EP2064490A1 - Verfahren zur charakterisierung der abgasausbrandqualität in verbrennungsanlagen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur charakterisierung der abgasausbrandqualität in verbrennungsanlagenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2064490A1 EP2064490A1 EP07801802A EP07801802A EP2064490A1 EP 2064490 A1 EP2064490 A1 EP 2064490A1 EP 07801802 A EP07801802 A EP 07801802A EP 07801802 A EP07801802 A EP 07801802A EP 2064490 A1 EP2064490 A1 EP 2064490A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- combustion
- areas
- transition
- segments
- regions
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
- F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M11/00—Safety arrangements
- F23M11/04—Means for supervising combustion, e.g. windows
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M11/00—Safety arrangements
- F23M11/04—Means for supervising combustion, e.g. windows
- F23M11/045—Means for supervising combustion, e.g. windows by observing the flame
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
- F23N3/08—Regulating air supply or draught by power-assisted systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
- F23N3/08—Regulating air supply or draught by power-assisted systems
- F23N3/082—Regulating air supply or draught by power-assisted systems using electronic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
- F23G2900/55—Controlling; Monitoring or measuring
- F23G2900/55002—Sensing exhaust gas opacity
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F23M2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion chambers
- F23M2900/11041—Means for observing or monitoring flames using photoelectric devices, e.g. phototransistors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
- F23N2229/04—Flame sensors sensitive to the colour of flames
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
- F23N2229/20—Camera viewing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for characterizing the Abgasausbrand72 in incineration plants according to the first claim.
- Efficient exhaust burnout is characterized by low levels of incomplete combustion products such as CO, hydrocarbons and particulate carbon (soot particles). Emission limit values for this are usually specified in relevant regulations. In Germany, for example, the limit values for carbon monoxide CO and hydrocarbons C n H n are laid down in the 17th BlmSchV (Federal Immission Control Ordinance).
- Fuels such as household waste, biomass or coal with fluctuating moisture contents are very inhomogeneous fuels. Due to their very heterogeneous composition, their calorific value varies greatly.
- IR camera infrared camera
- the firing position of the solid fuel bed in grate firing is determined using the infrared radiation of the fuel bed with the help of an IR camera.
- the wavelength detected here (for example, 3.9 ⁇ m) is in a range in which combustion gases themselves have no emissivity.
- the control of the grate kinematics and / or the individual primary gas flows, which flow through the fixed bed. As a result, a nearly complete Feststoffausbrand the slag can be achieved.
- An exhaust gas which emerges unevenly burned from a combustion chamber for example a fixed bed burnout zone, generally has locally high concentrations of incompletely burnt compounds, such as CO, hydrocarbons and soot.
- the gas flow emerging from the combustion bed shows a pronounced formation of strands with enormous local and temporal concentration fluctuations the aforementioned incompletely burned compounds as well as the
- Oxygen concentration These strands extend through the Abgasausbrandzone in the first Strahlungszug.
- the available mixing time or even the mixing turbulence is often insufficient.
- An incomplete burnout of the exhaust gases is therefore encountered with an introduction of an oxygen-containing secondary gas in the Abgasausbrandzone.
- the total amount of this secondary gas is chosen so that behind the Abgasausbrandzone always a defined excess of oxygen (minimum oxygen concentration) is maintained.
- the minimum oxygen concentration is limited by the required minimum combustion temperatures after the flue gas flue zone.
- an apparatus for optimizing exhaust burnout in incinerators having a fixed bed burnout zone and an exhaust burnout zone comprises a plurality of controllable nozzles for introducing oxygen-containing secondary gas into an effective region in the exhaust gas burnout zone.
- the information thus obtained is converted into control commands for each of the controllable nozzles for the targeted introduction of secondary gas.
- the device and the associated method are used for the non-selective detection of incompletely burned gaseous components in the exhaust gas.
- incompletely burned gases and solid components eg soot
- areas where no combustion activities take place at all due to a lack of combustion gases are also detected as incompletely burned waste gas areas (cross sensitivities emissivity of CO 2 to H 2 O). In the latter case, an injection of an oxygen-containing secondary gas would cause no afterburning, but only a dilution and cooling of the gases.
- the object of the invention is to propose a method for the characterization of the flue gas combustion quality with respect to Rußausbrand in incinerators as the basis for optimizing Abgasausbrandes especially for a complete Rußausbrand even with transient combustion processes with a minimum of secondary gas.
- a method for characterizing the exhaust gas burnout quality of a combustion in incinerators with a gas burn zone, wherein the soot particles, d. H. Solid particles in the exhaust gas are selectively detectable.
- An essential basic idea of the method involves the relationship that in a flow cross-section of the gas burnout zone low-combustion regions (preferably without soot formation), regions without combustion and regions with soot formation in the visible wavelength range are optically detectable.
- the soot-poor combustion areas always appear bright (high radiation intensity), while the areas without combustion (cold rust areas) and sooty areas always appear dark (low radiation intensity).
- the combustion areas darken increasingly with increasing amounts of soot, i. the radiation intensity decreases continuously with the soot content.
- the areas without combustion and the sooting areas characterized by a different dynamics in their temporal behavior, which can be detected by an evaluation, preferably an averaging or a comparison of several consecutive individual recordings.
- a prerequisite for the method is at least one camera system with camera which measures in the visible wavelength range (about 400 to 1000 nm), for example a video camera which is adapted to a gas fire zone in such a way that it has a flow cross section in that as completely as possible.
- camera systems are available as sophisticated standard systems for different applications, comparatively inexpensive and also available in high quality and high resolution on the market.
- the camera system is used to record the combustion in the flow cross section with a sequence of individual shots.
- the single shots are snapshots of the Abgasausbrands in the entire flow cross-section, with camera setting and image section between the individual shots are not changed.
- the image detail preferably corresponds to the flow cross section in the region of the exhaust gas burnout zone.
- This flow cross-section is subdivided into segments with a number of pixels for evaluation of the images (image processing).
- the evaluation essentially comprises an assignment of the segments to one of the abovementioned regions or to transitional regions between two regions by means of the process steps described below.
- At least two of the successive individual images are averaged (preferably pixel-by-pixel) in order to generate an average image from them.
- soot-poor combustion areas are recognized by their intensity value (radiation intensity) being above an adjustable intensity threshold value.
- the intensity threshold value is determined manually or automatically relative to the maximum intensity in the acquired image (for example 50, 60 or 70% relative to the respective maximum value) or manually specified as the absolute value.
- a manually specified intensity threshold can be composed of previous empirical values and remains in successive measurements in favor of improved comparability of these measurements, e.g. preferably unchanged for system monitoring.
- transition regions are assigned to the transition segments.
- each segment is evaluated as to whether it must be attributed to one or as a transition segment at least two of the aforementioned areas, ie to a transition area.
- a transition region exists when the determined intensity corresponds to the intensity threshold value or a transition occurs between a value less than the threshold value and a value greater than the threshold value.
- the mostly linear transition areas can be highlighted as lines, eg in color (eg false color representation).
- a transitional segment is basically present if the intensity threshold is both exceeded and undershot.
- the assignment of segments to transition segments is usually carried out using adjustable diligencenanteilsschwellagonist for the area proportions of the above individual areas.
- transition segments are assigned to the participating areas.
- a transition is indicated by a brightness difference. This can be determined, for example, by brightness gradients or segment by segment by determining a contrast which is calculated by means of a cooccurrence matrix (cf. [2]).
- transitions from a low-carbon combustion region to a non-combustion region are characterized by lower dynamics of motion than soot transitions, i. Transitions from low-carbon combustion areas to sooting areas.
- carbon black transitions are generally characterized by a low selectivity or a lower contrast, ie. they appear much more blurred than transitions from a low-carbon combustion area to an area without combustion (rust transitions), although this may not be the case with single shots.
- An assignment of the transition segments to the fraction of carbon black transitions or rust transitions is preferably carried out by determining the conformation trastes separately for each transitional gray. An assignment of the transition segments takes place with contrast values in comparison to a contrast threshold value. If the contrast value of a segment lies below the contrast threshold, if there is a soot transition segment, it lies above it, a rust transition.
- the contrast values preferably relate to the light intensity (light-dark contrast).
- Other contrasts such as Color contrasts e.g. In connection with a color manipulation of the images are in principle also for the aforementioned classification, but may require a higher billing expenses and are therefore preferred for a timely characterization of Abgasausbrand21 only in special cases.
- a possible process step involves the detection of contiguous transition segments of a fraction and of individual transition segments of a fraction that are surrounded by the respective fraction. In the case of a significant overweight of transition segments of one of the fractions, all transition segments of this fraction can be assigned. Individual segments of a fraction can also be assigned to the fractions of the neighboring segments via a neighborhood analysis. On the other hand, contiguous transition segments of a fraction are only assigned to the other fraction if they are considered as Possible faulty measurements represent a single event (plausibility check).
- an iterative assignment of all segments in which the intensity of more than half of the pixels lies below the intensity threshold to the sooting area or to the area without combustion is carried out by evaluating neighborhood relationships to transition segments and already assigned segments .
- the assignment of these segments takes place individually in iterative method steps by assuming the affiliation of the respectively adjacent, already already identified segments or transition segments (neighborhood analysis).
- the segment is assigned to the area to which most of the adjacent segments have already been assigned.
- Each of the iteration steps is preferably carried out on the segments which adjoin, as far as possible, a fraction to the largest possible number of already assigned transition segments or already assigned segments.
- control variables for measures to improve the quality of exhaust gas burnout such as a calculated, preferably a spatially differentiated (preferably segment-wise or segmental groupwise), adapted to the local combustion state input of oxygen-containing gases (for example, secondary gas, sooting areas) or additional fuels (in areas without combustion) calculated.
- FIG. 1 shows a single image of a cross-section of a gas burnout zone recorded by means of a CMOS camera
- FIG. 2 shows one of 20 successive individual recordings recorded within one second, such as FIG. 1 averaged recording, FIG.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 shows the detail according to FIGS. 2 and 3 after iterative assignment of the dark segments to cold grate areas (area without combustion, dark border) and sooting areas (bright border), as well as via neighborhood relationship
- the Abgasausbrand a waste incineration was characterized with grate firing.
- the image section of the camera according to FIGS. 1 to 4 captures the radiation train cross section of the exhaust gas emission zone between the combustion grate and a downstream afterburner chamber with secondary gas input capability from above, counter to the gas flow direction.
- a camera in the visible wavelength range measuring camera such as a CMOS camera is used.
- FIG. 1 shows a single shot of the exhaust gas burnout with light low-combustion area 1 and one dark rust area 2 each (FIG. - S - rich without combustion) and a strong sooting combustion zone 3 (sooting area) with low radiation intensity.
- the transitional areas between these areas show similar brightness gradients on this single image, which do not permit a clear assignment of the respectively adjacent dark area to the area without combustion or to the sooting area.
- the aim of the invention is to automatically identify and classify these regions with low radiation intensity on the basis of several individual images, and whether they are areas with a high proportion of soot (sooting area) or cold rust areas. Preferably, this should be done in order to initiate targeted actions such as additional gas injection in real time.
- FIG. 2 shows an average shot taken from FIG. 20 within a second of consecutive individual recordings according to FIG.
- the boundaries between combustion 1 (flame) and sooting region 3 are very blurred in this mean value image, which is due to the high dynamics of the soot particle movement in the flow field. Due to the low dynamics of the boundary between the cold rust area and the low-carbon combustion area compared to the soot, this is consequently still relatively sharp in the average image.
- This difference in the characteristics of the transition areas between combustion and soot-free area is used in the further method to distinguish soot areas 3 from areas without combustion (cold grate areas 2) from one another.
- a boundary between the high-intensity radiant low-carbon combustion region and the region without combustion or the sooting regions is determined on the basis of a relative threshold value of the radiation intensity and entered in the averaging image as transition line 4 (transition region) (see FIG. 3, gray line).
- transition line 4 transition region
- the mean value image is subdivided into segments, and those segments are determined which cover as transition segments 5 the transition line 4 between strongly and weakly radiating regions.
- a contrast analysis is used to determine whether there is a segment with a boundary between a region without combustion (rust region) and low-carbon combustion region, a rust transfer segment 6 (FIG. 3, black-rimmed segments) or a segment with a boundary between sooting area and soot-poor combustion area, a soot transition segment 7 (Fig. 3, white-edged segments).
- each of the transition segments is preferably checked with the intensity threshold value at a later point in time, and the transition segments above the threshold value are assigned to the soot-poor combustion regions.
- each transition segment may also be assigned to the low-carbon combustion region if the intensity of at least half of the pixels of this segment is above the intensity threshold.
- these inhomogeneities in the exhaust gas or fuel gas preferably in the aforementioned real-time in the combustion chamber / Abgasausbrandzone by measurement, ie optically detected and compensated by controlled targeted local oxygen-containing gas supply and / or effective mixing so that at high temperatures and sufficient oxygen supply (above about 5 by volume.% dry oxygen in the raw gas, T> 850 0 C. see Figure 5) is possible a virtually complete oxidation of incompletely burned exhaust gas components in a short time.
- the characteristic of soot burnout is similar.
- Good burnout is characterized by low concentrations of CO, C n H n , and soot. They are essentially dependent on the local oxygen supply and on the temperature in the region of the exhaust gas burnout zone.
- the measured values in Figure 5 each show significant increases in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon at temperatures below 800 0 C (in Fig.5 left measured values) and at oxygen levels below 5 VoI.% (Right in Figure 5 measured values), while in the The values shown in the middle indicate a satisfactory burnout (ideal: T> 85O 0 C and O 2 > 5 Vol.%).
- PCDD / F polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans
- Such disturbances can be detected by the abovementioned real-time measurements of the local soot concentration and deliberately reduced / avoided by timely regulated air supply and intensive mixing in the region of the exhaust gas burn-out zone.
- the invention generally allows the particulate emissions (soot particles) of combustions, in particular of inhomogeneous fuels, to be detected and effectively reduced on the basis of control variables derived therefrom.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
- Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006044114A DE102006044114A1 (de) | 2006-09-20 | 2006-09-20 | Verfahren zur Charakterisierung der Abgasausbrandqualität in Verbrennungsanlagen |
PCT/EP2007/007370 WO2008034508A1 (de) | 2006-09-20 | 2007-08-22 | Verfahren zur charakterisierung der abgasausbrandqualität in verbrennungsanlagen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2064490A1 true EP2064490A1 (de) | 2009-06-03 |
EP2064490B1 EP2064490B1 (de) | 2016-08-17 |
Family
ID=38669447
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07801802.5A Not-in-force EP2064490B1 (de) | 2006-09-20 | 2007-08-22 | Verfahren zur charakterisierung der abgasausbrandqualität in verbrennungsanlagen |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8447068B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2064490B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4976496B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR20090057173A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102006044114A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2593103T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008034508A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102008027336B4 (de) | 2008-06-07 | 2010-07-08 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer Partikelumwandlungsintensität |
JP2014234981A (ja) * | 2013-06-05 | 2014-12-15 | 株式会社タクマ | 燃焼炉内の燃焼管理システムおよび燃焼炉の燃焼制御システム |
US10991087B2 (en) * | 2017-01-16 | 2021-04-27 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Flame image analysis for furnace combustion control |
US11248963B2 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2022-02-15 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Equipment and method for three-dimensional radiance and gas species field estimation in an open combustion environment |
CN111801527B (zh) * | 2018-03-02 | 2023-01-24 | 普莱克斯技术有限公司 | 用于加热炉燃烧控制的火焰图像分析 |
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JP2569303B2 (ja) * | 1985-07-05 | 1997-01-08 | 日本電装株式会社 | 画像デ−タの累積加算を行う画像処理装置 |
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US6419638B1 (en) * | 1993-07-20 | 2002-07-16 | Sam H. Hay | Optical recognition methods for locating eyes |
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JP3123587B2 (ja) * | 1994-03-09 | 2001-01-15 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 背景差分による動物体領域抽出方法 |
US5993194A (en) * | 1996-06-21 | 1999-11-30 | Lemelson; Jerome H. | Automatically optimized combustion control |
DE19710206A1 (de) * | 1997-03-12 | 1998-09-17 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verbrennungsanalyse sowie Flammenüberwachung in einem Verbrennungsraum |
FI102521B2 (fi) * | 1997-05-19 | 2004-05-25 | Andritz Patentverwaltung | Menetelmä ja laite kuorintaprosessin puuhäviöiden vähentämiseksi |
DE19735139C1 (de) * | 1997-08-13 | 1999-02-25 | Martin Umwelt & Energietech | Verfahren zum Ermitteln der durchschnittlichen Strahlung eines Brennbettes in Verbrennungsanlagen und Regelung des Verbrennungsvorganges |
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-
2006
- 2006-09-20 DE DE102006044114A patent/DE102006044114A1/de not_active Ceased
-
2007
- 2007-08-22 ES ES07801802.5T patent/ES2593103T3/es active Active
- 2007-08-22 EP EP07801802.5A patent/EP2064490B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-08-22 KR KR1020087030532A patent/KR20090057173A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-08-22 US US12/438,279 patent/US8447068B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-08-22 JP JP2009528611A patent/JP4976496B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-08-22 WO PCT/EP2007/007370 patent/WO2008034508A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2008034508A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2010504494A (ja) | 2010-02-12 |
WO2008034508A1 (de) | 2008-03-27 |
ES2593103T3 (es) | 2016-12-05 |
US8447068B2 (en) | 2013-05-21 |
JP4976496B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 |
US20090190799A1 (en) | 2009-07-30 |
KR20090057173A (ko) | 2009-06-04 |
EP2064490B1 (de) | 2016-08-17 |
DE102006044114A1 (de) | 2008-03-27 |
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