cells, one with a mature housorium and a secondary hyphae ("secondary elongating hyphae")
  • Inoculation with 100 conidia / mm 2 gives a result Attack frequency of approx. 50% of the transformed cells. A minimum of 100 interaction sites is evaluated for each individual experiment. Transformed (GFP expressing) cells are identified with blue light excitation. There are three different categories of transformed cells:
  • Penetrated cells that contain an easily recognizable house gate. A cell with more than one house torium is counted as one cell.
  • Stoma cells and stoma cells are excluded from the assessment.
  • Surface structures of Bgh are analyzed by light microscopy or fluorescent staining of the fungus with 0.1% calcofluor (w / v in water) for 30 seconds. The development of the fungus can easily be evaluated by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Calcofluor.
  • HvCSLI -dsRNA transformed cells the fungus develops a primary and an appressorial germ tube ("germ tube”), but no house torium. Education is a prerequisite for the formation of a secondary hyphe.
  • the relative penetration efficiency is calculated as the difference between the penetration efficiency in transformed cells (transformation with HvCSLI or control dsRNA) and the penetration efficiency in untransformed cells (average penetration efficiency 50 - 60%).
  • the percentage RPE is calculated from the RPE minus 1 and multiplied by 100.
  • RPE fPE with HvCSLI -dsRNA transformed cells! [PE in control dsRNA transformed cells]
  • The% -RPE value (deviation from the average penetration efficiency of the control) is used to determine the susceptibility of cells transfected with HvCSLI -dsRNA.

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Abstract

Procédé destiné à augmenter la résistance aux pathogènes pénétrant dans les cellules du mésophylle d'une plante ou d'un organe ou tissu ou d'une cellule de ladite plante. Ledit procédé est caractérisé en ce que l'activité de callose synthase de la plante ou d'un organe ou tissu ou d'une cellule de ladite plante s'en trouve réduite par rapport à celle de plantes témoins.
EP05740264A 2004-05-13 2005-05-06 Nouvelles sequences d'acide nucleique et leur utilisation dans des procedes permettant d'obtenir une resistance aux pathogenes chez les plantes Withdrawn EP1747275A2 (fr)

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AR048951A1 (es) 2006-06-14
WO2005111215A3 (fr) 2006-03-16
AU2005243525A1 (en) 2005-11-24
BRPI0511033A (pt) 2007-11-27
DE102004024184A1 (de) 2006-01-26
CN101010431A (zh) 2007-08-01
CA2564624A1 (fr) 2005-11-24
WO2005111215A2 (fr) 2005-11-24
US20080120740A1 (en) 2008-05-22
JP2007536918A (ja) 2007-12-20
RU2006143832A (ru) 2008-06-20

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