EP2074073A2 - Verfahren zur herstellung von galvanogeformten gütern - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung von galvanogeformten gütern

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Publication number
EP2074073A2
EP2074073A2 EP07827748A EP07827748A EP2074073A2 EP 2074073 A2 EP2074073 A2 EP 2074073A2 EP 07827748 A EP07827748 A EP 07827748A EP 07827748 A EP07827748 A EP 07827748A EP 2074073 A2 EP2074073 A2 EP 2074073A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
process according
wastes
mixture
comprised
clay
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP07827748A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Rossano Ragazzini
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Grinn Srl
Original Assignee
Ragazzini Rossano
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ragazzini Rossano filed Critical Ragazzini Rossano
Publication of EP2074073A2 publication Critical patent/EP2074073A2/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C04B33/00—Clay-wares
    • C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
    • C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
    • C03C1/002—Use of waste materials, e.g. slags
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C14/00—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
    • C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
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    • C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
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    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/44—Metal salt constituents or additives chosen for the nature of the anions, e.g. hydrides or acetylacetonate
    • C04B2235/448—Sulphates or sulphites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
    • C04B2235/5208—Fibers
    • C04B2235/5212—Organic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
    • C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
    • C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
    • C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
    • C04B2235/6562—Heating rate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
    • C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
    • C04B2235/6565—Cooling rate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/72—Products characterised by the absence or the low content of specific components, e.g. alkali metal free alumina ceramics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
    • C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for producing thermoformed goods, especially by using recycled or recovery materials.
  • a process according to the present invention comprises the step of mixing clay with not dangerous wastes for the production of goods particularly suitable for being used in the building industry.
  • the present invention it is possible to make mixtures having optimal plasticity and formability, providing, at the same time, a remarkable contribute to the environmental defence by reusing recycled materials.
  • the features of the goods produced according to the present invention are programmable by adjusting the components percentage and by intervening on the process parameters, as further disclosed in the following.
  • a process according to the present invention can be carried out without using any special equipment or machinery and can be controlled even by not particularly qualified personnel.
  • the " simplicity of the present process offers further advantages even in economical terms, as it implies a remarkable reduction of the costs of the thermoformed goods. Further economical benefits are connected with a more a reduced energy consumption with respect to the production of conventional ceramic materials.
  • a process according to the present invention implies the preparation of a mixture containing glass or/and glass slags, micro-crystalline or amorphous silica and metallic oxides.
  • the granulometry of at least 50% of the microcrystalline or amorphous silica is less than lOO ⁇ .
  • the clay percentage can be comprised between 30% and
  • the clay is advantageously raw cave clay, that is to say not submitted to a refining process, or waste clay derived from the purification or from the refining of cave clay.
  • the following wastes can be mixed to the clay: glass slags derived from the recovery of precious metals submitted to flotation. From a physical point of view, this waste usually features a dust-like consistency and from a chemical point of view, since it consists of calcium silica-aluminates, it features a SiO 2 content comprised between 30 and 45%, a AI 2 O3 content comprised between 10 and 40%, a B 2 O 3 content comprised between 5 and 10%, a Fe 2 ⁇ 3 content comprised between 5 and 10%, a TiO 2 content comprised between 1 and 5%, a CaO content comprised between 15% and 30%, a ZrO2 content comprised between 4% and 8%, Pbo ⁇ 0,2%,
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 30% and 80% of the mixture weight. wastes produced from fume treatment in the iron and steel industry which do not contain dangerous substances. From a physical point of view, this waste features an impalpable dust consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it features a significant iron (Fe) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) content. For example, the percentage of this waste can vary between 2 and 20% of the mixture weight. wastes consisting of abrasive materials produced during the sandblasting of metal products.
  • this product features a micro-sandy consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of silica (SiO 2 ) with iron (Fe) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) traces or other alloy constituents removed during the sandblasting process.
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 5 and 30% of the mixture weight.
  • wastes consisting of sand and clay coming from physical treatments of non-metalliferous minerals (for example derived from gravel washing operations) From the physical point of view, this waste features a muddy consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of clay.
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 5 and 50% of the mixture weight.
  • wastes consisting of milled grass or glass fibres derived from a differentiated waste collection. From the physical point of view, this waste features a dust or sand consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of 70-76% of silica (SiO 2 ), 1-4 % of alumina (AI 2 O 3 ) , 1-4% of iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) , 10-18% of lime (CaO) , and 10-13% of sodium oxide (Na 2 O). For example, the percentage of this waste can vary between 2 and 30% of the mixture weight.
  • silica SiO 2
  • AI 2 O 3 1-4 % of alumina
  • iron oxide Fe 2 O 3
  • CaO calcium oxide
  • Na 2 O sodium oxide
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 2 and 30% of the mixture weight.
  • wastes consisting of calcium sulphate and silica derived from silver, gold and copper thermal metallurgy and other metals or alloys used for jewelling micro-fusions and for the production of mechanical micro-components. From the physical point of view, this waste features a dust or sand consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of 70-80% silica (SiO 2 ) and of 20-30 % calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 ) . For example, the percentage of this waste can vary between 2 and 20% of the mixture weight, scraps or residues derived from the production of pig iron or from cast iron refining in O. M. B converters used to produce steel.
  • the waste features glass slags characteristics which, depending on their size, can be dividend into (1) foundry slags with a granular or sandy consistency, (2) blast furnace impalpable powder, (3) blast furnace impalpable mud, (4) steelworks slags, (5) steelworks muds.
  • the wastes listed above have the following average composition: CaO between 35 and 45%, SiO 2 between 25 and 35%, Al 2 O 3 between 10 and 15 %, MgO between 5 and 15 %; other oxides are present in much inferior quantities. This kind of waste is very similar to that of glass slags derived from the refining process of precious metals, but it is available in a much higher quantity.
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 50 and 60% of the mixture weight.
  • fusing additives for example wastes consisting of powders and particulate of ferrous material derived from physical/mechanical surface treatments of metallic goods such as grinding, polishing and blasting. From the physical point of view, said waste features a dust or sand consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of iron (Fe) and of iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) .
  • Fe iron
  • Fe 2 O 3 iron oxide
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 10% and 30 % of the mixture weight.
  • - plasticizing additives for example wastes consisting of fiber wastes and muds containing fibers, fillers and coating products originating from mechanical separation processes in the paper and cardboard production and processing.
  • this waste features a palpable mud consistency and, from the chemical point of view, it mainly consists of cellulosic fibres (about 30%) and aluminium sulphate (about 10%).
  • the percentage of this waste can vary between 2 and 10% of the mixture weight.
  • the mixture is particularly plastic, so it can be used for loading moulds in which it is possible to form products of various shapes and sizes.
  • the humid good formed in the mould is then dried and baked, for example in natural gas-fed muffle furnaces or in tunnel furnaces like for common pottery.
  • the finished product may have a variable colour from a typical sandstone yellow colour to a grey colour and finally to a red colour, it is more resistant to atmospheric agents and, more generally speaking, to the action of external chemical agents, and it is also more resistant to mechanical stress even if it features an inferior density.
  • the sodium silicates present in the glass that is to say in the glass slags mentioned above, react with the silica contained in the other wastes used for making the mixture and with the metal oxides so as to form complex silicates and to originate a vitrified compound which ensures the coherence of the final product, so that the latter has a great resistance to compression and bending.
  • Other properties of the final product may depend on the granulometry of the silicates: for example, by using coarse grained silicates, it is possible to produce thermoformed goods exhibiting a good filtration capacity and a good thermal refractariety; by using fine grained silicates (with a granulometry inferior to lOO ⁇ ) it is possible to produce thermoformed goods exhibiting high mechanical properties.
  • the fibers like for example the cellulose fibers present in the muds generated by the paper or glass fiber processing, act as plasticizers so as to enhance the formability of the mixture and to allow a remarkable reduction of the forming pressure.
  • red muds which mainly consist of ferric and ferrous hydroxides.
  • the cellulose fibers and also the glass fibers in relation to the presence of AI 2 O 3 contained in it contribute to the porosity of the finished goods and to its thermal refractariety .
  • the calcium sulphate increases the crude plasticity of the mixture. In the presence of silicates, above 1000 ° C, the calcium sulphate determines the formation of SO 3 . This gas produces closed cavities and cells in the viscous material being baked, so that the finished product is lighter. To obtain the maximum formation of said cavities, the furnace baking step is carried out at a temperature between 1150 0 C and 1200° C.
  • the mixture is brought to 1000-1050° C in about 4 hours and kept at this temperature for about 1 hour and subsequently cooled.
  • the cooling can be slow or rapid.
  • a compact thermoformed good is obtained and it can be used for the fabrication of floor tiles, of roof tiles or wall structural elements.
  • the finished product is externally similar to a sedimentary stone, it is practically waterproof and it features a compression resistance of about 1200 Kg/cm 2 .
  • Example 2 raw red clay or gravel washing slime: about 15%; abrasive waste material derived from the sandblasting of metallic products: about 10%; abrasive waste material produced from the grinding, polishing or blasting of metallic products: about 10%; glass slags: about 55%.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1000- 1050° C in about 6 hours and kept at this temperature for about 6 hours, then it is subsequently cooled.
  • the cooling can be slow or rapid.
  • a porous and thermally refractory product is obtained and it is externally similar to a sedimentary stone having a compression resistance of 800-1000 kg/cm 2 .
  • the compression resistance increases if using fine grained waste abrasive material.
  • Example 4 glass slags derived from the recovery of precious metals: about 75%; - paper fibers: about 5%; micro-fusion calcium sulphate : about 20%.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1000 0 C in 1 hour, then to a temperature of 1150-1200° C in 10- 20 minutes, then the fused mass is submitted to air cooling.
  • a product with a closed-cell alveolar structure is so obtained.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 900 ° C in 5-6 hours, then to a temperature of 1100 ° C in about 1 hour and then cooled by bringing it to 20 °C in 3 hours.
  • the finished product features a yellow- brown colour, a mechanical compression resistance between 1000 and 1200 kg/cm 2 , and it is resistant to chemical and atmospheric agents and thermally refractory.
  • Steelworks muds about 50%; - glass slags derived from the refining process of precious metals: about 30%; clay: about 10%; micro-fusion calcium sulphate: about 5%; paper fibres: about 5 %.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 900 ° C in 4 hours, then to a temperature of 1100° C in about 1 hour, then it is cooled by bringing it to 20° C in 3 hours.
  • the finished product features a grey-green colour, a mechanical compression resistance between 1000 and 1200 kg/cm 2 , it is very- resistant to chemical and atmospheric agents and is thermally refractory.
  • Example 7 abrasive material derived from sandblasting of metallic products (granulometry comprised between 50 and lOO ⁇ ) : about 10%; paper mill mud: about 10%; glass slags: about 70%; abrasive material derived from the blasting process of metallic products: about 10%.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1050 ° C in about 6 hours and remains at a temperature of 1050 °C for 1 hour.
  • a slow cooling process follows this step.
  • a sample repeatedly submitted to direct flame at a temperature of 1000 ° C, which has been reached in 10 seconds ( with a gradient of 100°C/sec) has resisted without showing cracks or other macro-lesions and, at the end of the tests, it has showed only a 10% reduction of the compression resistance.
  • Example 8 coal ash or pozzuolana: about 20%; - abrasive material derived from sandblasting of metallic products (granulometry comprised between 50 and lOO ⁇ ) : about 30%; micro-fusion calcium sulphate: about 20%; glass slags or blast furnace powder or mud: about 30%.
  • thermoformed good is particularly compact and has a density comprised between 1.5 and 2.5 kg/cm 3 "
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1100° C in about 6-8 hours and remains at this temperature for 30-60 minutes.
  • a slow cooling process follows this step (about 10 hours) .
  • the product thus obtained exhibits a regular closed cells alveolar structure.
  • Example 9 glass slags or blast furnace powder about 25%; paper mud: about 5%; coal ash or pozzuolana: about 20%; - abrasive material derived from sandblasting of metallic products (granulometry comprised between 50 and lOO ⁇ ) : about 30%; micro-fusion calcium sulphate: about 20%.
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1000° C in about 6-8 hours and remains at this temperature for two hours.
  • a slow cooling process follows this step (about 10 hours) .
  • the mixture is brought to a temperature of 1100° C in about 6-8 hours and remains at this temperature for 30-60 minutes.
  • a slow cooling process follows this step
  • heating times indicated above can vary in relation to the mass and to the shape given to the products. Practically, all the execution details may vary in any equivalent way as far as the shape, dimensions, elements disposition, nature of the used materials are concerned, without nevertheless departing from the scope of the adopted solution idea and, thereby, remaining within the limits of the protection granted to the present patent.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
EP07827748A 2006-10-18 2007-10-04 Verfahren zur herstellung von galvanogeformten gütern Ceased EP2074073A2 (de)

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ITFI20060251 ITFI20060251A1 (it) 2006-10-18 2006-10-18 Procedimento per realizzare manufatti termoformati, specialmente utilizzando materiali riciclati o di recupero
PCT/IT2007/000697 WO2008047395A2 (en) 2006-10-18 2007-10-04 Process for producing thermoformed goods.

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EP2825512A1 (de) * 2012-03-13 2015-01-21 Joris Laarman Studio B.V. Keramikschaum
CN103382760A (zh) * 2012-05-03 2013-11-06 允利荣机械有限公司 具有琉璃层的壁面施工法、壁面结构及砖材结构

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JPH10226560A (ja) * 1997-02-17 1998-08-25 Toto Ltd 陶磁器用坏土とこれを用いた成形体

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